scientific studies in aquatic science. early aquatic scientific studies the united states exploring...
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Scientific Studies in Aquatic Science
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Early Aquatic Scientific Studies
• The United States Exploring Expedition (1839-1843)
• confirmed the presence of the continent of Antarctica
• discovered many Pacific Islands• charted much of the Pacific Northwest. • some of the first collections in the Smithsonian • 50,000 specimens were collected (10,000 species)
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• The Challenger Expedition • funded by the British (1872 - 1876) • investigate deep-sea regions of all the oceans• first expedition that was purely for marine science.
• The Glomar Challenger Expedition (1968) • proved the theory of plate tectonics • developed the technology for deep-sea drilling.
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Most modern expeditions utilize multi-million dollar research vessels owned by Government
agencies or research labs.
http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/218488/february-10-2009/robert-ballard
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• Marine Labs began as a place for marine scientists to process their specimens from expeditions.
• The first marine lab was started in Italy around 1872.
• Others followed in England (1879) and the U. S. at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
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Technology used for Research
• Sonar (Sound Navigation Ranging)
• allowed humans to 'see' the bottom and other solid objects underwater
• sound is transmitted from a vessel with its reflection received and translated into a profile of the ocean bottom
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Diving Technology• Visually exploring the oceans was enhanced with the
development of scuba diving • (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) • allowed humans to descend to 100 to 200 feet
• Helmet diving • allowed divers to descend deeper and stay longer.
• Diving bells were developed which allowed divers to enter and exit the bell while staying at deep depths
• Scuba, helmets and bells subjected the divers to changes in pressure and physiological changes that had to be carefully monitored to avoid death.
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• Submersibles are built like small submarines
• take marine scientists to even deeper depths
• keeps the divers at one atmosphere pressure to avoid complications associated with scuba, helmets and bells.
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New technologies make exploration and oceanic research easier
• ROV (Remote Operated Vehicles)• Satellite imaging • GPS Tracking• Computer Models
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DK1npQWTWnY