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A Companion to South Asia in the Past
The Blackwell Companions to Anthropology offers a series of comprehensive syntheses of the traditional subdisciplines primary subjects and geographic areas of inquiry for the field Taken together the series represents both a contemporary survey of anthropology and a cutting edge guide to the emerging research and intellectual trends in the field as a whole
1 A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology edited by Alessandro Duranti2 A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics edited by David Nugent and Joan Vincent3 A Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians edited by Thomas Biolsi4 A Companion to Psychological Anthropology edited by Conerly Casey and Robert B
Edgerton5 A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan edited by Jennifer Robertson6 A Companion to Latin American Anthropology edited by Deborah Poole7 A Companion to Biological Anthropology edited by Clark Larsen8 A Companion to the Anthropology of India edited by Isabelle Clark‐Decegraves9 A Companion to Medical Anthropology edited by Merrill Singer and Pamela I Erickson
10 A Companion to Cognitive Anthropology edited by David B Kronenfeld Giovanni Bennardo Victor C de Munck and Michael D Fischer
11 A Companion to Cultural Resource Management edited by Thomas King12 A Companion to the Anthropology of Education edited by Bradley A Levinson and
Mica Pollock13 A Companion to the Anthropology of the Body and Embodiment edited by Frances E
Mascia‐Lees14 A Companion to Paleopathology edited by Anne L Grauer15 A Companion to Folklore edited by Regina F Bendix and Galit Hasan‐Rokem16 A Companion to Forensic Anthropology edited by Dennis Dirkmaat17 A Companion to the Anthropology of Europe edited by Ullrich Kockel Maacuteireacutead Nic
Craith and Jonas Frykman18 A Companion to Border Studies edited by Thomas M Wilson and Hastings Donnan19 A Companion to Rock Art edited by Jo McDonald and Peter Veth20 A Companion to Moral Anthropology edited by Didier Fassin21 A Companion to Gender Prehistory edited by Diane Bolger22 A Companion to Organizational Anthropology edited by D Douglas Caulkins and
Ann T Jordan23 A Companion to Paleoanthropology edited by David R Begun24 A Companion to Chinese Archaeology edited by Anne P Underhill25 A Companion to the Anthropology of Religion edited by Janice Boddy and Michael
Lambek26 A Companion to Urban Anthropology edited by Donald M Nonini27 A Companion to the Anthropology of the Middle East edited by Soraya Altorki28 A Companion to Heritage Studies edited by William Logan Maacuteireacutead Nic Craith and
Ullrich Kockel29 A Companion to Dental Anthropology edited by Joel D Irish and G Richard Scott30 A Companion to Anthropology of Environmental Health edited by Merrill Singer31 A Companion to South Asia in the Past edited by Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash
R Walimbe
A Companion to South Asia in the PastEdited byGwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe
This edition first published 2016copy 2016 John Wiley amp Sons Inc
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The right of Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for
Hardback 9781119055488
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Cover image Courtesy of the Author
Set in 1012pt Galliard by SPi Global Pondicherry India
1 2016
Dedicated to Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy (1930ndash2014)Biological anthropologist mentor and friend
FIGURE 01 Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy
Contents
Notes on Contributors x
Acknowledgments xvii
Formal Dedication xviiiVN Misra
Foreword xxAngela R Lieverse
Maps xxvi
1 Introduction 1Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe
Part I Paleoanthropology in South Asia 11
2 Mammalian Paleodiversity and Ecology of Siwalik Primates in India and Nepal 13Rajan Gaur
3 A Decade of Paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent (2005ndash2015) 32Parth R Chauhan
4 Archaic Genomes and the Peopling of South Asia 51Mark Stoneking
5 Out of Africa and into South Asia The Evidence from Paleolithic Archaeology 60Ravi Korisettar
viii contents
6 Hominin Fossil Remains from the Narmada Valley 72AR Sankhyan
7 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain and Adjoining Hilly Regions of the Vindhyas 86JN Pal
8 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain Pathology Stature and Subsistence 101John R Lukacs
Part II Middle Holocene Farmers and Urban Dwellers 125
9 Current Perspectives on the Harappan Civilization 127Vasant Shinde
10 Excavations at Harappa 1986ndash2010 New Insights on the Indus Civilization and Harappan Burial Traditions 145JM Kenoyer and RH Meadow
11 Bioarchaeology of the Indus Valley Civilization Biological Affinities Paleopathology and Chemical Analyses 169Nancy C Lovell
12 More than Origins Refining Migration in the Indus Civilization 187Benjamin Valentine
13 Aryans and the Indus Civilization Archaeological Skeletal and Molecular Evidence 205Michel Danino
14 The Ahar Culture and Others Social Spectrums of the Mewar Plain 225Teresa P Raczek
15 The Archaeology of the Late Holocene on the Deccan Plateau (The Deccan Chalcolithic) 240Prabodh Shirvalkar and Esha Prasad
16 The Center Cannot Hold A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Environmental Crisis in the Second Millennium bce South Asia 255Gwen Robbins Schug and Kelly Elaine Blevins
17 The ldquoGandhara Grave Culturerdquo New Perspectives on Protohistoric Cemeteries in Northern and Northwestern Pakistan 274Muhammad Zahir
Part III Historic Archaeology Monuments and Meaning 295
18 Early Iron Age Megalith Builders of Vidarbha A Historical View 297PS Joshi
19 Situating Iron Age Monuments in South India A Textual and Ethnographic Approach 310K Rajan
contents ix
20 A Review of Early Historic Urbanization in India 319Reshma Sawant and Gurudas Shete
21 Historical and Medieval Period Archaeology 332Monica L Smith
22 The Transition to Agricultural Production in India South Asian Entanglements of Domestication 344Charlene A Murphy and Dorian Q Fuller
23 From Millet to Rice (and Back Again) Cuisine Cultivation and Health in Southern India 358Kathleen D Morrison
24 Death and Burial among Two Ancient High‐Altitude Communities of Nepal 374Mark Aldenderfer and Jacqueline T Eng
Part IV South Asia in Retrospect 399
25 Prehistoric Archaeology in Bangladesh An Overview 401Shahnaj Husne Jahan
26 Archaeology of Nepal 412Prakash Darnal
27 The Peopling of Sri Lanka from Prehistoric to Historic Times Biological and Archaeological Evidence 426Samanti Kulatilake
28 Theoretical Archaeology in India An Anthropological Perspective 437K Paddayya
29 Moving Forward Looking Back The Collective Memory of Indian Anthropology 450Abhik Ghosh
30 Anthropology and Museums in India 465Kishor K Basa
31 Human Skeletal Studies Changing Trends in Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives 482Subhash R Walimbe
32 Where Are They Now The Human Skeletal Remains from India 496V Mushrif-Tripathy KS Chakraborty and S Lahiri
Index 534
Chapter 1 Notes on Contributors
Mark Aldenderfer is Professor of Anthropology in the School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts at the University of California Merced USA His research focuses on the comparative analysis of high altitudemdashEthiopian Andean and Tibetanmdashcultural and biological adaptations from an archaeological perspective He has edited or written 10 books including Montane Foragers (1998) and has published 107 articles and book c hapters in journals including Science PNAS Journal of Archaeological Science Latin American Antiquity
Kishor K Basa serves as the Coordinator for the Centre for Advanced Study in Anthropology at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar India His research focuses on the archaeology of Odisha early trade between India and Southeast Asia beads ethnoarchaeol-ogy archaeological theory and museology He has edited 10 books and published around 60 papers and has delivered the presidential address at the Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress (2007) the Archaeology Section of the Indian History Congress (2007) and the Annual Conference of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies (2011)
Kelly Elaine Blevins is a graduate student currently completing an MSc in paleopa-thology at Durham University UK She is broadly interested in paleopathology and bioarchaeology with a focus on infectious disease She completed her BS with honors from Appalachian State University where she was awarded the Jill Louckrsquos Memorial Scholarship and Outstanding Senior Award She has also been awarded an Archaeology Masterrsquos Bursary from Durham University and a Goizueta Scholarship She has p ublished in PLOS ONE
notes on contributors xi
KS Chakraborty is a doctoral research student in the Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Canada where he is also a teaching assistant His research is focused on ceramic residue and use alteration analysis GIS and geophysical survey photo grammetry and 3D imaging physical anthropology skeletal biology and isotopic studies He is the author of articles in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Arcaeology (2014) and the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (2012)
Parth R Chauhan is Assistant Professor of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Mohali Punjab India His research focuses on understanding early human technological adaptations to Quaternary environments in the Indian subcontinent and he has also carried out fieldwork in Yemen He is a coeditor of New Perspectives on Old Stones Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies (2010) with Stephen Lycett and of Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods Theories and Interpretations (2009) with Marta Camps and has published 40 articles in peer‐reviewed journals edited volumes and conference proceedings
Michel Danino is guest Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar in Gujarat India where he is assisting in setting up an Archaeological Sciences Center His research focuses on Indian protohistory and the mathematical features of Harappan town planning and metrology He is the author of The Lost River On the Trail of the Sarasvati (2010) 13 book chapters and 13 papers related to archaeology in journals such as Dossiers drsquoarcheacuteologie Man and Environment Puratattva and the Heritage Journal of Indian History and Culture He is a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research
Prakash Darnal is Chief of the National Archives of Nepal and serves as the Under Secretary for Nepal Governmentrsquos civil service His research focuses on field archaeology art architecture and culture He has conducted excavations at Khoksar Dhangadhi Vidhyapati Gadh Manimandap Devdaha Bhawanipur and Surkhet He has published hundreds of articles in Nepali and English in the Journal of Nepalese Studies and Ancient Nepal among others
Jacqueline T Eng is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University USA Her research focuses on bioarchaeological and paleopatholog-ical studies of ancient pastoral and agricultural populations Her published works examine the biological health consequences of increasing socioeconomic complexity and migration in Inner Asia including periods of interregional interactions between nomadic pastoral and agricultural populations and collaborative isotopic studies of shifting subsistence patterns She has worked in Nepal early medieval Iceland and postmedieval Romania
Dorian Q Fuller is Professor of Archaeobotany at University College London UK His research focuses on archaeobotanical analysis and early agriculture across the Old World including field and laboratory projects in China Southeast Asia India Southwest Asia and Africa He is coauthor of Tree and Woodlands in South India Archaeological Perspectives (2008) coeditor of Climates Landscape and Civilizations (2012) and Archaeology of African Plant Use (2014) and author of more than 200 academic papers
Rajan Gaur is Professor of Anthropology at Panjab University in Chandigarh India His research focuses on paleoanthropology mammalian paleontology and paleoecology
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
A Companion to South Asia in the Past
The Blackwell Companions to Anthropology offers a series of comprehensive syntheses of the traditional subdisciplines primary subjects and geographic areas of inquiry for the field Taken together the series represents both a contemporary survey of anthropology and a cutting edge guide to the emerging research and intellectual trends in the field as a whole
1 A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology edited by Alessandro Duranti2 A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics edited by David Nugent and Joan Vincent3 A Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians edited by Thomas Biolsi4 A Companion to Psychological Anthropology edited by Conerly Casey and Robert B
Edgerton5 A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan edited by Jennifer Robertson6 A Companion to Latin American Anthropology edited by Deborah Poole7 A Companion to Biological Anthropology edited by Clark Larsen8 A Companion to the Anthropology of India edited by Isabelle Clark‐Decegraves9 A Companion to Medical Anthropology edited by Merrill Singer and Pamela I Erickson
10 A Companion to Cognitive Anthropology edited by David B Kronenfeld Giovanni Bennardo Victor C de Munck and Michael D Fischer
11 A Companion to Cultural Resource Management edited by Thomas King12 A Companion to the Anthropology of Education edited by Bradley A Levinson and
Mica Pollock13 A Companion to the Anthropology of the Body and Embodiment edited by Frances E
Mascia‐Lees14 A Companion to Paleopathology edited by Anne L Grauer15 A Companion to Folklore edited by Regina F Bendix and Galit Hasan‐Rokem16 A Companion to Forensic Anthropology edited by Dennis Dirkmaat17 A Companion to the Anthropology of Europe edited by Ullrich Kockel Maacuteireacutead Nic
Craith and Jonas Frykman18 A Companion to Border Studies edited by Thomas M Wilson and Hastings Donnan19 A Companion to Rock Art edited by Jo McDonald and Peter Veth20 A Companion to Moral Anthropology edited by Didier Fassin21 A Companion to Gender Prehistory edited by Diane Bolger22 A Companion to Organizational Anthropology edited by D Douglas Caulkins and
Ann T Jordan23 A Companion to Paleoanthropology edited by David R Begun24 A Companion to Chinese Archaeology edited by Anne P Underhill25 A Companion to the Anthropology of Religion edited by Janice Boddy and Michael
Lambek26 A Companion to Urban Anthropology edited by Donald M Nonini27 A Companion to the Anthropology of the Middle East edited by Soraya Altorki28 A Companion to Heritage Studies edited by William Logan Maacuteireacutead Nic Craith and
Ullrich Kockel29 A Companion to Dental Anthropology edited by Joel D Irish and G Richard Scott30 A Companion to Anthropology of Environmental Health edited by Merrill Singer31 A Companion to South Asia in the Past edited by Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash
R Walimbe
A Companion to South Asia in the PastEdited byGwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe
This edition first published 2016copy 2016 John Wiley amp Sons Inc
Registered OfficeJohn Wiley amp Sons Ltd The Atrium Southern Gate Chichester West Sussex PO19 8SQ UK
Editorial Offices350 Main Street Malden MA 02148‐5020 USA9600 Garsington Road Oxford OX4 2DQ UKThe Atrium Southern Gate Chichester West Sussex PO19 8SQ UK
For details of our global editorial offices for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at wwwwileycomwiley‐blackwell
The right of Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988
All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise except as permitted by the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 without the prior permission of the publisher
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Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names service marks trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book
Limit of LiabilityDisclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom If professional advice or other expert assistance is required the services of a competent professional should be sought
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for
Hardback 9781119055488
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Cover image Courtesy of the Author
Set in 1012pt Galliard by SPi Global Pondicherry India
1 2016
Dedicated to Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy (1930ndash2014)Biological anthropologist mentor and friend
FIGURE 01 Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy
Contents
Notes on Contributors x
Acknowledgments xvii
Formal Dedication xviiiVN Misra
Foreword xxAngela R Lieverse
Maps xxvi
1 Introduction 1Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe
Part I Paleoanthropology in South Asia 11
2 Mammalian Paleodiversity and Ecology of Siwalik Primates in India and Nepal 13Rajan Gaur
3 A Decade of Paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent (2005ndash2015) 32Parth R Chauhan
4 Archaic Genomes and the Peopling of South Asia 51Mark Stoneking
5 Out of Africa and into South Asia The Evidence from Paleolithic Archaeology 60Ravi Korisettar
viii contents
6 Hominin Fossil Remains from the Narmada Valley 72AR Sankhyan
7 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain and Adjoining Hilly Regions of the Vindhyas 86JN Pal
8 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain Pathology Stature and Subsistence 101John R Lukacs
Part II Middle Holocene Farmers and Urban Dwellers 125
9 Current Perspectives on the Harappan Civilization 127Vasant Shinde
10 Excavations at Harappa 1986ndash2010 New Insights on the Indus Civilization and Harappan Burial Traditions 145JM Kenoyer and RH Meadow
11 Bioarchaeology of the Indus Valley Civilization Biological Affinities Paleopathology and Chemical Analyses 169Nancy C Lovell
12 More than Origins Refining Migration in the Indus Civilization 187Benjamin Valentine
13 Aryans and the Indus Civilization Archaeological Skeletal and Molecular Evidence 205Michel Danino
14 The Ahar Culture and Others Social Spectrums of the Mewar Plain 225Teresa P Raczek
15 The Archaeology of the Late Holocene on the Deccan Plateau (The Deccan Chalcolithic) 240Prabodh Shirvalkar and Esha Prasad
16 The Center Cannot Hold A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Environmental Crisis in the Second Millennium bce South Asia 255Gwen Robbins Schug and Kelly Elaine Blevins
17 The ldquoGandhara Grave Culturerdquo New Perspectives on Protohistoric Cemeteries in Northern and Northwestern Pakistan 274Muhammad Zahir
