sdg 12: responsible consumption and production...sustainable consumption and production1. the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 1
1
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction
Areviewofresearchneeds
AnnextotheFormasreportForskningförAgenda2030:Översiktavforskningsbehovochvägarframåt
November2018
StefanieChan,NinaWeitz,ÅsaPersson,CasparTrimmer
![Page 2: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 2
2
Citethisannexas:Chan,S.,Weitz,N.,Persson,Å.andTrimmer,C.(2018).SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction.AReviewofResearchNeeds.TechnicalannextotheFormasreportForskningförAgenda2030:Översiktavforskningsbehovochvägarframåt.StockholmEnvironmentInsitute,Stockholm.
![Page 3: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 3
3
TableofcontentsSummary...................................................................................................................................4
1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................8
1.1 Methodandapproach...........................................................................................................10
2 ThestateofresearchonSDG12.....................................................................................12
3 Theme1:Cross-cuttingissues.........................................................................................14
3.1 Systemperspectives..............................................................................................................14
3.2 Consumptionpatternsandconsumerbehaviour..................................................................15
3.3 Monitoringandindicators.....................................................................................................18
4 Keytheme2:Naturalresourcemanagement.................................................................19
4.1 Globalmaterialuseandefficiency........................................................................................19
4.2 Theroleofconsumptioninnaturalresourcemanagement..................................................19
4.3 Linkingresearchwithpolicyandpracticalneeds..................................................................20
5 Keytheme3:Foodwasteandloss..................................................................................20
5.1 Foodloss................................................................................................................................21
5.2 Consumerfoodwaste............................................................................................................22
5.3 Betterdataonfoodsystems.................................................................................................22
5.4 Researchonanintegratedsupplychainapproach...............................................................22
6 Conclusions....................................................................................................................23
References..............................................................................................................................23
![Page 4: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 4
4
SummarySustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)12callsforresponsibleconsumptionandproduction,essentiallydecouplingeconomicgrowthfromunsustainableresourceuseandemissionsandimprovingthemanagementofhazardoussubstancesandwaste.Inparticularitcallsforimplementationofthe10-YearFrameworkofProgrammesonSustainableConsumptionandProduction(SCP),forefficientuseofnaturalresources,forcuttingfoodandotherwaste,forresponsiblemanagementofchemicals,forsustainablepublicprocurementandforcompaniestoadoptmoresustainablepractices.
ThisstudydemonstratestheuseofamethodologycombiningliteraturereviewwithanexploratoryexpertworkshoptoidentifyresearchneedsrelatedtoSDGgoalsandtargets,inthiscaseaselectionoftargetsunderSDG12andarelatedtargetfromSDG8(seetable1).ThetargetswereselectedastheypointedmostclearlytoresearchquestionsthatcouldcontributeinimportantwaystotheachievementoftheSDGs.
Basedontheselectedtargets,weidentifiedthreekeythemes:(i)issuescuttingacrosseffortstoadvanceSCP;(ii)sustainablenaturalresourcemanagement;and(iii)reducingfoodwasteandloss.AlthoughthefocuswasontheSwedishcontext,theliteraturereviewinparticularsoughttoidentifyresearchneedsinbothdevelopinganddevelopedcountrycontexts.
GiventhebroadscopeofSDG12andthefieldofSCP,thisstudyshouldbeseenmoreasaproofofconceptratherthanasacomprehensivelistofresearchneedsrelatedtoSDG12.
FindingsSomegeneralchallengeswereidentified,alongwithspecificresearchneedsrelatedtoSDG12undereachofthreethemes.Belowisaselectionofthese.
Generalchallenges
• ThequalitativeratherthanquantitativenatureofSDG12makesitdifficultforcountriestomeasuretheirachievements
• Theglobaltotalandpercapitamaterialfootprintofconsumptioncontinuestoincrease,althoughmanyregionshavebeensuccessfulinreducingdomesticmaterialconsumption.Politicaleffortsneedtoshiftfromincreasingefficiencytodecreasingoverallconsumption,andfromidentifyingproblemstofindingsolutions
• UpscalingofgoodSCPexampleshasbeendifficult,andmoreresearchisneededonhow
• Consumers,businessesandpublic-sectordecision-makerslackknowledgeaboutSCP,andthereisneedtobridgedifferentactors’knowledgeaswellastobetterbridgescienceandconcreteapplications.
Theme1:Cross-cuttingissues
Systemicissues
• Integratingknowledgeaboutthewholesupplychain,fromproductiontoconsumption
![Page 5: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 5
5
SDG12targets,andthosecoveredinthisstudy(bold)
SDG12:Ensuresustainableconsumptionandproductionpatterns
12.1 Implementthe10-yearframeworkofprogrammesonsustainableconsumptionandproduction,allcountriestakingaction,withdevelopedcountriestakingthelead,takingintoaccountthedevelopmentandcapabilitiesofdevelopingcountries
12.2 By2030,achievethesustainablemanagementandefficientuseofnaturalresources
12.3 12.3By2030,halvepercapitaglobalfoodwasteattheretailandconsumerlevelsandreducefoodlossesalongproductionandsupplychains,includingpost-harvestlosses
12.4 By2020,achievetheenvironmentallysoundmanagementofchemicalsandallwastesthroughouttheirlifecycle,inaccordancewithagreedinternationalframeworks,andsignificantlyreducetheirreleasetoair,waterandsoilinordertominimizetheiradverseimpactsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment
12.5 By2030,substantiallyreducewastegenerationthroughprevention,reduction,recyclingandreuse
12.6 Encouragecompanies,especiallylargeandtransnationalcompanies,toadoptsustainablepracticesandtointegratesustainabilityinformationintotheirreportingcycle
12.7 Promotepublicprocurementpracticesthataresustainable,inaccordancewithnationalpoliciesandpriorities
12.8 By2030,ensurethatpeopleeverywherehavetherelevantinformationandawarenessforsustainabledevelopmentandlifestylesinharmonywithnature
12.a Supportdevelopingcountriestostrengthentheirscientificandtechnologicalcapacitytomovetowardsmoresustainablepatternsofconsumptionandproduction
12.b Developandimplementtoolstomonitorsustainabledevelopmentimpactsforsustainabletourismthatcreatesjobsandpromoteslocalcultureandproducts
12.c Rationalizeinefficientfossil-fuelsubsidiesthatencouragewastefulconsumptionbyremovingmarketdistortions,inaccordancewithnationalcircumstances,includingbyrestructuringtaxationandphasingoutthoseharmfulsubsidies,wheretheyexist,toreflecttheirenvironmentalimpacts,takingfullyintoaccountthespecificneedsandconditionsofdevelopingcountriesandminimizingthepossibleadverseimpactsontheirdevelopmentinamannerthatprotectsthepoorandtheaffectedcommunities
SDG8:Promotesustained,inclusiveandsustainableeconomicgrowth,fullandproductiveemploymentanddecentworkforall
8.4 Improveprogressively,through2030,globalresourceefficiencyinconsumptionandproductionandendeavourtodecoupleeconomicgrowthfromenvironmentaldegradation,inaccordancewiththe10-yearframeworkofprogrammesonsustainableconsumptionandproduction,withdevelopedcountriestakingthelead
![Page 6: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 6
6
• Limitationsimposedbytheeconomicsystemonsustainabilityefforts,includingbytheprivatesector
• Moresustainablebusinessmodelssuitedtocirculareconomy.
Consumptionandconsumerbehaviour
• Makingiteasierforconsumerstomakemoresustainablechoices• Possibleimpactsofashiftinconsumptionawayfromgoodsandtowardsservices• Pathwaysforeffectivenormdiffusion• Linkagesbetweenconsumptionpatternsandhealthissues,e.g.mentalhealth,diet-
relateddisease• Thosepolicyinstrumentsandlegalframeworksthataremostconduciveto(andmost
inimicalto)asustainableconsumptiontransformation• Newmarketingpracticesandthechangingmedialandscapesforculturalandsocial
normchange.
Monitoringandindicators
• ImprovinginstitutionalandtechnicalcapacitytomonitorSCP• Moreassessmentandbenchmarking• Moreconvergenceofreportingsystemstoreducereportingburdenandalignglobal
andnationalindicators.
