sat test 1-1 reading test | 65 minutes, 52 questions€¦ · sat test 1-1 reading test | 65...

SAT Test 1-1 Reading Test | 65 Minutes, 52 Questions

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Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage.

Inazo Nitobe, Bushido: The Soul of Japan, Charles E.

Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vermont, 1969.

[Of the sources of bushido, Zen Buddhism] furnished

a sense of calm trust in Fate, a quiet submission to

the inevitable, that stoic composure in sight of danger

or calamity, that disdain of life and friendliness with

death. A foremost teacher of swordsmanship, when 5

he saw his pupil master the utmost of his art, told

him, "Beyond this my instruction must give way to

Zen teaching." "Zen" is the Japanese equivalent for

the Dhyâna, which "represents human effort to reach

through meditation zones of thought beyond the 10

range of verbal expression." Its method is

contemplation, and its purport, as far as I understand

it, to be convinced of a principle that underlies all

phenomena, and, if it can, of the Absolute itself, and

thus to put oneself in harmony with this Absolute. 15

Thus defined, the teaching was more than the dogma

of a sect, and whoever attains to the perception of the

Absolute raises himself above mundane things and

awakes, "to a new Heaven and a new Earth."

What Buddhism failed to give, Shintoism offered in 20

abundance. Such loyalty to the sovereign, such

reverence for ancestral memory, and such filial piety

as are not taught by any other creed, were inculcated

by the Shinto doctrines, imparting passivity to the

otherwise arrogant character of the samurai. Shinto 25

theology has no place for the dogma of "original sin."

On the contrary, it believes in the innate goodness

and God-like purity of the human soul, adoring it as

the adytum from which divine oracles are

proclaimed. Everybody has observed that the Shinto 30

shrines are conspicuously devoid of objects and

instruments of worship, and that a plain mirror hung

in the sanctuary forms the essential part of its

furnishing. The presence of this article, is easy to

explain: it typifies the human heart, which, when 35

perfectly placid and clear, reflects the very image of

the Deity. When you stand, therefore, in front of the

shrine to worship, you see your own image reflected

on its shining surface, and the act of worship is

tantamount to the old Delphic injunction, "Know 40

Thyself." But self-knowledge does not imply, either

in the Greek or Japanese teaching, knowledge of the

physical part of man, not his anatomy or his psycho-

physics; knowledge was to be of a moral kind, the

introspection of our moral nature. Mommsen, 45

comparing the Greek and the Roman, says that when

the former worshiped he raised his eyes to heaven,

for his prayer was contemplation, while the latter

veiled his head, for his was reflection. Essentially

like the Roman conception of religion, our reflection 50

brought into prominence not so much the moral as

the national consciousness of the individual. Its

nature-worship endeared the country to our inmost

souls, while its ancestor-worship, tracing from

lineage to lineage, made the Imperial family the 55

fountain-head of the whole nation. To us the country

is more than land and soil from which to mine gold or

to reap grain—it is the sacred abode of the gods, the

spirits of our forefathers: to us the Emperor is more

than the Arch Constable of a Rechtsstaat, or even the 60

Patron of a Culturstaat—he is the bodily

representative of Heaven on earth, blending in his

person its power and its mercy. If what M.

Boutmy says is true of English royalty—that it "is not

only the image of authority, but the author and 65

symbol of national unity," as I believe it to be, doubly

and trebly may this be affirmed of royalty in Japan.

The tenets of Shintoism cover the two predominating

features of the emotional life of our race—Patriotism

and Loyalty. Arthur May Knapp very truly says: "In 70

Hebrew literature it is often difficult to tell whether

the writer is speaking of God or of the

Commonwealth; of heaven or of Jerusalem; of the

Messiah or of the nation itself." A similar confusion

may be noticed in the nomenclature of our national 75

faith. I said confusion, because it will be so deemed

by a logical intellect on account of its verbal

ambiguity; still, being a framework of national

instinct and race feelings, Shintoism never pretends

to a systematic philosophy or a rational theology. 80

This religion—or, is it not more correct to say, the

race emotions which this religion expressed?—

thoroughly imbued Bushido with loyalty to the

sovereign and love of country. These acted more as

impulses than as doctrines; for Shintoism, unlike the 85

Mediaeval Christian Church, prescribed to its

votaries scarcely any credenda, furnishing them at

the same time with agenda of a straightforward and

simple type.



