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World FamousSCIENTISTS

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(Lives and Discoveries)

World Famous Great Scientists

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KOLAR KRISHNA IYER

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Page No.

1. Louis Pasteur 5-8

2. Edward Jenner 9-12

3. Alexander Fleming 13-19

4. John Logie Bird 20-21

5. Madame Marie Curie 22-27

6. Hippocrates 28-33

7. Galen 34-38

8. Charles Darwin 39-44

9. Johann Greagar Mendal 50-53

10. Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins 54-56

11. Aristocres 59

12. Aristotle 60-64

13. Archimedes 65-70

14. Euclid 71-74

15. Nicolaus Copernicus 75-78

16. Johannes Keppler 79-82

17. Galilee Galileo 83-86

18. Evangelists Torricelli 87-88

19. Sir Isaac Newton 89-93

20. Alexander Graham Bell 94-98

21. Thomas Alva Edison 99-104

22. Lord Earnest Rutherford 105-110

CONTENTS

23. Alfred Bernard Nobel 111-115

24. Michael Faraday 116-112

25. Wilhelm Konand Roentegen 119-121

26. Albert Einstein 122-131

27. Guglielmo Marconi 132-136

28. The Wright Brothers 137-141

29. Charles Babbage 142-146

30. Jonas Edward Salk. 147-150

31. Enrico Fermi 151-152

32. James Watt 153-155

33. Alessandro Volta 156-158

34. Benjamin Franklin 159-160

35. William Harvey 161-162

36. Leonondo Da Vinci 163-164

37. H.C. Von de Hulst & Heinrich Hertz 165-166

38. J.J. Thomson 167

Read Our Books 168

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(Outputs) Western Sci

WORLD FAMOUS GREAT SCIENTISTS

how to stop milk and wine from going sour;a process called PASTEURIZATION.

Early Life

Louis Pasteur was born on 27 Decem-ber, 1822 in Dola in the Jura region ofFrance. His father Jean Pasteur was a tan-ner and a vetern of the Napoleonic wars.

LOUIS Pasteur grew up in the town ofArbois where he later had his house andlaboratory. This is today a Pasteur mu-seum.

Louis Pateur served briefly as a Profes-sor of physics at Dijon Lycee in 1848. He

LOUIS PASTEUR

LOUIS PASTEURwas the creater of firstVaccine for Rabies, adeadly disease causedby dog bites with rabiesdisease.

Louis is bestknown to the generalpublic also for showing


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became Professor of Chemistry at StrasborgUniversity. There he met and courted MarieLaurent, daughter of the University Rectorin 1849. They were married on May 29,1949.

In 1854 he became the Dean of NewCollege of Science in Lille. In 1856 he be-came the Administrator and Direction ofScientific Studies of the Ecole NormaelSuperieure.

Louis Pateur's Germ Theory

Louis Pasteur demonstrated that thefermentation process is caused by thegrowth of microrganism and that the growthof microorganisms in nurient broths is notdue to spontaneous generation.

Louis Pasteur exposed boiled broths inair vessels that contained a filter to pre-vent air particles from passing through tothe growth medium and also in vessels withno filter at all with air being admitted via along tortuous tube that would not allowdust particles to pass. Nothing grew in thebroths. Therefore he concluded that the liv-

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ing organisms that grew in such brothscame from outside as spores of dust ratherspontaneously generated within the broth.Thus Pasteur dealt the death blow to thethen existed theory of spontaneous genera-tion, supporting the germ theory of his.

Ofcourse Pasteur was not the first per-son to propoae 'Germ theory'. There wereGirolam Fracaston, Aggustine Bassh,Fredrick Henle etc. who had suggested itearlier. But it was only Louis Pasteur whodeveloped it and conducted experimentsthat very clearly indicated his correctness.He was able to manage to convince most ofEurope it was true.

Today Louis Pasteur is regarded as theFather of Germ Theory and Bacteriologytogether with one Robert Koch.

Pastur also showed that some micro-organism contaminated fermenting bever-ages. To counter these micro-organisms,Pasteur invented a process by which liq-uids such as milk were heated to destroy


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most bacteria and mould already presentin them. This process is known PASTEU-RISATION.

Louis Pasteur concluded that microor-ganisms infected not only liquids but alsoinfected animals and human beings as well.He therefore proposed preventing the en-try of harmful microorganisms into thehuman and animal body. But it was theScientist Joseph Lister who developed An-tiseptic methods of Surgery.

