scientists through history famous scientists and their accomplishments : time line of science

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Scientists Through Scientists Through History History Famous Scientists and Famous Scientists and their Accomplishments their Accomplishments : : Time line of science Time line of science

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Scientists Through Scientists Through HistoryHistory

Famous Scientists and their Famous Scientists and their Accomplishments Accomplishments : Time line of : Time line of

sciencescience

AristotleAristotle Classification of nature into groups, subgroups, Classification of nature into groups, subgroups,

and gave birth to the profession of taxonomy.and gave birth to the profession of taxonomy. Blooded (vertebrates)Blooded (vertebrates) Bloodless (invertebrates)Bloodless (invertebrates)

He created Nature’s scale and defined nature He created Nature’s scale and defined nature purpose: Inanimate to Living Beings (possibility purpose: Inanimate to Living Beings (possibility of changing) to Plants and Living beings of changing) to Plants and Living beings (mobile)(mobile)..

Worked out the hydrologic cycleWorked out the hydrologic cycle Described life cycles, species only born from Described life cycles, species only born from

same and reproduce the same.same and reproduce the same.

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

Determined tree’s age by the # of rings in Determined tree’s age by the # of rings in the trunkthe trunk

Studied Anatomy ExtensivelyStudied Anatomy Extensively Studied heart and eye extensivelyStudied heart and eye extensively

Tried to recreate birds flight.Tried to recreate birds flight. Was the first one to propose a theory Was the first one to propose a theory

about the creation of fossils.about the creation of fossils.

Antony van LeeuwenhoekAntony van Leeuwenhoek First Simple MicroscopeFirst Simple Microscope First to observed unicellular organismsFirst to observed unicellular organisms Able to calculate the size of bacteria, protozoa, Able to calculate the size of bacteria, protozoa,

sperm cells, stripped muscles and blood cells.sperm cells, stripped muscles and blood cells. He built simple microscopes by grinding lensesHe built simple microscopes by grinding lenses He laid the foundations of the detailed He laid the foundations of the detailed

observation of the microscopic organismsobservation of the microscopic organisms Discovered capillary systemsDiscovered capillary systems Opposed the theory of spontaneous generation, Opposed the theory of spontaneous generation,

proved this by showing fleas and mussels came proved this by showing fleas and mussels came from eggsfrom eggs

Robert Hooke (XVIIc)Robert Hooke (XVIIc)

Published Microgaphia which is a record Published Microgaphia which is a record of his observations in microscopic of his observations in microscopic organisms.organisms.

Devised compound microscopeDevised compound microscope Observed and coined the term cells, in Observed and coined the term cells, in

cork.cork. Numerous other advances in PhysicsNumerous other advances in Physics

Sir. Francis BaconSir. Francis Bacon

Change in way of thinkingChange in way of thinking Substituted Aristotle’s deductive reasoning Substituted Aristotle’s deductive reasoning

(general to particular) for an inductive (general to particular) for an inductive reasoning (particular to general) (Novum reasoning (particular to general) (Novum Organum) nowadays known as the Organum) nowadays known as the Scientific MethodScientific Method

First to develope Scientific MethodFirst to develope Scientific Method

Nicholas StenoNicholas Steno

Made observations on the anatomy of the brain.Made observations on the anatomy of the brain. First one to show that the heart has two independent First one to show that the heart has two independent

pumpspumps Discovered that fossils are petrified plants and animalsDiscovered that fossils are petrified plants and animals Established some of the fundamental principles of Established some of the fundamental principles of

stratigraphy. Rocks form in horizontal positionsstratigraphy. Rocks form in horizontal positions Law of Original Horizontality (Rock formed in Horizontal Law of Original Horizontality (Rock formed in Horizontal

Layers)Layers) Law of SupperpositionLaw of Supperposition First use of geology by saying the rocks were divided by First use of geology by saying the rocks were divided by

layers from different times.layers from different times.

