(satg) somali agriculture technical group filsan / phosphorus post- emergnecy interventions in the...

(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group

FILSAN / PHOSPHORUS POST-FILSAN / PHOSPHORUS POST-EMERGNECY INTERVENTIONS IN EMERGNECY INTERVENTIONS IN THE DRY LAND FARMING OF THE THE DRY LAND FARMING OF THE

BAY REGION-SOMALIABAY REGION-SOMALIA

Presented at the Regional Workshop on Dryland Presented at the Regional Workshop on Dryland Farming Practices in Emergency and Post-Farming Practices in Emergency and Post-

Emergency ContextEmergency Context October 1-2, 08October 1-2, 08Nairobi, KenyaNairobi, Kenya

HUSSEIN HAJIHUSSEIN HAJI


OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

IntroductionIntroductionBay region (population, crops, cropping Bay region (population, crops, cropping

systems, rainfall)systems, rainfall)Pre-emergency research findings on:Pre-emergency research findings on:

Filsan mungbeanFilsan mungbeanPhosphorousPhosphorous

Post-emergency interventionsPost-emergency interventionsFilsan mungbeanFilsan mungbeanPhosphorousPhosphorous


IntroductionIntroduction

Human population Human population 400,000400,000 45% farmers45% farmers 33% nomadic33% nomadic 20% non agricultural20% non agricultural

Animal population Animal population 1.1M1.1M 29% camels29% camels 34% cattle34% cattle 33% goats33% goats 04% sheep04% sheep



CropsCrops Sorghum 95%Sorghum 95%

Grain - human Grain - human consumptionconsumption

Stover – Livestock Stover – Livestock consumptionconsumption

Other Crops 5%Other Crops 5% Cowpeas, mungbeans Cowpeas, mungbeans

and peanutsand peanuts



0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

J M M J S N

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Max temp Min temp

Arid to semi aridArid to semi arid Annual rainfall 500-Annual rainfall 500-

700mm-Bimodal700mm-Bimodal GU: 250-350mmGU: 250-350mm Der: 200 –250mmDer: 200 –250mm

80% of the grain is produced during the Gu season

Average temperature Average temperature 26oC

mm

25 yrs25 yrs



Subsistence farmingSubsistence farming Farm size 1-8 haFarm size 1-8 ha Monocropping systemMonocropping system Inputs Inputs

SeedSeed LaborLabor

Grain Yield (sorghum) Grain Yield (sorghum) 300-800 kg/ha 300-800 kg/ha


1970 081980 1990 00

BIG BANG

Emergency and post Emergency context

PRE-EMERGENCY RESEARCH FINDINGS

Research andAcademic inst.

Somtux

Filsan seed releasePhosphorus


I- FILSAN SEED: PRE-I- FILSAN SEED: PRE-EMERGENCY RESEARCH EMERGENCY RESEARCH

RESULTS (1981-1996)RESULTS (1981-1996)


Pre-emergency (1981-1986)Pre-emergency (1981-1986)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Local Filsan0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Local Filsan

Days to maturity Seeds/pod



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Local Filsan300

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

460

480

Local Filsan

1000 Seed wt. Yield (kg/ha)



Filsan seed was recommended for release Filsan seed was recommended for release in 1987in 1987

Filsan seed multiplication was initiated in Filsan seed multiplication was initiated in 1988 and 19891988 and 1989

Civil war 1990Civil war 1990Filsan seed along with all other institutional Filsan seed along with all other institutional

memories were vanishedmemories were vanished


I- FILSAN SEED: POST-I- FILSAN SEED: POST-EMERGENCY EMERGENCY

INTERVENTIONS INTERVENTIONS (2003-2006)(2003-2006)


Filsan: Post-emergency recoveryFilsan: Post-emergency recovery

2002- Breeders Seed 2002- Breeders Seed ((FILSANFILSAN) was obtained ) was obtained from AVRDC-Taiwanfrom AVRDC-Taiwan

2002 & 2003 seed 2002 & 2003 seed increased in Minnesotaincreased in Minnesota

March 2004-11kg of seed March 2004-11kg of seed shipped to ICRISAT-shipped to ICRISAT-Kenya for further seed Kenya for further seed increaseincrease

2005, 110 kg Filsan seed 2005, 110 kg Filsan seed produced with the help of produced with the help of ICRISAT-NairobiICRISAT-Nairobi