Part III Historic Archaeology Monuments and Meaning 295
18 Early Iron Age Megalith Builders of Vidarbha A Historical View 297PS Joshi
19 Situating Iron Age Monuments in South India A Textual and Ethnographic Approach 310K Rajan
contents ix
20 A Review of Early Historic Urbanization in India 319Reshma Sawant and Gurudas Shete
21 Historical and Medieval Period Archaeology 332Monica L Smith
22 The Transition to Agricultural Production in India South Asian Entanglements of Domestication 344Charlene A Murphy and Dorian Q Fuller
23 From Millet to Rice (and Back Again) Cuisine Cultivation and Health in Southern India 358Kathleen D Morrison
24 Death and Burial among Two Ancient High‐Altitude Communities of Nepal 374Mark Aldenderfer and Jacqueline T Eng
Part IV South Asia in Retrospect 399
25 Prehistoric Archaeology in Bangladesh An Overview 401Shahnaj Husne Jahan
26 Archaeology of Nepal 412Prakash Darnal
27 The Peopling of Sri Lanka from Prehistoric to Historic Times Biological and Archaeological Evidence 426Samanti Kulatilake
28 Theoretical Archaeology in India An Anthropological Perspective 437K Paddayya
29 Moving Forward Looking Back The Collective Memory of Indian Anthropology 450Abhik Ghosh
30 Anthropology and Museums in India 465Kishor K Basa
31 Human Skeletal Studies Changing Trends in Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives 482Subhash R Walimbe
32 Where Are They Now The Human Skeletal Remains from India 496V Mushrif-Tripathy KS Chakraborty and S Lahiri
Index 534
Chapter 1 Notes on Contributors
Mark Aldenderfer is Professor of Anthropology in the School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts at the University of California Merced USA His research focuses on the comparative analysis of high altitudemdashEthiopian Andean and Tibetanmdashcultural and biological adaptations from an archaeological perspective He has edited or written 10 books including Montane Foragers (1998) and has published 107 articles and book c hapters in journals including Science PNAS Journal of Archaeological Science Latin American Antiquity
Kishor K Basa serves as the Coordinator for the Centre for Advanced Study in Anthropology at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar India His research focuses on the archaeology of Odisha early trade between India and Southeast Asia beads ethnoarchaeol-ogy archaeological theory and museology He has edited 10 books and published around 60 papers and has delivered the presidential address at the Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress (2007) the Archaeology Section of the Indian History Congress (2007) and the Annual Conference of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies (2011)
Kelly Elaine Blevins is a graduate student currently completing an MSc in paleopa-thology at Durham University UK She is broadly interested in paleopathology and bioarchaeology with a focus on infectious disease She completed her BS with honors from Appalachian State University where she was awarded the Jill Louckrsquos Memorial Scholarship and Outstanding Senior Award She has also been awarded an Archaeology Masterrsquos Bursary from Durham University and a Goizueta Scholarship She has p ublished in PLOS ONE
notes on contributors xi
KS Chakraborty is a doctoral research student in the Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Canada where he is also a teaching assistant His research is focused on ceramic residue and use alteration analysis GIS and geophysical survey photo grammetry and 3D imaging physical anthropology skeletal biology and isotopic studies He is the author of articles in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Arcaeology (2014) and the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (2012)
Parth R Chauhan is Assistant Professor of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Mohali Punjab India His research focuses on understanding early human technological adaptations to Quaternary environments in the Indian subcontinent and he has also carried out fieldwork in Yemen He is a coeditor of New Perspectives on Old Stones Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies (2010) with Stephen Lycett and of Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods Theories and Interpretations (2009) with Marta Camps and has published 40 articles in peer‐reviewed journals edited volumes and conference proceedings
Michel Danino is guest Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar in Gujarat India where he is assisting in setting up an Archaeological Sciences Center His research focuses on Indian protohistory and the mathematical features of Harappan town planning and metrology He is the author of The Lost River On the Trail of the Sarasvati (2010) 13 book chapters and 13 papers related to archaeology in journals such as Dossiers drsquoarcheacuteologie Man and Environment Puratattva and the Heritage Journal of Indian History and Culture He is a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research
Prakash Darnal is Chief of the National Archives of Nepal and serves as the Under Secretary for Nepal Governmentrsquos civil service His research focuses on field archaeology art architecture and culture He has conducted excavations at Khoksar Dhangadhi Vidhyapati Gadh Manimandap Devdaha Bhawanipur and Surkhet He has published hundreds of articles in Nepali and English in the Journal of Nepalese Studies and Ancient Nepal among others
Jacqueline T Eng is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University USA Her research focuses on bioarchaeological and paleopatholog-ical studies of ancient pastoral and agricultural populations Her published works examine the biological health consequences of increasing socioeconomic complexity and migration in Inner Asia including periods of interregional interactions between nomadic pastoral and agricultural populations and collaborative isotopic studies of shifting subsistence patterns She has worked in Nepal early medieval Iceland and postmedieval Romania
Dorian Q Fuller is Professor of Archaeobotany at University College London UK His research focuses on archaeobotanical analysis and early agriculture across the Old World including field and laboratory projects in China Southeast Asia India Southwest Asia and Africa He is coauthor of Tree and Woodlands in South India Archaeological Perspectives (2008) coeditor of Climates Landscape and Civilizations (2012) and Archaeology of African Plant Use (2014) and author of more than 200 academic papers
Rajan Gaur is Professor of Anthropology at Panjab University in Chandigarh India His research focuses on paleoanthropology mammalian paleontology and paleoecology
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
The Blackwell Companions to Anthropology offers a series of comprehensive syntheses of the traditional subdisciplines primary subjects and geographic areas of inquiry for the field Taken together the series represents both a contemporary survey of anthropology and a cutting edge guide to the emerging research and intellectual trends in the field as a whole
1 A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology edited by Alessandro Duranti2 A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics edited by David Nugent and Joan Vincent3 A Companion to the Anthropology of American Indians edited by Thomas Biolsi4 A Companion to Psychological Anthropology edited by Conerly Casey and Robert B
Edgerton5 A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan edited by Jennifer Robertson6 A Companion to Latin American Anthropology edited by Deborah Poole7 A Companion to Biological Anthropology edited by Clark Larsen8 A Companion to the Anthropology of India edited by Isabelle Clark‐Decegraves9 A Companion to Medical Anthropology edited by Merrill Singer and Pamela I Erickson
10 A Companion to Cognitive Anthropology edited by David B Kronenfeld Giovanni Bennardo Victor C de Munck and Michael D Fischer
11 A Companion to Cultural Resource Management edited by Thomas King12 A Companion to the Anthropology of Education edited by Bradley A Levinson and
Mica Pollock13 A Companion to the Anthropology of the Body and Embodiment edited by Frances E
Mascia‐Lees14 A Companion to Paleopathology edited by Anne L Grauer15 A Companion to Folklore edited by Regina F Bendix and Galit Hasan‐Rokem16 A Companion to Forensic Anthropology edited by Dennis Dirkmaat17 A Companion to the Anthropology of Europe edited by Ullrich Kockel Maacuteireacutead Nic
Craith and Jonas Frykman18 A Companion to Border Studies edited by Thomas M Wilson and Hastings Donnan19 A Companion to Rock Art edited by Jo McDonald and Peter Veth20 A Companion to Moral Anthropology edited by Didier Fassin21 A Companion to Gender Prehistory edited by Diane Bolger22 A Companion to Organizational Anthropology edited by D Douglas Caulkins and
Ann T Jordan23 A Companion to Paleoanthropology edited by David R Begun24 A Companion to Chinese Archaeology edited by Anne P Underhill25 A Companion to the Anthropology of Religion edited by Janice Boddy and Michael
Lambek26 A Companion to Urban Anthropology edited by Donald M Nonini27 A Companion to the Anthropology of the Middle East edited by Soraya Altorki28 A Companion to Heritage Studies edited by William Logan Maacuteireacutead Nic Craith and
Ullrich Kockel29 A Companion to Dental Anthropology edited by Joel D Irish and G Richard Scott30 A Companion to Anthropology of Environmental Health edited by Merrill Singer31 A Companion to South Asia in the Past edited by Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash
R Walimbe
A Companion to South Asia in the PastEdited byGwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe
This edition first published 2016copy 2016 John Wiley amp Sons Inc
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Hardback 9781119055488
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Cover image Courtesy of the Author
Set in 1012pt Galliard by SPi Global Pondicherry India
1 2016
Dedicated to Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy (1930ndash2014)Biological anthropologist mentor and friend
FIGURE 01 Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy
Contents
Notes on Contributors x
Acknowledgments xvii
Formal Dedication xviiiVN Misra
Foreword xxAngela R Lieverse
Maps xxvi
1 Introduction 1Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe
Part I Paleoanthropology in South Asia 11
2 Mammalian Paleodiversity and Ecology of Siwalik Primates in India and Nepal 13Rajan Gaur
3 A Decade of Paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent (2005ndash2015) 32Parth R Chauhan
4 Archaic Genomes and the Peopling of South Asia 51Mark Stoneking
5 Out of Africa and into South Asia The Evidence from Paleolithic Archaeology 60Ravi Korisettar
viii contents
6 Hominin Fossil Remains from the Narmada Valley 72AR Sankhyan
7 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain and Adjoining Hilly Regions of the Vindhyas 86JN Pal
8 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain Pathology Stature and Subsistence 101John R Lukacs
Part II Middle Holocene Farmers and Urban Dwellers 125
9 Current Perspectives on the Harappan Civilization 127Vasant Shinde
10 Excavations at Harappa 1986ndash2010 New Insights on the Indus Civilization and Harappan Burial Traditions 145JM Kenoyer and RH Meadow
11 Bioarchaeology of the Indus Valley Civilization Biological Affinities Paleopathology and Chemical Analyses 169Nancy C Lovell
12 More than Origins Refining Migration in the Indus Civilization 187Benjamin Valentine
13 Aryans and the Indus Civilization Archaeological Skeletal and Molecular Evidence 205Michel Danino
14 The Ahar Culture and Others Social Spectrums of the Mewar Plain 225Teresa P Raczek
15 The Archaeology of the Late Holocene on the Deccan Plateau (The Deccan Chalcolithic) 240Prabodh Shirvalkar and Esha Prasad
16 The Center Cannot Hold A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Environmental Crisis in the Second Millennium bce South Asia 255Gwen Robbins Schug and Kelly Elaine Blevins
17 The ldquoGandhara Grave Culturerdquo New Perspectives on Protohistoric Cemeteries in Northern and Northwestern Pakistan 274Muhammad Zahir
Part III Historic Archaeology Monuments and Meaning 295
18 Early Iron Age Megalith Builders of Vidarbha A Historical View 297PS Joshi
19 Situating Iron Age Monuments in South India A Textual and Ethnographic Approach 310K Rajan
contents ix
20 A Review of Early Historic Urbanization in India 319Reshma Sawant and Gurudas Shete
21 Historical and Medieval Period Archaeology 332Monica L Smith
22 The Transition to Agricultural Production in India South Asian Entanglements of Domestication 344Charlene A Murphy and Dorian Q Fuller
23 From Millet to Rice (and Back Again) Cuisine Cultivation and Health in Southern India 358Kathleen D Morrison
24 Death and Burial among Two Ancient High‐Altitude Communities of Nepal 374Mark Aldenderfer and Jacqueline T Eng
Part IV South Asia in Retrospect 399
25 Prehistoric Archaeology in Bangladesh An Overview 401Shahnaj Husne Jahan
26 Archaeology of Nepal 412Prakash Darnal
27 The Peopling of Sri Lanka from Prehistoric to Historic Times Biological and Archaeological Evidence 426Samanti Kulatilake
28 Theoretical Archaeology in India An Anthropological Perspective 437K Paddayya
29 Moving Forward Looking Back The Collective Memory of Indian Anthropology 450Abhik Ghosh
30 Anthropology and Museums in India 465Kishor K Basa
31 Human Skeletal Studies Changing Trends in Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives 482Subhash R Walimbe
32 Where Are They Now The Human Skeletal Remains from India 496V Mushrif-Tripathy KS Chakraborty and S Lahiri
Index 534
Chapter 1 Notes on Contributors
Mark Aldenderfer is Professor of Anthropology in the School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts at the University of California Merced USA His research focuses on the comparative analysis of high altitudemdashEthiopian Andean and Tibetanmdashcultural and biological adaptations from an archaeological perspective He has edited or written 10 books including Montane Foragers (1998) and has published 107 articles and book c hapters in journals including Science PNAS Journal of Archaeological Science Latin American Antiquity
Kishor K Basa serves as the Coordinator for the Centre for Advanced Study in Anthropology at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar India His research focuses on the archaeology of Odisha early trade between India and Southeast Asia beads ethnoarchaeol-ogy archaeological theory and museology He has edited 10 books and published around 60 papers and has delivered the presidential address at the Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress (2007) the Archaeology Section of the Indian History Congress (2007) and the Annual Conference of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies (2011)
Kelly Elaine Blevins is a graduate student currently completing an MSc in paleopa-thology at Durham University UK She is broadly interested in paleopathology and bioarchaeology with a focus on infectious disease She completed her BS with honors from Appalachian State University where she was awarded the Jill Louckrsquos Memorial Scholarship and Outstanding Senior Award She has also been awarded an Archaeology Masterrsquos Bursary from Durham University and a Goizueta Scholarship She has p ublished in PLOS ONE
notes on contributors xi
KS Chakraborty is a doctoral research student in the Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Canada where he is also a teaching assistant His research is focused on ceramic residue and use alteration analysis GIS and geophysical survey photo grammetry and 3D imaging physical anthropology skeletal biology and isotopic studies He is the author of articles in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Arcaeology (2014) and the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (2012)
Parth R Chauhan is Assistant Professor of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Mohali Punjab India His research focuses on understanding early human technological adaptations to Quaternary environments in the Indian subcontinent and he has also carried out fieldwork in Yemen He is a coeditor of New Perspectives on Old Stones Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies (2010) with Stephen Lycett and of Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods Theories and Interpretations (2009) with Marta Camps and has published 40 articles in peer‐reviewed journals edited volumes and conference proceedings
Michel Danino is guest Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar in Gujarat India where he is assisting in setting up an Archaeological Sciences Center His research focuses on Indian protohistory and the mathematical features of Harappan town planning and metrology He is the author of The Lost River On the Trail of the Sarasvati (2010) 13 book chapters and 13 papers related to archaeology in journals such as Dossiers drsquoarcheacuteologie Man and Environment Puratattva and the Heritage Journal of Indian History and Culture He is a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research
Prakash Darnal is Chief of the National Archives of Nepal and serves as the Under Secretary for Nepal Governmentrsquos civil service His research focuses on field archaeology art architecture and culture He has conducted excavations at Khoksar Dhangadhi Vidhyapati Gadh Manimandap Devdaha Bhawanipur and Surkhet He has published hundreds of articles in Nepali and English in the Journal of Nepalese Studies and Ancient Nepal among others
Jacqueline T Eng is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University USA Her research focuses on bioarchaeological and paleopatholog-ical studies of ancient pastoral and agricultural populations Her published works examine the biological health consequences of increasing socioeconomic complexity and migration in Inner Asia including periods of interregional interactions between nomadic pastoral and agricultural populations and collaborative isotopic studies of shifting subsistence patterns She has worked in Nepal early medieval Iceland and postmedieval Romania
Dorian Q Fuller is Professor of Archaeobotany at University College London UK His research focuses on archaeobotanical analysis and early agriculture across the Old World including field and laboratory projects in China Southeast Asia India Southwest Asia and Africa He is coauthor of Tree and Woodlands in South India Archaeological Perspectives (2008) coeditor of Climates Landscape and Civilizations (2012) and Archaeology of African Plant Use (2014) and author of more than 200 academic papers
Rajan Gaur is Professor of Anthropology at Panjab University in Chandigarh India His research focuses on paleoanthropology mammalian paleontology and paleoecology
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