As to strictly ethical doctrines, the teachings of 90

Confucius were the most prolific source of Bushido.

His enunciation of the five moral relations between

master and servant (the governing and the governed),

father and son, husband and wife, older and younger

brother, and between friend and friend, was but a 95

confirmation of what the race instinct had recognized

before his writings were introduced from China. The

calm, benignant, and worldly-wise character of his

politico-ethical precepts was particularly well suited

to the samurai, who formed the ruling class. His 100

aristocratic and conservative tone was well adapted to

the requirements of these warrior statesmen. Next to

Confucius, Mencius exercised an immense authority

over Bushido. His forcible and often quite democratic

theories were exceedingly taking too sympathetic 105

natures, and they were even thought dangerous to,

and subversive of, the existing social order, hence his

works were for a long time under censure. Still, the

words of this master mind found permanent lodgment

in the heart of the samurai. 110

The writings of Confucius and Mencius formed the

principal text-books for youths and the highest

authority in discussion among the old. A mere

acquaintance with the classics of these two sages was

held, however, in no high esteem. A common proverb 115

ridicules one who has only an intellectual knowledge

of Confucius, as a man ever studious but ignorant

of Analects. A typical samurai calls a literary savant a

book-smelling sot. Another compares learning to an

ill-smelling vegetable that must be boiled and boiled 120

before it is fit for use. A man who has read a little

smells a little pedantic, and a man who has read much

smells yet more so; both are alike unpleasant. The

writer meant thereby that knowledge becomes really

such only when it is assimilated in the mind of the 125

learner and shows in his character. An intellectual

specialist was considered a machine. Intellect itself

was considered subordinate to ethical emotion. Man

and the universe were conceived to be alike spiritual

and ethical. Bushido could not accept the judgment of 130

Huxley, that the cosmic process was unmoral.

Bushido made light of knowledge as such. It was not

pursued as an end in itself, but as a means to the

attainment of wisdom. Hence, he who stopped short

of this end was regarded no higher than a convenient 135

machine, which could turn out poems and maxims at

bidding. Thus, knowledge was conceived as identical

with its practical application in life; and this Socratic

doctrine found its greatest exponent in the Chinese

philosopher, Wan Yang Ming, who never wearies of 140

repeating, "To know and to act are one and the

same."

1. What is the main idea of this passage?

A) Buddhism is the basis of bushido.

B) Knowledge is only useful if it is applicable

in life.

C) Shinotism is historically associated with the

Greeks and Romans.

D) Bushido has roots in Buddhism and

Shintoism.

2. Which choice best describes the developmental

pattern of the passage?

A) The author introduces the topic, states his

thesis, develops his reasoning for his stance,

and then reiterates his reasons in his

conclusion.

B) The author focuses on each subtopic in no

real order, but smoothly transitions between

each subtopic.

C) The author details each tenet of bushido in

order of greatest importance to least.

D) The author cites many different works in

order to present a comprehensive view of

bushido without stating any opinions of his

own.

3. As used in line 16, “dogma” most nearly means

A) A set of principals.

B) The tenet.

C) The utopian ideals.

D) The purport.



4. Which of the following is true of Buddhism in

the first paragraph?

A) After mastering Buddhism, the pupil must

be taught Zen.

B) Without swordsmanship, meditation is

useless.

C) The purpose of Zen teaching in bushido is to

instill a type of fearlessness that comes from

accepting the inevitable.

D) The purpose of Buddhism in bushido is to

teach one to awaken to a new Heaven and a

new Earth.

5. Which choice provides the best evidence for the

answer to the previous question?

