science words with meaning
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Jacquelyn M
1. SpeedSpeed is a scalar quantitythat refers to "how fast an object is moving." Speed can bethought of as the rate at which an object covers distance.
2. VelocityVelocity is a vector quantitythat refers to "the rate at which an object changes itsposition."
3. DistanceDistance is a scalar quantitythat refers to "how much ground an object has covered"during its motion
4. DisplacementDisplacement is a vector quantitythat refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is
the object's overall change in position.5. Acceleration
Acceleration is a vector quantitythat is defined as the rate at which an object changesits velocity. An object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity.
6. Normal force (FM)The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact withanother stable object. For example, if a book is resting upon a surface, then the surfaceis exerting an upward force upon the book in order to support the weight of the book.On occasions, a normal force is exerted horizontally between two objects that are incontact with each other. For instance, if a person leans against a wall, the wall pusheshorizontally on the person.
7. Balance forceBalance forces are two forces acting in opposite directions on an object, and equal insize. Anytime there is a balanced force on an abject, the object stays still or continuesmoving continues to move at the same speed and in the same direction. It is importantto note that an object can be in motion even if there are no forces acting on it.
8. Unbalance forceUnlike balanced forces, we say unbalanced forces when two forces acting on an objectare not equal in size. Unbalanced forces causes can cause: a still object to move; amoving object to speed up or slow down; a moving object to stop; a moving object tochange direction.
9. FrictionThe resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.
10. Force
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Kinetic Energy is defined as the workneeded to accelerate a body of a given massfrom rest to its stated velocity.
20. Potential EnergyPotential energy is energystored in a system of forcefully interacting physical entities.
21. HeatHeat seen as a form of energy arising from the random motion of the molecules ofbodies, which may be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation.
22. TemperatureA temperature is a numerical measure of hot and cold in a body that is in its own stateof internal thermal equilibrium. Its measurement is by detection of heat radiation orparticle velocity or kinetic energy, or by the bulk behavior of a thermometricmaterial.It may be calibratedin any of various temperature scales, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin,etc. The fundamental physical definition of temperature is provided
by thermodynamics. 23. Thermometer
A thermometer (from the Greek θερμός , thermos , meaning "hot" andμ τρον, metron ,"measure") is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using avariety of different principles.
24. Celsius ScaleCelsius, also known as centigrade, is a scale and unit of measurementfor temperature. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius(1701–1744), whodeveloped a similar temperature scale. The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specifictemperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, adifference between two temperatures or an uncertainty.
25. Fahrenheit ScaleFahrenheit temperature scale, temperature scale in which the temperature differencebetween two reference temperatures, the melting and boiling points of water, isdivided into 180 equal intervals called degrees. The freezing point is taken as 32°Fand the boiling point as 212°F.
26. George OhmOhm, Georg Simon 1787–1854, German physicist. He was professor at Munich from1852. His study of electric current led to his formulation of the law now knownas Ohm's law. The unit of electrical resistance was named for him.
27. ElectricityElectricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flowof electric charge. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such aslightning, static electricity, electromagnetic inductionand electrical current. In
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addition, electricity permits the creation and reception of electromagneticradiation such as radio waves.
28. Electric CircuitAn electrical circuit is a path in which electrons froma voltageor current source
flow. Electric currentflows in a closed path called an electric circuit.29. Series Circuit
When all the devices are connected using series connections, the circuit is referredto as aseries circuit . In a series circuit, each device is connected in a manner suchthat there is only one pathway by which charge can traverse the external circuit.
30. Parallel CircuitWhen all the devices are connected using parallel connections, the circuit is referredto as aparallel circuit . In a parallel circuit, each device is placed in its ownseparate branch .
31. FuseAfuse is a safety device consisting of a strip of wire that melts and breaks an electriccircuit if the current exceeds a safe level.
32. Circuit BreakerAn automatic device for stopping the flow of current in an electric circuit as a safetymeasure.
33. Electrical EnergyElectrical energy is the energy carried by moving electronsin an electric conductor. Itcannot be seen, but it is one of our most useful forms of energy because it is relativelyeasy to transmit and use.
34. Geothermal EnergyGeothermal energy is thermal energygenerated and stored in the Earth.
35. Hydroelectric Power PlantHydroelectric power plants use the potential energy of water stored in a reservoir tooperate turbines. The turbines are connected to large generators, and can operate onvarying volumes of water to adapt to changing demand for electricity.
36. TsunamiA long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or otherdisturbance.
37. TyphoonA tropical storm in the region of the Indian or western Pacific oceans
38. Flashflood
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A sudden local flood, typically due to heavy rain.
39. EarthquakeA sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as aresult of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
40. MagnitudeA measure of the energy of an earthquake.
41. StretchExtend or spread over an area or period of time.
42. Plate TectonicsPlate tectonics (from the Late Latintectonicus , from the Greek: τεκτονικός "pertainingto building") is a scientific theorythat describes the large-scale motionsof Earth's lithosphere. The model builds on the concepts of continental drift,
developed during the first few decades of the 20th century.43. Masonry
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound togetherby mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The commonmaterials of masonry constructionare brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast stone, concreteblock, glassblock, stucco, tile, and cob. Masonry is generally a highly durable form ofconstruction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar andworkmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantlyaffect the durability of the overall masonry construction.
44. Earthquake DisasterAnearthquake (also known as aquake , tremor or temblor ) is the result of a suddenrelease of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Theseismicity , seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type andsize of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.
