09/01/14 Tropentag 2010 - Scientific Presentations

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Tropentag 2010:

World food system –A contribution from Europe

September 14 - 16, 2010, Zurich, Switzerland

Scientific Presentations - Papers and Posters

Scientific Groups:

Food security and food quality

Food productionFood quality and technology

Food intake and nutritional impact

Natural resources Management

Nutrient cycling and crop nutritionForest management

Water managementEcosystem servicesBiodiversity

Land and soil use

Plant systems

Agronomic practicesBiotic and abiotic stress (DPG session)

Genetic resources

Mixed cropping, agroforestry and biofuelsRice research

Agronomic practices - Poster session IAgronomic practices - Poster session IIBiotic and abiotic stress (DPG session) - Poster session IBiotic and abiotic stress (DPG session) - Poster session II

Animal sciencesAnimal breeding, husbandry and healthForages and feeding systemsAnimal nutrition and supplementation

Aquaculture and fisheries

Markets and rural developmentValue chainsMarket development

Rural developmentCommunication and extension servicesTransdisciplinary researchValue chains - Poster session I

http://www.tropentag.de/2010/abstracts/links/Mastuti_Widi_UAqwZT3k.php

1) Animal Production Systems Group

Wageningen University, the Netherlands

http://www.aps.wur.nl E#mail: tri.mastuti@wur.nl

2) Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science

Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia http://www.fapet.ugm.ac.id/

3) Laboratory of Meat, Draught and Companion Animals, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal

Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia http://www.fapet.ugm.ac.id/

Desirable characteristics

of Sonok cattle

Ages groups (months) Exterior performances (%)

0 -5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-30 > 30 Mean

Body colour

- Dark red 66.7 52.0 73.9 62.5 67.7 62.5 63.8

- Dark red-yellow 8.3 28.0 13.0 12.5 8.8 28.6 19.3

- Yellow 25.0 20.0 13.0 25.0 23.5 8.9 16.9

Size of dewlap

- Not exist 8.3 4.0 0.0 6.3 8.8 0.0 3.6

- Small 83.3 96.0 78.3 93.7 61.8 39.3 66.3

- Medium 8.3 0.0 21.7 0.0 29.4 60.7 30.1

Size of hump

- Small 100 100 78.3 93.8 61.8 17.8 60.9

- Medium 0.0 0.0 21.7 6.2 26.4 55.4 27.7

- Large 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 26.8 11.4

Smear colour around mouth

- Non specific 66.7 24.0 56.5 37.5 61.8 57.1 51.8

- Cream 33.3 68.0 39.1 62.5 35.3 42.9 45.8

- White 0.0 8.0 4.4 0.0 2.9 0.0 2.4

Smear colour around eyes

- Non specific 58.3 44.0 56.5 43.7 58.8 60.7 55.4

- Cream 41.7 56.0 43.5 56.3 41.2 39.3 44.6

Smear colour on legs

- Non specific 41.7 12.0 30.4 18.7 44.1 44.6 34.9

- Cream 58.3 84.0 60.9 75.0 50.0 46.5 58.5

- White 0.0 4.0 8.7 6.3 5.9 8.9 6.6

Back line colour

- Not exist 50.0 56.0 56.5 56.3 50.0 58.9 55.4

- Exist 50.0 44.0 43.5 43.7 50.0 41.1 44.6

Average of Body Condition Scores

(BCS’s)

3.84±

0.3

3.85±

0.3

3.91±

0.2

3.88±

0.2

Traditional art contest of sonok as an alternative selection for Madura cattle

Tri Satya Mastuti Widi1,3, Tety Hartatik2, and H.M.J.Udo1

Introduction

Madura cattle :

• One of the prominent local cattle breeds in Indonesia

• Formed from crossing of Bali, Ongole and Bos Taurus

cattle in Madura Island, starting 1500 years ago.

• The phenotypes are uniform through tuft selection

Figure 1. Bali and Ongole cattle

(http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/ongole/index.htm)

• One of the culture activities embedded in Madura is

sonok contest.

Sonok contest :

Pairs of well developed females, driven by a jockey, have to

walk 25 m along a line and reach a finish which is design as a

gate and step their forefeet cohesively.

Figure 2. Sonok contest This contest is traditionally aimed to select good heifers and

cows. Cultural practices in keeping sonok cattle and criteria

applied to select them, can be used for conservation of

Madura cattle.

Results

These characteristics have been used by farmers as traditional selection criteria

through the sonok contest

The exterior performances of sonok cattle are not much different among age groups due to

selection by farmers to choose them as a sonok cattle ; and sonok cattle have good BCS’s.

Conclusions : • Madura cattle characteristics are combination of the characteristics of Bali and Ongole

cattle.