A) Lines 1-5 (“Of the sources…death”)

B) Lines 5-8 (“A foremost teacher…teaching”)

C) Lines 5-11 (“A foremost

teacher…expression”)

D) Lines 16-19 (“Thus defined…Earth”)

6. In the passage, a plain mirror symbolizes

A) The arrogant nature of the samurai.

B) The dogma of original sin.

C) Nature-worship.

D) The purity of the human soul.

7. From the passage, one can conclude that

A) The purpose of Shintoism in bushido is to

inculcate feelings of patriotism and loyalty.

B) It is because the Japanese value patriotism

and loyalty that these emotions are so

heavily featured in Shintoism.

C) Although Shintoism never pretends to be a

systematic philosophy, more logical

intellects can make sense of its verbal

ambiguity.

D) The Mediaeval Christian Church furnished

its votaries with a straightforward agenda.

8. Compared to Confucius, Mencius

A) Was not popular among the samurai.

B) Wrote of the five moral relationships.

C) Had ideas about society that were not

accepted by the ruling class at the time.

D) Had just as much influence on bushido.

9. In regards to Bushido, knowledge is

A) Only found in Confucius’s Analects.

B) Always scorned by the samurai.

C) Best when pursued for the sake of

knowledge.

D) Not as important as ethics.

10. What choice provides the best evidence for the


A) Lines 115-118 (“A common…Analects”)

B) Lines 118-123 (“A typical

samurai…unpleasant.”)

C) Lines 123-128 (“The writer

meant…emotion”)

D) Lines 132-134 (“Bushido made

light…wisdom”)

Questions 11-21 are based on the following

passage.



Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of

Women. Printed at Boston, by Peter Edes for Thomas and

Andrews, Faust’s statue, no. 45, Newbury-street, 1792.

After considering the historic page, and viewing the

living world with anxious solicitude, the most

melancholy emotions of sorrowful indignation have

depressed my spirits, and I have sighed when obliged

to confess, that either nature has made a great 5

difference between man and man, or that the

civilization, which has hitherto taken place in the

world, has been very partial. I have turned over

various books written on the subject of education,

and patiently observed the conduct of parents and the 10

management of schools; but what has been the result?

a profound conviction, that the neglected education

of my fellow creatures is the grand source of the

misery I deplore; and that women in particular, are

rendered weak and wretched by a variety of 15

concurring causes, originating from one hasty

conclusion. The conduct and manners of women, in

fact, evidently prove, that their minds are not in a

healthy state; for, like the flowers that are planted in

too rich a soil, strength and usefulness are sacrificed 20

to beauty; and the flaunting leaves, after having

pleased a fastidious eye, fade, disregarded on the

stalk, long before the season when they ought to have

arrived at maturity. One cause of this barren

blooming I attribute to a false system of education, 25

gathered from the books written on this subject by

men, who, considering females rather as women than

human creatures, have been more anxious to make

them alluring mistresses than rational wives; and the

understanding of the sex has been so bubbled by this 30

specious homage, that the civilized women of the

present century, with a few exceptions, are only

anxious to inspire love, when they ought to cherish a

nobler ambition, and by their abilities and virtues

exact respect. 35

In a treatise, therefore, on female rights and manners,

the works which have been particularly written for

their improvement must not be overlooked;

especially when it is asserted, in direct terms, that the

minds of women are enfeebled by false refinement; 40

that the books of instruction, written by men of

genius, have had the same tendency as more frivolous

productions; and that, in the true style of

Mahometanism, they are only considered as females,

and not as a part of the human species, when 45

improvable reason is allowed to be the dignified

distinction, which raises men above the brute

creation, and puts a natural scepter in a feeble hand.