45. LandslideAlandslide , also known as alandslip , is a geological phenomenonwhich includes awide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopesandshallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments.
46. AftershockAnaftershock is a smaller earthquake that occurs after a previous large earthquake,in the same area of the main shock. If an aftershock is larger than the main shock, theaftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock isredesignated as a foreshock. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around thedisplaced fault planeadjusts to the effects of the main shock.
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47. Richter ScaleThe Richter magnitude scale (often shortened toRichter scale ) was developed toassign a single number to quantify the energy that is released during an earthquake. The scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale. The magnitude is defined as the logarithm ofthe ratio of the amplitudeof waves measured by a seismographto an arbitrary small
amplitude. An earthquake that measures 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shakingamplitude 10 times larger than one that measures 4.0, and corresponds to a 31.6times larger release of energy.
48. FaultAfault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which therehas been significant displacement along the fractures as a result of earthmovement.Large faults within the Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonicforces,with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates, such as subductionzonesor transform faults. Energy release associated with rapid movement on activefaultsis the cause of most earthquakes.
49. Normal faultA geologic fault in which the hanging wall has moved downward relative to thefootwall. Normal faults occur where two blocks of rock are pulled apart, as by tension.
50. EpicenterThe epicenter or epicentre / p s nt ər/ is the point on the Earth's surface that isdirectly above the hypocenteror focus, the point where an earthquake orunderground explosion originates.
51. IntensityIntensity is a measure of earthquake impact
52. MagnitudeMagnitude is a measure of the energy if an earthquake.
53. PHIVOLCSThe Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (abbreviatedas PHIVOLCS) is aPhilippinenational institution dedicated to provide information onthe activities of volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis, as well as other specializedinformation and services primarily for the protection of life and property and insupport of economic, productivity, and sustainable development. It is one of theservice agencies of the Department of Science and Technology.
54. PAGASAThe Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (abbreviated asPAGASA) is a Philippinenational institutiondedicated to providefloodand typhoonwarnings, public weather forecastsandadvisories, meteorological, astronomical, climatological, and other specialized
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information and services primarily for the protection of life and property and insupport of economic, productivity and sustainable development.
55. Aristotle Aristotle was a Greek philosopherborn in Stagirus, northern Greece, in 384 BCE. At
eighteen, he joined Plato’s Academy in Athensand remained there until the age ofthirty-seven(c.347 BCE). His writings cover many subjects -including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry,heater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politicsand government- and constitute the firstcomprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle leftAthens and, at the request of Philip of Macedonia, tutored Alexander theGreatbetween 356 and 323 BCE. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, “Aristotlewas the first genuine scientistin history.
56. DemocritusDemocritus was an Ancient Greek philosopherborn in Abdera, Thrace, Greece. A
pupil of Leucippus, he was an influential pre-Socratic philosopherwho formulatedan atomic theoryfor the universe.
57. AtomThe atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleussurroundedby a cloudof negatively charged electrons.
58. MatterMatter is a loosely defined term in science. The term often refers to a substance (oftena particle) that has rest mass. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for thesubstance that makes up all observable physical objects.
59. Johann DobereinerJohann Wolfgang Döbereiner (13 December 1780– 24 March 1849) wasa German chemistwho is best known for work that foreshadowed the periodic lawforthechemical elements.
60. John NewlandsJohn Alexander Reina Newlands (26 November 1837– 29 July 1898) was an Englishchemist who worked on the development of the periodic table.
61. Lothar MejerJulius Lothar von Meyer (August 19, 1830– April 11, 1895) was a German chemist. Hewas contemporary and competitor of Dimitri Mendeleevto draw up the first periodictable of chemical elements. Some five years apart, both Mendeleev and Meyer workedwith Robert Bunsen.
62. Dmitri MendelevDmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev(Russian , 8 February1834 – 2 February 1907 O.S.27 January 1834– 20 January 1907) was a
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Aeukaryote is any organismwhose cellscontain a nucleusand other structures(organelles) enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes are formallythe taxonEukarya or Eukaryota .
71. Prokaryotes
The prokaryotes are a group of organismswhose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus(karyon). Most prokaryotes are unicellularorganisms, although a fewsuch as myxobacteriahave multicellularstages in their life cyclesor createlarge colonieslike cyanobacteria.
72. EukaryaEukaryotes are formally the taxonEukarya or Eukaryota .
73. ArchaeaThe Archaea are a domainor kingdomof single-celled microorganisms. Thesemicrobes are prokaryotes, meaning they have no cell nucleusor any other membrane-
bound organellesin their cells.74. Bacteria
Bacteria constitute a large domainof prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically afew micrometresin length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres torods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and arepresent in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hotsprings, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also livein symbioticand parasiticrelationships with plants and animals.
75. MethanogensMethanogens are microorganisms that produce methaneas a metabolicby productin anoxicconditions. They are classified as archaea, a domaindistinct from bacteria. They are common in wetlands, where they are responsible for marsh gas, and in thedigestive tracts of animals such as ruminants and humans, where they are responsiblefor the methane content of belchingin ruminants and flatulencein humans.
76. HalophilesHalophiles are organisms that live in high salt concentrations. They are a typeof extremophileorganism. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".While most halophiles are classified into theArchaeadomain, there arealso bacterialhalophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliellasalinaor fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga .
