search for permanent electric dipole moments
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Autumn School & Workshop. Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments. September 23, 2013 Frank Rathmann (on behalf of the JEDI collaboration ) Tbilisi, Georgia. Outline. Introduction Electric Dipole Moments - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Mitg
lied
der H
elm
holtz
-Gem
eins
chaf
t
Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments
September 23, 2013 Frank Rathmann
(on behalf of the JEDI collaboration)
Tbilisi, Georgia
Autumn School & Workshop
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Outline
Introduction Electric Dipole Moments Charged particle EDM searches
Concepts for dedicated Storage Ring searches Technological challenges Precursor Experiments
News Timeline Conclusion
Search for permanent Electric Dipole [email protected]
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Introduction: The big challenges
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Conventional HEP wisdom, but there is more than that …
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Search forthe origin of
mass („Higgs“),SUSY
Secrets ofneutrinos
Quest for „Dark Matter“
and „Dark Energy“(In-)stability
of theproton
EnergyIntensity
Cosm
ic
Precision
Frontiers of PhysicalSciences
Complexity
Introduction: Physics Frontiers
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A most promising additional frontier: Precision
ESPP, Cracow,September 2012
Introduction: Precision Frontier
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Search for Electric Dipole Moments (EDM) of fundamental particles
Adapted from:Nature,
Vol 482 (2012)
Example: Neutron (nEDM)
Introduction: Precision Frontier
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Outline
Introduction Electric Dipole Moments Charged particle EDM searches
Concepts for dedicated Storage Ring searches Technological challenges Precursor Experiments
News Timeline Conclusion
Search for permanent Electric Dipole [email protected]
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Charge symmetric No EDM ()
Do particles (e.g., electron, nucleon) have an EDM?
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: MDM: EDM
Physics: Fundamental Particles
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Permanent EDMs violate P and T.Assuming CPT to hold, CP violated also.
Not Charge symmetric (aligned w/ spin)
EDMs: Discrete Symmetries
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Physics: What caused the Baryon asymmetry?
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Carina Nebula: Largest-seen star-birth regions in the galaxy
Observed WMAP+COBE (2003)
SM exp.
What happened to the antimatter?
Sakharov (1967): Three conditions for baryogenesis
1. B number conservation violated sufficiently strongly2. C and CP violated, B and anti-Bs with different rates3. Evolution of universe outside thermal equilibrium
The mystery of the missing antimatter (the puzzle of our existence)
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J.M. Pendlebury: „nEDM has killed more theories than any other single expt.“
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Physics: Potential of EDMs
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EDM searches – only upper limits yet (in )
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Particle/Atom Current EDM Limit Future Goal equivalent
Electron
Neutron
Proton
Deuteron ?
Physics: Limits for Electric Dipole Moments
Huge efforts underway worldwide to improve limits / find EDMs
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P. Harris, K. Kirch … A huge worldwide effort
new
Physics: Ongoing/planned Searches
[email protected] EDM searches at COSY: Overview of COSY plans and activities
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Outline
Introduction Electric Dipole Moments Charged particle EDM searches
Concepts for dedicated Storage Ring searches Technological challenges Precursor Experiments
News Timeline Conclusion
Search for permanent Electric Dipole [email protected]
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For transverse electric and magnetic fields in a ring ( ),anomalous spin precession is described by Thomas-BMT equation:
0 EB
cE
pmGBG
mq
G
2
Magic condition: Spin along momentum vector
1. For any sign of , in a combined electric and magnetic machine
2. For (protons) in an all electric ring
2
2gG
222
2
1
GBc
GGBcE
x
Gmp
pmG
0
2
cMeV74.700 (magic)
Principle: Frozen spin Method
Magic rings to measure EDMs of free charge particles
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• Place particles in a storage ring• Align spin along momentum („Freeze“ horizontal spin precession)• Search for time development of vertical polarization
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0G
Edts
dd
Principle: Rings for srEDM searches
New Method to measure EDMs of free charged particles:Magic rings with spin frozen along momentum
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(from R. Talman)
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pEDM in all electric ring at BNL Jülich, focus on deuterons, or a combined machine
CW and CCW propagating beams
EDMs: Storage ring projects
Two projects: US (BNL or FNAL) and Europe (FZJ)
or at FNAL
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2 beams simultaneously rotating in an all electric ring (cw, ccw)
Status: • Approved BNL-Proposal• Submitted to DOE• Interest at FNAL!