Post-emergency recoveryPost-emergency recovery

110 kg Filsan seed repatriated To Somalia and distributed to farmers by SAGRA


Post-emergency recoveryPost-emergency recovery


LIMITATIONS AND LIMITATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES

I-LimitationI-LimitationLack of institutional support for Lack of institutional support for

Evaluation of new potential varietiesEvaluation of new potential varieties Technology transfer support servicesTechnology transfer support services Seed support institutionsSeed support institutions Small-scale seed multiplication, distribution and Small-scale seed multiplication, distribution and

marketing systemsmarketing systems Human resources developmentHuman resources development

II-OpportunitiesII-OpportunitiesEmergence of new support servicesEmergence of new support services

INGO and local NGOINGO and local NGO


II- PHOSPHOROUS: PRE-II- PHOSPHOROUS: PRE-EMERGENCY RESEARCH EMERGENCY RESEARCH

RESULTS (1981-1996)RESULTS (1981-1996)


Pre-emergency: Response to PPre-emergency: Response to P

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Control 50N 100N N+P N+P

b bb

aa

Gra

in Y

ield

(kg

/ha)

58%

91%

N+P = 50N + 17.5P; N+P = 100N + 35P

Gu1986-Sorghum


Pre-emergency: Response to PPre-emergency: Response to P

0

200

400

600

800

Control 50N 100N N+P N+P

Gra

in Y

ield

(kg

/ha)

dd

d

c

a

147%

424%Gu1987-Sorghum


Pre-emergency: Response to Pre-emergency: Response to Animal ManureAnimal Manure

100

300

500

700

900

1100

1300

Control T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Gra

in Y

ield

(kg

/ha)

Gu1987-Sorghum

T1=5T/ha Camel T2=5T/ha Goat T3=5T/ha CattleT4= 10T/ha Goat T5=10T/ha Cattle

cc

abb

a a


Pre-emergency: Response to Pre-emergency: Response to Animal ManureAnimal Manure

100

300

500

700

900

1100

1300

Control T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Gra

in Y

ield

(kg

/ha)

Gu1986-Sorghum

T1=5T/ha Camel T2=5T/ha Goat T3=5T/ha CattleT4= 10T/ha Goat T5=10T/ha Cattle

b bb

a aa


Response to P on Filsan mungbean


Similar Experience in the Similar Experience in the Sahelian RegionSahelian Region

44 to 120% yield increase for sorghum 44 to 120% yield increase for sorghum and milletand millet

Reported by ICRISAT


Why P is not available to plants Why P is not available to plants in the Bay Region soils?in the Bay Region soils?

High soil pH

8.0 to 8.3


Why P is not available to plants Why P is not available to plants in the Bay Region soils?in the Bay Region soils?

The soil pH range at which maximum P availability The soil pH range at which maximum P availability occurs is between 6.0 and 7.0occurs is between 6.0 and 7.0

In the Bay Region, the soils are alkaline and have a pH In the Bay Region, the soils are alkaline and have a pH ranging from of 8.0 to 8.5ranging from of 8.0 to 8.5

Soils with a pH of 7.5 and higher typically have a high Soils with a pH of 7.5 and higher typically have a high calcium concentration that binds P as calcium-phosphate calcium concentration that binds P as calcium-phosphate creating an insoluble compound that is not available to creating an insoluble compound that is not available to plantsplants

Therefore, it is necessary to amend agricultural soils in Therefore, it is necessary to amend agricultural soils in the Bay Region with available forms of P at the correct the Bay Region with available forms of P at the correct agronomic rateagronomic rate


Relationship between soil PH Relationship between soil PH and Phosphorous availabilityand Phosphorous availability


RECOMMENDATIONRECOMMENDATION

Would P-Aid be a potential solution?Would P-Aid be a potential solution? It is an established fact that P is a yield limiting It is an established fact that P is a yield limiting

factor in the Bay Regionfactor in the Bay Region The data clearly show that P-application can The data clearly show that P-application can

double/triple yielddouble/triple yield P application establishes a good root system P application establishes a good root system

which is important for the dryland crops. which is important for the dryland crops. SATG is seriously considering to develop a SATG is seriously considering to develop a

concept note where food aid is gradually concept note where food aid is gradually replaced with P-Aid in the Bay Regionreplaced with P-Aid in the Bay Region


ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENT


THANK YOU

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