Theme2:Naturalresourcesmanagement
• Currenttrendsandfutureprospectsforglobalresourceuseandsustainableresourcemanagement
• Interactionsbetweenclimatechangemitigationandsustainableresourcemanagement• Thesocioeconomicimplicationsoftransitioningtomoreresourceefficienteconomies
andsocieties• Linksbetweensustainableresourcemanagement,conflict,securityandmigration• Consumptionasthemaindriverofincreasedmaterialuse• Howtoactonopportunitiesandchallengesforresilienceasanobjectiveofnatural
resourcemanagementindevelopingcountries• Bridgingbetweennaturalresourcemanagementresearch,policyandpracticalneeds.
Theme3:Foodwasteandloss
• Takingintoaccountthediversityofstakeholdersandanintegratedwhole-supply-chainapproach
• Howtosupportactioninproducercountriesthroughenhancingscientificandtechnologicalcapacity
• Focusonresearchforreducingpost-harvestlossesindevelopingcountries• Opportunitiesforproductive,profitable,sustainableuseoffoodandcropwasteand
residues• Capturingthepotentialofbigdata• Keepingagriculturalresearchuptodatewiththeglobal,regionalandlocalimpactsof
climatechange,watershortagesandothershocks
![Page 7: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 7
7
• Researchintoresistantcropvarieties,pestcontrol,betterpackingandtransport,andlow-coststoragetechnologies
• Strategiesfortacklingconsumptionwaste• Consumerbehaviour–makingreductionoffoodwasteappealing• Enablingfactorsforfoodre-distribution• Improvingdataonfoodwastage.
![Page 8: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 8
8
1 IntroductionThisstudyformspartoftheprojectFormasAgenda2030,whichaimedtoidentifyresearchneedsrelatedtothe17SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)andtoexploreoptionsformakingstructuralchangesinresearchpolicyandfundinginordertofosterfurtherprogresstowardstheSDGs.TheprojectinvolvedliteraturereviewsandexploratoryworkshopsfocusingonthreeSDGsasexamples:SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction,SDG14:LifeBelowWaterandSDG17:PartnershipsfortheGoals.
Basedonaliteraturereviewandworkshopdiscussions,thisstudyidentifiesresearchneedsrelatedtofourtargetsunderSDG12,alongwithatargetfromSDG8thatiscloselyrelated(seetable1).Thereasonsforselectingthesetargetsaresetoutbelow.Thestudyfocusesonneedsrelatedtothreethemes,whicharebasedonthestudiedtargetsandrelevanttotheSwedishcontext:cross-cuttingissuesforSDG12,naturalresourcemanagement,andfoodwasteandloss.
Theresearchneedsidentifiedarerelatedtotwofunctions:characterisingthechallengesofmeetingthetargets,andprovidingsolutions.Thesearetwoofthethreerolesforscience,technologyandinnovationinimplementingtheSDGsdefinedbyNilsson(2016).Researchneedsrelatingtothethirdproposedrole,strengtheningpublicinstitutionsandsociety,arediscussedinmoredepthinthemainreport(Perssonetal.2018,inSwedish).
SDG12callsfor“responsibleconsumptionandproduction”.Itaimsatdecouplingeconomicgrowthfromenvironmentaldamageandnaturalresourceexploitation.Itseighttargetsincludeimplementationofthe10-YearFrameworkofProgrammesonSCP,efficientmanagementanduseofnaturalresources,cuttingvarioustypesofwaste,andresponsiblemanagementofwastesandchemicals.Italsocallsforadoptionofsustainablepracticesincompaniesandinpublicprocurement.
Consumptionandproductionareessentialtotheglobaleconomy.Anthropogenicharmtotheenvironmentandhumanhealthisalmostentirelytheresultofproductionandconsumptionactivities.Atthesametime,foodsecurity,povertyalleviation,medicine,infrastructure,welfareandservicesalldependonproductiveactivitiesandthewealththeygenerate.Thusmost,ifnotall,oftheSDGsarethusintricatelylinkedwithSDG12.
Thetotalandpercapitamaterialfootprintofhumanitycontinuedtoincreasebetween2000and2010.Thisfootprintisunequallydistributed,beingmuchhigherinOECDcountries(UN,2017),whiletheenvironmentalandresourceimpactsrelatedtoproducingthegoodsandservicesconsumedmaybedistributedallovertheworld,dependingontradelinks.Thus,addressingunsustainableconsumptionandproductionpatternsrequiresasystemsapproachsupportedbycooperationbetweensupplychainactors,awareness-raisingandeducation(Reischetal.2016,p.6).
Asustainableconsumptionpolicyagendahasemergedgraduallyattheinternationalleveltosupportnationalandregionalactivities,throughAgenda21(fromthe1992RioSummit),theUNEP-ledMarrakechprocess(2003)andthe10-YearFrameworkofProgrammeson
![Page 9: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 9
9
SustainableConsumptionandProduction1.TheSwedishpolicyagendaaroundSCPisdescribedinBox1below.
Table1.SDG12targets,andthosecoveredinthisstudy(bold)
SDG12:Ensuresustainableconsumptionandproductionpatterns12.1 Implementthe10-yearframeworkofprogrammesonsustainableconsumption
andproduction,allcountriestakingaction,withdevelopedcountriestakingthelead,takingintoaccountthedevelopmentandcapabilitiesofdevelopingcountries
12.2 By2030,achievethesustainablemanagementandefficientuseofnaturalresources
12.3 12.3By2030,halvepercapitaglobalfoodwasteattheretailandconsumerlevelsandreducefoodlossesalongproductionandsupplychains,includingpost-harvestlosses
12.4 By2020,achievetheenvironmentallysoundmanagementofchemicalsandallwastesthroughouttheirlifecycle,inaccordancewithagreedinternationalframeworks,andsignificantlyreducetheirreleasetoair,waterandsoilinordertominimizetheiradverseimpactsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment
12.5 By2030,substantiallyreducewastegenerationthroughprevention,reduction,recyclingandreuse
12.6 Encouragecompanies,especiallylargeandtransnationalcompanies,toadoptsustainablepracticesandtointegratesustainabilityinformationintotheirreportingcycle
12.7 Promotepublicprocurementpracticesthataresustainable,inaccordancewithnationalpoliciesandpriorities
12.8 By2030,ensurethatpeopleeverywherehavetherelevantinformationandawarenessforsustainabledevelopmentandlifestylesinharmonywithnature
12.a Supportdevelopingcountriestostrengthentheirscientificandtechnologicalcapacitytomovetowardsmoresustainablepatternsofconsumptionandproduction
12.b Developandimplementtoolstomonitorsustainabledevelopmentimpactsforsustainabletourismthatcreatesjobsandpromoteslocalcultureandproducts
12.c Rationalizeinefficientfossil-fuelsubsidiesthatencouragewastefulconsumptionbyremovingmarketdistortions,inaccordancewithnationalcircumstances,includingbyrestructuringtaxationandphasingoutthoseharmfulsubsidies,wheretheyexist,toreflecttheirenvironmentalimpacts,takingfullyintoaccountthespecificneedsandconditionsofdevelopingcountriesandminimizingthepossibleadverseimpactsontheirdevelopmentinamannerthatprotectsthepoorandtheaffectedcommunities
SDG8:Promotesustained,inclusiveandsustainableeconomicgrowth,fullandproductiveemploymentanddecentworkforall
8.4 Improveprogressively,through2030,globalresourceefficiencyinconsumptionandproductionandendeavourtodecoupleeconomicgrowthfromenvironmentaldegradation,inaccordancewiththe10-yearframeworkofprogrammesonsustainableconsumptionandproduction,withdevelopedcountriestakingthelead
![Page 10: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 10
10
ThegrowingimportanceofSCPattheinternationalpolicylevelisevident.ThefactthatSCPhasitsownSDGisalreadysignificant,asisthefactthattheUN10-YearFrameworkofProgrammesonSustainableConsumptionandProduction(10YFP)isexpresslymentionedinSDGtargets8.4and 12.1. Another example is the most recent UNCTAD Global Guidelines for ConsumerProtection, which cite sustainable consumption as an express objective and recogniseconsumers’right“topromotejust,equitableandsustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopmentandenvironmentalprotection”(UNCTAD2016,p.6).