77. ThermopilesAthermophile is an organism— a type of extremophile— that thrives at relativelyhigh temperatures, between 45 and 122 °C (113 and 252 °F). Many thermophilesare archaea. Thermophilic eubacteriaare suggested to have been among the earliestbacteria.
78. Bacillus anthracis
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Bacillus anthracis is the etiologic agent of anthrax — a common disease of livestockand, occasionally, of humans— and the only obligate pathogenwithin thegenusBacillus . B. anthracis is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, with a width of 1–1.2µmand a length of 3–5µm. It can be grown inan ordinary nutrient medium under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
79. AntibioticAnantimicrobial or antibiotic is an agent that kills microorganismsor inhibits theirgrowth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganismsthey act primarily against. For example, antibacterials are used against bacteriaandantifungals are used against fungi.
80. Streptomyces venezuelas Streptomyces venezuelae is a species of soil-dwelling Gram-positive bacteriumofthe genus Streptomyces . S. venezuelae is filamentous. In its spore-bearing stage,hyphaeperfuse both above ground as aerial hyphae and in the soil
substrate. Chloramphenicol, the first antibioticto be manufactured synthetically on alarge scale, was originally derived fromS. venezuelae .
81. BioremediationBioremediation is a waste management technique that involves the use of organismsto remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. According to the EPA,bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break downhazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”.
82. CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria , also known asCyanophyta , is a phylumof bacteria that obtain theirenergy through photosynthesis. The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color ofthe bacteria (Greek: κυανός (kyanós) = blue). They are often calledblue-green algae ,but some consider that name a misnomer as cyanobacteriaare prokaryoticand algaeshould be eukaryotic, although other definitions of algaeencompass prokaryotic organisms.
83. Spirulina Spirulina is a genusof cyanobacteria.
84. Anabaena azollae Anabaena is a genusof filamentous cyanobacteriathat exists as plankton. It is knownfor its nitrogen fixingabilities, and they form symbioticrelationships with certainplants, such as the mosquito fern.
85. RhizobiumRhizobium is a genusof Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobiumforms an endosymbiotic nitrogen fixingassociation with roots of legumesandParasponia .
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Amushroom (or toadstool ) is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting bodyof a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its foodsource. The standard for thename "mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus ; hencethe word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi(Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) that have a stem(stipe), a cap(pileus), and gills (lamellae,
sing. lamella) or pores on the underside of the cap.94. Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganismsclassified in the kingdom Fungi, with1,500 speciescurrently described (estimated to be 1% of all fungal species). Yeastsare unicellular, although some species with yeast forms maybecome multicellularthrough the formation of strings of connected budding cellsknown as pseudohyphae, or false hyphae, as seen in most molds.
95. PenicciliumPenicillium is a genusof ascomycetous fungiof major importance in the natural
environment as well as food and drug production.96. Molds
Amold (US/ CA) or mould (UK/ NZ/ AU) is a fungusthat grows in the formof multicellularfilaments called hyphae . In contrast, fungi that can adopt a singlecelled growth habit are called yeasts.
97. BuddingBudding is a form of asexual reproductionin which a new organism develops from anoutgrowth or bud on another one due to cell division at one particular site. The neworganism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism onlywhen it is mature, leaving behind scar tissue.
98. HyphaeAhypha (pluralhyphae ) is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, andalso of unrelated Actinobacteria. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode ofvegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium; yeastsare unicellular fungithat do not grow as hyphae.
99. Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus oryzae is a filamentous fungus(a mold). It is used to ferment soybeans. Itis also used to saccharifyrice, other grains, and potatoes in the making of alcoholicbeverages. The domesticationof A. oryzae occurred at least 2000 years ago. A.oryzae is used for the production of rice vinegars.
100. Penecillium notatumPenicillium chrysogenum is a fungus, common in temperate and subtropical regionsand can be found on salted food products, but it is mostly found in indoorenvironments, especially in damp or waterdamaged buildings. It was previouslyknown asPenicillium notatum .
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101. Trichoderma Harzianum
Trichoderma harzianum is a fungusthat is also used as a fungicide. It is usedfor foliarapplication, seed treatment and soil treatment for suppression of variousdisease causing fungal pathogens.
102. PhloemPhloem is the living tissuethat carries organic nutrients (known as photosynthate),hence the name, derived from theGreekword φλοιός (phloios) meaning "bark". Thephloem is concerned mainly with the transport of soluble organic material madeduring photosynthesis. This is called translocation.
103. XylemXylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants. Theword xylem is derived from the Greekword ξύλον ( xylon), meaning "wood"; the best-known xylem tissue is wood, though it is found throughout the plant. Its basic
function is to transport water, but it also transports some nutrients. 104. Gametophyte
Agametophyte is a haploidmulticellular adult stage in the alternation ofgenerationsduring the life cycle of land plantsand algae.
105. AntheridiumAnantheridium or antherida (plural:antheridia ) is a haploidstructure or organproducing and containing male gametes(calledantherozoids or sperm). It is presentin the gametophytephase of cryptogamslike bryophytesand ferns, and also in theprimitive vascular psilotophytes.
106. CapsuleAcapsule is a type of simple, dry fruitproduced by many species of flowering plants. A capsule is a structure composed of two or more carpels.
107. Alternation of generation Alternation of generations (also known asalternation of phases or metagenesis )is a term primarily used to describe the life cycleof plants(taken here to meanthe Archaeplastida).
