others, often in a discourse situation" (Oxford, 1990b, p. 71).A more detailed overview of these six main types of LLS is found in Oxford (1990a, pp. 18-21), where they are further divided into 19 strategy groups and 62 subsets. Here, by way of example, we will briefly consider the social LLS that Oxford lists under indirect strategies. Three types of social LLS are noted in Oxford (1990a): asking questions, co-operating with others, and empathising with others (p. 21). General examples of LLS given in each of these categories are as follows:Asking questionsAsking for clarification or verificationAsking for correctionCo-operating with othersCo-operating with peersCo-operating with proficient users of the new languageEmpathising with othersDeveloping cultural understandingBecoming aware of others' thoughts and feelings (Oxford, 1990a, p. 21)