Comprehensive Photo Album ProjectBy: Sean LydonAP Psychology, Period G4/26/2013

1) Prologue/ Chapter 1

StructuralismThis concept is one school of psychology that focuses on breaking down thought and finding commonalities.

This garbage disposal breaks down food and one can find common ingredients between foods

FunctionalismThis is another school of psychology that focused on mental processes and thoughts as being like a stream and unable to break down. This picture represents that thoughts are a continuous stream

Naturalistic ObservationThis a type of research in which the subjects are observed and studied in their natural habitats without a

controlled situation. This picture shows that I am observing my father in a natural setting without disturbing him.

Basic ResearchThis is a type of research that only aims to increase the knowledge base. This picture shows

that these students are only trying to gain more information about a certain subject.

2) Chapter 2A

ReuptakeThis term refers to when extra neurotransmitters in the synapse are absorbed by the sending

neuron. This picture shows that the extra food taken from the fridge is put back in it.

DendriteThis is the branchy extensions of the neuron that receives messages from a neighboring neuron. This picture shows that mail is being received by me in my hand, and the fingers are like the “branches” of the dendrite.

AxonThis is an extension of the neuron that brings messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands via the synapse. This picture

shows that the send button and arrow act as the axon, taking the message toward its recipient through cyberspace (the synapse).

Parasympathetic Nervous SystemThis a division of the peripheral nervous system that calms and relaxes the body. This

picture shows that my dog is trying calm down and conserve energy by panting.

3) Chapter 2B

Corpus CallosumThis is thick band of neural fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres and allows them to

communicate. This picture shows the fingers are the fibers and the left and the right hands are connected.

MedullaThis is the part of the brainstem that regulates heart rate and breathing. This inhaler

represents the medulla because it helps restore normal breathing.

HypothalamusThis part of the limbic system maintains homeostasis and rewards the body for doing so. This picture shows that I was rewarded for maintaining my good grade for Spanish class.

CerebellumThis part of the brainstem that balances the body and controls coordination. This picture

shows my dog is using his cerebellum to stay upright while walking on the stairs

4) Chapter 3

Latent dream contentThis refers to the actual hidden meaning behind one’s dream. This picture shows the

original words and their difficult to discern meaning, which represents the term.

Manifest dream contentThis is the remembered storyline or summary of a dream. This picture shows the summary

of a certain scene in Macbeth and has a basic storyline, representing the term.

Circadian rhythmsThis term refers to each person’s biological clock, which is the cycle of rhythms (temperature, basic arousal) over about

a 24 hour period. This picture shows that my dogs are at a point in their cycles when they usually go to sleep.

LSDThis a drug that is extremely hallucinogenic. This picture is very odd and seems like a

hallucination that LSD could cause.

5) Chapter 5

AttachmentThis is the emotional tie with someone else, especially with a parent. This picture shows

that my dogs have an attachment to my father.

TeratogensThis anything that can harm an embryo or a fetus during prenatal development. Wine is one

of these because it contains alcohol.

HabituationThis is the process by which one becomes less and less responsive to a repeated stimulus. I have

become habituated to the alarm sound of my clock, and so, I do not respond to it much.

EgocentrismThis is Piaget’s idea that children have trouble taking another person’s point of view. My

father is showing this because he assumes that because he can see the TV, I can, too.

6) Chapter 6A

Absolute ThresholdThis is the minimum stimulation required for someone to detect something half of the time.

This picture shows that the volume on the computer is above my absolute threshold.

Top-down processingThis is when we build perceptions of the world based on expectations and experience. I judge the

difficulty of these math problems based on my experience of how hard the first few problems in each homework set usually are and my expectations based on how well I fared on the other problems in this

set.

Difference thresholdThis is the just noticeable difference, or the minimum difference between two stimuli that someone can

detect. Here, the difference between the dusty and clean areas on the table is above this threshold

TransductionThis is the process by which one form of energy is converted into another., and in sensation, it is when stimulus energies from the senses are changed into neural messages. Here, the solar panel on the calculator transduces light into electricity to power

the calculator.

7) Chapter 6B

AccommodationIn sensation, this refers to when the lens of the eye changes its curvature to focus on a

stimulus. This camera similarly adjusts its lens to focus on an object.

RodsThese are cells in your retina that do not see color. This picture shows what rods see

Opponent-Process TheoryThis states that color vision occurs because of 3 pairs of opposing processes: red-green, yellow-

blue, white-black. This explains afterimages, which occur when you stare at something for a long time you will see the opposite color once you look away. This picture shows this because

after staring at the white light, you will see black.

