science for human rights - research ethics program · high-resolution satellite imagery provides...
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Science for Human RightsMethods for
Security and Humanitarian Aid(a work in progress)
www.amnestyusa.org/science
Based on work by Scott Edwards, SHR Director, AIUSA
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Topics
OverviewResearch and Information Gathering
Computational ToolsData Visualization
Education and TrainingEconomic, Social, and Cultural rights (ESCR)
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Science for Human Rights Is Not New
Analysis and studies of environmental hazards Lead Air pollution Pesticides used by farm labor
Vaccines to disadvantaged regions Medical Forensics Argentina, Chile, ...
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Human Right to the Benefits of Science
The human right to the benefits of science was first internationally recognized in the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) More recent tenets of the right include: Equitable access to the benefits of scientific progress, with
particular focus on vulnerable and marginalized groups Investing in R&D and creating incentives for innovation to
address suffering of these groups Freedom of scientists to engage in scientific inquiry, while
also conducting their work responsibly Fostering international cooperation in science
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Summary of AAAS Statement on Right to Science
Adopted 4/16/2010 AAAS will: Highlight the importance of discussions concerning the
human right to benefit from science Engage the domestic and global scientific communities in
defining the right, and determining its application to a diverse range of scientific disciplines and concerns
Coordinate the efforts of the AAAS science and human rights coalition to pursue strategies for integrating this right into the work of coalition members
Building on these activities, engage the US government and other key actors in dialogue on the right to benefit from science, and its implications for policies and programs
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Science-Based Humanitarian Methods Research and Information Gathering
Satellite Imaging Crowd Sourcing – using modern telecommunications
Participatory geographic information systems (GIS) Must be careful to protect sources
Computational Tools Artificial Intelligence
Searching news reports Language recognition
Automated Image Analysis Models of Forced Migration
Data Visualization Geospatial mapping
Training Economic, Social, and Cultural rights (ESCR)
Medical technology
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Technology: Power to the People Cell phones are everywhere
Even in poor, developing regions Especially useful with cameras
Exposing possible government murder in china with photos from phones Government cover up tried to censor photographs, but couldn’t stop the
Internet distribution And video
SF BART shooting was video recorded on a cell phone For many poor people, cell phones are their livelihoods
Allow efficient travel for business deals (fuel costs oppressive) Citizen reporting
Buying a sim card normally requires a name and ID, but many stores don’t check them. This allows anonymous phone use.
Solar cells to power the above (e.g. Africa) Cell is the only Internet access available at many
homes
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21st Century Human Rights Monitoring, Advocacy, and Conflict Avoidance
Since 2008, AIUSA has been working with the wider AI movement to modernize the tools and techniques of the human rights advocacy trade. Satellite imaging Computational analysis tools
Artificial intelligence Image feature extraction (huts, fires, buildings, ...) Migration models
Data Visualization Geospatial mapping User selected data filtering/combining
“Crowd sourcing”
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Research and Information Gathering
Satellite ImagingCrowd Sourcing
Alternative Data Streams
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Satellite Imaging: More Than Just Pictures
Visible image High resolution (~0.5 - 2 m)
Multi-spectral Lower resolution (~20 m) Fire sensing requires only ~10-50 m resolution
“Remote sensing” using cloud and canopy piercing radar1
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The Satellites
Mostly commercial Military doesn’t share images
and data Privately owned Sell images for profit ~$100M investment Expensive to operate
Lifetime of years, with planned replacement Some control over its course Requesting specific locations costs even more
Surface coverage is variable
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Eyes on Darfurwww.eyesondarfur.org/
In 2006, Amnesty International USA (AIUSA), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) used satellites to record irrefutable evidence of destruction in Darfur High-resolution satellite imagery provides unimpeachable evidence of
the atrocities being committed in Darfur Enables action by policy makers, international courts, and private
citizens
Created the Eyes on Darfur project Broke new ground in protecting human rights by allowing people around
the world to literally “watch over” Sudan Focus to protect twelve intact, but highly vulnerable, villages Only 2 were destroyed: generally considered a success
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Crowd Sourcing: Amplifying Voices 1000 anecdotes is worth a solid piece of evidence
Humans coding news stories about perpetrators, victims, timing, and methods E.g., Eyes on Pakistan
1000 people predict conflict better than computer models Statistical aggregation of thousands of human stories is more accurate
than computer models in predicting conflict Cell phones are great
SMS and cameras are everywhere, even in poor countries Weapons of mass documentation Encryption: Blackberry and Saudi Arabia
GPS locating Examples
Finding secret prisons in Eritrea Feeding crowd-sourced information in real time to women’s shelters
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Crowd Sourcing Tools
Must be careful Access codes for authenticity Verification: protect against manipulation Can sometimes inflame further violence
Ushahidi Uses secret codes: must be set up ahead of time Hides information from perpetrators: protects sources
Martus Encrypts longer narratives
Benetech: non-profit development for human rights AIUSA working to merge data sets
Combining real-time crowd-sourcing with data visualization
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Ushahidi (and similar) Systems: Amplifying Voices
In places such as Haiti or DRC, individuals can securely report isolated events
Groups with no servers can still set up their own mapping center.