108. TracheophytesVascular plants (from Latinvasculum : duct), also known astracheophytes (from theequivalent Greek termtrachea ) and alsohigher plants , form a large group of plantsthat are defined as those land plantsthat have lignified tissues(the xylem) forconducting water and minerals throughout the plant.
109. SeineA fishing net that hangs vertically in the water with floats at the top and weights at thebottom edge, the ends being drawn together to encircle the fish.
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110. Tracheid
Tracheids are elongated cellsin the xylemof vascular plantsthat serve in thetransport of water and mineral salts.
111. WaterWater is a chemical compoundwith the chemical formulaH2O . A watermoleculecontains one oxygenand two hydrogen atoms. Water covers 71% of theEarth's surface, is vital for all known forms of life.
112. TranspirationTranspiration is the process of water movement through a plant andits evaporationfrom aerial parts, such as from leavesbut alsofrom stemsand flowers.
113. OsmosisOsmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solventmolecules through apartially permeablemembrane into a region of higher soluteconcentration, in thedirection that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. It may alsobe used to describe a physical process in which any solvent moves, without input ofenergy, across a semipermeable membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not thesolute) separating two solutions of different concentrations.
114. LanthanidesThe lanthanide / lænθəna d/ or lanthanoid / lænθən d/ series of chemicalelements comprises the fifteen metallic chemical elementswith atomic numbers57through 71, from lanthanumthrough lutetium. These fifteen lanthanide elements,along with the chemically similar elements scandiumand yttrium, are oftencollectively known as the rare earth elements.
115. ActinidesThe actinide / ækt na d/ or actinoid / ækt n d/ (IUPAC nomenclature) seriesencompasses the 15 metallic chemical elementswith atomic numbersfrom 89 to103,actiniumthrough lawrencium.
116. ReactivityReactivity then refers to the rate at which a chemical substancetends to undergo
a chemical reactionin time.117. Corrosion
Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials, (usually metals), by chemicalreaction with its environment.
118. Microorganism
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Amicroorganism (from the Greek: μικρός , mikros , "small"and ργανισμός, organismós , "organism") ormicrobe is a microscopic organism, which may be a single cellor multicellular organism.
119. Kingdom
Kingdom (Latin:regnum , pl.regna ) is the second highest taxonomicrank below domain.
120. PhylumAphylum (/ fa ləm/; plural: phyla ) is a taxonomic rankbelow kingdomandabove class. Traditionally, in botanythe term division is used instead of "phylum",although in 1993 the International Botanical Congressaccepted the designation"phylum".
121. ClassA taxonomic rank, a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank. In that case the plural isclasses (Latin classes)
122. OrderA taxonomic rankused in the classification of organisms, a taxonomic unit, a taxon, inthat rank. In that case the plural is orders (Latinordines )
123. FamilyA taxonomic rank, As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of animmediately lower rank, indicated by the prefixsub- : subfamily (Latin:subfamilia ); ataxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank. In that case the plural is families (Latin familiae )
124. GenusGenus / d i nəs/ (plural:genera ) is a taxonomicrank used in the biologicalclassificationof livingand fossil organisms. The composition of a genus is determinedby a taxonomist. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, sodifferent authorities often produce different classifications for genera.
125. SpeciesAspecies (plural: species) is one of the basic units of biological classificationanda taxonomic rank. A species is often described as the largest group of organismscapable of interbreedingand producing fertile offspring.
126. MethaneMethane (/ m θe n/ or / mi θe n/) is a chemical compoundwith the chemicalformulaCH4. It is the simplest alkaneand the main component of natural gas. Therelative abundance of methane makes it an attractive fuel.
127. Biogas
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Biogas typically refers to a mixture of gasesproduced by the breakdown of organicmatter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from regionally availableraw materials such as recycled waste and is a renewable energy source and in manycases exerts a very small carbon footprint.
128. CocciCoccus (plural cocci or coccuses ) can be used to describe any bacteriumthat has aspherical shape.
129. BacilliBacilli refers to a taxonomic classof bacteria. It includes twoorders, Bacillalesand Lactobacillales, which contain several well-known pathogenslike Bacillus anthracis (the cause of anthrax).
130. Spirilla Spirillum in microbiologyrefers to a bacteriumwith a cell body that twists like a
spiral. It is the third distinct bacterial cell shape type.131. Diplococcus
Adiplococcus (pluraldiplococci ) is a round bacterium(a coccus) that typicallyoccurs in the form of two joined cells.
132. Staphylococcus Staphylococcus (from the Greek: σταφυλή , staphylē , "grape" and κόκκος, kókkos ,"granule") is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. Under the microscope, they appearround (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters.
133. StreptobacillusStreptobacillus is a genus of aerobic, gram-negativefacultative anaerobe bacteria, which grow in culture as rods in chains.
134. TuberculosisTuberculosis , MTB, orTB (short for tubercle bacillus ), in the past alsocalledphthisis , phthisis pulmonalis , orconsumption , is a common, and in manycases fatal, infectious diseasecaused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but canalso affect other parts of the body.
135. Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a pathogenic bacterialspecies in thefamily Mycobacteriaceaeand the causative agent of most casesof tuberculosis(TB). First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has anunusual, waxy coating on its cell surface (primarily mycolic acid), which makes thecells impervious to Gram staining.