Francesco RediFrancesco Redi

Italian physician and poet. Italian physician and poet. Redi demonstrated in 1668 that rotting Redi demonstrated in 1668 that rotting

meat carefully kept from flies will not meat carefully kept from flies will not produce maggots, providing experimental produce maggots, providing experimental evidence against the theory of evidence against the theory of spontaneous generation. spontaneous generation.

George CuvierGeorge Cuvier Studied natural history and comparative Studied natural history and comparative

anatomyanatomy Function determines form, as a theory of Function determines form, as a theory of

evolution.evolution. Established extinction as fact.Established extinction as fact. Animals were immutable.Animals were immutable. Classified animals by their skeletal structureClassified animals by their skeletal structure

VertebrataVertebrata ArticulataArticulata RadiataRadiata MolluscaMollusca

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus

Considered the father of Considered the father of taxonomytaxonomy Several expeditions in SwedenSeveral expeditions in Sweden Created a binomial system for naming Created a binomial system for naming

speciesspecies Studied hyloridizationStudied hyloridization Binomial nomenclature (genus then Binomial nomenclature (genus then

species)species)

Lazaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)Lazaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

An Italian naturalist, philosopher, and An Italian naturalist, philosopher, and priestpriest

Described the regeneration of organs in Described the regeneration of organs in such animals as worms, snails, and frogs.such animals as worms, snails, and frogs.

He attempted to induce frogs’ eggs to He attempted to induce frogs’ eggs to develop artificially by using vinegar and develop artificially by using vinegar and lemon juice lemon juice

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

English EconomistEnglish Economist Theories on populationTheories on population

Plants arithmatic growthPlants arithmatic growth Animals geometric growthAnimals geometric growth

Relation of Food and Sex to populations – PositiveRelation of Food and Sex to populations – Positive Relation of Vice and Mersery to populations – NegativeRelation of Vice and Mersery to populations – Negative No perfect society, No perfect society, Darwin’s Statements about Malthus’s work – the Darwin’s Statements about Malthus’s work – the

strongest will survivestrongest will survive Mathus said that man will overpopulate the earthMathus said that man will overpopulate the earth

Jean-Baptiste LamarckJean-Baptiste Lamarck

Theory of evolution based on the use and Theory of evolution based on the use and lack of use of some organslack of use of some organs

An organ is used becomes stronger then An organ is used becomes stronger then this characteristic will be passes on to this characteristic will be passes on to offspringoffspring

HeredityHeredity First to use term BiologyFirst to use term Biology Theory of Transmutation – aquired traits Theory of Transmutation – aquired traits

can be inherited.can be inherited.

Adam SedgwickAdam Sedgwick Explored geology of Scotland and presented his Explored geology of Scotland and presented his

researchresearch Proposed a new division of the geological Proposed a new division of the geological

timescale (the Devonian and the Cambrian)timescale (the Devonian and the Cambrian) Published “On the Silvarian and Cambrian Published “On the Silvarian and Cambrian

systems, exhibiting the order in which the older systems, exhibiting the order in which the older sedimentary strata suceed each other in sedimentary strata suceed each other in England and Wales”England and Wales”

Strata, same strata exist separated in space but Strata, same strata exist separated in space but representing the same time.representing the same time.

Taught Darwin about Geology.Taught Darwin about Geology.

Joseph MendelJoseph Mendel

Studied botanicsStudied botanics Used garden peas to study heredityUsed garden peas to study heredity Established the laws of segregation and independent Established the laws of segregation and independent

assortment.assortment. First person to trace characteristics of succesive First person to trace characteristics of succesive

generations.generations. Published experiments with Plants (Hybrids)Published experiments with Plants (Hybrids)

Heredity character are independentHeredity character are independent They combine at randomThey combine at random Characters dominant or recessiveCharacters dominant or recessive Antagonistic heredity factors never transmitted togetherAntagonistic heredity factors never transmitted together

Thomas Henry HuxleyThomas Henry Huxley

He supported the theory of evolution of Darwin He supported the theory of evolution of Darwin and convinced people to accept itand convinced people to accept it

First teacher of biology to use the laboratory First teacher of biology to use the laboratory methodmethod..