Goal for protons
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Beat systematics: BNL Proposal
year)(onecme105.2 29 pd
CW CCWPolarization EDM Sokolov-TernovGravitation
CW & CCW beams cancels systematic effects
Many technological challenges to be met
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A magic storage ring for protons (electrostatic), deuterons, …
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particleproton
0G
Edts
dd
Principle: Magic Storage ring
Possible to measure , , using ONE machine with m
B
deuteron
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CCW & CCW with magnetic field:Richard Talmans concept for a Jülich all-in-one machine
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Iron-free, current-only, magnetic bending, eliminates hysteresis
A
B
A BConfiguration generates close-to-perfect vertical B field
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particleproton
deuteron
Magic ring: Jülich all-in-one machine (R. Talmans concept )
𝒓=𝟏𝟎𝐦
Maximum achievable field of copper magnets T.
B
Very compact machines possible for srEDM searches
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No direct measurements for proton and deuteron EDM yet !
EDMs – Sensitivity Reach
Adapted from:Nature,
Vol 482 (2012)
pEDMdEDM
EDM search in charged baryon (systems)
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Outline
Introduction Electric Dipole Moments Charged particle EDM searches
Concepts for dedicated Storage Ring Searches Technological challenges Precursor Experiments
News Timeline Conclusion
Search for permanent Electric Dipole [email protected]
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srEDM searches: Technogical challenges
Charged particle EDM searches require development of a new class of high-precision machines with mainly electric fields for bending and focussing.
Other topics:
• Electric field gradients • Spin coherence time • Continuous polarimetry • Beam positioning
• Spin tracking
These issues must be addressed experimentally at existing facilities
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5 10 15 20 25 30 350
20
40
60
80
100Proton EDM
E-field (MV/m)
radi
us (m
)
r1 E( )
E
r2 250 md 0.48 Gd Zd 8.44
r2 280 m3He 0.0575 G3He Z3He 21.959
𝐸=17 MV /m
𝑟=24.665m
Challenge: Electric field for magic rings
Challenge to produce large electric field gradients
Rfield only
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Challenge: Niobium electrodes
Show one slide on JLAB data HV devicesDPP stainless steel fine-grain Nb
large-grain Nblarge-grain Nb single-crystal Nb
Large-grain Nb at plate separation of a few cm yields ~20 MV/m
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Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments [email protected]
Challenge: Electric field for magic ringsElectrostatic separators at Tevatron used to avoid unwanted interactions
- electrodes made from stainless steel
Routine operation at spark/Year at MV/m
L~2.5 m
Need to develop new electrode materials and surface treatments
Fall 2013: Transfer of separator unit plus equipment from FNAL to Jülich
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AAS
one particle with magnetic moment
“spin tune”
“spin closed orbit vector”COn̂
s2AS
ring
makes one turn
stable polarizationS
if ║ COn̂
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Challenge: Spin coherence time
Spin closed orbit
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Challenge: Spin coherence time
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We usually don‘t worry about coherence of spins along
At injection all spin vectors aligned (coherent)
After some time, spin vectors get out of phase and fully populate the cone
Polarization not affected!
Situation very different, when you deal with machines with frozen spin.
At injection all spin vectors aligned Later, spin vectors are out of phase in the horizontal plane
Longitudinal polarization vanishes!
COn̂
In an EDM machine with frozen spin, observation time is limited.