136. Leptospirosis
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Leptospirosis is caused by infectionwith bacteria of the genus Leptospira andaffects humansas well as other animals. Leptospirosis is among the world's mostcommon diseases that transmits from animals to people(zoonosis).
137. Saprophytes
Saprophytes are a plant, fungus, or micro-organism, more accurately called myco-heterotrophs because they actually parasitize fungi, rather than dead organic matterdirectly. They live on dead or decomposing matter.
138. Escherichia coliEscherichia coli (/ r kiə ko la /; commonly abbreviatedE. coli ) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteriumthat is commonly found in thelower intestineof warm-bloodedorganisms (endotherms). MostE. coli strains areharmless, but some serotypescan cause serious food poisoningin their hosts, and areoccasionally responsible for product recallsdue to food contamination. The harmlessstrains are part of the normal floraof the gut, and can benefit their hosts byproducing vitamin K2, and preventing colonization of the intestinewith pathogenicbacteria.
139. Latobacili bulgaricusLactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (until 1984 known asLactobacillusbulgaricus ) is one of several bacteriaused for the production of yogurt. It is alsofound in other naturally fermented products. First identified in 1905 bythe Bulgariandoctor Stamen Grigorov, the bacterium feeds on lactosetoproduce lactic acid, which is used to preserve milk.
140. Streptococcus themophilus Streptococcus thermophilus is a Gram-positivebacteria and ahomofermentative facultative anaerobe, of the viridans group. It is also classified asa lactic acid bacterium; also found in fermented milk products, and is generally used inthe production of yogurt, alongside Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
141. DinoflagellatesThe dinoflagellates (Greekδ νος dinos "whirling" and Latin flagellum "whip,scourge") are a large group of flagellate protists. Most are marine plankton, but theyare common in fresh waterhabitats as well.
142. EuglenoidsEuglenoids (or euglena ) are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, commonlyfound in freshwater especially when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marineand endosymbiotic members. Most euglenids are unicellular.
143. Green algaeThe green algae (singular:green alga ) are the large group of algaefrom whichthe embryophytes(higher plants) emerged. As such, they form a paraphyleticgroup,
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although the group including both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic(and often just known as kingdom Plantae).
144. Caulerpa lentilliferaCaulerpa lentillifera is one of the favored species of edible Caulerpadue to its soft
and succulent texture.145. Chlorella
Chlorella is a genusof single-cell green algae, belonging to the phylum Chlorophyta. Itis spherical in shape, about 2 to 10 μm in diameter, and iswithout flagella.Chlorella contains the green photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll-a and -bin its chloroplast. Through photosynthesis, it multiplies rapidly, requiringonly carbon dioxide,water, sunlight, and a small amount of mineralsto reproduce.
146. DraparnaldiaDraparnaldia is a genusof algae, in the family Chaetophoraceae. Draparnaldia
are uniseriate; each filament is composed of a chain of cells arranged in one row.147. Pediastrum
Pediastrum is a genusof algae, in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is anonmotile coenobial(fixed number of cells) green algae that inhabits freshwaterenvironments.
148. Spirogyra Spirogyra is a genusof filamentous green algaeof the order Zygnematales, named forthe helicalor spiral arrangement of the chloroplaststhat is diagnostic of the genus. Itis commonly found in freshwater areas.
149. Golden algaeThe Chrysophyceae , usually calledchrysophytes , golden-brown algae or goldenalgae are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater. Golden algae is alsocommonly used to refer to a single species, Prymnesium parvum , which causes fishkills.
150. Brown algaeThe Phaeophyceae or brown algae (singular:alga ), is a large group ofmostly marinemulticellular algae, including many seaweedsof colder NorthernHemispherewaters. They play an important role in marine environments, both as foodand for the habitats they form.
151. Red algaeThe red algae , orRhodophyta , are one of the oldest groups of eukaryoticalgae, andalso one of the largest, with about 5,000–6,000 species ofmostly multicellular, marine algae, including many notable seaweeds.
152. Eucheuma murilatum
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Eucheuma or Guso in the Philippines is a group of red seaweeds/seaplantsrepresenting the TribeEucheumatoideae used in the production of carrageenan, animportant product used in cosmetics, food processing, and industrial uses, as well as afood source for those living in Indonesia and the Philippines.
153. EuglenaEuglena is a genus of unicellular flagellate protists. It is the best known and mostwidely studied member of the phylum Euglenozoa, a diverse group containing some44 genera and at least 800 species. Species of Euglena are found in fresh and saltwaters. They are often abundant in quiet, inland waters, where they may bloom innumbers sufficient to color the surface of ponds and ditches green.
154. RadiolariansThe Radiolaria are protozoaof (diameter 0.1–0.2 mm) that produceintricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cellinto theinner and outer portions of endoplasmand ectoplasm. They are found
as zooplanktonthroughout the ocean, and their skeletal remains make up a large partof the cover of the ocean floor as siliceous ooze.
155. ForaminiferansThe Foraminifera ("hole bearers", or forams for short) are a phylum or classof amoeboid protists. They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that forman external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, madeof various materials and constructed in diverse forms.
156. Amoeba Amoeba (sometimesamœba or ameba , pluralamoebae or amoebas ) isa genusof Protozoathat consists of unicellular organisms which do not have a definiteshape.
157. Entamoeba histolyticaEntamoeba histolytica is an anaerobicparasitic protozoan, part ofthe genus Entamoeba . Predominantly infecting humans and other primates,E.histolytica is estimated to infect about 50 million people worldwide.