1.1 MethodandapproachThisstudyshouldbeseenasatestoftheconceptofandmethodforidentifyingresearchneedsrelatedtoSDGgoalsandtargets.Thescopeofthestudydidnotallowforanexhaustiveorin-depthassessmentofthestateofknowledge.
Themethodusedinvolvedthreesteps.ThefirststepwastoidentifyimportantthemesamongthetargetsunderSDG12,inordertoreducethenumberoftargetsandtofindbroaderknowledgeareasorthemesthatrelatetoseveraltargets.Thecriteriaandapproachforselectingthesekeythemesaredescribedbelow.
Thesecondstepwastoconductaliteraturereview,seekingresearchneedsalreadyexplicitlyorimplicitlyidentifiedintheliterature.Togetanoverviewoftheresearchbasedandrecenttrendsforeachtopic,wefirstconsultedsynthesisreportsandgeneralassessmentssuchasInternationalResourcePanelreportsfornaturalresourcemanagement(UNEP2016;UNEP2017);FAOandWorldResourcesInstituteforfoodwaste(Lipinskietal.2013;FAO2015).Morein-depthknowledgeandanalysiswasgatheredthroughdatabasesearchesformorefocusedmaterials,particularlypeer-reviewedjournalarticles.
Thethirdstepwastoorganiseanexpertworkshopwithexpertsfromthefieldsofscience,policyandpracticeinordertoidentifyhigh-priorityresearchneedsandhowtomeetthem.Theworkshopwasheldon8May2018inStockholm.
Thediscussionsintheworkshopwereinformedby,butnotlimitedto,thepreliminaryfindingsoftheliteraturereview.Thefirstpartoftheworkshopcomprisedsmallgroupdiscussionstoidentifyknowledgegapsrelatedtothetargets.ThesecondwasabrainstormingsessiontoelicitinputonhowSwedish(andEU)researchandinnovationpolicycouldcontributetoAgenda2030.Inthisreport,weareconcernedwiththeoutputsofthefirstpartoftheworkshop.Ithaschieflybeenincorporatedintothediscussiononcross-cuttingissues.
1.1.1 Challengesandlimitations
SDG12hasaverybroadscope,makinganexhaustivereviewofthepotentiallyrelevantliteratureinherentlydifficult.Thesteppedprocessinthereview–startingwithsynthesesandgeneralassessmentsandthenmovingtomorespecificliterature–wasintendedtoreducethisdifficulty.
TheSDGtargetsaretheresultofinternationalnegotiations,andassuchmaynotreflectlocalornationalsustainabledevelopmentpriorities.Thus,areviewsuchasthismightmissresearchneedsthatfallwithinthebroadareaofagoalatthenationalorlocallevel.
![Page 11: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 11
11
Finally,twokeylimitationsshouldbekeptinmindwhenconsideringtheresultspresentedhere.Thefirstisthatwewereonlyabletoreviewapartoftherelevantliterature.Itispossiblethatothersourceswouldhaverevealedotherormoreimportantresearchneeds,orcouldhelptofillsomeoftheneedsweidentify.Thesecondisthatareviewofthisnaturecanonlyidentify“knownunknowns”inrelationtoSDG12;theremaywellbe“unknownunknown”researchneedsthatwillonlyberevealedwithtime.
1.1.2 Criteriaforselectingtargetsandidentifyingkeythemes
Allthreeofthegoal-focusedreviewsunderthisprojectappliedthesamecriteriaforselectingthetargetsandthemestofocuson:• Targetsshouldbethosewherelackofknowledgeorresearchisacriticalbarrierto
success;thismeantthat,forexample,targetsonimplementinganinternationalpoliticalagreementwereexcluded
• Targetsthataddresssimilarissuesandshareaknowledgedomainwereclusteredtogether
• Thenumberofselectedtargetsshouldbemanageablewithinthelimitedscopeandresourcesofthestudy
• Thethemescouldinterpretorexpandonthecontentsofthetargetsthemselves,toi)adaptthemtoaSwedishcontext,andii)lookatthemoregeneralsustainabilityissuesimpliedbythegoalbutnotnecessarilyreflectedbythetargets.
ForthereviewofSDG12,wefocusonthemesemergingfromfourtargetsunderSDG12,alongwithacloselyrelatedtargetthatsitsunderSDG8(seetable1).Thefirstthemeiscross-cuttingissuesrelevanttomostSDG12targetsandresearchonSCP,butnotcurrentlyaddressedbyanyonetarget.Forexample,wenotethatnotargetunderSDG12addresseseconomic,socialandculturalaspectsdeterminingconsumptionandconsumerbehaviour.IntheSwedishcontext,thereisactiveresearchandextensivepolicydebateonsustainableconsumptionandconsumerbehaviour,andthusweaddthisthemedespiteitnotfiguringstronglyunderSDG12.
Theothertwothemesaremoreexplicitlylinkedtotheselectedtargets:naturalresourcemanagement(NRM),mostcloselylinkedtotarget12.2,andfoodwasteandloss,mostcloselylinkedtotargets12.3and8.4.
Thisapproachoffocusingonthemesemergingfromthetargets,ratherthandirectlyonthetargetsthemselves,reflectstheneedfortargetedresearchacrossarangeoftopics,aswellastheincreasingimportanceofcoveringSCPinan“integratedandsystemicmanner”(Bloketal.2015,p.4).Thereviewidentifiesresearchneedswithinbothdevelopinganddevelopedcountrycontexts.
![Page 12: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 12
12
2 ThestateofresearchonSDG12Sustainableconsumptionandproductionisarelativelynewresearchfield,that“isnotyetverywellstructured,and...itsboundariesarestillfluid”(Vergragtetal.2014,p.8).InitsFifthAssessmentReport(2014)theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)statedthatgreenhousegasemissionscanbesubstantiallyreducedthroughchangesinconsumptionpatterns.Atthesametime,thereportalsostatedthattheevidencebaseandlevelofagreementwithinthescientificcommunityonthisstatementwaslowerthanfortherestofthereport.Thismadeaclearcalltotheresearchcommunitytostrengthentheevidencebase.Today,SCPhasgrownintoamultidisciplinaryfield.Itattractsnaturalscientists,environmentaleconomistsandpsychologists,aswellassociologists,philosophers,innovationresearchers,politicalscientists,historiansandotherresearchersinthehumanities,whoallcontributediverseperspectives.
InrecentyearsSCPhascometoincludethenotionofsustainablelifestyles,addingthetopicofindividualbehaviortostudyofthecomponentsofourproductionandconsumptionsystems.
BOX1.SWEDEN’SSCPPOLICYIn2016,theSwedishgovernmentpresentedastrategyforSCPfocusedonwhatthestatecandoincollaborationwithmunicipalities,businessandcivilsocietyandtohelpconsumersconsumemoresustainably(MinistryofFinanceSweden2016).Thestrategyfocusesonthefollowingareas:enhancedknowledgeanddeepenedcollaboration;promotionofsustainableconsumptionpatterns;streamliningresourceuse;improvinginformationoncompanies’sustainabilityefforts;phasingoutharmfulchemicals;consumersprotection;andfood,transportandhousing.
Measuresdescribedinthestrategyinclude:establishingaforumbringingtogetheractorswhocancontributetomoreeco-smartconsumptionandlifestyles(nowestablished–https://www.forummiljosmart.se/);supportingeducationonconsumptionimpactsinschools;promotingand“nudging”eco-smartbehaviour;mappingoutandpromotingthesharingeconomy;improvingeco-labelling;keepinggoodsinuselonger,e.g.throughtaxbreaksforandinformationaboutrepairservices,andintroducingsustainabilityrequirementsformorecategoriesofgood;promotingcirculareconomy,includingbyanalysingeffectivepolicyinstruments;revisingthenationalwastemanagementplan;requiringbetterreportingbybusinessesonsustainability,penalizingfalse“green”claimsinmarketing;anactionplanontoxin-freeeverydayenvironment;stepstocombatover-indebtedness;afoodstrategy;effortsonenergyuseinhousing;investmentsinpublictransportandcycling;andaproposedtaxonairtravel(MinistryofFinanceSweden2016).ThefocusandmeasuresproposedinthestrategyareinlinewiththetargetsunderSDG12.