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Alternative Data Streams (Data Mining)
Lagging Reconstruction in the New Orleans lower 9th
Ward, as indicated by Postal Delivery records
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Computational Analysis Tools
Artificial intelligenceConflict models
Migration models
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Automated Image Recognition
Only crude algorithms available, as yet Computationally expensive
Computer selects candidates Requires human intervention on each image for confirmation
Miss rate not well known
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Crisis Early Warning and Risk Analysis
1 1 2 21 2( ) ( )
u uD c D c
σ η σ ηι ι ι ι= → = → → →⋅ ≥ ⋅
Scott Edwards, The Chaos of Forced Displacement, 2008
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Agent Based Models
Like John Horton Conway’s game of “Life” Only with terrain And intelligent life And real human consequences
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Data Visualization
Web-basedUser Customizable
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Data Visualization
Geospatial mapping Like Google maps Only much more serious
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User Selectable Filtering and Combining
Helps policy makers see the need See trends with time sequence images
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Better Tools, Better Analysis:Patterns and Trends (Lars Bromley, AAAS)
Average Daily Fires in Darfur, Sudan Before and During Government Offensives
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Patterns and Trends
“Eyes on Pakistan”www.eyesonpakistan.org
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Geospatial Technologies
Geospatial Technologies is a general term for information that is assigned to specific locations on earth It is well-developed in environmental science, conservation,
humanitarian relief and many other sections Emerging re-application to human rights.
It comprises a wide range of technologies, methods and tools remote sensing geo-positional tools (GPS) mapping
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Geospatial Technologies (2)
GTs have been used to assist in documentation and research producing hard evidence refuting false claims.
It has more recently increased the ability to monitor and protect populations at risk producing advanced warnings of crisis for prevention methods
Lastly, the information can be shared to stimulate activism providing visual access to restricted areas within certain countries
Support for Amnesty International work: Currently a grant from the Oak Foundation (www.oakfnd.org/) Shared with our science partner - AAAS's Science and Human Rights
Program (shr.aaas.org/)
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Research in Crises: Collecting Information Before it Disappears
Damage to civilian infrastructure during Georgian control compared with Russian occupation
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Systematic and Comprehensive
Satellite imagery allowed Amnesty International to demonstrate the frightening pace of housing demolitions in Chad
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Data Accessibility
Mapping of large-n data associated with “Deadly Delivery”
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Demonstrating Scope and Severitywww.amnestyusa.org/science/explore/
The Porta Farm community in Zimbabwe, before and after politically-motivated forced evictions.After two years, nearly no trace of former community.
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Documenting Severity: Lebanonwww.amnestyusa.org/science/explore/
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Advocacy: Early Intervention and Prevention
Impact Analysis of “Eyes on Darfur” protective sites
www.eyesondarfur.org
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Bringing Research Materials to Life
Tama, a town in S. Darfur, following an attack by government soldiers in 2005.
Eyewitness testimony from Kutum, in N. Darfur, following a Janjawid attack.
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Breaking Crisis Cycles
FIRMS fire alerts survey entire earth twice a day
Prediction, detection, and rapid response
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Setting the Human Rights Agenda in the Context of Disaster
UNICEF: Access to relief UNICEF: in Gaza
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Training and Education
System AdministrationReporters
Rules of EvidenceEngaging the Public
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Administrators and Reporters
Administrators: Information Technology (IT) Setup and run a data center Reporter and user technical support Information source secrecy and access
Can be complicated Can sources be permanently anonymous?
Reporters Manage passwords
Rules of evidence For both administrators and
reporters
AI SHR staff trained administratorsin Uganda and Kenya
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Mission Planning and Support
AIUSA’s SHR staff work with International Secretariat researchers to help plan and support field work. Equipping mission teams with technology
geopositioning tools satellite communications digitized base maps of unfamiliar and previously unmapped areas
While on the ground, coordinate with teams to identify potential HR abuses contextualize local reporting and testimony
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Engagement and Awareness: Helping the Public to Explore
AIUSA’s Google Earth views during the Sri Lanka crisis
Images from helicoptor and satellite put on Google earth
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Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ESCR)Cultural Differences
Cell PhonesReproductive Rights
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Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ESCR)
Cultural differences are huge Much bigger than most Americans realize
Cultural rights is an extremely sensitive topic Where does culture end, and
abuse begin? What if the supposed victim agrees
that the practice is appropriate or desirable?
What if the supposed victim is a child, and cannot give informed consent?
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Reproductive Rights
Birth Control Pills
Spousal consent
Implant Skin patch Education for informed
choice: side effects
Abortion Spousal consent
Sterilization
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Coming Soon…
Using remote sensing to: Detect gas flaring, home demolitions, and violations of
International Humanitarian Law in the Niger Delta Access displacement camps surrounding Mogadishu
Use Automated Data Collection to: Develop models for a comprehensive human rights crisis
early warning system Respond to crises through direct, “crowdsourced”
information
Use geovisualization techniques to: Increase engagement with activists and policy makers Use participatory Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to
find and expose secret detention facilities
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Are Cell Phones a Human Right?
Are cell phones an economic right? Huge quantitative and qualitative economic advantage In many regions, cell phones are key to the “right to work”?
Key to reporting and documenting abuse Camera, video, and GPS
Almost have to ask: In today’s world,Are cell phones a human right?
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The Next Boundaries
Improving computational modeling reliability Forecasting Crises Predicting refugee migration routes
Artificial Intelligence Systems Damage recognition
Integrated, purpose-built systems Easy to set up Easy to use Secure
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“When Elephants Fight, the Grass Gets Trampled”
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AAAS is a standing partner with AIUSA under the OAK Grant AAAS works with other
organizations, too Scott Edwards: ½ SHR
Directory, ½ Advocacy Director for Africa