158. ParameciumParamecium is a genus of unicellular Ciliate protozoa, commonly studied as arepresentative of the Ciliate group.Paramecia are widespreadin freshwater, brackishand marineenvironments, and are often very abundant instagnant basins and ponds.
159. DidiniumDidinium is a genusof unicellular ciliate protists with at least ten accepted species.All are free-living carnivores. Most are found in fresh and brackishwater, but threemarine speciesare known. Their diet consists largely of Paramecium , although theywill also attack and consume other ciliates.
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160. Vorticella
Vorticella is a genus of protozoa, with over 16 known species. They arestalked, inverted bell-shaped ciliates, placed among the peritrichs. Each cell has aseparate stalk anchored onto the substrate, which contains a contractile fibrilcalled
a myoneme. When stimulated, this shortens, causing the stalk to coil like aspring.Vorticella species mainly live in freshwater ponds and streams—generallyanywhere protists are plentiful.
161. Slime moldsSlime mold or slime mould is a broad term describing some organisms thatuse spores to reproduce. Slime molds were formerly classified as fungibut are nolonger considered part of this kingdom.
162. Water moldsOomycota or oomycetes (oömycetes) form a distinct phylogeneticlineage of fungus-
like eukaryotic microorganisms. They are filamentous, microscopic, absorptiveorganisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are also often referred toas water molds (or water moulds ), although the water-preferring nature which ledto that name is not true of most species, which are terrestrial pathogens.
163. PlasmodiumPlasmodium is a genusof parasitic protozoa. Infection with this genus is knownas malaria. The parasite always has two hosts in its life cycle: a mosquito vectorandavertebrate host. At least ten species infect humans. Other species infect otheranimals, including birds, reptiles and rodents.
164. MalariaMalaria is a mosquito-borne infectious diseaseof humans and other animals causedby parasitic protozoans(a type of unicellular microorganism) of thegenusPlasmodium . Commonly, the disease is transmitted via a bite from an infectedfemale Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into aperson's circulatory system.
165. Anopheles mosquito Anopheles (Greek anofelís: good-for-nothing) is a genusof mosquitofirst describedand named by J. W. Meigenin 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of thegenus Plasmodium , which cause malaria in humans in endemicareas.
166. UnicellularAunicellular organism , also known as asingle-celled organism , isan organismthat consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organismthatconsists of multiple cells. Historically the simple single celled organisms havesometimes been referred to asmonads .
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167. Giardia lambliaGiardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan parasite that colonizes and reproduces inthe small intestine, causing giardiasis. The parasite attaches to the epitheliumbyaventral adhesive disc, and reproduces via binary fission.
168. Trypanosoma gambienseTrypanosoma brucei is a species of salivary trypanosomewhich causes Africantrypanosomiasis, known also as sleeping sickness in humans and naganain animals.T.brucei has traditionally been grouped into three subspecies:T. b. brucei , T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense , the first of which is unable to infect humans.
169. TrichonymphaTrichonympha is a genus of parabasalian protists that live in the intestinesof many, ifnot most, termite species. They are symbiotes, in that they break down the celluloseinthe wood and plant fibers their hosts eat.
170. FungiAfungus (/ f ŋ s/; plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of a large groupof eukaryoticorganisms that includes microorganisms suchas yeastsandmolds(British English: moulds), as well as the morefamiliar mushrooms.
171. SaprophytesSaprophytes are a plant, fungus, or micro-organism, more accurately called myco-heterotrophs because they actually parasitize fungi, rather than dead organic matterdirectly. They live on dead or decomposing matter
172. CnidariansCnidaria is a phylumcontaining over 10,000 speciesof animalsfound exclusively inaquatic and mostly marineenvironments. Their distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey.
173. RhizoidsRhizoids are simple hair-like protuberances that extend from the lower epidermalcellsof bryophytes, Rhodophytaand pteridophytes. They are similar in structure andfunction to the root hairsof vascular land plants.
174. RhizopusRhizopus is a genusof common saprobicfungi on plants and specialized parasites onanimals. They are found on a wide variety of organic substrates, including "maturefruits and vegetables", faeces, jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts and tobacco.
175. Non vascular plants
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Non-vascular plants are plants without a vascular system(xylemand phloem).Although non-vascular plants lack these particular tissues, many possess simplertissues that are specialized for internal transport of water.
176. Vascular plant
Vascular plants (from Latinvasculum : duct), also known astracheophytes (from theequivalent Greek termtrachea ) and alsohigher plants , form a large group of plantsthat are defined as those land plantsthat have lignified tissues(the xylem) forconducting water and minerals throughout the plant.
177. Sphagnum Sphagnum is a genusof approximately 120 speciesof mosses. Sphagnumaccumulations can store water, since both living and dead plants can hold largequantities of water inside their cells; plants may hold from 16-26 times as much wateras their dry weight depending on the species.
178. PeatPeat (turf ) is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetationor organic matter thatis unique to natural areas called peatlands or mires. The peatland ecosystem is themost efficient carbon sink on the planet because peatland plants capture the CO2which is naturally released from the peat maintaining an equilibrium.
179. FernsAfern is any one or more of a group of roughly 12,000 speciesof plants belonging tothe botanical group known as Pteridophyta. Unlike mosses, they havexylemand phloem(making them vascular plants). They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants. Ferns reproduce via spores and haveneither seedsnor flowers. Most ferns have what are called fiddleheads. Thefiddleheads expand into what are called fronds, which are each delicately divided.