TheconsumerhasnottraditionallybeenconsideredamajoractorinstrategiestoachievetheEQOs.In2012theSwedishEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(SEPA;Naturvårdsverket)identifiedchangestopatternsofconsumption–inordertoreduceimpactsfromproducing,transportingandstoryinggoodsandservicesconsumedinSweden–asimportantareatoachievetheGenerationalGoalandtheEQOs,butin2015theexperienceandcapacityto
![Page 13: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 13
13
analysetheroleofconsumptioninthefollow-upoftheobjectivesremainedlimited(SEPA2015).
TheSEPAfurtherstatedthatitagreedwithresearchconcludingthatpoliticalactionisneededtohelpconsumersandmarketforcesmovetowardsmoresustainableconsumptionpatterns.Inlinewiththis,anotherreportcommissionedbytheSEPAconcludedthatthefieldofsustainableconsumptionischaracterisedbyaplethoraofideasandstrategiesbutfewpolicyinstrumentshavebeenintroducedthathavehadatangibleeffectonconsumptionpatterns(Perssonetal.2015).
TheSEPAreportpresentedareviewofpolicyinstrumentsforsustainableconsumptionimplementedinSweden.ACO2-differentiatedvehicletax,a“greencar”rebate,andcongestionchargesinGothenburgandStockholmwerefoundtohavesignificanteffectsonconsumptionbehavior.Moregenerally,thereportconcludesthatpolicytools(economicorregulatory)thatonlyfocusonreducingconsumptionshouldbecoupledwithpolicytoolsforresearchanddevelopmenttostimulatetechnologicaldevelopmentofmoresustainablealternativegoodsandservices(SEPA2015)
TheSEPAhasstressedtheneedforalternativewaysofmeasuringwelfareandexploringtheroleofthetax,educationandtradesystemsinmakingashifttosustainableconsumption(SEPA2015).Itfurtheridentifiedanumberofresearchneedsformoreenergy-efficientconsumptionpatternsincludingresearchonthelinksbetweenenergyusage,behaviourandfeedbackmechanismsthatchangebehaviour;researchonautomaticadjustmentofenergyconsumption;andresearchontheconsequencesofhavinganincreasednumberofactiveenergyconsumersandco-producers.
Theresearchconductedhasmanytimesbeenneeds-drivenandsearchedformethodsandtoolsthatenablestakeholderstounderstandhowconsumptioncanbemademoresustainable(Algehed2015).ItisoftenarguedthatsystemsthinkingandcollaborationamongstakeholdersalongsupplychainsisnecessarytofurtherourunderstandingofSCP.
Duringtheworkshop,participantscollectivelyidentifiedasetofstakeholders/sectorsthatshouldideallybeincludedintransdisciplinarydiscussionsonSCPresearchagendas.Whilenotanexhaustivelist,theseinclude:industryandbusinessplayers(e.g.strategydepartments,marketingandsocialmedia);entrepreneurs;production-sideplayers;artsandhumanities(e.g.design,sociology,history);scientists,mathematiciansandeconomists;publichealthactors;internationaltrade;policy-makers;andyouth.
InSwedenresearchonSCPhasfocusedontheimpactofconsumptionandproductionprocessesonhumansandnature;onidentifyingasustainablelevelofconsumptionandproduction;onconsumptionbehavioursofindividualconsumers;onthedesignandproductionofmoresustainablegoods;onmarketingandpromotionofsustainableconsumptionandlifestyles;andonhowpolicytoolscanpromotesustainableconsumptionandproduction(Algehed2015).
IthasbeenarguedthatSDG12anditstargetsare“tooambitioustobefulfilled”andthatthelackofquantitativetargetsmakesitdifficultforstatestomeasuretheirachievements(ICSU
![Page 14: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 14
14
andISSC2015,p.59).TheneedformonitoringmethodsandindicatorsfortheSDG12targetsisdiscussedunderTheme1below.
TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2017(UNDESA2017)notesthattotalandpercapitamaterialfootprintscontinuetogrow,althoughmanyregionshavebeensuccessfulinreducingtheir“domesticmaterialconsumption”(theamountofmaterialusedperunitofproduction).
Ithasbeenobservedthatcurrentpoliticaleffortstendtofocusonincreasingtheefficiencyofexistingtechnologiesandprocesses,andreducingthenegativeeffectsofindividualproducts.However,somearguethatthisapproachdoesnotconsiderthefundamentalissueofdecreasingaggregateconsumptionofscarceorpollutingresources(Reischetal.2016,p.7),partlybecausegovernmentsarenotusuallywillingtointroduceheavyconsumerregulation(Bloketal.2015,p.3;Vergragtetal.2014,p.11).Thereisthusneedtoshiftpoliticaleffortsfromincreasingefficiencytodecreasingaggregateconsumption.
AnotherchallengeistakinggoodSCPexamplestoscale.IthasbeenarguedthatwhileitisimportanttoadvanceSCPknowledgeandpractice,itisalsokeytolookintotheissueofupscalingandspreadingsuccessfulexamplesglobally(Bloketal.2015,p.8).Keyquestionsforresearchhereincludehowtobestdisseminatebestpracticesamongindividuals,organisationsandcountries;aswellasfindingoutthekeyfacilitatingfactorsforsuccessfulupscalingandexpansion(Bloketal.2015,p.10).
Finally,ithasbeenarguedthatinternationalpolicy-makersneed“stronger,moreunambiguousandmorecoordinatedevidencefromsocialscienceresearch”tohelptheminpolicy-making,andmorefundingisrequiredforsuchresearch.However,inordertoincreasetheamountofsuchfunding,behaviouralscientistsshouldalsoworktomaketheirresearchmorerelevantandaccessibletothesepolicy-makers(Reischetal.2016,p.7).
3 Theme1:Cross-cuttingissuesThefirstthemeencompassedanumberofcommonissuesthatshouldbegivenattentioninSCPresearch:whole-systemperspectives,consumptionpatternsandconsumerbehaviour,andhowtomeasureandmonitorprogresstowardssustainableconsumption.Belowwepresentinsightsfromtheliteraturereviewandtheexpertworkshopontheseissues.
3.1 SystemperspectivesAgenda2030emphasisestheneedforcoherentpoliciesandunderstandingofhowdifferentgoals,anddifferentprocesses,interact.Theoftenlongandcomplexsupplychainsthatcharacterisecontemporaryglobaltrademeanthatthesystemsthatlinkconsumptionandproductioncanspanthousandsofmiles,andthoselinkscanbeveryhardtodiscern.Hencethesustainableconsumptionandsustainableproductionagendasareoftenisolatedfromeachother.
![Page 15: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 15
15
Theseproduction-to-consumptionsystemsareinfluencedbyawiderangeofactorsandprocesses,whomaynevercommunicateorbeawareoftheirinterdependencies.Asaresult,thereisamovetowardsmoreinterdisciplinaryandtransdisciplinary(i.e.involvingbothacademicandnon-academicstakeholders)researchinthefieldofSCP.
WorkshopparticipantsnotedacriticalgapinsynthesisingandcommunicatingSCPresearch,particularlywhenitcomestowhole-systemapproaches.Theyalsocalledformoresharingofpractices,bothNorth–SouthandSouth–North.WhiletheNorthmayhavemoreknowledgeintheareasofefficiencyandsafety,peopleincountrieswithlowerincomeshaveoftendevelopedhavemoresustainablewaystoconsumethattheNorthcouldlearnfrom.
3.1.1 Economicsystems
Researchtopicssuggestedintheworkshopincludedhoweconomicandfinancesystemsinfluenceandconstraincompanies’behaviour,andhowtheyneedtochangeinordertofostermoresustainablebusinesspractices.Participantssuggestedstudyof:thebarrierstomoresustainableinvestmentbycompaniesandpensionfunds;howtoimplementashiftintaxationfromlabourtoresources;andhowtointegrateeconomyandenvironmentinthenormsregulatingfinanceandeconomy.
