Scoliosis – lateral spinal curvatureCommonly in thoraxTreated before bone growth is

completed Kyphosis –dorsal spinal curvature

HunchbackResults from osteoporosis, rickets, etc.

Lordosis – ventral lumbar curvatureHeavy belly load (potbelly, pregnant)

Flexion:

•Bending movement along the sagittal plane

•Decreases the angle of a joint

•Brings the articulating bones closer together

Bending the

head forward

on the chest

•Bending the knee

•Raising the arm in an anterior direction

Extension:

•Opposite of flexion

•Straightening movement along the sagittal plane

•Increases the angle at a joint

•Moves the articulating bones further apart

• Straightening the knee

• Moving the arm to a point posterior to the shoulder

Tilting the head backwards

Abduction:

•Movement along the coronal plane

•Away from the midline

• Moving the arm sideways, away from the body

• Moving the fingers away

from the third digit

Adduction:•Opposite of abduction

•Towards the midline

Moving the arms towards the midline of the trunk

Moving the fingers towards the third digit

Circumduction:

•Combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction

•Moving a limb in a conical shape

• Twirling the arm

• Twirling the thumb

Rotation:

•Turning the bone along its own axis

Turning the head

Turning the femur towards the midline

(medial rotation)

Turning the femur away from the midline

(lateral rotation)

Elevation

• Lifting in a superior direction

• Shrugging the shoulders

• Closing the mouth

Depression:• Moving in an

inferior direction

• Opening the mouth

Protraction:

• Anterior movements in a transverse plane

• Jutting the jaw out

Retraction:• Opposite of protraction

• Moving the jaw back

Dorsiflexion:

Lifting the foot

Plantar-flexion:

•Depressing the foot

Inversion:

Turning the sole of the foot medially

Eversion:

Turning the sole of the foot laterally

Supination:•Movement of the radius and ulna

•Lateral rotation of the arm so palm faces superiorly

•Anatomical position•Ulna and Radius are parallel

Pronation:•Opposite of supination•Medial rotation of the arm so palm faces inferiorly•Relaxed position•Ulna and Radius are crossed