I wish also to steer clear of an error, which many

respectable writers have fallen into; for the 50

instruction which has hitherto been addressed to

women, has rather been applicable to LADIES, if the

little indirect advice, that is scattered through

Sandford and Merton, be excepted; but, addressing

my sex in a firmer tone, I pay particular attention to 55

those in the middle class, because they appear to be

in the most natural state. Perhaps the seeds of false

refinement, immorality, and vanity have ever been

shed by the great. Weak, artificial beings raised

above the common wants and affections of their race, 60

in a premature unnatural manner, undermine the very

foundation of virtue, and spread corruption through

the whole mass of society! As a class of mankind

they have the strongest claim to pity! the education of

the rich tends to render them vain and helpless, and 65

the unfolding mind is not strengthened by the

practice of those duties which dignify the human

character. They only live to amuse themselves, and

by the same law which in nature invariably produces

certain effects, they soon only afford barren 70

amusement.

My own sex, I hope, will excuse me, if I treat them

like rational creatures, instead of flattering their

FASCINATING graces, and viewing them as if they

were in a state of perpetual childhood, unable to 75

stand alone. I earnestly wish to point out in what true

dignity and human happiness consists—I wish to

persuade women to endeavor to acquire strength,

both of mind and body, and to convince them, that

the soft phrases, susceptibility of heart, delicacy of 80

sentiment, and refinement of taste, are almost

synonymous with epithets of weakness, and that

those beings who are only the objects of pity and that

kind of love, which has been termed its sister, will

soon become objects of contempt. 85

The education of women has, of late, been more

attended to than formerly; yet they are still reckoned

a frivolous sex, and ridiculed or pitied by the writers

who endeavor by satire or instruction to improve



them. It is acknowledged that they spend many of the 90

first years of their lives in acquiring a smattering of

accomplishments: meanwhile, strength of body and

mind are sacrificed to libertine notions of beauty, to

the desire of establishing themselves, the only way

women can rise in the world—by marriage. And this 95

desire making mere animals of them, when they

marry, they act as such children may be expected to

act: they dress; they paint, and nickname God's

creatures. Surely these weak beings are only fit for

the seraglio! Can they govern a family, or take care 100

of the poor babes whom they bring into the world?

If then it can be fairly deduced from the present

conduct of the sex, from the prevalent fondness for

pleasure, which takes place of ambition and those

nobler passions that open and enlarge the soul; that 105

the instruction which women have received has only

tended, with the constitution of civil society, to

render them insignificant objects of desire; mere

propagators of fools! if it can be proved, that in

aiming to accomplish them, without cultivating their 110

understandings, they are taken out of their sphere of

duties, and made ridiculous and useless when the

short lived bloom of beauty is over*, I presume that

RATIONAL men will excuse me for endeavoring to

persuade them to become more masculine and 115

respectable.

(*Footnote. A lively writer, I cannot recollect his

name, asks what business women turned of forty

have to do in the world.)

Women are, in fact, so much degraded by mistaken 120

notions of female excellence, that I do not mean to

add a paradox when I assert, that this artificial

weakness produces a propensity to tyrannize, and

gives birth to cunning, the natural opponent of

strength, which leads them to play off those 125

contemptible infantile airs that undermine esteem

even whilst they excite desire. Do not foster these

prejudices, and they will naturally fall into their

subordinate, yet respectable station in life.

It seems scarcely necessary to say, that I now speak 130

of the sex in general. Many individuals have more

sense than their male relatives; and, as nothing

preponderates where there is a constant struggle for

an equilibrium, without it has naturally more gravity,

some women govern their husbands without 135

degrading themselves, because intellect will always

govern.

11. The author most likely included lines 1-17

(“After considering…conclusion”) in order to

A) Show that if something has been that way in

the past, it must also stay that way in the

present and future.

B) Highlight the amount of research she had

put into her work.

C) Present the views among different schools of

thought as a way to introduce the topic.

D) Deplore how women are intrinsically weak

and wretched.

12. In line 31, “specious” most nearly means

A) Special.

B) Misleading in appearance.

C) Deserved.

D) The allure of understanding.

13. According to the first paragraph, the author

believes that

A) Too many nutrients in the soil may be

detrimental to the health of the plant.

B) The partiality of civilization is due to the

difference between men and women.

C) Men consider women to be human.

D) Other than those that please men, women are

not taught to hone any other abilities and

virtues.