A Companion to South Asia in the PastEdited byGwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe
This edition first published 2016copy 2016 John Wiley amp Sons Inc
Registered OfficeJohn Wiley amp Sons Ltd The Atrium Southern Gate Chichester West Sussex PO19 8SQ UK
Editorial Offices350 Main Street Malden MA 02148‐5020 USA9600 Garsington Road Oxford OX4 2DQ UKThe Atrium Southern Gate Chichester West Sussex PO19 8SQ UK
For details of our global editorial offices for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at wwwwileycomwiley‐blackwell
The right of Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988
All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise except as permitted by the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 without the prior permission of the publisher
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names service marks trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book
Limit of LiabilityDisclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom If professional advice or other expert assistance is required the services of a competent professional should be sought
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for
Hardback 9781119055488
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Cover image Courtesy of the Author
Set in 1012pt Galliard by SPi Global Pondicherry India
1 2016
Dedicated to Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy (1930ndash2014)Biological anthropologist mentor and friend
FIGURE 01 Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy
Contents
Notes on Contributors x
Acknowledgments xvii
Formal Dedication xviiiVN Misra
Foreword xxAngela R Lieverse
Maps xxvi
1 Introduction 1Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe
Part I Paleoanthropology in South Asia 11
2 Mammalian Paleodiversity and Ecology of Siwalik Primates in India and Nepal 13Rajan Gaur
3 A Decade of Paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent (2005ndash2015) 32Parth R Chauhan
4 Archaic Genomes and the Peopling of South Asia 51Mark Stoneking
5 Out of Africa and into South Asia The Evidence from Paleolithic Archaeology 60Ravi Korisettar
viii contents
6 Hominin Fossil Remains from the Narmada Valley 72AR Sankhyan
7 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain and Adjoining Hilly Regions of the Vindhyas 86JN Pal
8 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain Pathology Stature and Subsistence 101John R Lukacs
Part II Middle Holocene Farmers and Urban Dwellers 125
9 Current Perspectives on the Harappan Civilization 127Vasant Shinde
10 Excavations at Harappa 1986ndash2010 New Insights on the Indus Civilization and Harappan Burial Traditions 145JM Kenoyer and RH Meadow
11 Bioarchaeology of the Indus Valley Civilization Biological Affinities Paleopathology and Chemical Analyses 169Nancy C Lovell
12 More than Origins Refining Migration in the Indus Civilization 187Benjamin Valentine
13 Aryans and the Indus Civilization Archaeological Skeletal and Molecular Evidence 205Michel Danino
14 The Ahar Culture and Others Social Spectrums of the Mewar Plain 225Teresa P Raczek
15 The Archaeology of the Late Holocene on the Deccan Plateau (The Deccan Chalcolithic) 240Prabodh Shirvalkar and Esha Prasad
16 The Center Cannot Hold A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Environmental Crisis in the Second Millennium bce South Asia 255Gwen Robbins Schug and Kelly Elaine Blevins
17 The ldquoGandhara Grave Culturerdquo New Perspectives on Protohistoric Cemeteries in Northern and Northwestern Pakistan 274Muhammad Zahir
Part III Historic Archaeology Monuments and Meaning 295
18 Early Iron Age Megalith Builders of Vidarbha A Historical View 297PS Joshi
19 Situating Iron Age Monuments in South India A Textual and Ethnographic Approach 310K Rajan
contents ix
20 A Review of Early Historic Urbanization in India 319Reshma Sawant and Gurudas Shete
21 Historical and Medieval Period Archaeology 332Monica L Smith
22 The Transition to Agricultural Production in India South Asian Entanglements of Domestication 344Charlene A Murphy and Dorian Q Fuller
23 From Millet to Rice (and Back Again) Cuisine Cultivation and Health in Southern India 358Kathleen D Morrison
24 Death and Burial among Two Ancient High‐Altitude Communities of Nepal 374Mark Aldenderfer and Jacqueline T Eng
Part IV South Asia in Retrospect 399
25 Prehistoric Archaeology in Bangladesh An Overview 401Shahnaj Husne Jahan
26 Archaeology of Nepal 412Prakash Darnal
27 The Peopling of Sri Lanka from Prehistoric to Historic Times Biological and Archaeological Evidence 426Samanti Kulatilake
28 Theoretical Archaeology in India An Anthropological Perspective 437K Paddayya
29 Moving Forward Looking Back The Collective Memory of Indian Anthropology 450Abhik Ghosh
30 Anthropology and Museums in India 465Kishor K Basa
31 Human Skeletal Studies Changing Trends in Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives 482Subhash R Walimbe
32 Where Are They Now The Human Skeletal Remains from India 496V Mushrif-Tripathy KS Chakraborty and S Lahiri
Index 534
Chapter 1 Notes on Contributors
Mark Aldenderfer is Professor of Anthropology in the School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts at the University of California Merced USA His research focuses on the comparative analysis of high altitudemdashEthiopian Andean and Tibetanmdashcultural and biological adaptations from an archaeological perspective He has edited or written 10 books including Montane Foragers (1998) and has published 107 articles and book c hapters in journals including Science PNAS Journal of Archaeological Science Latin American Antiquity
Kishor K Basa serves as the Coordinator for the Centre for Advanced Study in Anthropology at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar India His research focuses on the archaeology of Odisha early trade between India and Southeast Asia beads ethnoarchaeol-ogy archaeological theory and museology He has edited 10 books and published around 60 papers and has delivered the presidential address at the Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress (2007) the Archaeology Section of the Indian History Congress (2007) and the Annual Conference of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies (2011)
Kelly Elaine Blevins is a graduate student currently completing an MSc in paleopa-thology at Durham University UK She is broadly interested in paleopathology and bioarchaeology with a focus on infectious disease She completed her BS with honors from Appalachian State University where she was awarded the Jill Louckrsquos Memorial Scholarship and Outstanding Senior Award She has also been awarded an Archaeology Masterrsquos Bursary from Durham University and a Goizueta Scholarship She has p ublished in PLOS ONE
notes on contributors xi
KS Chakraborty is a doctoral research student in the Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Canada where he is also a teaching assistant His research is focused on ceramic residue and use alteration analysis GIS and geophysical survey photo grammetry and 3D imaging physical anthropology skeletal biology and isotopic studies He is the author of articles in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Arcaeology (2014) and the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (2012)
Parth R Chauhan is Assistant Professor of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Mohali Punjab India His research focuses on understanding early human technological adaptations to Quaternary environments in the Indian subcontinent and he has also carried out fieldwork in Yemen He is a coeditor of New Perspectives on Old Stones Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies (2010) with Stephen Lycett and of Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods Theories and Interpretations (2009) with Marta Camps and has published 40 articles in peer‐reviewed journals edited volumes and conference proceedings
Michel Danino is guest Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar in Gujarat India where he is assisting in setting up an Archaeological Sciences Center His research focuses on Indian protohistory and the mathematical features of Harappan town planning and metrology He is the author of The Lost River On the Trail of the Sarasvati (2010) 13 book chapters and 13 papers related to archaeology in journals such as Dossiers drsquoarcheacuteologie Man and Environment Puratattva and the Heritage Journal of Indian History and Culture He is a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research
Prakash Darnal is Chief of the National Archives of Nepal and serves as the Under Secretary for Nepal Governmentrsquos civil service His research focuses on field archaeology art architecture and culture He has conducted excavations at Khoksar Dhangadhi Vidhyapati Gadh Manimandap Devdaha Bhawanipur and Surkhet He has published hundreds of articles in Nepali and English in the Journal of Nepalese Studies and Ancient Nepal among others
Jacqueline T Eng is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University USA Her research focuses on bioarchaeological and paleopatholog-ical studies of ancient pastoral and agricultural populations Her published works examine the biological health consequences of increasing socioeconomic complexity and migration in Inner Asia including periods of interregional interactions between nomadic pastoral and agricultural populations and collaborative isotopic studies of shifting subsistence patterns She has worked in Nepal early medieval Iceland and postmedieval Romania
Dorian Q Fuller is Professor of Archaeobotany at University College London UK His research focuses on archaeobotanical analysis and early agriculture across the Old World including field and laboratory projects in China Southeast Asia India Southwest Asia and Africa He is coauthor of Tree and Woodlands in South India Archaeological Perspectives (2008) coeditor of Climates Landscape and Civilizations (2012) and Archaeology of African Plant Use (2014) and author of more than 200 academic papers
Rajan Gaur is Professor of Anthropology at Panjab University in Chandigarh India His research focuses on paleoanthropology mammalian paleontology and paleoecology
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
This edition first published 2016copy 2016 John Wiley amp Sons Inc
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for
Hardback 9781119055488
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Cover image Courtesy of the Author
Set in 1012pt Galliard by SPi Global Pondicherry India
1 2016
Dedicated to Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy (1930ndash2014)Biological anthropologist mentor and friend
FIGURE 01 Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy
Contents
Notes on Contributors x
Acknowledgments xvii
Formal Dedication xviiiVN Misra
Foreword xxAngela R Lieverse
Maps xxvi
1 Introduction 1Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe
Part I Paleoanthropology in South Asia 11
2 Mammalian Paleodiversity and Ecology of Siwalik Primates in India and Nepal 13Rajan Gaur
3 A Decade of Paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent (2005ndash2015) 32Parth R Chauhan
4 Archaic Genomes and the Peopling of South Asia 51Mark Stoneking
5 Out of Africa and into South Asia The Evidence from Paleolithic Archaeology 60Ravi Korisettar
viii contents
6 Hominin Fossil Remains from the Narmada Valley 72AR Sankhyan
7 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain and Adjoining Hilly Regions of the Vindhyas 86JN Pal
8 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain Pathology Stature and Subsistence 101John R Lukacs
Part II Middle Holocene Farmers and Urban Dwellers 125
9 Current Perspectives on the Harappan Civilization 127Vasant Shinde
10 Excavations at Harappa 1986ndash2010 New Insights on the Indus Civilization and Harappan Burial Traditions 145JM Kenoyer and RH Meadow
11 Bioarchaeology of the Indus Valley Civilization Biological Affinities Paleopathology and Chemical Analyses 169Nancy C Lovell
12 More than Origins Refining Migration in the Indus Civilization 187Benjamin Valentine
13 Aryans and the Indus Civilization Archaeological Skeletal and Molecular Evidence 205Michel Danino
14 The Ahar Culture and Others Social Spectrums of the Mewar Plain 225Teresa P Raczek
15 The Archaeology of the Late Holocene on the Deccan Plateau (The Deccan Chalcolithic) 240Prabodh Shirvalkar and Esha Prasad
16 The Center Cannot Hold A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Environmental Crisis in the Second Millennium bce South Asia 255Gwen Robbins Schug and Kelly Elaine Blevins
17 The ldquoGandhara Grave Culturerdquo New Perspectives on Protohistoric Cemeteries in Northern and Northwestern Pakistan 274Muhammad Zahir
Part III Historic Archaeology Monuments and Meaning 295
18 Early Iron Age Megalith Builders of Vidarbha A Historical View 297PS Joshi
19 Situating Iron Age Monuments in South India A Textual and Ethnographic Approach 310K Rajan
contents ix
20 A Review of Early Historic Urbanization in India 319Reshma Sawant and Gurudas Shete
21 Historical and Medieval Period Archaeology 332Monica L Smith
22 The Transition to Agricultural Production in India South Asian Entanglements of Domestication 344Charlene A Murphy and Dorian Q Fuller
23 From Millet to Rice (and Back Again) Cuisine Cultivation and Health in Southern India 358Kathleen D Morrison
24 Death and Burial among Two Ancient High‐Altitude Communities of Nepal 374Mark Aldenderfer and Jacqueline T Eng
Part IV South Asia in Retrospect 399
25 Prehistoric Archaeology in Bangladesh An Overview 401Shahnaj Husne Jahan
26 Archaeology of Nepal 412Prakash Darnal
27 The Peopling of Sri Lanka from Prehistoric to Historic Times Biological and Archaeological Evidence 426Samanti Kulatilake
28 Theoretical Archaeology in India An Anthropological Perspective 437K Paddayya
29 Moving Forward Looking Back The Collective Memory of Indian Anthropology 450Abhik Ghosh
30 Anthropology and Museums in India 465Kishor K Basa
31 Human Skeletal Studies Changing Trends in Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives 482Subhash R Walimbe
32 Where Are They Now The Human Skeletal Remains from India 496V Mushrif-Tripathy KS Chakraborty and S Lahiri
Index 534
Chapter 1 Notes on Contributors
Mark Aldenderfer is Professor of Anthropology in the School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts at the University of California Merced USA His research focuses on the comparative analysis of high altitudemdashEthiopian Andean and Tibetanmdashcultural and biological adaptations from an archaeological perspective He has edited or written 10 books including Montane Foragers (1998) and has published 107 articles and book c hapters in journals including Science PNAS Journal of Archaeological Science Latin American Antiquity
Kishor K Basa serves as the Coordinator for the Centre for Advanced Study in Anthropology at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar India His research focuses on the archaeology of Odisha early trade between India and Southeast Asia beads ethnoarchaeol-ogy archaeological theory and museology He has edited 10 books and published around 60 papers and has delivered the presidential address at the Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress (2007) the Archaeology Section of the Indian History Congress (2007) and the Annual Conference of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies (2011)
Kelly Elaine Blevins is a graduate student currently completing an MSc in paleopa-thology at Durham University UK She is broadly interested in paleopathology and bioarchaeology with a focus on infectious disease She completed her BS with honors from Appalachian State University where she was awarded the Jill Louckrsquos Memorial Scholarship and Outstanding Senior Award She has also been awarded an Archaeology Masterrsquos Bursary from Durham University and a Goizueta Scholarship She has p ublished in PLOS ONE
notes on contributors xi
KS Chakraborty is a doctoral research student in the Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Canada where he is also a teaching assistant His research is focused on ceramic residue and use alteration analysis GIS and geophysical survey photo grammetry and 3D imaging physical anthropology skeletal biology and isotopic studies He is the author of articles in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Arcaeology (2014) and the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (2012)
Parth R Chauhan is Assistant Professor of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Mohali Punjab India His research focuses on understanding early human technological adaptations to Quaternary environments in the Indian subcontinent and he has also carried out fieldwork in Yemen He is a coeditor of New Perspectives on Old Stones Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies (2010) with Stephen Lycett and of Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods Theories and Interpretations (2009) with Marta Camps and has published 40 articles in peer‐reviewed journals edited volumes and conference proceedings
Michel Danino is guest Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar in Gujarat India where he is assisting in setting up an Archaeological Sciences Center His research focuses on Indian protohistory and the mathematical features of Harappan town planning and metrology He is the author of The Lost River On the Trail of the Sarasvati (2010) 13 book chapters and 13 papers related to archaeology in journals such as Dossiers drsquoarcheacuteologie Man and Environment Puratattva and the Heritage Journal of Indian History and Culture He is a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research
Prakash Darnal is Chief of the National Archives of Nepal and serves as the Under Secretary for Nepal Governmentrsquos civil service His research focuses on field archaeology art architecture and culture He has conducted excavations at Khoksar Dhangadhi Vidhyapati Gadh Manimandap Devdaha Bhawanipur and Surkhet He has published hundreds of articles in Nepali and English in the Journal of Nepalese Studies and Ancient Nepal among others
Jacqueline T Eng is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University USA Her research focuses on bioarchaeological and paleopatholog-ical studies of ancient pastoral and agricultural populations Her published works examine the biological health consequences of increasing socioeconomic complexity and migration in Inner Asia including periods of interregional interactions between nomadic pastoral and agricultural populations and collaborative isotopic studies of shifting subsistence patterns She has worked in Nepal early medieval Iceland and postmedieval Romania