• By applying traditional selection, Madura people have been maintaining phenotype

uniformity of this breed for hundreds of years.

• This might be valuable and contributing to conservation of Madura cattle.

Table 1. Exterior performances of sonok cattle among different age groups

Figure 3. Desirable characteristics of sonok cattle

Methods • 37 of sonok farmers were interviewed

• 166 heads of sonok cattle divided into

different age groups

• Observation of phenotypic characteristics

The aim of study was to explore and quantify phenotypic

characteristics of Sonok cattle among different age groups

Big body, dark red in colour and small-medium hump

Small-medium and firmly dewlap

Non specific colour on legs

Non specific colour around eyes and mouth

No backline colour

1

Traditional art contest of sonok

as an alternative selection for Madura cattle Widi, T.S.M

1,2,3, T. Hartatik

2 and H.M.J.Udo

1

1Animal Production Systems Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, The

Netherlands 2Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada,

Yogyakarta, Indonesia 3Laboratory of Meat, Draught and Companion Animals, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas

Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

Madura cattle is one of prominent local cattle in Indonesia which was probably formed from 3 breeds,

Bali, Ongole and Bos Taurus cattle. The uniformity of this breed was developed from tuft selection of

Madura people, for hundreds years. Madura cattle are also embedded with cultural activities of Madura

people. One of cultural event involving Madura cattle is Sonok contest which is aimed to traditionally

select good heifer and cows. Cultural practices in keeping Sonok cattle and criteria applied to select it,

can be considered for conservation Madura cattle.

Madura people applied for certain characteristics to select Madura cattle which distinct them with their

ancestors (Bali and Ongole cattle). The criteria for selection of Sonok cattle include: body conformation,

body colour, existence of dewlap and hump, smear colour and back line colour. The aim of this study is

to explore certain characteristics of Sonok cattle among different groups of age.

In total 166 heads of Sonok cattle divided into 6 groups of age were observed for their exterior

characteristics, namely, body colour, existence of dewlap, hump, smear colour around eyes, mouth and

legs, and existence of the coloured back line. In total 106 heads of Sonok heifers and cows were

observed for their body condition score (BCS).

Mostly Sonok cattle in all of age groups are dark brown ( 63,86 %), have medium dewlap (66,27 %) and

small hump ( 60,84 %), non specific smear colour around eyes (55,42 %) and mouth (51,81 %), and on

legs ( 58, 43 %), and no coloured back line (55,42 %). It seems that Madura cattle characteristics are

combination of the characteristics of Bali and Ongole cattle. The characteristics have been maintaining

by farmers as traditional selection criteria through Sonok contest. Most of Sonok heifers and cows have

good body condition score (98,10 %). By applying traditional selection, Madura people have been

maintaining the phenotype uniformities of this breed for hundreds years.

Keywords: Madura cattle, traditional selection, Sonok, uniformity

2

Introduction

Madura cattle were formed from crossing of wild banteng or Bali cattle, zebu and probably ,

approximately 1500 years ago, in Madura island (Payne and Rollinson, 1976). The uniformity of the

breed was created through continuous selection by the farmers in Madura (Anonymous, 2003). The

colour is reddish-brown with a non-specific white pattern on the back-bottom and legs (Anonymous,

2003). Their height varies between 1.16 m and 1.24 m. They have a long body in relation to their legs.

The cows have a small head; the head of the bull is bigger. Their hoofs are strong. Madura cattle are

extremely well adapted to the local conditions and traditional management by the farmers. They are

reported to be one of the best draught animals in the world relative to their size (Barwegen, 2004).

Maduranese people have a strong cultural feeling about cattle and they care for their cattle as if

they are members of their family (De Jonge, 1990). The significance of cattle is also evident from the

appearance of bulls in local folk-tales, proverbs, and wood carvings depicting bulls, and from the horns

on traditional houses. There are two traditional events in Madura, which involves Madura cattle, Bull

racing (karapan) and cow contest (sonok). This study only observed the Madura cattle which are used

for sonok activity.

Sonok is a heifer/cow contest for which good heifers and cows are selected based on their

exterior performances. During contest, sonok cattle are harnessed with pengonong which makes them

walk in pairs and dressed with beautiful adornments. The pairs of cattle, guided by jockey , have to walk

along a line of 25 m to reach a finishing line, designed like a gate, while stepping their forefeet in a

harmonious manner (Widi et.al, 2010, unpublished).

Sonok cattle are judged by conformation traits, such as height at whiter, colour, body

conformation, body condition, health, and harmonious walking in a pair. The cows that perform well are

very popular for breeding (Widi et. al, 2010 unpublished). This study was aimed to explore and quantify

phenotypic characteristics of Sonok cattle among different age groups.