A) Lines 1-8 (“After considering…partial”)

B) Lines 17-24 (“The conduct…maturity”)

C) Lines 24-29 (“One case…wives”)

D) Lines 24-35 (“One cause…respect”)

15. What can one reasonably conclude about

Mahometanism?

A) Mahometanism believes that women are

enfeebled by false refinement.

B) Mahometanism believes that women are

incapable of reasoning.

C) Mahometanism believes that intellect will

always triumph over brute force.

D) Mahometanism believes that men should not

write books of instruction for women.



16. According to paragraph 3, women of the middle

class

A) Are the very foundation of virtue and

society.

B) Also need advice because few books have

been written with them in mind.

C) Are never filled with false refinement,

immorality, and vanity.

D) Are not at all educated.



A) Lines 49-57 (“I wish also…state”)

B) Lines 57-59 (“Perhaps the seeds...great”)

C) Lines 59-63 (“Weak, artificial…society!”)

D) Lines 63-68 (“As a class…character”)

18. In line 82, “epithets” most nearly means

A) Examples.

B) Epitome.

C) A polite way of saying something.

D) Descriptions.

19. Which of the following would the author most

agree with?

A) Lately, the quality of the education women

received has been on the rise.

B) Women should never use marriage to better

one’s station in the world.

C) Women need to be educated in a way so that

they are fit to run households and take care

of their families.

D) A woman’s fondness for pleasure opens and

enlarges the soul.

20. The author includes the footnote in line 117-119

in order to

A) Highlight how society believes that women

who are no longer beautiful have no use.

B) Further show that businesswomen over forty

years old are persecuted against.

C) Give an example of a rational man.

D) Prove that women have little to contribute to

society once their bloom of beauty is over.

21. The author believes that women who use

cunning are

A) Doing the best they can with the tools they

are given.

B) Are always more intelligent.

C) The embodiment of female excellence.

D) Degrading themselves.




passage.

Douglass, Frederick. “Abolition Fanaticism in New York.”

1847. Figure from “Slavery and the Kansas-Nebraska Act

(1820-1858)”

http://americanhistory.unomaha.edu/module_display.php?

mod_id=20&review=yes

I do not doubt but that a large portion of this audience

will be disappointed, both by the manner and

the matter of what I shall this day set forth. The

extraordinary and unmerited eulogies which have

been showered upon me, here and elsewhere, have 5

done much to create expectations which, I am well

aware, I can never hope to gratify. I am here, a

simple man, knowing what I have experienced in

Slavery, knowing it to be a bad system, and desiring,

by all Christian means, to seek its overthrow. I am 10

not here to please you with an eloquent speech, with

a refined and logical address, but to speak to you the

sober truths of a heart overborne with gratitude to

God that we have in this land, cursed as it is with

Slavery, so noble a band to second my efforts and the 15

efforts of others in the noble work of undoing the

Yoke of Bondage, with which the majority of the

States of this Union are now unfortunately cursed.

Since the last time I had the pleasure of mingling my

voice with the voices of my friends on this platform, 20

many interesting and even trying events have

occurred to me. I have experienced, within the last

eighteen or twenty months, many incidents, all of

which it would be interesting to communicate to you;

but many of these I shall be compelled to pass over at 25

this time, and confine my remarks to giving a general

outline of the manner and spirit with which I have

been hailed abroad, and welcomed at the different

places which I have visited during my absence of

twenty months. 30

You are aware, doubtless, that my object in going

from this country, was to get beyond the reach of the

clutch of the man who claimed to own me as his

property. I had written a book giving a history of that

portion of my life spent in the gall and bitterness and 35

degradation of Slavery, and in which I also identified

my oppressors as the perpetrators of some of the most

atrocious crimes. This had deeply incensed them

against me, and stirred up within them the purpose of

revenge, and my whereabouts being known, I 40

believed it necessary for me, if I would preserve my

liberty, to leave the shores of America, and take up

my abode in some other land, at least until the

excitement occasioned by the publication of my

Narrative had subsided. I went to England, 45

Monarchical England, to get rid of Democratic

Slavery, and I must confess that, at the very

threshold, I was satisfied that I had gone to the right

place. Say what you will of England—of the

degradation—of the poverty—and there is much of it 50

there—say what you will of the oppression and

suffering going on in England at this time, there is

Liberty there—there is Freedom there, not only for

the white man, but for the black man also. The instant

I stepped upon the shore, and looked into the faces of 55

the crowd around me, I saw in every man a

recognition of my manhood, and an absence, a

perfect absence, of everything like that disgusting

hate with which we are pursued in this country.

