science forum day 5 - fish breeding and genetics group - genetic improvement and effective...

Genetic Improvement and Effective Dissemination

Keys to Prosperous and Sustainable Aquaculture

Industries

Fish Breeding and Genetics Group Aquaculture and Genetic Improvement

AFTER MANY YEARS OF EFFORT……

Fish Breeding and Genetics Group, AQ

Superiority of Improved Strains


Genetically Improved Farmed Genetically Improved Farmed

Tilapia (GIFT)Tilapia (GIFT)



Local

GIFT vs Sri Lanka local GIFT vs Sri Lanka local tilapiatilapia

Seasonal tanks



Abbassa strain Commercial strain

112g



FCR: 1.7-1.8(local rohu FCR: 2.4-2.6)

Profit level doubled (Rs.55,000/ ha.)

2 harvests per yearImproved Rohu Improved Rohu

“Jayanti”“Jayanti”

WHAT DO WE OFTEN FIND AT THE FARM LEVEL ?



Photo credit: Khaw Hooi Ling

Depression

Inbred

HOW DO WE CREATE THOSE IMPROVED FISH…?



Photo credits: Fish Breeding and Genetics Group, and “Google Image”


AFRICAAFRICAASIAASIA

Examples……Examples……

Photo credits: Fish Breeding and Genetics Group, and “Google Image”


Production systems

Fish Breeder

Marketing Systems

Fish Breeder

Photo credits: Jitra Research Station and “Google Image”


Research Station

Production Systems

HOW DO WE PRACTICALLY GET THE PROGRAM STARTED?



Israel

Thailand

Singapore

Taiwan

Egypt

KenyaGhana

Senegal

Taking GIFT as Taking GIFT as example……example……


BASE POPULATION


Familiarization with farming community sentiments

Economically most important trait(s)

SurvivalSurvival


Improved strain: Fast growing fish ETC……

Disease Resistance

Flesh Quality

“SELECTION” IS EASIER TALKED ABOUT THAN DONE~


Low

to H

ighl

y

Low

to H

ighl

yFish Breeding and Genetics Group, AQ

Mass Selection

Cohort Selection

Within Family Selection

Combined Within and

Between Family Selection

Difficulty Cost Accuracy Science Value

Eas

y to

Diff

icul

t

Che

ap to

Exp

ensi

ve

Suitable for hatcheries or commercial operators

May be fine~


Combined Within and Between Family Selection

Research Station

Data collection

Data processing

Mating………

Nursing…….


4 to 6

months of

Communal

rearing

Individual identification

Data collection AGAIN~

Harvesting………


Mating NOT at random

Why?Manage inbreeding

Maintain effective population size

AFTER 3 OR 4 GENERATIONS OF SELECTION WE CAN SHOW GENETIC GAIN~


A “young” program – Red tilapia in Malaysia


4-7% genetic gain per generation4-7% genetic gain per generation

After After twotwo generations

generations

of selection

of selection

Abbassa Strain Comparison


Effect Year Strain Density Sex

Level 2009 2010 A K 2 4 F M

Year2009 106.09 118.81 94.09 123.65 90.06 81.90 133.63

2010 127.01 154.26 102.62 148.84 107.12 104.86 151.54

StrainA 135.96 158.51 115.13 112.15 161.80

K 98.41 114.92 82.99 75.52 124.10

Density2 135.96 107.54 167.44

4 98.41 79.39 119.25

SexF 92.93

M 142.32



Harvest weight: more than 30% greatermore than 30% greater

Abbassa strain Commercial strain

135.96 g 98.41 g



Effect Density

Level 2 4

StrainA 158.51 115.13

K 114.92 82.99

2 fish/m2

4 fish/m2



Effect Sex

Level F M

StrainA 112.15 161.80

K 75.52 124.10

=

WHAT COMES NEXT?


WHAT DOES EFFECTIVE DISSEMINATION ENTAIL?


*Effective* Dissemination


Selection (Breeding Center)

Production (Farmers)

Multiplication (Hatcheries)

Gen

e flo

w

WHAT HAS HAPPENED IN AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT?




Gen

e flo

wMultiplication (Hatcheries)


WHAT HAVE THE CONSEQUENCES BEEN??



Gen

e flo

wSelection and Multiplication (Hatcheries)




Gen

e flo

wMultiplication (Hatcheries)


WHAT IS THE WAY OUT?


CAPACITY BUILDING


ARE THERE ANY PROBLEMS? YES, POTENTIAL RISKS…


?

Photo: AquaBounty

Similar progress for

fish in the future

NOT NEW ISSUES... HOW DO EXISTING POLICIES GUIDE US?


Improving decision-making through risk analysis

WHAT IS OUR CURRENT APPROACH?


Not every situation has the same risk

– E.g. Tilapia in Asia? Pacific? Africa?

– Risk analysis framework can help but many uncertainties

– Molecular characterization, small pond trials can reduce uncertainty

– Alternatives having lower risk may be identified and considered• Problem Formulation Options Assessment

method (Nelson et al.)

well designed pond trials

•An example based on political boundaries, river basins and native tilapias having potential for aquaculture in Africa• Are other candidates, not shown for simplicity

Regional zoning to minimize non-native spread

SOME EXAMPLES OF OUR WORK…


Scoping for risk analysis for GIFT importation

Workshop in countryFacilitating an external risk analysisDeveloping conceptual model

Considerations for tilapia in Solomon Islands

Photo:

Theresa B

auer

Genetic characterization of tilapia

Sampling locations

Sampling locations

Genetic screening of wild Nile tilapia in West Africa

Population genetics approach to investigate molecular diversity

What is at risk if GIFT is introduced?

Risk management example

Images courtesy C. Nugent, FAO

A responsible but practical way forward

Obtaining harmony between dissemination and potential impact of escapes

• We want farmers to access fish but in an environmentally responsible way

• Continued research is essential for understanding impacts, as is building capacity to do so

RECAPITULATING…


Social Interactions


Resistance to Challenges

QTLQTLs Genomics

FBG 9329

Genomics


EBV GEBVSNP = Single nucleotide polymorphism


SNP effectsSomatic cell

score

Source : Simianer 2011

Each dot = one SNPEach color = one chromosome

Chromosome

Sta

ndar

dize

d S

NP

effe

ct


Genetic Gain

Accuracy of EBV

Generation

Interval

Genetic Variance

Selection Intensity

Efficiency of selection

Adoption and benefits


Lower Inbreedin

g


Simulation study Chen et al. (2011)

EBV GEBV EBV GEBV

Source : Simianer 2011


CHINA

INDIA

BANGLADESH

THAILANDINDONESIA

PHILIPPINES

MALAYSIA

VIETNAMCommon Carp (P)

Rohu (P); Freshwater Prawn (P); GIFT (SC)

Common Carp (P)

GIFT (P)

GIFT (P); Red Tilapia (P)

Common Carp (from China and Vietnam)Silver Barb (P);

GIFT (P)

Silver Barb (P) & GIFT (P, SC)

EGYPT

UGANDA

MALAWI

ZIMBABWE

BURKINA FASO

GHANANile Tilapia (P)

Nile Tilapia from Ghana

Nile Tilapia (MS, P); O.aureus (MS, P); Catfish (P)

O. shiranus (P)

Nile Tilapia (SC)

Nile Tilapia (SC)

SRI LANKARohu (P); GIFT (SC)

science forum day 5 - fish breeding and genetics group - genetic improvement and effective...

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