Dorian Q Fuller is Professor of Archaeobotany at University College London UK His research focuses on archaeobotanical analysis and early agriculture across the Old World including field and laboratory projects in China Southeast Asia India Southwest Asia and Africa He is coauthor of Tree and Woodlands in South India Archaeological Perspectives (2008) coeditor of Climates Landscape and Civilizations (2012) and Archaeology of African Plant Use (2014) and author of more than 200 academic papers
Rajan Gaur is Professor of Anthropology at Panjab University in Chandigarh India His research focuses on paleoanthropology mammalian paleontology and paleoecology
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
Dedicated to Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy (1930ndash2014)Biological anthropologist mentor and friend
FIGURE 01 Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy
Contents
Notes on Contributors x
Acknowledgments xvii
Formal Dedication xviiiVN Misra
Foreword xxAngela R Lieverse
Maps xxvi
1 Introduction 1Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe
Part I Paleoanthropology in South Asia 11
2 Mammalian Paleodiversity and Ecology of Siwalik Primates in India and Nepal 13Rajan Gaur
3 A Decade of Paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent (2005ndash2015) 32Parth R Chauhan
4 Archaic Genomes and the Peopling of South Asia 51Mark Stoneking
5 Out of Africa and into South Asia The Evidence from Paleolithic Archaeology 60Ravi Korisettar
viii contents
6 Hominin Fossil Remains from the Narmada Valley 72AR Sankhyan
7 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain and Adjoining Hilly Regions of the Vindhyas 86JN Pal
8 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain Pathology Stature and Subsistence 101John R Lukacs
Part II Middle Holocene Farmers and Urban Dwellers 125
9 Current Perspectives on the Harappan Civilization 127Vasant Shinde
10 Excavations at Harappa 1986ndash2010 New Insights on the Indus Civilization and Harappan Burial Traditions 145JM Kenoyer and RH Meadow
11 Bioarchaeology of the Indus Valley Civilization Biological Affinities Paleopathology and Chemical Analyses 169Nancy C Lovell
12 More than Origins Refining Migration in the Indus Civilization 187Benjamin Valentine
13 Aryans and the Indus Civilization Archaeological Skeletal and Molecular Evidence 205Michel Danino
14 The Ahar Culture and Others Social Spectrums of the Mewar Plain 225Teresa P Raczek
15 The Archaeology of the Late Holocene on the Deccan Plateau (The Deccan Chalcolithic) 240Prabodh Shirvalkar and Esha Prasad
16 The Center Cannot Hold A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Environmental Crisis in the Second Millennium bce South Asia 255Gwen Robbins Schug and Kelly Elaine Blevins
17 The ldquoGandhara Grave Culturerdquo New Perspectives on Protohistoric Cemeteries in Northern and Northwestern Pakistan 274Muhammad Zahir
Part III Historic Archaeology Monuments and Meaning 295
18 Early Iron Age Megalith Builders of Vidarbha A Historical View 297PS Joshi
19 Situating Iron Age Monuments in South India A Textual and Ethnographic Approach 310K Rajan
contents ix
20 A Review of Early Historic Urbanization in India 319Reshma Sawant and Gurudas Shete
21 Historical and Medieval Period Archaeology 332Monica L Smith
22 The Transition to Agricultural Production in India South Asian Entanglements of Domestication 344Charlene A Murphy and Dorian Q Fuller
23 From Millet to Rice (and Back Again) Cuisine Cultivation and Health in Southern India 358Kathleen D Morrison
24 Death and Burial among Two Ancient High‐Altitude Communities of Nepal 374Mark Aldenderfer and Jacqueline T Eng
Part IV South Asia in Retrospect 399
25 Prehistoric Archaeology in Bangladesh An Overview 401Shahnaj Husne Jahan
26 Archaeology of Nepal 412Prakash Darnal
27 The Peopling of Sri Lanka from Prehistoric to Historic Times Biological and Archaeological Evidence 426Samanti Kulatilake
28 Theoretical Archaeology in India An Anthropological Perspective 437K Paddayya
29 Moving Forward Looking Back The Collective Memory of Indian Anthropology 450Abhik Ghosh
30 Anthropology and Museums in India 465Kishor K Basa
31 Human Skeletal Studies Changing Trends in Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives 482Subhash R Walimbe
32 Where Are They Now The Human Skeletal Remains from India 496V Mushrif-Tripathy KS Chakraborty and S Lahiri
Index 534
Chapter 1 Notes on Contributors
Mark Aldenderfer is Professor of Anthropology in the School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts at the University of California Merced USA His research focuses on the comparative analysis of high altitudemdashEthiopian Andean and Tibetanmdashcultural and biological adaptations from an archaeological perspective He has edited or written 10 books including Montane Foragers (1998) and has published 107 articles and book c hapters in journals including Science PNAS Journal of Archaeological Science Latin American Antiquity
Kishor K Basa serves as the Coordinator for the Centre for Advanced Study in Anthropology at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar India His research focuses on the archaeology of Odisha early trade between India and Southeast Asia beads ethnoarchaeol-ogy archaeological theory and museology He has edited 10 books and published around 60 papers and has delivered the presidential address at the Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress (2007) the Archaeology Section of the Indian History Congress (2007) and the Annual Conference of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies (2011)
Kelly Elaine Blevins is a graduate student currently completing an MSc in paleopa-thology at Durham University UK She is broadly interested in paleopathology and bioarchaeology with a focus on infectious disease She completed her BS with honors from Appalachian State University where she was awarded the Jill Louckrsquos Memorial Scholarship and Outstanding Senior Award She has also been awarded an Archaeology Masterrsquos Bursary from Durham University and a Goizueta Scholarship She has p ublished in PLOS ONE
notes on contributors xi
KS Chakraborty is a doctoral research student in the Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Canada where he is also a teaching assistant His research is focused on ceramic residue and use alteration analysis GIS and geophysical survey photo grammetry and 3D imaging physical anthropology skeletal biology and isotopic studies He is the author of articles in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Arcaeology (2014) and the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (2012)
Parth R Chauhan is Assistant Professor of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Mohali Punjab India His research focuses on understanding early human technological adaptations to Quaternary environments in the Indian subcontinent and he has also carried out fieldwork in Yemen He is a coeditor of New Perspectives on Old Stones Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies (2010) with Stephen Lycett and of Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods Theories and Interpretations (2009) with Marta Camps and has published 40 articles in peer‐reviewed journals edited volumes and conference proceedings
Michel Danino is guest Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar in Gujarat India where he is assisting in setting up an Archaeological Sciences Center His research focuses on Indian protohistory and the mathematical features of Harappan town planning and metrology He is the author of The Lost River On the Trail of the Sarasvati (2010) 13 book chapters and 13 papers related to archaeology in journals such as Dossiers drsquoarcheacuteologie Man and Environment Puratattva and the Heritage Journal of Indian History and Culture He is a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research
Prakash Darnal is Chief of the National Archives of Nepal and serves as the Under Secretary for Nepal Governmentrsquos civil service His research focuses on field archaeology art architecture and culture He has conducted excavations at Khoksar Dhangadhi Vidhyapati Gadh Manimandap Devdaha Bhawanipur and Surkhet He has published hundreds of articles in Nepali and English in the Journal of Nepalese Studies and Ancient Nepal among others
Jacqueline T Eng is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University USA Her research focuses on bioarchaeological and paleopatholog-ical studies of ancient pastoral and agricultural populations Her published works examine the biological health consequences of increasing socioeconomic complexity and migration in Inner Asia including periods of interregional interactions between nomadic pastoral and agricultural populations and collaborative isotopic studies of shifting subsistence patterns She has worked in Nepal early medieval Iceland and postmedieval Romania
Dorian Q Fuller is Professor of Archaeobotany at University College London UK His research focuses on archaeobotanical analysis and early agriculture across the Old World including field and laboratory projects in China Southeast Asia India Southwest Asia and Africa He is coauthor of Tree and Woodlands in South India Archaeological Perspectives (2008) coeditor of Climates Landscape and Civilizations (2012) and Archaeology of African Plant Use (2014) and author of more than 200 academic papers
Rajan Gaur is Professor of Anthropology at Panjab University in Chandigarh India His research focuses on paleoanthropology mammalian paleontology and paleoecology
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
FIGURE 01 Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy
Contents
Notes on Contributors x
Acknowledgments xvii
Formal Dedication xviiiVN Misra
Foreword xxAngela R Lieverse
Maps xxvi
1 Introduction 1Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe
Part I Paleoanthropology in South Asia 11
2 Mammalian Paleodiversity and Ecology of Siwalik Primates in India and Nepal 13Rajan Gaur
3 A Decade of Paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent (2005ndash2015) 32Parth R Chauhan
4 Archaic Genomes and the Peopling of South Asia 51Mark Stoneking
5 Out of Africa and into South Asia The Evidence from Paleolithic Archaeology 60Ravi Korisettar
viii contents
6 Hominin Fossil Remains from the Narmada Valley 72AR Sankhyan
7 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain and Adjoining Hilly Regions of the Vindhyas 86JN Pal
8 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain Pathology Stature and Subsistence 101John R Lukacs
Part II Middle Holocene Farmers and Urban Dwellers 125
9 Current Perspectives on the Harappan Civilization 127Vasant Shinde
10 Excavations at Harappa 1986ndash2010 New Insights on the Indus Civilization and Harappan Burial Traditions 145JM Kenoyer and RH Meadow
11 Bioarchaeology of the Indus Valley Civilization Biological Affinities Paleopathology and Chemical Analyses 169Nancy C Lovell
12 More than Origins Refining Migration in the Indus Civilization 187Benjamin Valentine
13 Aryans and the Indus Civilization Archaeological Skeletal and Molecular Evidence 205Michel Danino
14 The Ahar Culture and Others Social Spectrums of the Mewar Plain 225Teresa P Raczek
15 The Archaeology of the Late Holocene on the Deccan Plateau (The Deccan Chalcolithic) 240Prabodh Shirvalkar and Esha Prasad
16 The Center Cannot Hold A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Environmental Crisis in the Second Millennium bce South Asia 255Gwen Robbins Schug and Kelly Elaine Blevins
17 The ldquoGandhara Grave Culturerdquo New Perspectives on Protohistoric Cemeteries in Northern and Northwestern Pakistan 274Muhammad Zahir
Part III Historic Archaeology Monuments and Meaning 295
18 Early Iron Age Megalith Builders of Vidarbha A Historical View 297PS Joshi
19 Situating Iron Age Monuments in South India A Textual and Ethnographic Approach 310K Rajan
contents ix
20 A Review of Early Historic Urbanization in India 319Reshma Sawant and Gurudas Shete
21 Historical and Medieval Period Archaeology 332Monica L Smith
22 The Transition to Agricultural Production in India South Asian Entanglements of Domestication 344Charlene A Murphy and Dorian Q Fuller
23 From Millet to Rice (and Back Again) Cuisine Cultivation and Health in Southern India 358Kathleen D Morrison
24 Death and Burial among Two Ancient High‐Altitude Communities of Nepal 374Mark Aldenderfer and Jacqueline T Eng
Part IV South Asia in Retrospect 399
25 Prehistoric Archaeology in Bangladesh An Overview 401Shahnaj Husne Jahan
26 Archaeology of Nepal 412Prakash Darnal
27 The Peopling of Sri Lanka from Prehistoric to Historic Times Biological and Archaeological Evidence 426Samanti Kulatilake
28 Theoretical Archaeology in India An Anthropological Perspective 437K Paddayya
29 Moving Forward Looking Back The Collective Memory of Indian Anthropology 450Abhik Ghosh
30 Anthropology and Museums in India 465Kishor K Basa
31 Human Skeletal Studies Changing Trends in Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives 482Subhash R Walimbe
32 Where Are They Now The Human Skeletal Remains from India 496V Mushrif-Tripathy KS Chakraborty and S Lahiri
Index 534
Chapter 1 Notes on Contributors
Mark Aldenderfer is Professor of Anthropology in the School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts at the University of California Merced USA His research focuses on the comparative analysis of high altitudemdashEthiopian Andean and Tibetanmdashcultural and biological adaptations from an archaeological perspective He has edited or written 10 books including Montane Foragers (1998) and has published 107 articles and book c hapters in journals including Science PNAS Journal of Archaeological Science Latin American Antiquity
Kishor K Basa serves as the Coordinator for the Centre for Advanced Study in Anthropology at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar India His research focuses on the archaeology of Odisha early trade between India and Southeast Asia beads ethnoarchaeol-ogy archaeological theory and museology He has edited 10 books and published around 60 papers and has delivered the presidential address at the Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress (2007) the Archaeology Section of the Indian History Congress (2007) and the Annual Conference of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies (2011)
Kelly Elaine Blevins is a graduate student currently completing an MSc in paleopa-thology at Durham University UK She is broadly interested in paleopathology and bioarchaeology with a focus on infectious disease She completed her BS with honors from Appalachian State University where she was awarded the Jill Louckrsquos Memorial Scholarship and Outstanding Senior Award She has also been awarded an Archaeology Masterrsquos Bursary from Durham University and a Goizueta Scholarship She has p ublished in PLOS ONE
notes on contributors xi
KS Chakraborty is a doctoral research student in the Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Canada where he is also a teaching assistant His research is focused on ceramic residue and use alteration analysis GIS and geophysical survey photo grammetry and 3D imaging physical anthropology skeletal biology and isotopic studies He is the author of articles in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Arcaeology (2014) and the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (2012)
Parth R Chauhan is Assistant Professor of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Mohali Punjab India His research focuses on understanding early human technological adaptations to Quaternary environments in the Indian subcontinent and he has also carried out fieldwork in Yemen He is a coeditor of New Perspectives on Old Stones Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies (2010) with Stephen Lycett and of Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods Theories and Interpretations (2009) with Marta Camps and has published 40 articles in peer‐reviewed journals edited volumes and conference proceedings
Michel Danino is guest Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar in Gujarat India where he is assisting in setting up an Archaeological Sciences Center His research focuses on Indian protohistory and the mathematical features of Harappan town planning and metrology He is the author of The Lost River On the Trail of the Sarasvati (2010) 13 book chapters and 13 papers related to archaeology in journals such as Dossiers drsquoarcheacuteologie Man and Environment Puratattva and the Heritage Journal of Indian History and Culture He is a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research
Prakash Darnal is Chief of the National Archives of Nepal and serves as the Under Secretary for Nepal Governmentrsquos civil service His research focuses on field archaeology art architecture and culture He has conducted excavations at Khoksar Dhangadhi Vidhyapati Gadh Manimandap Devdaha Bhawanipur and Surkhet He has published hundreds of articles in Nepali and English in the Journal of Nepalese Studies and Ancient Nepal among others
Jacqueline T Eng is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University USA Her research focuses on bioarchaeological and paleopatholog-ical studies of ancient pastoral and agricultural populations Her published works examine the biological health consequences of increasing socioeconomic complexity and migration in Inner Asia including periods of interregional interactions between nomadic pastoral and agricultural populations and collaborative isotopic studies of shifting subsistence patterns She has worked in Nepal early medieval Iceland and postmedieval Romania
Dorian Q Fuller is Professor of Archaeobotany at University College London UK His research focuses on archaeobotanical analysis and early agriculture across the Old World including field and laboratory projects in China Southeast Asia India Southwest Asia and Africa He is coauthor of Tree and Woodlands in South India Archaeological Perspectives (2008) coeditor of Climates Landscape and Civilizations (2012) and Archaeology of African Plant Use (2014) and author of more than 200 academic papers
Rajan Gaur is Professor of Anthropology at Panjab University in Chandigarh India His research focuses on paleoanthropology mammalian paleontology and paleoecology
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
Contents
Notes on Contributors x
Acknowledgments xvii
Formal Dedication xviiiVN Misra
Foreword xxAngela R Lieverse
Maps xxvi
1 Introduction 1Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R Walimbe
Part I Paleoanthropology in South Asia 11
2 Mammalian Paleodiversity and Ecology of Siwalik Primates in India and Nepal 13Rajan Gaur
3 A Decade of Paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent (2005ndash2015) 32Parth R Chauhan
4 Archaic Genomes and the Peopling of South Asia 51Mark Stoneking
5 Out of Africa and into South Asia The Evidence from Paleolithic Archaeology 60Ravi Korisettar