[Cheers.] I looked around in vain to see in any man's 60

face a token of the slightest aversion to me on

account of my complexion. Even the cabmen

demeaned themselves to me as they did to other men,

and the very dogs and pigs of old England treated me

as a man! I cannot, however, my friends, dwell upon 65

this anti-Prejudice, or rather the many illustrations of

the absence of Prejudice against Color in England—

but will proceed, at once, to defend the Right and

Duty of invoking English aid and English sympathy

for the overthrow of American Slavery, for the 70

education of Colored Americans, and to forward in

every way, the interests of humanity; inasmuch as the

right of appealing to England for aid in overthrowing

Slavery in this country, has been called in question,

in public meetings and by the press, in this city. 75

I cannot agree with my friend Mr. Garrison in

relation to my love and attachment to this land. I have

no love for America, as such; I have no patriotism. I

have no country. What country have I? The

Institutions of this country do not know me—do not 80

recognize me as a man. I am not thought of, spoken



of, in any direction, out of the Anti-Slavery ranks, as

a man. I am not thought of or spoken of, except as a

piece of property belonging to some Christian

Slaveholder, and all the Religious and Political 85

Institutions of this Country alike pronounce me a

Slave and a chattel. Now, in such a country as this I

cannot have patriotism. The only thing that links me

to this land is my family, and the painful

consciousness that here there are 3,000,000 of my 90

fellow creatures groaning beneath the iron rod of the

worst despotism that could be devised even in

Pandemonium,—that here are men and brethren who

are identified with me by their complexion, identified

with me by their hatred of Slavery, identified with me 95

by their love and aspirations for Liberty, identified

with me by the stripes upon their backs, their

inhuman wrongs and cruel sufferings. This, and this

only, attaches me to this land, and brings me here to

plead with you, and with this country at large, for the 100

disenthrallment of my oppressed countrymen, and to

overthrow this system of Slavery which is crushing

them to the earth. How can I love a country that

dooms 3,000,000 of my brethren, some of them my

own kindred, my own brothers, my own sisters, who 105

are now clanking the chains of Slavery upon the

plains of the South, whose warm blood is now

making fat the soil of Maryland and of Alabama, and

over whose crushed spirits rolls the dark shadow of

Oppression, shutting out and extinguishing forever 110

the cheering rays of that bright Sun of Liberty,

lighted in the souls of all God's children by the

omnipotent hand of Deity itself? How can I, I say,

love a country thus cursed, thus bedewed with the

blood of my brethren? A Country, the Church of 115

which, and the Government of which, and the

Constitution of which are in favor of supporting and

perpetuating this monstrous system of injustice and

blood? I have not, I cannot have, any love for this

country, as such, or for its Constitution. I desire to 120

see it overthrown as speedily as possible and its

Constitution shivered in a thousand fragments, rather

than this foul curse should continue to remain as

now. [Hisses and cheers.]



22. In line 5, “showered” most nearly means

A) A brief and light fall of rain.

B) A party in which presents are given to

someone.

C) To give someone a great number of things.

D) The act of washing oneself.

23. What is the mood this passage attempts to create

in its readers?

A) Jubilation.

B) Indifference.

C) Anxiety.

D) Passion.

24. In the second paragraph, the author stated that he

had been gone for twenty months. For what

reason did he leave?

A) He wanted to have novel experiences

abroad.

B) He wanted to see how he would have been

treated abroad.

C) His book had incensed his former masters

against him.

D) He was doing abolitionist work.

25. In line 45-49 (“I went to England…place”), the

author’s tone of voice is primarily one of

A) Irony.