Itwasalsosuggestedthatresearchlookathowcurrenteconomicsystemshindersustainableconsumption,productionandlifestyles.Particularresearchtopicssuggestedincluded:thelimitationsofvoluntaryprivatesector-ledinitiatives;possiblereboundeffectsofchangesaimedatmakingtheeconomicsystemmoresustainable;andnewmetricsofvaluethattakeintoaccountvalueforsociety,notjusteconomicvalue.
3.1.2 Businessmodels
Participantsalsocalledforcloserlinksbetweenthescientificandbusinesscommunities.Someoftheirsuggestedresearchquestionsincluded:howfirmscansetscience-basedgoals;howtheycanfindmodelstoreducetheirenvironmentalimpacts;waysforcompaniestoreducewasteandalsoearnincomefromexcessgoodsandprocessresidues;howtoboosttransparencyandtraceabilityinsupplychains;howtodemonstratethatsustainabilitycanbeprofitable.
3.2 Consumptionpatternsandconsumerbehaviour3.2.1 Consumerbehaviourandsustainablelifestyles
Theworkshopparticipantssuggestedthatastrongfocusisneededonresearchtobetterunderstandconsumptionandconsumers.Onthelevelofindividualconsumers,theyarguedthatforaccuratelytargetedandeffectivepolicies,itisimportanttohaveagoodideaofthedifferentconsumergroups;forexample,gender,age,lifestyle.
Anotherpotentialresearchquestionwasaboutwhathindersandwhatfacilitatesorencouragesmoresustainableconsumptionchoices.Howcanconsumersbeencouragedtomovetowardscollaborativeconsumption(sharing,borrowing,exchangingproducts),particularlyofresource-intensiveproductssuchascarsandtools–andwhatcanbedonetoshiftperceptionsthatsharingandrentingareoverlycomplicatedcomparedtopurchasing
![Page 16: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 16
16
goodsdirectly?Whenshouldsustainableconsumptionpolicyfocusonchangingconsumerbehaviourratherthanonmakingsuremoresustainableproductsareavailableandmainstreamed?
Theparticipantsagreedontheneedformoreproducer-focusedresearch.ThisincludedinitiativessuchasTrase,wheretransparencyontheenvironmentalandsocialimpactsofproduction,andhowtheyarelinkedtoconsumption,increasespressureonproducersandbusinessestoadoptmoresustainablepractices.Theyalsocalledformoreresearchontheroleoftransparencyandinformationindrivingsustainableproductionandconsumption.Theyalsonotedtheimportantroleschoolscanplayineducationforsustainabledevelopment,andcalledformoreresearchoncontinuouslearningonsustainablelifestylesandconsumption.TheparticipantscalledformoreresearchintotheeffectivenessofcurrentSCPpolicyconsumermeasures.Forexample,theycalledformappingofinterventions,andassessmentofhowfartheygenuinelysupportSCPinreallife.Doestheshiftfromconsumptionofgoodstoconsumptionofservices(e.g.collaborativeconsumption)liveuptoitspromiseofreducingconsumptionimpacts–coulditevenbehavinganegativeimpact?
Theyalsowantedtoseemoreresearchintohowtoincreasetheroleofcitizensinmeasuringandsharinginformationontheirconsumption,andhowtoencouragemoreinnovativeideasonsustainablelifestylesandconsumption.TheywonderedhowitispossibletolinktheSCPagendawithhealthagendas,suchasdiet-relateddiseasesandmentalhealth.
Finally,theparticipantssoughtmoreclarityonthelimitationsofsustainableconsumptionmeasures:whatgoods,servicesandconsumptionpatternscannotbebroughtintocirculareconomyorotherwisemademoresustainable?Whatlifestylechoicesarecompatiblewithcirculareconomy?Whattypesofconsumptioncannotbedematerialised?
3.2.2 Governance,lawandpolicyinstruments
Workshopsparticipantsalsosuggestedthatmoreresearchisneededintotherole–bothpositiveandnegative–policyandlegalframeworksandsocietalstructurescanplayinshiftingtowardsSCP.
Forexample,theycalledformoreresearchintohowpolicymeasurescouldinfluenceeconomicactivityinmoresustainabledirectionsandevenbringaboutasustainabilitytransformation.Theynotedaneedtounderstandformalandinformalincentivestructuresandtheroleofdifferenteconomicactors.Theyalsocalledforresearchintoobstaclessuchasinertiaandunsustainablesocialstructuresthatpreventchange;reboundeffectsandperverseincentives,alongwithhowtounderstand,measureandreformfossilfuelsubsidies.
Participantssuggestedresearchonthedriversofincreasingdemandforgoodsandserviceswithhighenvironmentalimpacts(e.g.airtransport),andwhatpolicymeasurescanhelptobettermanageorreducethisdemand.
Consideringthepublicsectorasaconsumer,participantscalledforresearchonbarrierstomoresustainablepublicprocurement,andhowtobreakdownthesebarriersandestablishbetter,moresustainablepublicprocurementsystems.
![Page 17: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 17
17
Onthetopicofcirculareconomy,participantsproposedthatresearchisneededintowhichpolicyinstrumentsaremosteffectiveinkeepingtoxinsoutofresourceandwasteflows.Theycalledforareviewofreviewofexistingcircularsystems,andresearchintohowtoreshaperegulatoryframeworkstosupportcirculareconomy,giventhattheytendnowtobeadaptedtoamorelinearmodel.
Theyalsosuggestedresearchintohowtouselegalandregulatoryframeworksforbusinessestoencouragemoresustainablebusinesspractices;forexample,settingsustainabilitycriteriaforstockmarketlisting.Forthemedia,itwassuggestedthatstricterrulesarerequired,forexampleonmarketingtochildren,aswellasclearermarkingofadvertisingcopytodistinguishitfromeditorialcopy.
Oninstitutionalstructures,participantsnotedthatgiventheintersectoralnatureofSCP,researchwasneededintothebestmodelsforcollaboration,withingovernment,betweendifferentgovernancelevelsandwithnon-governmentstakeholders–andwhicharebestsuitedtoparticularcontextsandconditions.TheyalsocalledforresearchintohowwellmeasurestakenbySwedishmunicipalitiestoinfluencecitizens’consumptionpatternscorrespondtothefactorsthatactuallyaffectconsumerbehaviouridentifiedinscientificresearch.Theyalsosuggestedresearchintohowtointegratesupply-anddemand-sidepoliciesmostefficiently.
Finally,theycalledforresearchintotheoptimalSDGindicatorsformeasuringprogressonSCPandincentivisingaction.Whatnewindicatorswouldbeneeded?
3.2.3 Culturalandsocialnormsandbehaviours
Onesuggestedtopicofstudywashowculturalandsocialfactorsarelinkedtoconsumption.Inparticular,researchcouldlookat:theroleofmedia,marketingandothercommunications;howtomakethesustainabilitytransitionbothfeasibleandattractivetosocietyat large;andthepotential roleof socialnetworks (includingvia socialmedia) inanalysingnormchangesandpromotingsustainableconsumption.
Otherresearchareassuggestedincludedtherisksofbacklashtomeasuresintendedtopromotemoresustainablelifestyles;howtocompetewithmessagesencouragingexcessiveconsumption;howtochangeconsumptionpatternswithoutrelyingsolelyoneconomicincentives;therelationshipsbetweenconsumptionandhealth(mentalandphysical),well-beingandhappiness(linkingSDG12toSDG3,7,13,14and15);andhowtospreadmessagingaboutsustainableconsumptionandlifestylesbeyondthemiddleclassglobally,tofilterintonorms,culturesandlifeaspirations.
Genderwasalsoraisedasatopic,inparticularaneedformoreresearchonthedifferencesinconsumptionpatternsbetweengenders.Thiscouldhelpensureequityandleadtomoresoastoinformotherassociatedtopics,e.g.marketing.
![Page 18: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 18
18
3.3 MonitoringandindicatorsMonitoringprogressonSDG12iscriticalforlearningthatcancatalyseatransitiontoSCP(Bloketal.2015,p.2),andisthusaclearresearchneed.However,astudybyStatisticsSwedenandtheChileanMinistryofEnvironmentpointedoutthatmanycountrieshavedifficultyconstructingandproducingindicators(Steinbachetal.2016,p.3).