180. SporesAspore is a unit of asexual reproductionthat may be adapted for dispersaland forsurvival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavorable conditions. Bycontrast, gametesare units of sexual reproduction. Spores form part of the lifecyclesof many plants, algae, fungiand protozoa.
181. GymnospermsThe gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plantsthatincludes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo , and Gnetales. The term "gymnosperm" comes fromthe Greekword gymnospermos (γυμνόςπερμοσ ), meaning "naked seeds", after theunenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovulesin their unfertilized state).
182. CycadsCycads are seed plantstypically characterized by a stout and woody trunk witha crownof large, hard and stiff, evergreen leaves. They usually have pinnate leaves.
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is also widely used to distinguish plants with little or no woody growth from trees andshrubs, which are also technically perennials.
191. DicotyledonsThe dicotyledons , also known asdicots , was a grouping formerly used for
the flowering plantswhose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 199,350 specieswithin this group. Flowering plants that were notdicotyledons were called monocotyledons, typically having one embryonic leaf.
192. Jatropha curcas Jatropha curcas is a species of flowering plantin the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, that is native to the American tropics, most likely Mexicoand Central America. J.curcas is a poisonous, semi-evergreen shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 6 m(20 ft). It is resistant to a high degree of aridity, allowing it to be grown in deserts.
193. Manihot esculentaCassava (Manihot esculenta ), a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae(spurge) familynative to South America, is extensively cultivated as anannual crop in tropicaland subtropicalregions for its ediblestarchy tuberous root, amajor source of carbohydrates.
194. Echinochloa crus-galliEchinochloa crus-galli is a type of wild grass originating from tropical Asia that wasformerly classified as a type of panicumgrass. This plant can grow to 60" (1.5 m) inheight and has long, flat leaves which are often purplish at the base.
195. Digitaria sanguinalisDigitaria sanguinalis is a species of grassknown by the common namehairycrabgrass or large crabgrass . It is one of the better-known species of crabgrass, andone that is known nearly worldwide as a common weed.
196. MulticellularMulticellular organisms are organismsthat consist of more than one cell, in contrastto single-celled organisms. To form a multicellular organism, these cells need toidentify and attach to the other cells.
197. InvertebratesInvertebrates are animal species that do not possess or develop a vertebral column,derived from the notochord. This in effect includes all animals apart from thesubphylum Vertebrata. Familiar examples of invertebrates include insects, worms,clams, crabs, octopus, snails, and starfish.
198. VertebratesVertebrates are animalsthat are members of the subphylumVertebrata .Vertebrates include the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, withcurrently about 64,000 speciesdescribed. Vertebrates include the jawless fishand
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the jawed vertebrates, which includes the cartilaginous fish(sharks and rays) andthe bony fish.
199. SpongesSponges are animalsof the phylumPorifera . They are multicellular organisms that
have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them,consisting of jelly-like mesohylsandwiched between two thin layers of cells.
200. Phylum poriferaphylumPorifera; meaning "pore bearer", they have unspecialized cells that cantransform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers andthe mesohyl in the process.
201. Tropical stormAtropical storm is an organized system of strong thunderstorms with a definedsurface circulation and maximum sustained winds between 34 knots (39 mph) and 64
knots (74 mph). At this point, the distinctive cyclonic shape starts to develop,although an eye is not usually present.
202. SpiculesSpicules are tiny spike-like structures of diverse origin and function found in manyorganisms, such as the copulatoryspicules of certain nematodesor the grains on theskin of some frogs.
203. OsculumThe osculum is an excretory structure in the living sponge, a large opening to theoutside through which the current of water exits after passing throughthe spongocoel.
204. Tropical depressionAtropical depression is an organized system of clouds and thunderstorms with adefined, closed surface circulation and maximum sustained windsof less than 34knots (39 mph). It has no eyeand does not typically have the organization or thespiral shape of more powerful storms.
205. TyphoonAtyphoon is a mature tropical cyclonethat develops in the western part of the NorthPacific Ocean. A typhoon is a system with sustained winds of at least 34 metres persecond (66 kn) or 74 miles per hour (119 km/h).
206. Super typhoonSuper typhoon category when wind speed reaches 130 kn.
207. Tropical cyclones
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Atropical cyclone is a rapidly-rotating storm systemcharacterized by a low-pressure center, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms thatproduce heavy rain.
208. Latitude
Latitude (φ) is a geographic coordinatethat specifies the north-south position of apoint on the Earth's surface. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from0° at the Equatorto 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude,or parallels , run east –west as circles parallel to the equator.
209. LongitudeLongitude is a geographic coordinatethat specifies the east-west position of a pointon the Earth's surface. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degreesanddenoted by the Greek letter lambda(λ).
210. Meteoroid
Ameteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body travelling through space. Meteoroidsare significantly smaller than asteroids, and range in size from small grains to 1meter-wide objects.
211. MeteorAmeteor or "shooting star" is the visible streak of light from a meteoroidor micrometeoroid, heated and glowing from entering the Earth's atmosphere, as itsheds glowing material in its wake. Meteors typically occur in the mesosphereataltitudes between 76 to 100 km (47 to 62 mi).
212. MeteoriteAmeteorite is a solid piece of debris, from such sources as asteroids or comets, thatoriginates in outer spaceand survives its impact with the Earth's surface. It is calleda meteoroidbefore its impact.