B) Pedantry.

C) Gratefulness.

D) Modesty.

26. The examples given in lines 54-65 (“The

instant...man!”) serve to highlight

A) Why a monarchy is much better than a

democracy.

B) How widespread poverty helps combat

racism because everybody is in the same

situation.

C) The impact of his book on English society.

D) Why they should ask England for help in

abolishing slavery.



A) Line 40-45 (“I believed…subsided”)

B) Line 45-49 (“I went…place”)

C) Line 49-54 (“Say what…also”)

D) Line 65-70 (“I cannot…Slavery”)

28. According to the author, he cannot have any

patriotism for America for all of the following

EXCEPT

A) He was whipped as a slave.

B) The country only sees him as property.

C) The country has enslaved 3,000,000 people.

D) His relatives and siblings are enslaved.

29. In lines 115-117, the author mentions “country,”

“church,” “government,” and “Constitution” in

order to

A) Highlight the hypocrisy of a slave owning,

democratic country.

B) Show how all four institutions conspire to

keep black people enslaved.

C) Emphasize how all accepted institutions in

the United States condone slavery.

D) Demonstrate how widespread the

abolitionist reforms will impact American

society.

30. According to the figure, which region had the

greatest increase of the percentage of blacks in

the total population of the region between 1790

and 1820?

A) Southwest Interior

B) Seaboard South.

C) New England.

D) Middle Atlantic.

31. According to the figure, which region had the

greatest difference in the percentage of enslaved

blacks in the total population of blacks between

1790 and 1820?

A) Southwest Interior

B) Seaboard South

C) New England

D) Middle Atlantic.




passage.

Slonczewski, Joan L. and John W. Foster. Microbiology:

An Evolving Science. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

2009: 20-22. Figure taken from “Trends in Tuberculosis –

United States, 2008.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly

Report. CDC. 58(10);249-253. 20 Mar 2009.

Anthrax interested Koch because its epidemics in

sheep and cattle caused economic hardship among

local farmers. Today, anthrax is no longer a major

problem for agriculture, as its transmission is

prevented by effective environmental controls and 5

vaccination. It has, however, gained notoriety as a

bioterror agent because anthrax bacteria can survive

for long periods in the dormant, desiccated form of

an endospore. In 2001, anthrax spores sent through

the mail contaminated post offices throughout the 10

northeastern United States, as well as an office

building of the United States Senate, causing several

deaths.

To investigate whether anthrax was a transmissible

disease, Koch used blood from an anthrax-infected 15

carcass to inoculate a rabbit. When the rabbit died, he

used the rabbit’s blood to inoculate a second rabbit,

which then died in turn. The blood of the unfortunate

animal had turned black with long, rod-shaped

bacilli. Upon introduction of these bacilli into healthy 20

animals, the animals because ill with anthrax. Thus,

Koch demonstrated an important principle of

epidemiology: the chain of infection, or transmission

of a disease. In retrospect, his choice of anthrax was

fortunate, for the microbes generate very quickly, 25

multiply in the blood to an extraordinary

concentration, and remain infective outside the body

for long periods.

Koch and his colleagues then applied their

experimental logic and culture methods to a more 30

challenging disease: tuberculosis. In Koch’s day,

tuberculosis caused one-seventh of reported deaths in

Europe; today, tuberculosis bacteria continue to

infect millions of people worldwide. Koch’s

approach to anthrax, however, was less applicable to 35

tuberculosis, a disease that develops slowly after

many years of dormancy. Furthermore, the causative

bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are small and

difficult to distinguish from human tissue or from

different bacteria of similar appearance associated 40

with the human body. How could Koch prove that a

particular bacterium caused a disease?