Inarecentassessmentofavailablestatisticsforfollowingupprogressonthe2030Agenda(SCB2017b),StatisticsSwedenfoundthatonlytwooftheglobalindicatorssuggestedbytheInteragencyandExpertGrouponSDGIndicators(IAEG-SDGs2016)forSDG12couldbeappliedatthenationallevelasformulated,andanotheronecouldbemeasuredinpartusingtheglobalindicatorsorwithanationalindicator.Additionally,thestudyfoundthatfivenon-statisticalindicators(e.g.policyassessments)couldbeusedtomeasureSDG12progressinSweden.
Thestudyproposedtwoalternativeindicatorsfornationalmonitoring,oneusingdomesticandinternationalemissionsduetoSwedish,theotherusingtheintensityofemissionsperunitofGDP(SCB2017b).
Steinbachetal.(2016)alsoarguethattoavoidanunfeasiblereportingburden,itisimportantthatcurrentinternationalreportingsystemsconverge.Forexample,theysuggestusingtheexistingSystemofEnvironmental-EconomicAccounting(SEEA)forreportingonSCP-relatedtargets(bothunderSDG12andthroughouttheSDGs).
TheSwedishEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)hasidentifiedchangestopatternsofconsumptionandtheunderlyingproductionofgoodsandservicesashighlyrelevanttoSweden’sEnvironmentalQualityObjectivesandtheoverarchinggoalofSwedishenvironmentalpolicy,theGenerationalGoal.2However,in2015itreportedthattheexperienceandcapacitytoanalyseconsumptioninthefollow-upoftheobjectivesremainedlimited(SEPA2015).OneresearchinitiativeaddressingthisneedistheEPA-fundedresearchprogrammePRINCE,whichexploredpossiblenewindicatorsfortheenvironmentalimpactsofSwedishconsumption(seehttp://prince-project.seandSteinbachetal.2018).
Intheworkshop,participantsnotedtheimportanceofresearchthatrevealsthefullimpactsofconsumptionandproduction,alongglobalsupplychains.Thisincludestakingintoaccountless-measuredimpactssuchasemissionsfromtheairlineindustry.Theyhighlightedbothsupplychaintransparency(citingtheTraseinitiative–http://trase.earth–amongothers)andlifecycleanalysis(LCA;citingtheGlobalLCADataAccessNetworkhttps://www.globallcadataaccess.org/).Traceabilitywasalsomentionedasanareaforresearchandonethatcouldsupportmoresustainablebusinessmodels.
2TheGenerationalGoalistohandovertothenextgenerationasocietyinwhichthemajorenvironmentalproblemshavebeensolved,withoutincreasinghealthandenvironmentalproblemsoutsideSweden’sborders.Seehttps://www.miljomal.se/Environmental-Objectives-Portal/.
![Page 19: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 19
19
Universalaccesstothisdatawasalsomentionedasapriority,forexampletosupportsustainablelifestylechoicesandasawaytostrengthenaccountabilityamonglargecompanieswithgloballydistributedsupplychains.
4 Keytheme2:Naturalresourcemanagement4.1 GlobalmaterialuseandefficiencyAsthe2030Agendamakesclear,sustainablenaturalresourcemanagementisaprerequisiteforsustainabledevelopment(Ludwigetal.2015,p.3).Economictrendsandnaturalresourceusearecloselyrelated,witheconomicgrowthusuallycorrelatedwithincreasingresourceuse.According to the International Resource Panel, launched by UN Environment in 2007,environmental impacts are “disproportionately accelerated” by declines in global materialefficiency(UNEP2016,pp.15,40).Toreducematerialusequicklyandinasustainedway,thePanelarguesthatwemustfindwaystoovercomeinertiainglobalsystems(UNEP2016,p.14).
TheInternationalResourcePanelcompriseseminentscientistsinthefieldofnaturalresourcemanagement,offeringscientificanalysisandpolicyadvice.Its2018–2021strategyproposesafocusonthefollowingareas(UNEP2017,p.2):
• Currenttrendsandfutureprospectsforglobalresourceuseandsustainableresourcemanagement
• Sustainableresourcemanagementwithintheglobalclimatechangeagenda• Socioeconomicimplicationsofthetransitiontomoreresourceefficienteconomiesand
societies• Sustainableresourcemanagementlinkstoconflict,securityandmigration
4.2 TheroleofconsumptioninnaturalresourcemanagementAccordingtotheInternationalResourcePanelreport,inrecentdecadeschangingconsumptionpatternshavebeen themaindriverof increasedmaterialuse,outstrippingevenpopulationgrowth(UNEP2016,p.5).Amaterialfootprintindicatorinthereport(measuringthequantityofnaturalresourcesrequiredtomeetconsumptiondemand)indicatesthatwealthycountrieshave achieved their level of development largely through unsustainable, resource-intensiveconsumptionandproductionpatterns(UNEP2016,p.5)andinmanycasesthroughlarge-scaleimportsofmaterialsfromotherregions(UNEP2016,pp.14–15).
This means that the interests of net raw materials importing countries and net exportingcountries can differ. While net importers want to improve material efficiency in theirproductionprocesses andkeep rawmaterialsprices low inorder to keepdown their costs,exportersbenefitfromhigherexportvolumesand/orprices(UNEP2016,p.15).Bothofthesecanhavenegativeimplicationsforenvironmentalandsocio-economicsustainability.
Twoofthecross-cuttingissuesdiscussedintheprevioussection–consumptionpatternsandconsumerbehaviour,andwhole-systemperspectives(andcooperation)–arerelevanthere.
![Page 20: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 20
20
4.3 LinkingresearchwithpolicyandpracticalneedsThere is increasing recognition of the importance of framing research to reflect policy andpracticeneeds.Involvingstakeholdersfromvarioussectorsanddisciplinesinsettingresearchpriorities has had demonstrated successes (see e.g. Petrokofsky et al. 2010, p.357). TheInternational Resources Panel also names engaging the private sector as “a key transversalelement”(UNEP2017,p.2).
Amulti-countrycomparativeanalysisofnaturalresourcemanagementprogrammesundertheCGIARpartnershiplookedathowdifferentkindsof“boundarywork”(i.e.definedasengagingwith“newscience,othersourcesofknowledge,andtheworldsofactionandpolicymaking”)contributedtosuccess(Clarketal.2016).Theyfoundthatknowledgeneededtobeperceivedbydecision-makersasbothscientificallycredibleandrelevanttotheirneedsinordertobeusedtosupportdecision-making.Theywarnofthedangersof“insufficientlypermeable”boundaries–wherescientistssimplyguessatwhatisrelevant,anddecision-makersareunawareofrelevantresearch–and“overlypermeable”boundaries,wheresciencebecomespoliticisedor,conversely,politiciansavoidresponsibilityfordecisionswithsocialequityorotherimplicationsby“repackaging”themasmerelytechnicalmatters(Clarketal.2016,p.4617).
5 Keytheme3:FoodwasteandlossEachyear,approximately1.3billiontonnesoffood,orone-thirdofallfoodproducedforhumanconsumption,isneverconsumed(FAO2015).Thisalsomeansthatabout24%ofthecaloricvalueoffoodintendedforhumanconsumptioniswasted(Lipinskietal.2013,p.1).
AccordingtoLipinskietal.(2013,p.1),“economically[foodlossandwaste]representawastedinvestmentthatcanreducefarmers’incomesandincreaseconsumers’expenses.Environmentally,foodlossandwasteinflictahostofimpacts,includingunnecessarygreenhousegasemissionsandinefficientlyusedwaterandland,whichinturncanleadtodiminishednaturalecosystemsandtheservicestheyprovide.”
Ithasbeenarguedthatmoreagriculturalandfoodsystemresearch–includingonhowtoscaleupexistinggoodpractices–isessentialtoachievefood,waterandenergysecurityforthefuture.Thisresearchmustlooknotjustatincreasingfoodproduction,butalsoathowtosteersystemstowardsbettersocialandenvironmentaloutcomes.Reducingunnecessaryfoodwasteinthefoodsystemisonewaytoimprovetheseoutcomes,andconsequentlytoputlesspressureontheenvironment(SwedishGovernment2017,pp.73–74).