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Challenge: SCT stimates (N.N. Nikolaev)
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One source of spin coherence are random variations of the spin tune due to the momentum spread in the beam
and is randomized by e.g., electron cooling
Estimate:
𝛿𝜃=𝐺𝛿𝛾 𝛿𝛾cos𝜔𝑡→cos (𝜔𝑡+𝛿𝜃 )
𝜏𝑠𝑐 ≈1
𝑓 rev𝐺2 ⟨𝛿𝛾 2 ⟩
≈ 1𝑓 rev𝐺
2𝛾2 𝛽4 ⟨(𝛿𝑝𝑝 )2⟩
−1
𝑇 kin=100 MeV 𝑓 rev=0.5 MHz
𝜏𝑠𝑐 (𝑝 )≈3 ∙103 s 𝜏𝑠𝑐 (𝑑)≈5 ∙105 s
𝐺𝑝=1.79 𝐺𝑑=−0.14
Spin coherence time for deuterons may be × larger than for protons𝟏𝟎𝟎
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EDM at COSY: COoler SYnchrotron
Cooler and storage ring for (polarized) protons and deuterons
Phase space cooled internal & extracted beams
Injector cyclotron
COSY
… the spin-physics machinefor hadron physics
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… an ideal starting pointfor a srEDM search
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Challenge: First measurement of SCT
Polarimetry:
Spin coherence time:
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from Ed Stephensonand Greta Guidoboni
decoherencetime
oscillationcapture
5 s 25 s 5 s
2011 Test measurements at COSY
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Challenge: SCT recent achievements
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Result from 2012 run
Excellent progress towards the SCT goal for pEDM: s
from Ed Stephenson (Indiana)and Greta Guidoboni (Ferrara)
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Challenge: Polarimetry
Beam polarimetry at ppm level achieved for deuteron beams
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Outline
Introduction Electric Dipole Moments Charged particle EDM searches
Concepts for dedicated Storage Ring Searches Technological challenges Precursor Experiments
News Timeline Conclusion
Search for permanent Electric Dipole [email protected]
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Precursor experiments: RF methods
Use existing magnetic machines for first direct EDM measurements
Method based on making spin precession in machine resonant with orbit motion
Two ways: 1. Use an RF device that operates on some harmonics of the spin
precession frequency
2. Operate ring on an imperfection resonance
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Precursor experiments: 1. Resonance Method with „magic“ RF Wien filter
Avoids coherent betatron oscillations of beam. Radial RF-E and vertical RF-B fields to observe spin rotation due to EDM.Approach pursued for a first direct measurement at COSY.
„Magic RF Wien Filter“ no Lorentz force Indirect EDM effect
Observable:Accumulation of vertical polarization during spin coherence time
Polarimeter (dp elastic)
stored d
RF E(B)-field In-plane polarization
Statistical sensitivity for in the range to range possible.• Alignment and field stability of ring magnets• Imperfection of RF-E(B) flipper
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Precursor experiments: 1. Resonance Method for deuterons at COSY Parameters: beam energy
assumed EDME-field
𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫
𝑷 𝒙 𝑷 𝒛 𝑷 𝒚
EDM effect accumulates in
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Parameters: beam energy assumed EDME-field
EDM effect accumulates in
𝑃 𝑦
𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫
𝑷 𝒚
Precursor experiments:1. Resonance Method for deuterons at COSY
Linear extrapolation of for time period of yields .
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Development: RF E/B-Flipper (RF Wien Filter)
1. Upgrade test flipper with electrostatic field plates ready end of year.2. Build lower power version using a stripline system3. Build high-power version of stripline system ( )
Work by S. Mey, R. Gebel (Jülich)J. Slim, D. Hölscher (IHF RWTH Aachen)
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Precursor experiments:2. Resonant EDM measurement with static Wien Filter
Machine operated on imperfection spin resonance at
𝑷𝒙(𝒕)
𝒕 (𝐬)Similar accumulation of EDM signal, systematics more difficult, strength of imperfection resonance must be suppressed by closed-orbit corrections.