viii contents
6 Hominin Fossil Remains from the Narmada Valley 72AR Sankhyan
7 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain and Adjoining Hilly Regions of the Vindhyas 86JN Pal
8 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain Pathology Stature and Subsistence 101John R Lukacs
Part II Middle Holocene Farmers and Urban Dwellers 125
9 Current Perspectives on the Harappan Civilization 127Vasant Shinde
10 Excavations at Harappa 1986ndash2010 New Insights on the Indus Civilization and Harappan Burial Traditions 145JM Kenoyer and RH Meadow
11 Bioarchaeology of the Indus Valley Civilization Biological Affinities Paleopathology and Chemical Analyses 169Nancy C Lovell
12 More than Origins Refining Migration in the Indus Civilization 187Benjamin Valentine
13 Aryans and the Indus Civilization Archaeological Skeletal and Molecular Evidence 205Michel Danino
14 The Ahar Culture and Others Social Spectrums of the Mewar Plain 225Teresa P Raczek
15 The Archaeology of the Late Holocene on the Deccan Plateau (The Deccan Chalcolithic) 240Prabodh Shirvalkar and Esha Prasad
16 The Center Cannot Hold A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Environmental Crisis in the Second Millennium bce South Asia 255Gwen Robbins Schug and Kelly Elaine Blevins
17 The ldquoGandhara Grave Culturerdquo New Perspectives on Protohistoric Cemeteries in Northern and Northwestern Pakistan 274Muhammad Zahir
Part III Historic Archaeology Monuments and Meaning 295
18 Early Iron Age Megalith Builders of Vidarbha A Historical View 297PS Joshi
19 Situating Iron Age Monuments in South India A Textual and Ethnographic Approach 310K Rajan
contents ix
20 A Review of Early Historic Urbanization in India 319Reshma Sawant and Gurudas Shete
21 Historical and Medieval Period Archaeology 332Monica L Smith
22 The Transition to Agricultural Production in India South Asian Entanglements of Domestication 344Charlene A Murphy and Dorian Q Fuller
23 From Millet to Rice (and Back Again) Cuisine Cultivation and Health in Southern India 358Kathleen D Morrison
24 Death and Burial among Two Ancient High‐Altitude Communities of Nepal 374Mark Aldenderfer and Jacqueline T Eng
Part IV South Asia in Retrospect 399
25 Prehistoric Archaeology in Bangladesh An Overview 401Shahnaj Husne Jahan
26 Archaeology of Nepal 412Prakash Darnal
27 The Peopling of Sri Lanka from Prehistoric to Historic Times Biological and Archaeological Evidence 426Samanti Kulatilake
28 Theoretical Archaeology in India An Anthropological Perspective 437K Paddayya
29 Moving Forward Looking Back The Collective Memory of Indian Anthropology 450Abhik Ghosh
30 Anthropology and Museums in India 465Kishor K Basa
31 Human Skeletal Studies Changing Trends in Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives 482Subhash R Walimbe
32 Where Are They Now The Human Skeletal Remains from India 496V Mushrif-Tripathy KS Chakraborty and S Lahiri
Index 534
Chapter 1 Notes on Contributors
Mark Aldenderfer is Professor of Anthropology in the School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts at the University of California Merced USA His research focuses on the comparative analysis of high altitudemdashEthiopian Andean and Tibetanmdashcultural and biological adaptations from an archaeological perspective He has edited or written 10 books including Montane Foragers (1998) and has published 107 articles and book c hapters in journals including Science PNAS Journal of Archaeological Science Latin American Antiquity
Kishor K Basa serves as the Coordinator for the Centre for Advanced Study in Anthropology at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar India His research focuses on the archaeology of Odisha early trade between India and Southeast Asia beads ethnoarchaeol-ogy archaeological theory and museology He has edited 10 books and published around 60 papers and has delivered the presidential address at the Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress (2007) the Archaeology Section of the Indian History Congress (2007) and the Annual Conference of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies (2011)
Kelly Elaine Blevins is a graduate student currently completing an MSc in paleopa-thology at Durham University UK She is broadly interested in paleopathology and bioarchaeology with a focus on infectious disease She completed her BS with honors from Appalachian State University where she was awarded the Jill Louckrsquos Memorial Scholarship and Outstanding Senior Award She has also been awarded an Archaeology Masterrsquos Bursary from Durham University and a Goizueta Scholarship She has p ublished in PLOS ONE
notes on contributors xi
KS Chakraborty is a doctoral research student in the Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Canada where he is also a teaching assistant His research is focused on ceramic residue and use alteration analysis GIS and geophysical survey photo grammetry and 3D imaging physical anthropology skeletal biology and isotopic studies He is the author of articles in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Arcaeology (2014) and the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (2012)
Parth R Chauhan is Assistant Professor of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Mohali Punjab India His research focuses on understanding early human technological adaptations to Quaternary environments in the Indian subcontinent and he has also carried out fieldwork in Yemen He is a coeditor of New Perspectives on Old Stones Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies (2010) with Stephen Lycett and of Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods Theories and Interpretations (2009) with Marta Camps and has published 40 articles in peer‐reviewed journals edited volumes and conference proceedings
Michel Danino is guest Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar in Gujarat India where he is assisting in setting up an Archaeological Sciences Center His research focuses on Indian protohistory and the mathematical features of Harappan town planning and metrology He is the author of The Lost River On the Trail of the Sarasvati (2010) 13 book chapters and 13 papers related to archaeology in journals such as Dossiers drsquoarcheacuteologie Man and Environment Puratattva and the Heritage Journal of Indian History and Culture He is a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research
Prakash Darnal is Chief of the National Archives of Nepal and serves as the Under Secretary for Nepal Governmentrsquos civil service His research focuses on field archaeology art architecture and culture He has conducted excavations at Khoksar Dhangadhi Vidhyapati Gadh Manimandap Devdaha Bhawanipur and Surkhet He has published hundreds of articles in Nepali and English in the Journal of Nepalese Studies and Ancient Nepal among others
Jacqueline T Eng is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University USA Her research focuses on bioarchaeological and paleopatholog-ical studies of ancient pastoral and agricultural populations Her published works examine the biological health consequences of increasing socioeconomic complexity and migration in Inner Asia including periods of interregional interactions between nomadic pastoral and agricultural populations and collaborative isotopic studies of shifting subsistence patterns She has worked in Nepal early medieval Iceland and postmedieval Romania
Dorian Q Fuller is Professor of Archaeobotany at University College London UK His research focuses on archaeobotanical analysis and early agriculture across the Old World including field and laboratory projects in China Southeast Asia India Southwest Asia and Africa He is coauthor of Tree and Woodlands in South India Archaeological Perspectives (2008) coeditor of Climates Landscape and Civilizations (2012) and Archaeology of African Plant Use (2014) and author of more than 200 academic papers
Rajan Gaur is Professor of Anthropology at Panjab University in Chandigarh India His research focuses on paleoanthropology mammalian paleontology and paleoecology
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
viii contents
6 Hominin Fossil Remains from the Narmada Valley 72AR Sankhyan
7 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain and Adjoining Hilly Regions of the Vindhyas 86JN Pal
8 Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain Pathology Stature and Subsistence 101John R Lukacs
Part II Middle Holocene Farmers and Urban Dwellers 125
9 Current Perspectives on the Harappan Civilization 127Vasant Shinde
10 Excavations at Harappa 1986ndash2010 New Insights on the Indus Civilization and Harappan Burial Traditions 145JM Kenoyer and RH Meadow
11 Bioarchaeology of the Indus Valley Civilization Biological Affinities Paleopathology and Chemical Analyses 169Nancy C Lovell
12 More than Origins Refining Migration in the Indus Civilization 187Benjamin Valentine
13 Aryans and the Indus Civilization Archaeological Skeletal and Molecular Evidence 205Michel Danino
14 The Ahar Culture and Others Social Spectrums of the Mewar Plain 225Teresa P Raczek
15 The Archaeology of the Late Holocene on the Deccan Plateau (The Deccan Chalcolithic) 240Prabodh Shirvalkar and Esha Prasad
16 The Center Cannot Hold A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Environmental Crisis in the Second Millennium bce South Asia 255Gwen Robbins Schug and Kelly Elaine Blevins
17 The ldquoGandhara Grave Culturerdquo New Perspectives on Protohistoric Cemeteries in Northern and Northwestern Pakistan 274Muhammad Zahir
Part III Historic Archaeology Monuments and Meaning 295
18 Early Iron Age Megalith Builders of Vidarbha A Historical View 297PS Joshi
19 Situating Iron Age Monuments in South India A Textual and Ethnographic Approach 310K Rajan
contents ix
20 A Review of Early Historic Urbanization in India 319Reshma Sawant and Gurudas Shete
21 Historical and Medieval Period Archaeology 332Monica L Smith
22 The Transition to Agricultural Production in India South Asian Entanglements of Domestication 344Charlene A Murphy and Dorian Q Fuller
23 From Millet to Rice (and Back Again) Cuisine Cultivation and Health in Southern India 358Kathleen D Morrison
24 Death and Burial among Two Ancient High‐Altitude Communities of Nepal 374Mark Aldenderfer and Jacqueline T Eng
Part IV South Asia in Retrospect 399
25 Prehistoric Archaeology in Bangladesh An Overview 401Shahnaj Husne Jahan
26 Archaeology of Nepal 412Prakash Darnal
27 The Peopling of Sri Lanka from Prehistoric to Historic Times Biological and Archaeological Evidence 426Samanti Kulatilake
28 Theoretical Archaeology in India An Anthropological Perspective 437K Paddayya
29 Moving Forward Looking Back The Collective Memory of Indian Anthropology 450Abhik Ghosh
30 Anthropology and Museums in India 465Kishor K Basa
31 Human Skeletal Studies Changing Trends in Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives 482Subhash R Walimbe
32 Where Are They Now The Human Skeletal Remains from India 496V Mushrif-Tripathy KS Chakraborty and S Lahiri
Index 534
Chapter 1 Notes on Contributors
Mark Aldenderfer is Professor of Anthropology in the School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts at the University of California Merced USA His research focuses on the comparative analysis of high altitudemdashEthiopian Andean and Tibetanmdashcultural and biological adaptations from an archaeological perspective He has edited or written 10 books including Montane Foragers (1998) and has published 107 articles and book c hapters in journals including Science PNAS Journal of Archaeological Science Latin American Antiquity
Kishor K Basa serves as the Coordinator for the Centre for Advanced Study in Anthropology at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar India His research focuses on the archaeology of Odisha early trade between India and Southeast Asia beads ethnoarchaeol-ogy archaeological theory and museology He has edited 10 books and published around 60 papers and has delivered the presidential address at the Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress (2007) the Archaeology Section of the Indian History Congress (2007) and the Annual Conference of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies (2011)
Kelly Elaine Blevins is a graduate student currently completing an MSc in paleopa-thology at Durham University UK She is broadly interested in paleopathology and bioarchaeology with a focus on infectious disease She completed her BS with honors from Appalachian State University where she was awarded the Jill Louckrsquos Memorial Scholarship and Outstanding Senior Award She has also been awarded an Archaeology Masterrsquos Bursary from Durham University and a Goizueta Scholarship She has p ublished in PLOS ONE
notes on contributors xi
KS Chakraborty is a doctoral research student in the Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Canada where he is also a teaching assistant His research is focused on ceramic residue and use alteration analysis GIS and geophysical survey photo grammetry and 3D imaging physical anthropology skeletal biology and isotopic studies He is the author of articles in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Arcaeology (2014) and the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (2012)
Parth R Chauhan is Assistant Professor of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Mohali Punjab India His research focuses on understanding early human technological adaptations to Quaternary environments in the Indian subcontinent and he has also carried out fieldwork in Yemen He is a coeditor of New Perspectives on Old Stones Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies (2010) with Stephen Lycett and of Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods Theories and Interpretations (2009) with Marta Camps and has published 40 articles in peer‐reviewed journals edited volumes and conference proceedings
Michel Danino is guest Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar in Gujarat India where he is assisting in setting up an Archaeological Sciences Center His research focuses on Indian protohistory and the mathematical features of Harappan town planning and metrology He is the author of The Lost River On the Trail of the Sarasvati (2010) 13 book chapters and 13 papers related to archaeology in journals such as Dossiers drsquoarcheacuteologie Man and Environment Puratattva and the Heritage Journal of Indian History and Culture He is a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research
Prakash Darnal is Chief of the National Archives of Nepal and serves as the Under Secretary for Nepal Governmentrsquos civil service His research focuses on field archaeology art architecture and culture He has conducted excavations at Khoksar Dhangadhi Vidhyapati Gadh Manimandap Devdaha Bhawanipur and Surkhet He has published hundreds of articles in Nepali and English in the Journal of Nepalese Studies and Ancient Nepal among others
Jacqueline T Eng is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University USA Her research focuses on bioarchaeological and paleopatholog-ical studies of ancient pastoral and agricultural populations Her published works examine the biological health consequences of increasing socioeconomic complexity and migration in Inner Asia including periods of interregional interactions between nomadic pastoral and agricultural populations and collaborative isotopic studies of shifting subsistence patterns She has worked in Nepal early medieval Iceland and postmedieval Romania
Dorian Q Fuller is Professor of Archaeobotany at University College London UK His research focuses on archaeobotanical analysis and early agriculture across the Old World including field and laboratory projects in China Southeast Asia India Southwest Asia and Africa He is coauthor of Tree and Woodlands in South India Archaeological Perspectives (2008) coeditor of Climates Landscape and Civilizations (2012) and Archaeology of African Plant Use (2014) and author of more than 200 academic papers
Rajan Gaur is Professor of Anthropology at Panjab University in Chandigarh India His research focuses on paleoanthropology mammalian paleontology and paleoecology
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
contents ix
20 A Review of Early Historic Urbanization in India 319Reshma Sawant and Gurudas Shete
21 Historical and Medieval Period Archaeology 332Monica L Smith
22 The Transition to Agricultural Production in India South Asian Entanglements of Domestication 344Charlene A Murphy and Dorian Q Fuller
23 From Millet to Rice (and Back Again) Cuisine Cultivation and Health in Southern India 358Kathleen D Morrison
24 Death and Burial among Two Ancient High‐Altitude Communities of Nepal 374Mark Aldenderfer and Jacqueline T Eng
Part IV South Asia in Retrospect 399
25 Prehistoric Archaeology in Bangladesh An Overview 401Shahnaj Husne Jahan
26 Archaeology of Nepal 412Prakash Darnal
27 The Peopling of Sri Lanka from Prehistoric to Historic Times Biological and Archaeological Evidence 426Samanti Kulatilake
28 Theoretical Archaeology in India An Anthropological Perspective 437K Paddayya
29 Moving Forward Looking Back The Collective Memory of Indian Anthropology 450Abhik Ghosh
30 Anthropology and Museums in India 465Kishor K Basa
31 Human Skeletal Studies Changing Trends in Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives 482Subhash R Walimbe
32 Where Are They Now The Human Skeletal Remains from India 496V Mushrif-Tripathy KS Chakraborty and S Lahiri
Index 534
Chapter 1 Notes on Contributors
Mark Aldenderfer is Professor of Anthropology in the School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts at the University of California Merced USA His research focuses on the comparative analysis of high altitudemdashEthiopian Andean and Tibetanmdashcultural and biological adaptations from an archaeological perspective He has edited or written 10 books including Montane Foragers (1998) and has published 107 articles and book c hapters in journals including Science PNAS Journal of Archaeological Science Latin American Antiquity
Kishor K Basa serves as the Coordinator for the Centre for Advanced Study in Anthropology at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar India His research focuses on the archaeology of Odisha early trade between India and Southeast Asia beads ethnoarchaeol-ogy archaeological theory and museology He has edited 10 books and published around 60 papers and has delivered the presidential address at the Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress (2007) the Archaeology Section of the Indian History Congress (2007) and the Annual Conference of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies (2011)