Theworkshopparticipantshighlightedthreespecificareasforresearch:(i)knowledgeandstructuresforreducingfoodwaste,inparticularreusingleftoverfoods;(ii)thespecificcaseoftheairlineindustry:reductionoffoodwaste(andrelatedplasticwaste);and(iii)alifecycleanalysisperspectiveonthefoodindustry.
![Page 21: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 21
21
BOX2.EMISSIONSRELATEDTOFOODCONSUMPTIONINSWEDENTerritorialgreenhousegasemissionsinSwedendecreasedbetween2008and2014butemissionsembeddedinimportsweremuchlarger(Steinbachetal.2018).TheSwedishgovernmenthashighlightedconsumptionoffood,alongwithhousingandtransport,asprioritiesforreducingconsumptionimpacts(SwedishGovernment2017,p.34).HouseholdsareresponsibleforalargeproportionoftotalfoodwastageinSweden;in2014anaverageSwedishresidentwastedonaverage98kgoffoodin2014(SCB2017a,p.14;SwedishGovernment2017,p.73).Also,reducingclimateimpactsfrommeatconsumptionhasbeenidentifiedasurgent(SwedishGovernment2017,p.73).
5.1 FoodlossWhilewealthiercountriestendtoseemorefood“leaving”thesystemasfoodwasteattheconsumptionstage,indevelopingcountriesittendstohappenintheformoffoodlossesduringproduction,handlingandstorage(Lipinskietal.2013,p.8).Thisreducesthefoodavailabletoeatorsell,reducingfarmers’controlovertheirincomesandabilitytoholdbackcropsuntilmarketpricesarefavourable(Kibaara2015).
Swedenhasidentifiedtheimportanceoftakingorsupportingactioninproductioncountriesaspartofitssustainableconsumptionstrategy,forexamplethroughhelpingtobuildscientificandtechnologicalcapacity(SwedishGovernment2017,p.73).Thiscouldincludecapacitytoharvest,processandstorefoodcropsmoreefficiently.
CGIARhasidentifiedfoodsystemlossesasoneoffive“majorresearchchallengeswithpotentialforveryhighpayback”intermsofimprovingthelivesofthepoorestinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries(Kyte2016,p.33).Itnotestheneedtoconsiderthewholevaluechain,andtoputresiduesandby-productstomoreproductiveuse–assoilconditioner,fertiliser,orfeedstockforenergygeneration,forexample.Italsostressesthepotentialofbigdataandtheneedtokeeppacewiththeimpactsofclimatechange,watershortagesandothershocks.
A2013workingpaperbytheWorldResourcesInstituterecommendeddoublingglobalinvestmentinreducingpost-harvestlossesindevelopingcountriesinordertospuractiontocutfoodlossandwaste(Lipinskietal.2013).Itsaidthatindevelopingregions,post-harvestlosses(whichhappenduringhandlingandstorage)accountforbetweenone-fifthandone-thirdofallfoodlossandwaste,andmorethan40%offruitsandvegetablesspoilbeforetheyareconsumed(Lipinskietal.2013,p.33).Reducingpost-harvestlossesattractsonly5%ofagriculturalresearchinvestment,comparedto95%onincreasingcropproductiondespiteitscost-effectiveness(Lipinskietal.2013,p.29)–asillustratedbyagovernmentprogrammeinRwanda(Kibaara2015).
Betterpost-harveststoragecouldnotonlycutfoodlossbutalsoreduceeconomiclosses,improvefoodsafety,reducemarketgluts(andassociatedpricedips),andallowagreatershareoftheharvesttomeetfoodsafetystandsforexport.GodfrayandJahn(2014,pp.13–14)callformoreresearchonapplying“moderntechnologies,breedingapproachesandimprovedlogisticsandinfrastructureinfoodsupplynetworks”toreducefoodloss.Potentialareasforresearchincludemoreresistantcropvarieties;betterpackingandtransport;reducingpests
![Page 22: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 22
22
anddiseasesinstoredfood;andlow-cost,efficientcoolingandrefrigerationfacilitiessuitedtodevelopingcountrycontexts;andproductivereuseofnutrientsorenergyinfoodthatspoils.
Someresearchareasthatrelatetobothboostingcropyieldsandreducingpost-harvestlossare:thevariety,risksandopportunitiesindifferentsmallholderproductionsystems;farmsizedynamics;andgovernancemodelsforsharedresources(GodfrayandJahn2014,p.10).
5.2 ConsumerfoodwasteThereisaneedformoreresearchandinnovationonstrategiesfortacklingconsumerfoodwaste(Lipinskietal.2013,p.33).Thereisalsoaneedtoscaleupconsumerawarenesscampaignsandincreasethenumberofcountriesdoingthem(Lipinskietal.2013,p.25),whichimpliesapossibleneedforresearchintothebestwaystoconvinceconsumerstoreducetheirwaste.
Onepracticalexampleofastrategytoreducefoodwasteisfoodredistribution–givingawayfoodthatwouldotherwisebelostorwasted.Thiscanbedoneattheproduction,manufacturinganddistributionstagesofthefoodsupplychain,butthereareimportantquestionsregarding,forexample,thelogisticsoftransportingthefoodintime,legalconsequencesifthefoodisnolongersafetoeat,andthequestionofwhopaysfortheredistribution(Lipinskietal.2013,p.12).
Onarelatednote,whileitistypicallydevelopedcountrieswhoseefoodwasteontheconsumptionside,developingcountries,similarfoodwastepatternscanalsoemergeindevelopingcountriesasdietschangeandincomesrise(Lipinskietal.2013,p.33).Thus,thisareaofresearchshouldalsobeconsideredindevelopingcountries.
5.3 BetterdataonfoodsystemsIngeneral,estimatesoffoodwastagearepoorandbetterdataisneededtoguidepolicy(GodfrayandJahn2014,pp.13–14).InaprogressreportonTarget12.3,ithasbeennotedthatbaselinefoodlossandwastelevelsneedtobeestablished,withregularfollow-upmonitoring(Lipinskietal.2017,p.17).
Lipinskietal.alsorecommendedthedevelopmentofafoodlossandwastemeasurementprotocol,which“shouldbegloballyapplicabletoenableconsistency,comparability,andtransparencyacrossusers.Itshouldcoverbothfoodlossandwaste,andberelevantforbothcountriesandprivate-sectorentities”(Lipinskietal.2013,p.28).ThishasnowbeendoneinthefirstiterationoftheFoodLossandWasteAccountingandReportingStandard(Hansonetal.2016).Theglobaluptakeofthisstandardaswellasaccompanyinganalysesshouldbeencouragedtoimprovetheconsistencyofdata.
5.4 ResearchonanintegratedsupplychainapproachTechnicalsolutionsoftendependonotherpartsofthefoodsupplychaintofunctionwell;forexample,iffarmerscannotaccessamarkettoselltheirharvestsurplus,improvingstoragefacilitieswillnotreducefoodloss.Thishighlightstheneedforanintegratedwhole-supply-chainapproachtosubstantiallyreducefoodlossandwaste(Lipinskietal.2013,p.11).
![Page 23: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 23
23
Individualsupplychainactorswouldnotnecessarilybewillingtoinvestinresearchon,andcollaborationwith,otherpartsofthesupplychain;thusinvestmentincollaborativeeffortswillprobablyhavetocomegovernments,foundations,developmentagenciesandmultilateralinstitutions
6 ConclusionsTheresultspresentedheredemonstratethevalueofthenovelapproachtoassessingresearchneedsinrelationtoSDGgoalsandtargetsappliedhere.Exploratoryexpertworkshopscomplementedthefindingsoftheliteraturereview,addingknowledgeofongoingresearchanddebate,aswellaspracticalneeds.Althoughthemethodologyislimitedtothe“knownunknowns”intermsofresearchneeds,itdoesproviderichinformation.