Human Factors PsychologyThis is a branch of psychology that focuses on improving environments to make them safer for people. This

picture shows that this corner is dangerous and so a human factors psychologist would attempt to fix it.

8) Chapter 7A

Classical ConditioningI have been classically conditioned to respond to my phone vibrating when I get a message. First, I would just respond to when

I saw the message, but the phone’s vibration became a conditioned stimulus and checking my phone became a conditional response.

GeneralizationMy dog has generalized his reaction of jumping at the TV to all living things moving quickly

on the TV.

DiscriminationI have experienced discrimination because I am only afraid of spiders and not all small

insects or arachnids.

Law of EffectMy dogs used this when they noticed that taking a sock would get them a treat, so they

were more prone to doing it again.

9) Chapter 7B

Fixed-ratio scheduleThis project showed this term because you get to stop when you reach a set number of

responses.

Variable-ratio scheduleThis picture shows this term because the player does not know how many pitches he will

have to take before gets one he wants to hit.

Fixed-interval scheduleThis picture shows this term because you know when school ends, but you can’t control

when it does.

Variable-interval scheduleThis picture shows this term because you don’t when the email will come and you can’t

control when it does.

10) Chapter 8

RecognitionThis shows this term because multiple choice test how well you can recognize the answer.

RecallThis shows this term because this question is not multiple choice and therefore you have to

retrieve the answer from your memory.

Serial position effectThis shows this term because I remember the first and last Beatitudes more easily than

those in the middle.

ChunkingThis shows this term because it’s easier to remember the identities when they are grouped

based on similarities.

11) Chapter 10A

WAISThis shows this term because it is a puzzle, and the performance section of this intelligence

test involves similar ones.

GardnerThis shows this term because Gardner believed in multiple intelligences that were separate

from each other.

gThis shows this term because g is general intelligence, is the one factor that underlies all

abilities and is tested by all parts of intelligence tests.

Savant syndromeThis shows this term because Einstein did not speak until very late in his early years and he

did not do well in school, but was still very talented at math and science.

12) Chapter 10B

Content validityThis shows this term because the test asks questions on topics for which it was designed.

This was created to test us on identities, and it did that.

ReliabilityThis represents this term because the bombs used in tests during and used to end World

War II gave the same results: widespread destruction.

Predictive Validity

This represents this term because this book was designed to help students do better on the actual AP Psychology tests, and, in my experience, it usually predicts how well you will do.

Test-retest reliabilityThis represents this term because I have gotten the silver medal on the National Spanish

Exam all three years I have taken it, so my scores are consistent.

13) Chapter 11

Drive-reduction theoryThis shows this term because I have my dinner in order to reduce the drive created by my

physiological need for food.

Set pointThis shows this term because one’s body has a set normal weight, makes one try to get

back to it, and the scale shows if the weight is not at this point.

FlowThis shows this term because when I play video games, I lose my sense of my time and am

fully engaging my abilities into them.

IncentiveThis shows this term because the smell of the oven cooking would increase my drive to eat.

14) Chapter 12A

Facial feedbackThis shows this term because smiling will make one happier.

James-Lange TheoryThis shows this term because my father has only shown a physiological arousal in response

to a stimuli.

Cannon-Bard TheoryThis shows this term because my father is showing both a physiological arousal and an

emotion at the same time.

Paul EkmanThis shows the work of Ekman because these people show the same expression, a smile,

when they are happy as all other cultures do.

15) Chapter 12B

Relative deprivationThis shows this term because I feel like I am worse off with than before because I am not as

rich as Vanderbilt was.

Adaptation-level phenomenonThis shows this term because I used to consider my grades to be incredibly exceptional, but I

gradually became accustomed to getting high grades.

Type AThis shows this term because the man pictured here, John Quincy Adams, was a very

forceful and impatient man who was usually angry while he was president.

Type BThis shows this term because Winnie the Pooh is a very relaxed, good-natured character.

16) Chapter 13

SuperegoThis shows this term because my father is telling my dog that he did the wrong thing and

should always do the right thing.

IdentificationThis shows this term because I learned to love the Red Sox and hate the Yankees from my

father’s likes and dislikes.

MMPIThis shows this term because ocean is an acronym for the main 5 factors for which this tests: openness, conscientiousness,

extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (emotional instability). Also, like the ocean, these traits are almost always stable.

IdThis shows this term because Peter Pan almost always did whatever he wanted to do and

was impulsive.