.
 
          
:  .

 
 
 
.
--------------------------------------------------
             
  .
:
 
   
   
.             
: 

0
1
2
3
4
 
 
 
 
.
 
 
  .
 
     
   
  .
 
 
      -8   
 



 
 
 

 
 
      .    
 -10



         -12  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      
   
.   
 
       -13    
 
 

     
   
)1(   )2(  
 
 
        -15  
   
    
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.     -17
          

     
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.       
 
Shutterstock Heart 25834438 © Andreas Odersky
Shutterstock Lungs 13643479 © Sebastian Kaulitzki
Shutterstock Skeleton 13776790 © Sebastian Kaulitzki
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Shutterstock Fossil fish 968224 © Jubal Harshaw
Shutterstock Fossil footprint 11990341 © Anton Foltin
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