ReferencesAlgehed,J.(2015).SustainableConsumption:AKnowledgeBase.Mistra.http://mistra-research.se/publikationer/forstudier/sustainable-consumption---a-knowledge-base.html
Blok,V.,Long,T.B.,Gaziulusoy,A.I.,Ciliz,N.,Lozano,R.,Huisingh,D.,Csutora,M.andBoks,C.(2015).Frombestpracticestobridgesforamoresustainablefuture:advancesandchallengesinthetransitiontoglobalsustainableproductionandconsumption.JournalofCleanerProduction,108.19–30.DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.119
Clark,W.C.,Tomich,T.P.,vanNoordwijk,M.,Guston,D.,Catacutan,D.,Dickson,N.M.andMcNie,E.(2016).Boundaryworkforsustainabledevelopment:NaturalresourcemanagementattheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearch(CGIAR).ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,113(17).4615–22.DOI:10.1073/pnas.0900231108
FAO(2015).Foodlossandwastefacts.FAO.Org,22July2015.http://www.fao.org/resources/infographics/infographics-details/en/c/317265/
Godfray,C.andJahn,M.(2014).PriorityResearchTopicsThatAddressFoodSystemKnowledgeGapstoImprovetheLivesoftheWorld’sPoor.ReporttotheCGIARMid-TermReview(MTR)Panel.CGIARResearchProgramonClimateChange,AgricultureandFoodSecurity.http://bit.ly/1t2QygH
Hanson,C.,Lipinski,B.,Robertson,K.,Dias,D.,Gavilan,I.,etal.(2016).FoodLossandWasteAccountingandReportingStandard.FoodLossandWasteProtocol.https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/REP_FLW_Standard.pdf
IAEG-SDGs(2016).TierClassificationforGlobalSDGIndicators.ReportoftheInteragencyandExpertGrouponSDGIndicators.UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision,NewYork.https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/
ICSUandISSC(2015).ReviewofTargetsfortheSustainableDevelopmentGoals:TheSciencePerspective.InternationalCouncilforScience(ICSU),Paris
![Page 24: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 24
24
Kibaara,B.(2015).Awareness:AKeytoReducingPost-HarvestLossinAfrica.TheRockefellerFoundation,13February2015.https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/awareness-key-reducing-post-harvest/
Kyte,R.(2016).FinalReportfromtheMid-TermReviewPaneloftheCGIARReform(English).WorldBankGroup,Washington,D.C.http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/924981467998765166/Final-report-from-the-mid-term-review-panel-of-the-CGIAR-reform
Lipinski,B.,Clowes,A.,Goodwin,L.andHanson,C.(2017).SDGTarget12.3onFoodLossandWaste:2017ProgressReport.Champions12.3.https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20170920151205/SDG-Target-12.3-on-Food-Loss-and-Waste_2017-Progress-Report.pdf
Lipinski,B.,Hanson,C.,Lomax,J.,Kitinoja,L.,Waite,R.andSearchinger,T.(2013).ReducingFoodLossandWaste:Installment2ofCreatingaSustainableFoodFuture.Workingpaper.WorldResourcesInstitute,Washington,DC.http://www.worldresourcesreport.org
Ludwig,C.,Schweiz,PaulScherrerInstitutandHerausgeber(2015).NaturalResources:SustainableTargets,Technologies,LifestylesandGovernance
MinistryofFinanceSweden(2016).Strategyforsustainableconsumption.,October2016.http://www.government.se/articles/2016/10/strategy-for-sustainable-consumption/
Nilsson,M.(2016).ForskningensRollFörAttFörverkligaDenNyaHållbarhetsagendan.VetenskapligaRådetförHållbarUtveckling(VRHU).https://www.sei.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-2016-Paper-MansNilsson-ForskningensRoll-VetenskapligaRadet-20160304.pdf
Persson,Å.,Bell,L.,Weitz,N.,Chan,S.,Sturesson,A.andSundin,A.(2018).ForskningFörAgenda2030[ResearchforAgenda2030].R4:2018.ForskningsrådetFormas,Stockholm.http://www.formas.se/Om-Formas/Formas-Publikationer/Rapporter/Forskning-for-Agenda-2030/
Persson,L.,Persson,Å.andNykvist,B.(2015).StyrmedelOchAndraInsatserFörAttMinskaSvenskKonsumtionsPåverkanPåHälsaOchMiljöiAndraLänder.SEIWorkingPaper.StockholmEnvironmentInstituteandSwedishEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Stockholm
Petrokofsky,G.,Brown,N.D.,Hemery,G.E.,Woodward,S.,Wilson,E.,etal.(2010).Aparticipatoryprocessforidentifyingandprioritizingpolicy-relevantresearchquestionsinnaturalresourcemanagement:acasestudyfromtheUKforestrysector.Forestry,83(4).357–67.DOI:10.1093/forestry/cpq018
Reisch,L.A.,Cohen,M.J.,Thøgersen,J.B.,Tukker,A.andKrause,K.(2016).SustainableConsumption:ResearchChallenges.Mistra
SCB(2017a).StatisticalFollow-uponthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment:ExecutiveSummary.StatisticsSweden,Stockholm.https://www.scb.se/contentassets/cc84f7debf404250a146e1204ea589b0/mi1303_2017a01_br_x41br1701eng.pdf
SCB(2017b).StatistiskUppföljningAvAgenda2030[StatisticalFollow-upofAgenda2030].StatisticsSweden,Stockholm.https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-
![Page 25: SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production...Sustainable Consumption and Production1. The Swedish policy agenda around SCP is described in Box 1 below. Table 1. SDG 12 targets,](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070801/5f0272037e708231d4044cbf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute
SDG12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction–AReviewofResearchNeeds 25
25
amne/miljo/miljoekonomi-och-hallbar-utveckling/indikatorer-for-hallbar-utveckling/pong/publikationer/statistisk-uppfoljning-av-agenda-2030/
SEPA(2015).OmställningtillHållbaraKonsumtionsmönster[TransitiontoSustainableConsumptionPatterns].Rapport6663.SwedishEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Stockholm
Steinbach,N.,Palm,V.,Cederberg,C.,Finnveden,G.,Persson,L.,etal.(2018).MiljöpåverkanFrånSvenskKonsumtion:NyaIndikatorerFörUppföljning[EnvironmentalImpactsfromSwedishConsumption:NewIndicatorsforFollow-Up].FinalreportoftheresearchprojectPRINCE.Rapport6842.SwedishEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(Naturvårdsverket),Stockholm.www.naturvardsverket.se/978-91-620-6842-4
Steinbach,N.,Palm,V.,Constantino,S.andPizzaro,R.(2016).MonitoringtheShifttoSustainableConsumptionandProductionPatternsintheContextoftheSDGs.StatisticsSweden,ChileanMinistryofEnvironmentandUnitedNations.https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=400&nr=2298&menu=1515
SwedishGovernment(2017).Swedenandthe2030Agenda:ReporttotheUNHighLevelPoliticalForum2017onSustainableDevelopment.https://www.government.se/49f428/contentassets/400a118a14b94750a61e42b620a9def9/sweden-and-the-2030-agenda--report-to-the-un-high-level-political-forum-2017-on-sustainable-development.pdf
UNCTAD(2016).UnitedNationsGuideslinesforConsumerProtection.,2016.http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditccplpmisc2016d1_en.pdf
UNDESA(2017).SustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2017.UNDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs.https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2017/
UNEP(2016).GlobalMaterialFlowsandResourceProductivity.AnAssessmentReportoftheUNEPInternationalResourcePanel.UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,Paris
UNEP(2017).TheInternationalResourcePanel:BriefingNotetotheCommitteeofPermanentRepresentatives.UNEnvironment,Nairobi.https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/21997/The%20International%20Resource%20Panel%20-%20Briefing%20note%20to%20the%20Committee%20of%20Permanent%20Representatives.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Vergragt,P.,Akenji,L.andDewick,P.(2014).Sustainableproduction,consumption,andlivelihoods:globalandregionalresearchperspectives.JournalofCleanerProduction,63.1–12.DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.028
YieldWise(n.d.).YieldWiseFoodLoss.TheRockefellerFoundation.https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/our-work/initiatives/yieldwise/[Accessed12February,2018.]