Spin rotation in phase with orbit motion
without static WF
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Outline
Introduction Electric Dipole Moments Charged particle EDM searches
Concepts for dedicated Storage Ring Searches Technological challenges Precursor Experiments
News Timeline Conclusion
Search for permanent Electric Dipole [email protected]
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New EDM collaboration established
In 2012, JEDI collaboration founded (members)
Jülich Electric Dipole Moment Investigations
Spokespersons: Andreas Lehrach (Jülich)Jörg Pretz (RWTH Aachen)F.R. (Jülich)
May the force be with us!
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Outline
Introduction Electric Dipole Moments Charged particle EDM searches
Concepts for dedicated Storage Ring Searches Technological challenges Precursor Experiments
News Timeline Conclusion
Search for permanent Electric Dipole [email protected]
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Step Aim / Scientific goal Device / Tool Storage ring
1Spin coherence time studies Horizontal RF-B spin flipper COSY
Systematic error studies Vertical RF-B spin flipper COSY
2COSY upgrade Orbit control, magnets, … COSYFirst direct EDM measurement at RF-E(B) spin flipper Modified
COSY
3 Built dedicated all-in-one ring for , ,
Common magnetic-electrostatic deflectors
Dedicated ring
4 EDM measurement of , , at Dedicated ring
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Timeline: Stepwise approach all-in-one machine for JEDI
Time scale: Steps 1 and 2: years (i.e., in POF 3)Steps 3 and 4: years
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• Measurements of EDMs extremely difficult, but fantastic physics reach• Two storage ring projects
• BNL all-electric machine at magic momentum ()• Jülich all-in-one machine concept (, , )
• Pursue SCT investigations at COSY• Very good prospects for first direct EDM measurements of and at
COSY using resonance methods based on RF E(B)–fields• JEDI collaboration established:• Collaborations work jointly on technological challenges:
• Polarimetry, SCT, E-field generation, BPMs, etc• Strong need for high precision spin tracking tools, incl. RF structures• Electrostatic deflector development using FNAL equipment
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Conclusion
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Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799)
“Man muß etwas Neues machen, um etwas Neues zu sehen.”“You have to make (create) something new,
if you want to see something new”
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N. Arkani-Hamed (IAS, Princeton) at Intensity Frontier WS, USA (2011)
Physics: Potential of EDMs
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Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM)
• CPV in the SM points to physics we do not understand
• CPV is highly sensitive to physics beyond the SM (New Physics)
• CPV is accessible to a wide range of experiments
• New source of CPV beyond the SM required for baryogenesis
EDMs: Why is CPV so interesting?
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srEDM cooperations
Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons …) Cooperation, Coordination
International srEDM Network
srEDM Collaboration (BNL)(spokesperson Yannis Semertzidis)
JEDI Collaboration (FZJ)(spokespersons: A. Lehrach, J. Pretz, F.R.)
Common R&DRHIC EDM-at-COSY
Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry (…) Spin Coherence Time
Cooling Spin Tracking (…)
DOE-Proposal (submitted)
Study Group
First direct measurement Ring Design
JEDI pEDM Ring at BNL
HGF Application(s) CD0, 1, …
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Magnetic moment, spin, g and G
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𝜇𝑁=𝑒 ∙ℏ
2 ∙𝑚𝑝=5.05078324 J T −1
Nuclear magneton
particle spin charge proton
deuteron3He
𝜇=𝑔 ∙𝜇𝑁 ∙𝑚𝑝
𝑚 ∙𝑍 ∙ 𝑠
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Operation of „magic“ RF Wien filter
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Radial E and vertical B fields oscillate, e.g., with (here ).
Spin coherence time may depend on excitation and on chosen harmonics
beam energy
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Simulation of resonance Method with Magic Wien filter for deuterons at COSY
Linear extrapolation of for a time period of .