Kelly Elaine Blevins is a graduate student currently completing an MSc in paleopa-thology at Durham University UK She is broadly interested in paleopathology and bioarchaeology with a focus on infectious disease She completed her BS with honors from Appalachian State University where she was awarded the Jill Louckrsquos Memorial Scholarship and Outstanding Senior Award She has also been awarded an Archaeology Masterrsquos Bursary from Durham University and a Goizueta Scholarship She has p ublished in PLOS ONE
notes on contributors xi
KS Chakraborty is a doctoral research student in the Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Canada where he is also a teaching assistant His research is focused on ceramic residue and use alteration analysis GIS and geophysical survey photo grammetry and 3D imaging physical anthropology skeletal biology and isotopic studies He is the author of articles in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Arcaeology (2014) and the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (2012)
Parth R Chauhan is Assistant Professor of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Mohali Punjab India His research focuses on understanding early human technological adaptations to Quaternary environments in the Indian subcontinent and he has also carried out fieldwork in Yemen He is a coeditor of New Perspectives on Old Stones Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies (2010) with Stephen Lycett and of Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods Theories and Interpretations (2009) with Marta Camps and has published 40 articles in peer‐reviewed journals edited volumes and conference proceedings
Michel Danino is guest Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar in Gujarat India where he is assisting in setting up an Archaeological Sciences Center His research focuses on Indian protohistory and the mathematical features of Harappan town planning and metrology He is the author of The Lost River On the Trail of the Sarasvati (2010) 13 book chapters and 13 papers related to archaeology in journals such as Dossiers drsquoarcheacuteologie Man and Environment Puratattva and the Heritage Journal of Indian History and Culture He is a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research
Prakash Darnal is Chief of the National Archives of Nepal and serves as the Under Secretary for Nepal Governmentrsquos civil service His research focuses on field archaeology art architecture and culture He has conducted excavations at Khoksar Dhangadhi Vidhyapati Gadh Manimandap Devdaha Bhawanipur and Surkhet He has published hundreds of articles in Nepali and English in the Journal of Nepalese Studies and Ancient Nepal among others
Jacqueline T Eng is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University USA Her research focuses on bioarchaeological and paleopatholog-ical studies of ancient pastoral and agricultural populations Her published works examine the biological health consequences of increasing socioeconomic complexity and migration in Inner Asia including periods of interregional interactions between nomadic pastoral and agricultural populations and collaborative isotopic studies of shifting subsistence patterns She has worked in Nepal early medieval Iceland and postmedieval Romania
Dorian Q Fuller is Professor of Archaeobotany at University College London UK His research focuses on archaeobotanical analysis and early agriculture across the Old World including field and laboratory projects in China Southeast Asia India Southwest Asia and Africa He is coauthor of Tree and Woodlands in South India Archaeological Perspectives (2008) coeditor of Climates Landscape and Civilizations (2012) and Archaeology of African Plant Use (2014) and author of more than 200 academic papers
Rajan Gaur is Professor of Anthropology at Panjab University in Chandigarh India His research focuses on paleoanthropology mammalian paleontology and paleoecology
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
Chapter 1 Notes on Contributors
Mark Aldenderfer is Professor of Anthropology in the School of Social Sciences Humanities and Arts at the University of California Merced USA His research focuses on the comparative analysis of high altitudemdashEthiopian Andean and Tibetanmdashcultural and biological adaptations from an archaeological perspective He has edited or written 10 books including Montane Foragers (1998) and has published 107 articles and book c hapters in journals including Science PNAS Journal of Archaeological Science Latin American Antiquity
Kishor K Basa serves as the Coordinator for the Centre for Advanced Study in Anthropology at Utkal University in Bhubaneswar India His research focuses on the archaeology of Odisha early trade between India and Southeast Asia beads ethnoarchaeol-ogy archaeological theory and museology He has edited 10 books and published around 60 papers and has delivered the presidential address at the Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress (2007) the Archaeology Section of the Indian History Congress (2007) and the Annual Conference of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies (2011)
Kelly Elaine Blevins is a graduate student currently completing an MSc in paleopa-thology at Durham University UK She is broadly interested in paleopathology and bioarchaeology with a focus on infectious disease She completed her BS with honors from Appalachian State University where she was awarded the Jill Louckrsquos Memorial Scholarship and Outstanding Senior Award She has also been awarded an Archaeology Masterrsquos Bursary from Durham University and a Goizueta Scholarship She has p ublished in PLOS ONE
notes on contributors xi
KS Chakraborty is a doctoral research student in the Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Canada where he is also a teaching assistant His research is focused on ceramic residue and use alteration analysis GIS and geophysical survey photo grammetry and 3D imaging physical anthropology skeletal biology and isotopic studies He is the author of articles in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Arcaeology (2014) and the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (2012)
Parth R Chauhan is Assistant Professor of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Mohali Punjab India His research focuses on understanding early human technological adaptations to Quaternary environments in the Indian subcontinent and he has also carried out fieldwork in Yemen He is a coeditor of New Perspectives on Old Stones Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies (2010) with Stephen Lycett and of Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods Theories and Interpretations (2009) with Marta Camps and has published 40 articles in peer‐reviewed journals edited volumes and conference proceedings
Michel Danino is guest Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar in Gujarat India where he is assisting in setting up an Archaeological Sciences Center His research focuses on Indian protohistory and the mathematical features of Harappan town planning and metrology He is the author of The Lost River On the Trail of the Sarasvati (2010) 13 book chapters and 13 papers related to archaeology in journals such as Dossiers drsquoarcheacuteologie Man and Environment Puratattva and the Heritage Journal of Indian History and Culture He is a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research
Prakash Darnal is Chief of the National Archives of Nepal and serves as the Under Secretary for Nepal Governmentrsquos civil service His research focuses on field archaeology art architecture and culture He has conducted excavations at Khoksar Dhangadhi Vidhyapati Gadh Manimandap Devdaha Bhawanipur and Surkhet He has published hundreds of articles in Nepali and English in the Journal of Nepalese Studies and Ancient Nepal among others
Jacqueline T Eng is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University USA Her research focuses on bioarchaeological and paleopatholog-ical studies of ancient pastoral and agricultural populations Her published works examine the biological health consequences of increasing socioeconomic complexity and migration in Inner Asia including periods of interregional interactions between nomadic pastoral and agricultural populations and collaborative isotopic studies of shifting subsistence patterns She has worked in Nepal early medieval Iceland and postmedieval Romania
Dorian Q Fuller is Professor of Archaeobotany at University College London UK His research focuses on archaeobotanical analysis and early agriculture across the Old World including field and laboratory projects in China Southeast Asia India Southwest Asia and Africa He is coauthor of Tree and Woodlands in South India Archaeological Perspectives (2008) coeditor of Climates Landscape and Civilizations (2012) and Archaeology of African Plant Use (2014) and author of more than 200 academic papers
Rajan Gaur is Professor of Anthropology at Panjab University in Chandigarh India His research focuses on paleoanthropology mammalian paleontology and paleoecology
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
notes on contributors xi
KS Chakraborty is a doctoral research student in the Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Canada where he is also a teaching assistant His research is focused on ceramic residue and use alteration analysis GIS and geophysical survey photo grammetry and 3D imaging physical anthropology skeletal biology and isotopic studies He is the author of articles in Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Arcaeology (2014) and the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (2012)
Parth R Chauhan is Assistant Professor of Archaeology and Paleoanthropology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Mohali Punjab India His research focuses on understanding early human technological adaptations to Quaternary environments in the Indian subcontinent and he has also carried out fieldwork in Yemen He is a coeditor of New Perspectives on Old Stones Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies (2010) with Stephen Lycett and of Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions Methods Theories and Interpretations (2009) with Marta Camps and has published 40 articles in peer‐reviewed journals edited volumes and conference proceedings
Michel Danino is guest Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar in Gujarat India where he is assisting in setting up an Archaeological Sciences Center His research focuses on Indian protohistory and the mathematical features of Harappan town planning and metrology He is the author of The Lost River On the Trail of the Sarasvati (2010) 13 book chapters and 13 papers related to archaeology in journals such as Dossiers drsquoarcheacuteologie Man and Environment Puratattva and the Heritage Journal of Indian History and Culture He is a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research
Prakash Darnal is Chief of the National Archives of Nepal and serves as the Under Secretary for Nepal Governmentrsquos civil service His research focuses on field archaeology art architecture and culture He has conducted excavations at Khoksar Dhangadhi Vidhyapati Gadh Manimandap Devdaha Bhawanipur and Surkhet He has published hundreds of articles in Nepali and English in the Journal of Nepalese Studies and Ancient Nepal among others
Jacqueline T Eng is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Western Michigan University USA Her research focuses on bioarchaeological and paleopatholog-ical studies of ancient pastoral and agricultural populations Her published works examine the biological health consequences of increasing socioeconomic complexity and migration in Inner Asia including periods of interregional interactions between nomadic pastoral and agricultural populations and collaborative isotopic studies of shifting subsistence patterns She has worked in Nepal early medieval Iceland and postmedieval Romania
Dorian Q Fuller is Professor of Archaeobotany at University College London UK His research focuses on archaeobotanical analysis and early agriculture across the Old World including field and laboratory projects in China Southeast Asia India Southwest Asia and Africa He is coauthor of Tree and Woodlands in South India Archaeological Perspectives (2008) coeditor of Climates Landscape and Civilizations (2012) and Archaeology of African Plant Use (2014) and author of more than 200 academic papers
Rajan Gaur is Professor of Anthropology at Panjab University in Chandigarh India His research focuses on paleoanthropology mammalian paleontology and paleoecology
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
xii notes on contributors
p articularly of the Siwaliks of India He is the author or coauthor of six books and has p ublished 84 research papers in journals including Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Journal of Human Biology Annals of Human Biology Paleoclimatology Paleogeography Paleoecology Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Anthropologischer Anzeiger
Abhik Ghosh is Professor and Chairperson of Anthropology at the Department of Anthropology Panjab University Chandigarh India He is the author of The World of the Oraon (2004) and around 100 research papers in Quaternary International PLOS ONE Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology Indian Anthropologist Eastern Anthropologist Man in India South Asian Anthropologist among other journals He has been placed s econd in the Zayed Prize in Environment for his work on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Shahnaj Husne Jahan is Professor and the Director of the Center for Archaeological Studies University of Liberal Arts in Bangladesh Her research area focuses on field archaeology maritime archaeology the cultural heritage management art history the economic and cultural history of South and Southeast Asia She has 60 research papers to her credit and is the author of Excavating Waves and Winds of (Ex)change A Study of Maritime Trade in Early Bengal (2006) and editor of Abhijntildean Studies in South Asian Archaeology and Art History of Artefacts (2009)
PS Joshi was a faculty member at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India from which he retired in 2004 He has been associated with investigation of the megalithic culture of Vidarbha (central India) temple architecture in the state of Maharashtra and Greater India He has been deeply engaged with research in the m egalithic culture of Vidarbha since 1968 He has contributed 12 research papers related to the life-ways of the early Iron Age megalithic culture of Vidarbha and on the temple architecture of Maharashtra He is coeditor of a book on archaeological excavations in Maharashtra (2013)
JM Kenoyer is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin Madison USA since 1985 He has served as Field Director and Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986 He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts socioeconomic and political organization as well as religion which have led him to work in South Asia China Japan Korea Oman and West Asia in general His work has been f eatured in National Geographic magazine and Scientific American and on the website wwwharappacom
Ravi Korisettar is current holder of the Dr DC Pavate Chair and Professor of Art and Archaeology at Karnatak University India He has conducted a series of investigations into the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures of southern India and is an expert on current global debates on the peopling of the Old World He has authored and edited numerous publica-tions including Indian Archaeology in Retrospect (2001ndash2002) and is currently working on another edited volume focusing on issues in Indian archaeology and a comparative study of prehistoric rock art in southern and central India
Samanti Kulatilake is Associated Professor of Biological Anthropology at Mount Royal University Canada Her research focuses on the evolutionary history affinities and adap-tations of South Asians and other Old World populations through the study of skeletal remains She is involved as a biological anthropologist in ongoing excavation projects in
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
notes on contributors xiii
Sri Lanka where prehistoric and historic human skeletal remains are being recovered She has published widely in English and in Sinhala
S Lahiri is a Research Scholar at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India and the site supervisor for the excavations at Rakhi Garhi a Harappan site in Haryana India Her research is focused on using archaeological and ethnographic observations to under-stand the continuity of Harappan architecture and objects of daily use in Haryana She is the author of a research paper in the Heritage Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
Angela R Lieverse is Associate Professor of Bioarchaeology at the University of Saskatchewan Canada Her research focuses on the middle Holocene foragers of Northeast Asia particularly the Baikal region of Siberia Russian Federation She is the author or c oauthor of over two dozen book chapters and refereed articles in journals such as PLOS ONE the American Journal of Physical Anthropology Quaternary International Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Science
Nancy C Lovell is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alberta Canada Her research has focused primarily on the bioarchaeology of the Indus civilization ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Roman Italy She is the author of numerous articles in journals such as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Osteoarchaeology and International Journal of Paleopathology
John R Lukacs is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Oregon USA where he has worked since 1976 His research focuses on the dental anthropology of pre-historic and living people of South Asia He has published 67 journal articles and 39 book chapters and edited three volumes two on dental anthropology (1992 1998) and one on the bioanthropology of South Asia (1984) He is coauthor of four monographs on biological attributes of prehistoric skeletal series in India (Mahurjhari in 2015 Bhimbetka in 2002 Inamgaon in 1986 and Bagor in 1982)
RH Meadow is Senior Lecturer on Anthropology and Director of the Zooarchaeology Laboratory of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University USA He served as Co‐Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project and has worked at sites and in collections across Asia Tepe Yahya in Iran Balakot Mehrgarh Nausharo and Harappa in Pakistan and Tell Leilan in Syriamdashas well as in Southeast and East Asia He has a special interest in humanndashanimal relations in the past especially in domestication and the multiple uses humans have made of animals and animal products through the Holocene He has p ublished more than 100 articles in a wide range of venues