Silk Worm Killings

In 1865 two parasitic diseases calledPEBRINE and FLACHERIE were killinglarge number of silkworms at Ales. LouisPasteur after several years of researchproved that it was a microbe attacking silk-worm eggs which caused the disease and thatdestroying this microbe within the silkwormnurseries would eradicate the disease.

Pasteur also discovered ANAERO-BIOSIS whereby some microorganisms candevelop and live without air or Oxygen.

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Louis Pasteur in his laboratory

IMMUNOLOGY AND VACCINATIONPasteur experimented on diseases like

Chicken-pox and Cholera. He had preparedVaccine for these diseases. He was able toimmune the animals by injecting vaccine.

In the year 1830 and onwards, Pasteurapplied the immunisation method to thedisease ANTRAX which infected cattle, suc-cessfully.

Louis Pasteur's work overcoming thespread of the deadly disease Antrax in cattlewon him worldwide recognition. He sepa-


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rated out the bacteria, inactivated them andvaccinated them into the cattle through theblood. The diesase stopped spreading andsaved the cattle from death.

Louis Pasteur established that if theharmful bacteria had to be controlled, thesame type of bacteria had to be culturedand inactivated by killing them and let intothe sick through the blood. This process ispreparation of Vaccins and innoculation.To prove the efficacy of his discovery Pas-teur vaccinated a few diseased Sheep inFrance in 1881. The vaccinated cattle sur-vived while the unvaccinated sheep died.

Anti Rabbies Treatment

The most outstanding discovery ofLouis Pasteur is the Anti-Rabies treatment.People of his time believed that dog-bite isincurable and that the dog-bitten animalor human being had to die miserably.People would burn the bitten portion of thehuman being by means of a burning ironrod or cut off the flesh of the bitten portion.

Pasteur was determined to put an endto this brutal treatment for Rabies. The dis-ease of dog-bite is called HYDROPHOBIA.

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Pasteur reared different kinds of dogs,bitches and curs and experimented onthem. He discovered that the saliva of dogscontained the harmful microbes whichcaused the disease. These microbes becameactivated when they got themselves lodgedeither in the brain of the person or his ver-tebral column.

Unmindful of the risk he was under-taking, Pasteur sucked into his mouth thesaliva of dogs and prepared vaccine!

Thus it was Louis Pasteur who pro-duced the first Vaccine for Rabbies andweakening it by drying the affected nervetissue. The vaccine was fist used on a 9year old Joseph Meister on July 6, 1885after the boy was badly bitten by a rabiddog. This was done at some personal risk,for Pasteur, since he was not a licencedPhysician and was liable for being pros-ecuted. But without any treatment, the boyfaced almost certain death from rabies. Thetreatment proved to be a spectacular suc-cess. Pasteur was hailed as a Hero!

The treatment's success laid the foun-dations for the manufacture of many othervaccines.


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The first Pasteur Institute was also builton the basis of this achievement.

Honours Conferred on Louis Pasteur

1. Won the Leeuwenhock Medal..Microbiology's highest honour.

2. Was made the Grand Croix of Legin ofHonour of France.

3. Both Institute Pasteur and Universitywere named after Louis Pasteur.

4. For his contribution to Welfare of hu-man beings and animals, one of theEmpresses of Russia conferred on LouisPasteur a Diamond Medal and also of-fered financial assistance to built aResearch Centre.

Death

Louis Pasteur died on 28 September,1895 near Paris from Stroke that hadstarted in the year 1868. He died peace-fully while listening to the story of St.Vincent de Paul whom he admired andsought to emulate.

F F F

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Thanks to the discovery of Vaccine byEdward Jenner, the World HealthOrganisation could clear smallpox as eradi-cated disease throught the world in the year1979.

Early Life of Edward Jenner

Edward Jenner was born at Berkeley,Gloucestershire on the 17th May 1749. Hisfather the Rev. Stephen Jenner was a bigLandlord. He died when Jenner was onlysix years old.

Edward had his early education atWatton-under-Edge and Cirencencester.

EDWARD JENNER

Smallpox was one ofthe most deadly andfeared diseases. One inthree of those who con-tracted the diesase died.Even those who sur-vived were usually verybadly disfigured. Someeven lost their eye sight.

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