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Parameters: beam energy assumed EDME-field
EDM effect accumulates in
𝑃 𝑦
turn number
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Why also EDMs of protons and deuterons?
Proton and deuteron EDM experiments may provide one order higher sensitivity.
In particular the deuteron may provide a much higher sensitivity than protons.
Consensus in the theoretical community:Essential to perform EDM measurements on different targets with similar sensitivity:
• unfold the underlying physics,• explain the baryogenesis.
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Magic condition: Protons
Case 2: and fields
magic energy
𝐵>0 𝐵<0magic energy
𝐵>0 𝐵<0
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Some polarimetry issuespC and dC polarimetry is the currently favored approach for the pEDM experiment at BNL
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srEDM experiments use frozen spin mode, i.e., beam mostly polarized along direction of motion,
most promising ring options use cw & ccw beams.
• scattering on C destructive on beam and phase-space,• scattering on C determines polarization of mainly
particles with large betatron amplitudes, and• is not capable to determine . • For elastic scattering longitudinal analyzing powers are tiny (violates parity).
Ideally, use a method that would determine .
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Exploit observables that depend on beam and target polarization
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b eam1𝑃=(𝑃 𝑥
𝑃 𝑦𝑃 𝑧
)t arget (¿beam2)𝑄=(𝑄𝑥
𝑄𝑦𝑄𝑧
)
𝜎𝜎0
=1+𝐴𝑦 [ (𝑃 𝑦+𝑄𝑦 ) cos𝜑− (𝑃 𝑥+𝑄𝑥 ) sin 𝜑 ]
Spin-dependent differential cross section for
Analyzing powerSpin correlations
In scattering, necessary observables are well-known in the range MeV (not so for or ).
𝑥 (sideways)
𝑦 (up)
𝑧 (along beam)
𝜑
𝜃
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How could one do that, determine ?
Suggestion 1: Use a polarized storage cell target
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Detector
• Detector determines of cw & ccw beams separately, based on kinematics.• Alignment of target polarization along axes by magnetic fields. Leads to
unwanted MDM rotations absolute no-go in EDM experiments.
cell
CW CCW
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Suggestion 2: Use colliding beam from external source
• Collide two external beams with cw and ccw stored beams.• Energy could be tuned to match detector acceptance.• Polarization components of probing low-energy beam can be made large, would
be selected by spin rotators in the transmission lines.• Luminosity estimates necessary
Detector
Polarized ion source(~10 MeV)
How could one do that, determine ?
𝜎𝜎0
=1+𝐴𝑦 [ (𝑃 𝑦+𝑸𝒚 )cos𝜑− (𝑃𝑥+𝑸 𝒙 ) sin 𝜑 ]
cw beam𝑃=(𝑃 𝑥
𝑃 𝑦𝑃 𝑧
) probingbeam𝑄=(𝑄𝑥
𝑄𝑦𝑄𝑧
)=(𝑄𝑥
00 ) ,( 0
𝑄𝑦0 ) ,∨( 0
0𝑄𝑧
)
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How could one do that, determine ?
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Suggestion 3: Use directly reactions from colliding beams
Detector
CW CCW
Requires luminosity, -functions at IP should be rather small.• Advantage over suggestion 2. is that supports luminosity.• Disadvantage is that sensitivity comes mainly from terms with and .• Detailed estimates necessary.
𝜎𝜎0
=1+𝐴𝑦 [ (𝑃 𝑦+𝑄𝑦 ) cos𝜑− (𝑃 𝑥+𝑄𝑥 ) sin 𝜑 ]
cw beam𝑃=(𝑃𝑥
𝑃𝑦𝑃𝑧
) ccw beam𝑄=(𝑄𝑥
𝑄𝑦𝑄𝑧
)
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Luminosity estimate for the collider option
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𝐿(𝑇 , 𝛽 )=𝑁1𝑁2 𝑓 rev(𝑇 )𝑛𝑏4𝜋 𝜎 (𝛽)2
𝜎 (𝛽)=√𝜖 ∙ 𝛽
Conditions:
k inetic energy(MeV )
Luminosity
𝛽=10 m
𝛽=1m
𝛽=0.1m
T magic=232.8 MeV
Even under these very optimistic assumptions, event rate will be rather low.