Kathleen D Morrison is the Neukom Family Professor of Anthropology and a faculty affiliate of the Program on the Global Environment at the University of Chicago USA Her research integrates evidence from archaeology history and paleoecology (pollen macroremains microscopic charcoal and stable isotopes) to examine long‐term humanndashenvironment relationships in South Asia Her new project compares the record of human land use and land cover changes with indices of biodiversity in two South Indian biodiversity hotspots
Charlene A Murphy is currently a European Research Council Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology University College London UK on the Comparative Pathways
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
xiv notes on contributors
to Agriculture (ComPAg) project Her current research interest is environmental archaeology and the origins of agriculture She completed her doctorate at University College London in 2011 on Mediterranean archaeobotany focusing on the city of Pompeii To date she has undertaken archaeobotanical fieldwork in Italy Scotland Romania Turkey Iraq Canada India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
V Mushrif‐Tripathy is Assistant Professor of Bioarchaeology at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India She is the author of four books Human Skeletal Remains from Parsi Dokhama at Sanjan (2012) Megalithic Builders of South India Archaeo‐anthropological Investigations on Human Skeletal Remains from Kodumanal (2012) Human Skeletal Remains from Megalithic Jotsoma (2009) and Human Skeletal Remains from Chalcolithic Nevasa Osteobiographic Analysis (2006) She has published 31 articles in peer‐reviewed journals
K Paddayya was superannuated Professor of Geoarchaeology in 2003 at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute in Pune and from 2003 to 2008 he served as its Director His research interests include the prehistory and protohistory of South Asia with special reference to the Deccan region He is also interested in the history of archaeology and in archaeological theory He is the author of five books and has edited or coedited five books He has published over 100 research articles in periodicals published in India and in other countries such as Man and Environment Puratattva Man Anthropos South Asian Studies Antiquity and Current Anthropology
JN Pal is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Allahabad India His research focuses on the prehistoric protohistoric and historical archaeology of the Ganges Plain and the Vindhyan Plateau He is the author of Archaeology of Southern Uttar Pradesh Ceramic Industries of Northern Vindhyas (1986) and coauthor or co‐editor of 14 books and journals and of 116 articles in Man and Environment Puratattva Pragdhara Purakala Quaternary International among other journals He worked on the Bioarchaeology of the Mesolithic North India project and was awarded the International Collaborative Research Grant by Wenner‐Gren Foundation for an archaeogeological investigation of the middle Son Valley
Esha Prasad is a Research Scholar at the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India Her research focuses on the Harappan civilization Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Culture Ochre Color Pottery Culture field archaeology and ceramic studies
Teresa P Raczek is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Kennesaw State University USA She studies community formation in the early complex societies of South Asia and her research interests include lithics mobility small‐scale interactions and community archaeology She is the coeditor of four books including Connections and Complexity New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia and has published in venues such as Antiquity Archaeological Review from Cambridge and Asian Perspectives
K Rajan is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of History Pondicherry University India His research focuses on the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic South India He directed the excavations at Mayiladumparai Thandikudi Porunthal and Kodumanal He is the author of Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley Porunthal Excavations (2014) Recent Researches in the Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (2012) Archaeology
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
notes on contributors xv
of the Palani Hills A Case Study of Thandikudi (2011) Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in Tamil Nadu (2009) Ancient Irrigation Technology Sluice Technology in Tamil Nadu (2008) South Indian Memorial Stones (2000) Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu (1997) and Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (1994) He has also published more than 100 articles
Gwen Robbins Schug is Associate Professor at Appalachian State University where she received the William C Strickland Outstanding Young Faculty Award Her research is focused on understanding South Asian prehistory from a bioarchaeological perspective She is the author of Bioarchaeology and Climate Change A View from South Asian Prehistory (2011) and Mesolithic Damdama Dental Histology and Age Estimation (2004) She has pub-lished articles in American Antiquity American Journal of Physical Anthropology International Journal of Paleopathology Journal of Archaeological Science and PLOS ONE among others
AR Sankhyan is Visiting Fellow at the Anthropological Survey of India where he served as a paleoanthropologist and physical anthropologist for over three decades He has p ublished more than five dozen research papers and four edited book volumes People of India Himachal Pradesh (1996) Human Origins Genome and People of India (2007) Asian Perspectives on Human Evolution (2009) and Recent Discoveries and Perspectives in Human Evolution (2015) A new book Indian Origins is forthcoming In 2012 he founded the Palaeo Research Society
Reshma Sawant is an independent researcher with interests focused on the Iron Age and Early Historic transition and historical archaeology especially of the Deccan region She is the coeditor of Recent Research Trends in South Asian Archaeology (2009) and author of Historical Archaeology of Vidarbha (2012) and 11 articles in Man and Environment and Puratattva among others She received the Professor HD Sankalia Young Archaeologist Award in 2003
Gurudas Shete is Assistant Professor of Archaeometry at Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India His research focuses on ceramic typology of the Iron Age and Early Historic period and the Iron Age of Vidarbha in general He is the author of six articles in journals including Man and Environment and Puratattva
Vasant Shinde is Vice‐Chancellor of the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute Pune India He has directed numerous excavations including Harappan sites in Gujarat and Haryana Chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh and the Deccan protohistoric and Early Historic sites in Rajasthan He established the Society of South Asian Archaeology (SOSAA) with a view to promoting young archaeologists and further global collaboration His publications include eight books 10 edited books 117 papers in national journals and 57 research papers in international journal in addition to popular articles in magazines and other periodicals
Prabodh Shirvalkar is Assistant Professor at Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute India His research focuses on Harappan civilization Chalcolithic cultures field archaeology and ceramic studies He is the author of the book Pre‐ and Early Harappan Culture of Western India (2013) and of 25 articles published in Pratnatattva Puratattva Heritage India Archaeological Review from Cambridge Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology Antiquity Project Gallery Pragadhara and Man and Environment among others
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
xvi notes on contributors
Monica L Smith is Professor of Anthropology and a faculty member of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles USA Her research focuses on ancient urbanism and trade material culture and social identity in the Indian subcontinent She is the author of A Prehistory of Ordinary People (2010) and The Archaeology of an Early Historic Town in Central India (2001) and editor of The Social Construction of Ancient Cities (2003) With Professor RK Mohanty she has published Excavations at Sisupalgarh (2008) and numerous journal articles
Mark Stoneking directs the Population History Group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Germany and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig His research interests involve using molecular genetic methods to address questions of anthro-pological interest with a focus on the origin structure relationships and dispersals of human populations including interactions between archaic and modern humans He has carried out fieldwork in Oceania Southeast Asia and Africa
Benjamin Valentine is McKennan Postdoctoral Fellow in Anthropology at Dartmouth College USA His research focuses on the social implications of archaeological human mobility Bioarchaeological and isotopic methods underpin his South Asian research program He is the author of articles in PLOS ONE Journal of Archaeological Science and Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Subhash R Walimbe retired from Pune University India and is currently Vice President of the Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences Pune His current research uses ethnographic data to model cultural frontiers of health for archaeological populations He has published seven books and one edited volume and skeletal reports for Inamgaon Nevasa Kodumanal Sanjan and Jotsoma He has published 60 articles in journals such as Man and Environment Current Science Journal of Human Evolution American Journal of Physical Anthropology Antiquity PLOS ONE
Muhammad Zahir is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Department of Archaeology Hazara University Pakistan His research primarily focuses on the archaeology of northwestern Pakistan particularly the post‐Indus period He has been involved in excavations and explo-rations at Harappa Beas River the Vale of Peshawar Swat Valley Taxila Valley and Chitral district in Pakistan and in Gibraltar and Saudi Arabia He has co‐authored Guide to Peshawar Museum with Professor Ihsan Ali and has published more than 20 articles on aspects of Pakistan archaeology in journals both within and outside Pakistan
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
Deep gratitude and appreciation is extended to the authors who graciously agreed to write chapters providing an overview of the major themes and directions for new research in South Asian anthropology in honor of Dr Kenneth AR Kennedy We are so fortunate that before his death in 2014 we could work with Dr Kennedy to develop the range of topics and a list of contributors he was particularly excited about the diversity of contributorsmdashmale female senior and up-and-coming scholars from South Asia and abroadmdashas he spent his career working with a broad range of scholars from different backgrounds and he sin-cerely valued the breadth of perspectives he gained from doing so The editors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and our series editors at Wiley Blackwell Elizabeth Swayze and Mark Graney We could not have done this project without you and we are grateful for your professional support and encouragement Finally the editors extend our sincere appreciation to our families they make our work possible and worthwhile
Acknowledgments
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
I consider myself fortunate to have had a personal and professional association with Professor Kenneth AR Kennedy over the last 40 years His interests spanned diverse topics in human skeletal biology ecology and Asian studies Professor Kennedy was a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and made significant contributions to this meth-odological aspect of the field Most appealing to me however was his concern for human paleobiology in South Asia
Geographically his work spans Pakistan India and Sri Lanka and academically it ranges from Pleistocene hominids to historic period skeletal specimens Kennedyrsquos interest was not focused on osteological examination of the skeletons to talk of the ldquoracialrdquo affinities a research trend that prevailed in the sixties and seventies rather he was keen to understand the nature of biological adaptations of the bygone populations in response to their lifestyle food‐procuring techniques and health He also used his data to comprehend biological continuity in ancient and contemporary populations Credit goes to Professor Kennedy for introducing a paleodemographic approach to Indian human skeletal biology which had a profound impact on the shape and direction of further anthropological research in the s ubcontinent Moreover his continued withstanding collaborations with several scholars across the subcontinent ultimately persuaded the discipline to accept human skeletons as an important component of Indian archaeology
Among numerous publications his magnum opus is God‐Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology in South Asia Published in 2000 it has no parallel among the many books on South Asian prehistory published in the last 90 years the first being Panchanan Mitrarsquos Prehistoric India published in 1923 Kennedyrsquos book represents the quintessence of six decades of research into Indian paleoanthropology It is an unparalleled mine of information and new ideas insights approaches and interpretations It is marked by thoroughness meticulousness compactness and natural flow and lucidity of style The book pioneers a new approach involving the integration of data from archaeological
Formal Dedication
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
formal dedication xix
p aleontological ecological and anthropological investigations giving a comprehensive pic-ture of the origins diversity and lifeways of southern Asian populations and of the story of human life on the subcontinent through distinct cultural periods from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age
A prolific writer and gifted teacher he generously shared his knowledge of human skeletal biology and South Asian prehistory with colleagues and students It is heartening that his indirect student and follower Professor Subhash Walimbe has floated the idea of a collec-tion of essays in his honor and I am still overwhelmed to know that a member of Kennedyrsquos third generation of scholars Dr Gwen Robbins Schug is taking a lead in getting the idea materialized There cannot be a better way to appreciate and remember the contributions Professor Kennedy made to the field A large number of scholars working South Asia have shared their research and each contribution also traces methodological and conceptual developments in their own areas of research This volume will help synthesize the current state of our understanding of prehistory in this important world region
It is my pleasure and honor to write a formal dedication for this volumeVN Misra
Pune India
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
I successfully defended my PhD dissertation in June 2005 the same month that my super-visor the eminent Kenneth AR Kennedy retired from Cornell University Whether this impeccable timing was my doing or his was never determined but it left me the proud and final graduate student of a world‐renowned biological anthropologist As such I am honored to have been given this opportunity to write a few words about the legacy of Kenneth Kennedy as a mentor and scholar including the lasting effect his work has hadmdashboth directly and indirectlymdashon countless other anthropologists over the years
Kenneth Adrian Raine Kennedy was born in Oakland California on June 26 1930 the only child of Walter and Margaret Kennedy He moved to San Francisco in 1941 gradu-ating from Lowell High School in 1949 and attending the University of California Berkeley the following year Kennedy received his BA in 1953 and his MA in 1954 His MA thesis written under the supervision of Dr Theodore D McCown and entitled The Aboriginal Population of the Great Basin focused on cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology and was later published as a report by the University of California Archaeological Survey (Kennedy 1954 1959) Kennedy then served a three‐year stint (1954ndash1957) in the military being stationed at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC and the Landstuhl Army Medical Center in Germany In 1958 he returned to Berkeley for his d octoral studies under the supervision of McCown and Dr Sherwood L Washburn taking seminar courses on anthropological history and theory concepts and problems in physical anthropology and vertebrate paleontology among others Kennedy completed his PhD in 1962 with the successful defense of his dissertation entitled The Balangodese of Ceylon Their Biological and Cultural Affinities with the Veddas (Kennedy 1962) It was with his doctoral researchmdashand thanks in no small part to the influence of McCownmdashthat he began an illustrious and lengthy career studying the paleoanthropology of South Asia In 1964 after a postdoctoral position at Deccan College (Pune India) Kennedy accepted an assistant professorship at Cornell University (Ithaca NY) where he put down roots and built his
Foreword
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
foreword xxi
career Even after his retirement in 2005 he remained active as professor emeritusmdashteaching courses until 2010 and continuing his scholarly workmdashuntil his death on April 23 2014
Between 1962 and 1988 Kennedy spent over 50 months in South Asia both as a visiting scholar and as a field researcher His extensive paleoanthropological work on the sub‐Himalayan landmass included visiting fellowships in India (Deccan College Pune and the University of Allahabad) and Pakistan (University of Islamabad) as well as numerous field research projects in Sri Lanka India and Pakistan The scope of Kennedyrsquos work over the years was nothing short of astonishing ranging geographically from Sri Lanka in the southeast to Pakistan in the northwest and spanning extensive temporal periods from the Miocene (eg the anthropoid apes of the Siwalik Hills) through the middle Holocene (eg the Indus Valley civilization)