Material and Methods

This study was conducted in Pamekasan District, located in Madura Island, and is administratively

part of East Java Province. This area is famous as the source of sonok cattle and well-known as area

where the sonok contest is started in 1960’s.

3

Thirty seven sonok farmers were interviewed regarding the special characteristics of female

Madura cattle that are important for sonok contest. One hundred and sixty six female Madura cattle,

divided into six different age groups, were determined, by observing their phenotypic characteristics.

The qualitative data were analyzed descriptively. The frequency distribution was used to analyze

the exterior characteristics of female Madura cattle used for sonok.

Results

Desirable characteristics of sonok cattle

Figure 1 describes the characteristics mentioned by farmers in selecting Madura cattle for sonok

activity.

Desirable characteristics of

Sonok cattle

Big body, dark red in colour and

small-medium hump

Small-medium and firmly dewlap

Non specific colour around eyes

and mouths

Non specific colour on legs No backline colour

Figure 1. Desirable characteristics of sonok cattle

The characteristics of Madura cattle are combination of the characteristics of Bali and Ongole

4

cattle. Madura people have been maintaining the uniformity characteristics of Madura cattle for

hundred years. However, they special characteristics for each cultural event purpose.

Exterior characteristics of sonok cattle

Table 1 shows the exterior characteristics of sonok cattle among different age groups.

Table 1.

Exterior characteristics of Sonok cattle

Exterior characteristics

Group of age (months) Average 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-30 >30

Body colour (%)

Dark red 66.7 52.0 73.9 62.5 67.7 62.5 63.8

Dark red-yellow 8.3 28.0 13.0 12.5 8.8 28.6 19.3

Yellow 25.0 20.0 13.0 25.0 23.5 8.9 16.9

Size of dewlap (%)

Not exist 8.3 4.0 0.0 6.3 8.8 0.0 3.6

Small 83.3 96.0 78.3 93.7 61.8 39.3 66.3

Medium 8.3 0.0 21.7 0.0 29.4 60.7 30.1

Size of hump (%)

Small 100.0 100.0 78.3 93.8 61.8 17.8 60.9

Medium 0.0 0.0 21.7 6.2 26.4 55.4 27.7

Large 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 26.8 11.4

Smear colour around mouth (%)

Non specific 66.7 24.0 56.5 37.5 61.8 57.1 51.8

Cream 33.3 68.0 30.1 62.5 35.3 42.9 45.8

White 0 8.0 4.4 0.0 2.9 0.0 2.4

Smear colour around eyes (%)

Non specific 58.3 44.0 56.5 43.7 58.8 60.7 55.4

Cream 41.7 56.0 43.5 56.3 41.2 39.3 44.6

Smear colour around legs (%)

Non specific 41.7 12.0 30.4 18.7 44.1 44.6 34.9

Cream 58.3 84.0 60.9 75.0 50.0 46.5 58.5

White 0.0 4.0 8.7 6.3 5.9 8.9 6.6

Back line (%)

Not exist 50.0 56.0 56.5 56.3 50 58.9 55.5

Exist 50.0 44.0 43.5 43.7 50 41.1 44.6

Body condition score (BCS)

3.84±0.3 3.85±0.3 3.91±0.2 3.88±0.2

5

The exterior characteristics of sonok cattle are not much different among age of groups due to

selection by farmers to choose them as sonok cattle. The body colour is one of the most important

criteria to select sonok cattle. Farmers more preferred dark-red rather than less dark body colour. They

believed that dark body colour is results of good breeding selection and caring of sonok cattle. Sonok

farmers like small dewlap and small hump, non specific colour around mouth and eyes, and cream

colour on legs. They do not much emphasize on the existence of back line pattern. Most of sonok cattle

have body condition score above 3, indicating a good body condition.

Conclusions

Characteristics of Madura cattle, especially sonok cattle, which are most preferred by the farmers

are combination of the characteristics of Bali and Ongole cattle. By applying traditional selection,

Madura people have been maintaining phenotype uniformity of this breed for hundred years. Sonok

contest is one of unique events in Madura, which can be a main driver of maintaining a local breed.

References

Anonymous. 2003. National report on animal genetic resources Indonesia; a strategy of development Department of Agriculture, Jakarta. Barwegen, M. 2004. Browsing in livestock history; large ruminants and the environment in Java, 1850 - 2000.in Smallholders and stockbreeders; histories of foodcrop and livestock farming in Southeast Asia. P. B. a. D. Henley, ed. KITLV Press., Leiden.

De Jonge, H. 1990. Of bulls and men: the Madurese aduan sapi. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 146(4):423 - 447. Payne, W. and D. Rollinson. 1976. Madura cattle. Z. Tierzuch Zuctsbiol 93:89-100.