Supported Darwin’s theoriesSupported Darwin’s theories Punctuated evolution as opposed to Darwin, Punctuated evolution as opposed to Darwin,

GradualGradual I would rather be a man decended from apes I would rather be a man decended from apes

than one afraid to face the truththan one afraid to face the truth Jellyfish microbes in embryos of other organismsJellyfish microbes in embryos of other organisms

Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur

Found Vaccines for – rabies, anthrax (sheep), Found Vaccines for – rabies, anthrax (sheep), chicken cholera, silk worm diseaseschicken cholera, silk worm diseases

Discovered- germ theory, Discovered- germ theory, spontaneous spontaneous generation (living things from non-living)generation (living things from non-living) proposed and disprovedproposed and disproved

Created – First vaccines, pasteurization (heat Created – First vaccines, pasteurization (heat killing organisms in milk), immunizationkilling organisms in milk), immunization

Gave birth to – stereochemistry, microbiology, Gave birth to – stereochemistry, microbiology, bacteriology, virologybacteriology, virology

Watson and CrickWatson and Crick

Proposed the double helical structure of Proposed the double helical structure of DNADNA

Analyzed and studied the structure of Analyzed and studied the structure of molecules that transmit the genetic molecules that transmit the genetic characteristics from one generation to the characteristics from one generation to the next.next.

X ray defraction used to desifer structure X ray defraction used to desifer structure of DNA.of DNA.

OparinOparin

1) 1) Formation of the planetFormation of the planet with gases in the with gases in the atmosphere that could serve as the raw materials for atmosphere that could serve as the raw materials for life. The most widely accepted astronomical theory life. The most widely accepted astronomical theory for the origin of the earth and the rest of the solar for the origin of the earth and the rest of the solar system is that the solar system formed about 4.5 system is that the solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago from a diffuse dust cloud. billion years ago from a diffuse dust cloud.

2) 2) Random synthesis of simple organic moleculesRandom synthesis of simple organic molecules (such as amino acids that make up proteins) from (such as amino acids that make up proteins) from the gases in the surrounding atmosphere.the gases in the surrounding atmosphere.

3) 3) Formation of larger, more complex moleculesFormation of larger, more complex molecules (Macromolecules) from the simple organic (Macromolecules) from the simple organic molecules, e.g., the formation of simple proteins.molecules, e.g., the formation of simple proteins.

Oparin contOparin cont 4) 4) Formation of coacervatesFormation of coacervates - unique droplets containing the - unique droplets containing the

macromolecules , i.e., a coacervate consists of chemicals macromolecules , i.e., a coacervate consists of chemicals suspended within a liquid surrounded by a membrane, e.g. a suspended within a liquid surrounded by a membrane, e.g. a droplet consisting of chemicals in water surrounded by an oil droplet consisting of chemicals in water surrounded by an oil layer membrane.layer membrane.

5) 5) Development of some type of chemical organizersDevelopment of some type of chemical organizers that that function to give these droplets the ability to take in molecules, function to give these droplets the ability to take in molecules, discharge other molecules, and control and maintain a discharge other molecules, and control and maintain a characteristic chemical pattern. characteristic chemical pattern.

6) 6) Development of controlled reproductionDevelopment of controlled reproduction to insure that to insure that resultant daughter cells have the same chemical capabilities. resultant daughter cells have the same chemical capabilities.

7) 7) Beginnings of evolutionary developmentsBeginnings of evolutionary developments so that a group of so that a group of cells could adapt to changes in the environment over time.cells could adapt to changes in the environment over time.

Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 - Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 - 1955)1955)

Fleming had discovered the first antibiotic, Fleming had discovered the first antibiotic, penicillinpenicillin

However, it was not until the research However, it was not until the research work of Florey and Chain that penicillin work of Florey and Chain that penicillin could be produced as a drug. could be produced as a drug.