The breadthmdashand depthmdashof his published works has left an enviable legacy Over the course of his career Kennedy authored or coauthored well over 100 academic papers on South Asian paleoanthropology alone including over 50 journal articles (eg Kennedy 1969 1978 1990 1999 2008a Kennedy and Ciochon 1999 Kennedy et al 1984 1991) and over 60 contributed book chapters (eg Kennedy 1983a 1984 1992 2003a Kennedy and Singh 1997) In addition he edited and authored over a dozen books and monographs on the topic (eg Kennedy 1975 Kennedy and Possehl 1976 1984 Kennedy et al 1986a 1992) including his much lauded 2000 publication of God‐Apes and Fossil Men (Kennedy 2000a) This latter volume earning Kennedy the 2002 WW Howells Prize from the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association outlined the extensive history of paleoanthropological research in South Asia and provided a broad and meticulous survey of the subcontinentrsquos prehistoric cultures In it he effortlessly integrated archaeological paleontological ecological and anthropological data and offered key insights gleaned from his decades‐long work in the region
If he had limited his scholarly endeavors to South Asian paleoanthropology alone the legacy of Kennedyrsquos career would still have been guaranteed But Kennedy also made impressive contributions to forensic anthropology and the history of biological anthropology easily establishing himself among the notable anthropologists of the twentieth century Kennedy was one of the founding members of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists being awarded the distinction of Diplomate (DABFA) in 1978 His numerous forensic anthropological works included publications on occupational stress (eg Capasso et al 1999 Işcan and Kennedy 1989 Kennedy 1983b 1989 1998 Wilczak and Kennedy 1998) individual identification (eg Kennedy 1996 Kennedy et al 1986b) and the race concept (eg Kennedy 1995a 2008b) among others (eg Kennedy 2003b 2005) Kennedy was also well known for his interest in the history of s cience particularly the developments and contributions of biological anthropology He authored over 20 publications on a variety of historical topics ranging from early inter-pretations of Darwinian evolution to perspectives on the lives and works of many former mentors and peers (eg Kennedy 1985 1995b 1997 2000b 2010 Kennedy and Brooks 1984 Kennedy and Whittaker 1976 Little and Kennedy 2010) He also penned several obituaries in honor of close friends and colleagues in the field (eg Kennedy 2012 Kennedy and Hausfater 1986)
In addition to his research activities Kennedy devoted much of his career to service p articularly to professional organizations scholarly journals and student training Over the years he was a member of at least 19 professional societies including the American Anthropological Association (AAA) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) and American Academy of Forensic Sciences being elected to the executive c ommittees of all three He assumed editorial roles for American Anthropologist (published
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
xxii foreword
by the AAA) and the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (published by the AAPA) and wrote over 30 book reviews published in journals as diverse as Nature Current Anthropology Human Biology and American Paleontologist
While Kennedy was recognized with honors such as the T Dale Stewart Award for Forensic Anthropology (American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1987) and the WW Howells Book Award (AAA 2002) perhaps his most lasting legacy was his contribution to teaching and mentorship It is difficult for me to speak for the thousands of undergraduate and graduate students who took Kennedyrsquos courses at Cornell University between 1964 and 2010 but I can say without hesitation that he was a much adored professor and that his classes although challenging were always very popular He offered senior under graduate and graduate courses in human biology and evolution human paleontology forensic anthropology and human evolution concepts history and theorymdashas well as special topics graduate courses such as forensic anthropology and paleoanthropology of South Asia
His seminar courses were particularly enjoyable because many evening sessions were held at his lovely custom‐built home on Hickory Circle Students would sip sherry or apple cider as they sat around his office fireplace discussing the topic of the week Kennedy himself was always quick to spice up the conversation with personal anecdotes drawn from the vast vault of material he had amassed over years of travel fieldwork and professional experience He was very adept at putting his students at ease in order to facilitate genuine conversation and stimulate debate and he could skillfully yet subtly steer discussions back to the topic at hand whenever they strayed as they were often wont to do The highlight of the evenings would always be the coffee and homemade cake offered at the end of each discussion by Kennethrsquos gracious and charming wife Margaret Carrick Fairlie Kennedy (herself an accom-plished composer) Together Kenneth and Margaret could bring out the best in every s tudent at those evening seminars and make each one feel valued through the simple act of treating everyone with the utmost courtesy and respect Kennedyrsquos courses like the man himself were memorable not only for their content but also for their character
Kennedy supervised 11 successful doctoral students at Cornell University between the early 1970s and 2005 with the collective breadth of their thesis topics and subsequent professional trajectories reflecting the essence and richness of his own career As a biological anthropologist with a broad and varied expertise he was able to mentor burgeoning scholars and guide graduate research projects on topics as diverse as modern human variation (Işcan 1976 Lukacs 1977) skeletal and dental morphology (Levisky 1987 Lukacs 1977 Turkel 1982 Wilczak 1998) primate anatomy (Elgart‐Berry 2000 Lovell 1987) human adaptation (Hanson 1988 Levisky 1987 Sponsel 1981) skeletal and dental pathology (Lieverse 2005 Lovell 1987) bone microarchitecture (Hanson 1988) forensic identification in mass fatalities (Kontanis 2004) and habitual and occupational activity (Lieverse 2005 Wilczak 1998) Geographically his studentsrsquo research projects included South Asia the Amazon the American Midwest the California coast and central Siberia temporally they spanned time periods from the Early Neolithic (c 8000ndash6800 cal bp) to the present day Despite this incredible diversity Kennedy was able to instill in his students many of the core values that made him a great scholar and mentor including an unwavering commitment to academic integrity ethical and responsible research an aptitude for colla-borative and interdisciplinary investigation an understanding of the history and development of intellectual thought and a true appreciation for the academic and scholarly contributions of those who preceded them
After the completion of their degrees all of Kennedyrsquos doctoral students moved on to build careers in their chosen fields most in academia and many eventually supervising graduate students of their own and they theirs Indeed an extensive scholarly lineagemdashan
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
foreword xxiii
academic genealogical tree if you willmdashhas been firmly established over the years with Kennedy himself occupying the basal node Numerous anthropologists today working in South Asia or elsewhere can trace aspects of their training and mentorship back to him The legacy of Kenneth AR Kennedy therefore lies not only in his name and the vast c ollection of his scholarly works but also in the many students that he influenced and all the careers and research paths that he helped to mold along the way As one of those former students and on behalf of all of them thank you Professor Kennedy
Angela R LieverseUniversity of Saskatchewan Canada
RefeRences
Capasso CL Kennedy KAR Wilczak CA 1999 Atlas of occupational markers on human remains Journal of Paleontology Monograph Publications 3 Teramo (Italy) Edigrafica SPA
Elgart‐Berry A 2000 The relationship of fracture toughness of plants to the morphology and dura-bility of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) mandibles and teeth Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Hanson D 1988 Subsistence change and biological adaptation a micro‐radiographic analysis of c ortical bone remodeling in three prehistoric populations from the lower Illinois Valley Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY 1976 Air pollution and variation in body morphology and pulmonary function Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
İşcan MY Kennedy KAR editors 1989 Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley LissKennedy KAR 1954 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin MA thesis Berkeley University
of CaliforniaKennedy KAR 1959 The aboriginal population of the Great Basin Reports of the University of
California Archaeological Survey No 45 Berkeley Department of Anthropology University of California
Kennedy KAR 1962 The Balangodese of Ceylon their biological and cultural affinities with the Veddas Unpublished PhD dissertation Berkeley University of California
Kennedy KAR 1969 Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 bc American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31 315ndash320
Kennedy KAR 1975 The physical anthropology of the megalith‐builders of South India and Sri Lanka Oriental Monograph Series Canberra Australian National University
Kennedy KAR 1978 South Asian interpretations of physical anthropology during and after the British colonial period American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48 411
Kennedy KAR 1983a Skulls Aryans and flowing drains The interface of archaeology and skeletal biology in the study of the Harappan civilization In Possehl GL editor Harappan civilization a contemporary perspective New Delhi Oxford amp IBH pp 289ndash295
Kennedy KAR 1983b Morphological variation in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress Journal of Forensic Sciences 28(4) 871ndash876
Kennedy KAR 1984 Growth nutrition and pathology in changing demographic settings in South Asia In Cohen MN Armelagos GJ editors Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture Orlando (FL) Academic Press pp 169ndash192
Kennedy KAR 1985 Historical and philosophical perspectives on Darwinian explanation the dawn of evolutionary theory In Godfrey L editor What Darwin began Rockleigh (NJ) Allyn amp Bacon pp 1ndash34
Kennedy KAR 1989 Skeletal markers of occupational stress In Isccedilan MY Kennedy KAR editors Reconstruction of life from the skeleton New York Wiley‐Liss pp 129ndash160
Kennedy KAR 1990 Narmada man fossil skull from India dating morphology taxonomy American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 248ndash249
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
xxiv foreword
Kennedy KAR 1992 The fossil hominid skull from the Narmada Valley Homo erectus or Homo sapiens In Jarrige C editor South Asian archaeology Madison (WI) Prehistory Press pp 145ndash152
Kennedy KAR 1995a But professor why teach race identification if races donrsquot exist Journal of Forensic Sciences 40(5) 796ndash800
Kennedy KAR 1995b The legacy of Sir William Jones natural history anthropology archaeology In Cannon G editor Objects of enquiry the life contributions and influence of Sir William Jones New York New York University Press pp 116ndash128
Kennedy KAR 1996 The wrong urn commingling of cremains in mortuary practices Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(4) 689ndash692
Kennedy KAR 1997 McCown Theodore D[oney] (1908ndash1969) In Spencer F editor History of physical anthropology New York Garland vol 2 pp 627ndash629
Kennedy KAR 1998 Markers of occupational stress conspectus and research International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(5) 305ndash310
Kennedy KAR 1999 Paleoanthropology of South Asia Evolutionary Anthropology 8(5) 165ndash185Kennedy KAR 2000a God‐apes and fossil men paleoanthropology of South Asia Ann Arbor
University of Michigan PressKennedy KAR 2000b Becoming respectable T Dale Stewart and the acceptance of forensic
anthropology in the academic community Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(2) 253ndash257Kennedy KAR 2003a PaleoanthropologymdashSouth Asia In Levinson D Christensen K editors
Encyclopedia of modern Asia New York Charles Scribnerrsquos Sons pp 448ndash452Kennedy KAR 2003b Trials in court the forensic anthropologist takes the stand In Wolfe Steadman
D editor Hard evidence case studies in forensic anthropology Upper Saddle River (NJ) Prentice Hall pp 77ndash96
Kennedy KAR 2005 Have you checked your hyoid lately Strangulation pathology trauma accident Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60(2) 135ndash138 Special issue A Festschrift to PV Tobias
Kennedy KAR 2008a Climatic events and environmental adaptations relating to the Mesolithic hominids of the Gangetic Plain Quaternary International 192 14ndash19
Kennedy KAR 2008b Forensic anthropology and race In Moore JH editor Encyclopedia of race and racism 3 volumes Detroit (MI) Macmillan pp 488ndash492
Kennedy KAR 2010 Principle figures in early 20th century physical anthropology with special treatment of forensic anthropology In Little MA Kennedy KAR editors Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield pp 105ndash126
Kennedy KAR 2012 Obituary Gregory Louis Possehl (1941ndash2011) Current Science 102(11) 1591Kennedy KAR Brooks ST 1984 Theodore D McCown a perspective on a physical anthropologist
Current Anthropology 25(1) 99ndash103Kennedy KAR Ciochon RL 1999 A canine tooth from the Siwaliks first recorded discovery of a
fossil ape Human Evolution 14(3) 231ndash253Kennedy KAR Hausfater G 1986 Diane Fossey (1932ndash1985) obituary American Anthropologist
88(4) 953ndash956Kennedy KAR Possehl GL editors 1976 Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory
Occasional Papers of the South Asia Program Ithaca (NY) Cornell UniversityKennedy KAR Possehl GL eds 1984 Studies in the archaeology and paleoanthropology of South
Asia New Delhi Oxford‐IBHKennedy KAR Singh R 1997 South Asia (India Pakistan Sri Lanka) In Spencer F editor History
of physical anthropology vol 2 pp 976ndash987 New York GarlandKennedy KAR Whittaker JC 1976 The ape in stateroom 10 Natural History 85(9) 48Kennedy KAR Chiment J Disotell T Meyers D 1984 Principle component analysis of prehistoric
South Asian crania American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64 105ndash118Kennedy KAR Lovell NC Burrow CB 1986a Mesolithic human remains from the Gangetic Plain
Sarai Nahar Rai Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 10 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
foreword xxv
Kennedy KAR Plummer T Chiment J 1986b Identification of the eminent dead Penpi a scribe of ancient Egypt In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas pp 290ndash307
Kennedy KAR Sonakia A Chiment J Verma KK 1991 Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86 475ndash496
Kennedy KAR Lukacs JR Pastor RF Johnston T Lovell NC hellip Burrow CB 1992 Human remains from Mahadaha a Gangetic Mesolithic site Occasional Papers and Theses of the South Asia Program No 11 Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Kontanis E 2004 Applying triage principles to medicolegal mass fatality incident investigations an evaluation of the primary variables affecting decedent identification success with a focus on DNA sampling strategies Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Levisky J 1987 The masticatory complex and diet of a marine dependent Native American population a case study of human crania from the northern Channel Islands Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lieverse AR 2005 Bioarchaeology of the Cis‐Baikal biological indicators of hunter‐gatherer adaptation and cultural change Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Little MA Kennedy KAR editors 2010 Histories of American physical anthropology in the twen-tieth century Lanham (MD) Rowman amp Littlefield
Lovell NC 1987 Skeletal pathology in wild‐shot Pongids implications for human evolution Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Lukacs JR 1977 Anthropological aspects of dental variation in North India a morphometric a nalysis Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Sponsel LE 1981 The hunter and the hunted in the Amazon an integrated biological and cultural approach to the behavior and ecology of human predation Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Turkel SJ 1982 An investigation into the stabilizing mechanisms of the glenohumeral joint against anterior dislocation an example of applied physical anthropology Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA 1998 A new method for quantifying musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) a test of the relationship between enthesis size and habitual activity in archaeological populations Unpublished PhD dissertation Ithaca (NY) Cornell University
Wilczak CA Kennedy KAR 1998 Mostly MOS technical aspects of identification of skeletal markers of occupational stress In Reichs KJ editor Forensic osteology advances in the identification of human remains (second edition) pp 461ndash490 Springfield (IL) Charles C Thomas
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
xxvi maps
1 Soan Valley Pakistan 2 Toka 3 Delhi Aravalli Hills 4 Nepal prehistoric evidence 5 Bansloi River Basin 6 Mahadebbera amp Kana 7 Middle Son Valley (Bamburi 1 Patpara Dhaba) 8 Jonk River Basin 9 Thar Desert sites (16R dune Katoati)10 Gopnath
11 Durkadi and Mehtakheri12 Bhimbetka13 Central Narmada Basin Hathnora Dhansi14 Tikoda15 Mandla16 lsampur17 Jurerru Valley (Jwalapuram Jwalapuram 9 rock shelter Kurnool Caves Billa Surgam caves)18 Kondapeta19 Kibbanahalli20 Attirampakkam21 Horton Plains22 Badatomba-lena22
21
2019
18
1716
11
10
9
7
1
3
2
4
5
6
13151412
8
N 300 km
200 mi
Map 1 Paleolithic sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
maps xxvii
Cultural periodsPaleolithic
Mesolithic
Microlithic
1110
9 6
1 8
7 3
2 4
5
N 300 km
200 mi
1 Baghai Khor 2 Bagor 3 Bhimbetka 4 Damdama 5 Deulga Hills 6 Gormati-ni-Khan Dhansura 7 Hathnora 8 Lekhahiya 9 Loteshwar10 Mahadaha11 Sarai Nahar Rai
Map 2 Prehistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia
xxviii maps
1 Apegaon 11 Dangwada
2 Baijapalle 12 Farmana
3 Balathal 13 Gandlur
4 Banahalli 14 Garapadu
5 Bhorgarh 15 Hallur
6 Budihal 16 Harappa
7 Burzahom 17 Hullikallu
8 Chinnamarur 18 leej
9 Chirand 19 lnamgaon
10 Daimabad 20 Kalibangan
Cultural periodNeolithicChalcolithicHarappan
21 Koathe
22 Kudatini
23 Lothal
24 Mehrgarh
25 Mohenjo Daro
26 Nagarjunakonda
27 Nevasa
28 Rakhigarhi
29 Ramapuram
30 Ran Daliyo
300 km
200 mi
N
31 Rupar
32 Sanauli
33 Songaon
34 Surkotada
35 TNarasipur
36 Tekkalakota
37 Tekwada
38 Tuljapur Garhi
39 Vicinity of GorkaI
40 Walki
Map 3 Protohistoric sites in South Asia