science ethics ideal models from history human subject research examples from sf
TRANSCRIPT
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Science Ethics
• Ideal• Models from history• Human subject research• Examples from SF
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The Ideal Scientist:
• Neutral observer, reporting on their findings without bias
• Works past personality conflicts• Serves the greater good: increased
knowledge
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The Real Scientist
• Human beings with all our flaws• Like all other fields, famous people are
more likely to be outrageous• In some fields we have regulations to
try and compensate for our human flaws
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Science, including astronomy, is rife with conflicts
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Galileo GalileiItaly
1564-1642
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Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
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“Galileo’s Daughter”
by Dava Sobel
Suor Maria Celeste
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Tycho BraheGermany
1546-1601
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tycho_Brahe.JPG
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Tycho Brahe = Geocentric
Best measurements of planets
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Tycho Brahe’s Elk or Moose
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Tycho Brahe’s Nose
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Tycho BraheGermany
1546-1601
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tycho_Brahe.JPG
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Tycho Brahe = Geocentric
Best measurements of planets
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Johannes Kepler
Germany1571-1630
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg
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Kepler = Heliocentric
Tycho Brahe’s student, used his data to support
heliocentric
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Sir Isaac NewtonEngland
1643-1727
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg
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Newton’s “Principia”
Written in Latin
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Gottfried Wilhelm von
Leibniz1646-1716
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Who invented Calculus?
• Newton worked on it in 1666, but didn’t publish
• Leibniz started his work in 1674 and published in 1684
• Newton’s Principia in 1687 used geometric calculus
• Newton published fluxions in 1693 & 1704
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Modern Calculus
• Applications to physics from Newton• Notation from Leibniz• Debate exists over whether one copied
the other• Current consensus is that they
developed their work independently
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HaumeaMike Brown (USA, @plutokiller)
José Luis Ortiz Moreno (Spain)
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Haumea
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What we know
• 2003 Ortiz images include the object • 2004 Brown images include the object • 2005
– Brown announces he found a new object, but no details
– Ortiz’s group accesses Brown’s observing logs (legal, but ethics unclear, depend on motive)
– Ortiz announces his discovery with details
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Final word?
• International Astronomical Union (IAU)• Discovery date and provisionary name
(2003 EL61) from Ortiz observations
• Name (Haumea) from Brown’s suggestion
• Discoverer left blank
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The Bone Wars, 1877-1892
Edward Drinker Cope, Philly
Othniel Charles Marsh, Yale
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The Bone Wars, 1877-1892
• Paid off each other’s workers to not tell their respective boss of finds
• Misdirect bones to the other researcher• Even dynamited sites so the other
couldn’t dig there! • Financially bankrupt, and socially ruined• Discovered 142 dinosaur species in
Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado
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So those were bad examples. What about a good one?
Human Subject Research
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Guiding Principles
• Informed consent• Voluntary (no coercion)• Do no harm
– Benefits must outweigh risk– Chance of harm and severity of harm– Benefits to self or others
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Institutional Review Board (IRB)
• Each institution (university, company, hospital, etc.) has one
• Approves, monitors, and reviews all research involving humans (and animals)– Similar bodies review new drugs and
medical procedures• Conducts risk-benefit analysis
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• A one-way trip to Mars• Ethical issues?
– We don’t know what the risks are, so can’t have fully informed consent
– Risk is 100%: you will die on this mission, the only questions are when and how
– Benefits??
Human Spaceflight
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Sci-Fi Examples
• Star Trek’s Prime Directive – No interference with other civilizations
• Avatar (2009)– RDA is searching out “unobtainium” on
Pandora, and doesn’t care about killing the native people
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