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Symmetries
Parity:
𝑷 :(𝒙𝒚𝒛 )→(− 𝒙−𝒚− 𝒛 )
C-parity (or Charge parity): Changes sign of all quantized charges• electrical charge,• baryon number,• lepton number,• flavor charges, • Isospin (3rd-component)
T-Symmetry: 𝑻 :𝒕→− 𝒕
Physical laws are invariant under certain transformations.
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New Idea: Ivan Koop‘s spin-wheel
B𝑑𝑆𝑑𝑡 =
𝑑×𝐸+𝜇×𝐵
By appropriate choice of magnetic field, the spin vector rotates fast frequencies of the order kHz
Jülich has expertise in SQUIDs, people say, state-of-the art measurements allow for is
(
This would revolutionize the way we conceive EDM (and in general polarization) experiments, because frequencies become directly measureable.
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How this would work?
Frequency
B field
EDM=0
EDM ≠0
∼ ⟨Δ 𝑦 ⟩
Find the value of B wherespin precession frequency
disappears
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SQUIDs: Precision tools for accelerators
Possible applications in accelerators, all of which are needed for srEDM experiments
1. Beam current transformers2. Beam position monitors3. Beam polarimeters
Begin development with a measurement of the noise spectrum using three coils:
• Coil 35mm away from center ANKE chamber
• Combined coils in same housing • GHz range (one pickup loop)• MHz range (several hundered loops)
• Fluxgate sensor • kHz range
Measurement of noise spectrum at COSY in MD week, July 2013
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New Idea: Direct measurement of electron EDM
Bill Morse: , , (talk tomorrow)
Nobody knows where CPV is hiding, may well be in the leptonic sector
Needs a dedicated R&D effort
Very attractive:• Tests all ingredients of srEDM experiments• Could develop into a long-term project
Polarimetry is an issue
Goal:
Could be an option for FNAL using the electrostatic Tevatron separators
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Projects and persons
Accelerator
Systematic error studies
Student Topic ResponsibleDenis Zyuzin Cosy-Infinity (final ring) Y. Senichev
Marcel Rosenthal Cosy-Infinity (COSY) A. Lehrach
Artem Saleev Cosy-Infinity Nikolaev/Rathmann
Andrea Pesce invariant spin axis P. Lenisa
Lorena Magallanes (M) Cosy-Infinity Snake A. Lehrach
Stas Chekmenev Systematic error studies
J. Pretz
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Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments [email protected]
PolarimetryStudent Topic ResponsibleGreta Guidobini Data analysis P. Lenisa
Paul Maanen Polarimeter concepts J. Pretz
Dennis Eversmann (M) Data analysis J. Pretz
Fabian Hinder (M) Polarimeter J. Pretz
Sebastian Mey RF E/B flipper J. Pretz/ R. Gebel
Projects and persons
NN Magnetometer H. Soltner/H.-J. Krause
B field measurement
NN Electrostatic deflectors A. Nass/F. Rathmann
Electrostatic deflectors
RF E/B flipper
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Events in 2013
• JARA-FAME kick-off January 17, 2013 • new pillar of Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance• Samuel C. C. Ting on AMS-Experiment at ISS
• JEDI collaboration meeting March 13-14, 2013• Ferrara International School Niccolò Cabeo 2013
Physics beyond the standard model: The precision frontierMay, 20-24 2013, IUSS, Ferrara (Italy)
• Opportunities for Polarized Physics at FermilabMay 20-22, 2013, Fermilab, USA