213. AtmosphereAnatmosphere is a layer of gasessurrounding a planet or other material bodyofsufficient massthat is held in place by the gravityof the body. An atmosphere is morelikely to be retained if the gravity is high and the atmosphere's temperature is low.
214. Meteor showerAmeteor shower is a celestial eventin which a number of meteors are observed toradiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky.
215. PhenomenaAphenomenon pluralphenomena , is any observable occurrence. Phenomena areoften, but not always, understood as 'appearances' or'experiences'.
216. Comets
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Acomet is an icy small Solar System bodythat, when passing close to the Sun, heatsup and begins to outgas, displaying a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes alsoa tail. These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiationand the solarwind upon the nucleus of the comet.
217. Asteroids Asteroids are minor planets, especially those of the inner Solar System. The largerones have also been calledplanetoids .
218. PropertiesIs the intrinsic or extrinsic qualities of an object
219. MassMass is a property of a physical bodywhich determines the body's resistancetobeing acceleratedby a forceand the strength of its mutual gravitationalattractionwith other bodies.
220. VolumesVolume is the quantityof three-dimensional spaceenclosed by some closedboundary, for example, the space that a substance(solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) orshape occupies or contains.
221. HardnessHardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanentshape change when a forceis applied.
222. TextureThe feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance.
223. ColorColor or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humansto thecategories calledred , blue , yellow , green and others. Color derives from the spectrumof light(distribution of lightpower versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with thespectral sensitivities of the light receptors.
224. FlexibilityThe quality of bending easily without breaking.Stiffness is the rigidity of an object— the extent to which it resists deformationinresponse to an applied force. The complementary concept isflexibility or pliability:the more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is.
225. MalleabilityMalleability , a similar property, is a material's ability to deformunder compressivestress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to forma thin sheet by hammering or rolling.
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226. SolidSolid is one of the four fundamental states of matter(the others being liquid, gas, and plasma). It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes ofshape or volume.
227. LiquidLiquid is one of the four fundamental states of matter(the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. A liquid ismade up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms and molecules, heldtogether by intermolecular bonds.
228. AngstromTheangstrom or ångström is a unit of length equal to 10−10 m (one ten-billionth of ameter) or 0.1 nm. Its symbol is the Swedish letter Å. The ångström is often used in thenatural sciences and technology to express the sizes of atoms, molecules, and microscopic biological structures, the lengths of chemical bonds, the arrangement
of atoms in crystals, the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, and thedimensions of integrated circuitparts.
229. MicroscopeAmicroscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the nakedeye.
230. GasGas is one of the four fundamental states of matter(the others being solid, liquid, and plasma). What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation ofthe individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible tothe human observer.
231. EvaporationEvaporation is a type of vaporizationof a liquidthat occurs from the surfaceof aliquid into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance. Theother type of vaporization is boiling, which is characterized by bubbles of saturatedvapor forming in the liquid phase.
232. CondensationCondensation is the change of the physical state of matterfrom gas phaseinto liquidphase, and is the reverse of vaporization. It can also be defined as the change in thestate of water vapor to liquid water when in contact with any surface.
233. Water vapourWater vapor or water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gasphase of water. It isone state of water within the hydrosphere. Water vaporcan be produced from theevaporationor boilingof liquid water or from the sublimationof ice. Unlike otherforms of water, water vapor is invisible.
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234. MeltingMelting is a physical process that results in the phase transitionof a substance froma solidto a liquid. The internal energyof a substance is increased, typically by theapplication of heat or pressure, resulting in a rise of its temperature to the meltingpoint, at which the ordering of ionic or molecular entities in the solid breaks down to
a less ordered state and the solid liquefies.235. Freezing
Freezing , orSolidification , is a phase transitionin which a liquidturns intoa solidwhen its temperature is lowered below its freezing point.
236. Nuclear modelNuclear model, any of several theoretical descriptions of the structure and functionof atomic nuclei (the positively charged, dense cores of atoms). Each of the models isbased on a plausible analogy that correlates a large amount of information andenables predictions of the properties of nuclei.
237. Slightly feltTo a small degree; not considerably.
238. Very strongCapable of extreme force
239. Strongpowerful; capable of exerting great force
240. Moderately strongaverage in amount, intensity, quality, or degree
241. WeakLacking intensity
242. Scarcely perceptibleAlmost never, seldom sense something.
243. DestructiveCausing great and irreparable harm or damage
244. DevastatingHighly destructive or damaging.
245. Completely devastatingEntirely destructive or destroyed.
246. Heat
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Heat seen as a form of energy arising from the random motion of the molecules ofbodies, which may be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation.
247. CurrentA flow of electricity which results from the ordered directional movement of
electrically charged particles; a quantity representing the rate of flow of electriccharge, usually measured in amperes.
248. VoltageVoltage is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in joules per coulomb (= volts). It is often referred to as "electric potential", which then must be distinguishedfrom electric potential energy by noting that the "potential" is a "per-unit-charge"quantity.
249. AmmeterAnammeter is a measuring instrumentused to measure the electric currentin
a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instrumentsused to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, aredesignated asmilliammeters or microammeters .
250. BulbIn botany, a bulb is a short stemwith fleshy leavesor leaf bases[1] that functionas food storage organsduring dormancy. (In gardening, other kinds of storage organare also called "bulbs" or "ornamental bulbs".)