What was needed was to isolate a pure culture of

microorganisms, a culture grown from a single

“parental” cell. This had been done by previous 45

researchers using the laborious process of serial

dilution of suspended bacteria until a culture tube

contained only a single cell. Alternatively,

inoculation of a solid surface such as a sliced potato

could produce isolated colonies, distinct populations 50

of bacteria, each frown from a single cell. For M.

tuberculosis, Koch inoculated serum, which then

formed a solid gel after heating. Later he refined the

solid-substrate technique by adding gelatin to a

defined liquid medium, which could then be chilled 55

to form a solid medium in a glass dish. A covered

version called the Petri dish (also called a Petri plate)

was invented by a colleague, Julius Richard Petri.

For his successful determination of the bacterium that

causes tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 60

Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or

Medicine in 1905. Koch formulated his famous set of

criteria for establishing a causative link between an

infectious agent and a disease. These four criteria are

known as Koch’s postulates: 65

1. The microbe is found in all cases of the disease

but is absent from healthy individuals.

2. The microbe is isolated from the diseased host

and grown in pure culture.

3. When the microbe is introduced into a healthy 70

susceptible host (or animal model), the same

disease occurs.

4. The same strain of microbe is obtained from the

newly diseased host. When cultured, the strain

shows the same characteristics as before. 75

Koch’s postulates continue to be used to determine

whether a given strain of microbe causes a disease.

Modern examples include Lyme disease, a tick-borne

infection that has become widespread in New

England and the Mid-Atlantic states; and hantaviral 80

pneumonia, an emerging disease particularly

prevalent among Native Americans in the Southwest.



Nevertheless, the postulates remain only a guide;

individual diseases and pathogens may confound one

or more of the criteria. For example, tuberculosis 85

bacteria are now known to cause symptoms in only

10% of the people infected. If Koch had been able to

detect these silent bacilli, they would not have

fulfilled his first criterion. In the case of AIDS, the

concentration of HIV virus is so low that initially no 90

virus could be detected in patients with fully active

symptoms. It took the invention of the polymerase

chain reaction (PCR), a method of producing any

number copies of DNA or RNA sequences, to detect

the presence of HIV. 95

Another difficulty with AIDS and many other human

diseases is the absence of an animal host that exhibits

the same disease. In the case of AIDS, even

chimpanzees, our closest relatives, are not

susceptible, although they exhibit a similar disease 100

from a related pathogen, simian immunodeficiency

virus (SIV). Experimentation on humans is

prohibited, although in rare instances researchers

have voluntarily exposed themselves to a proposed

pathogen. For example, Australian researcher Barry 105

Marshall ingested Helicobacter pylori to convince

skeptical colleagues that this organism could colonize

the extremely acidic stomach. H. pylori turned out to

be the causative agent of gastritis and stomach ulcers,

conditions that have long been thought to be caused 110

by stress rather than infection. For the discovery of

H. pylori, Marshall and colleague Robin Warren won

the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.



32. The main purpose of this passage is to

A) Describe how Koch discovered anthrax and

tuberculosis.

B) Describe how Koch’s postulates are no

longer useful in modern medicine.

C) Describe how the rate of TB cases have

decreased thanks to Koch.

D) Describe how Koch demonstrated the

transmission of disease and how his

postulates are still used as a guide today.

33. A student claims that since AIDS cannot infect

and be isolated from a rabbit host model, HIV

does not fulfill Koch’s postulates and is therefore

not transmissible. Which of the following

statements contradicts the student’s claim?

A) Lines 76-77 (“Koch’s postulates…disease”)

B) Lines 83-85 (“Nevertheless…criteria”)

C) Lines 98-102 (“In the case…SIV)”

D) Lines 103-105 (“Experimentation

on…pathogen”)

34. According to the passage, the following were

reasons it was difficult for Koch to find

Mycobacterium tuberculosis EXCEPT

A) Tuberculosis disease develops slowly.

B) M. tuberculosis is difficult to distinguish

from human tissue.

C) Rabbits were not susceptible to M.

tuberculosis.

D) Previous researchers only worked with serial

dilutions and potato slices.

35. The author’s main purpose in including the

examples of Lyme disease and hantaviral

pneumonia is to

A) Highlight how Koch’s postulates can only

be used as guidelines as scientists learn

more about pathogens.

B) Show how Koch’s postulates are still

relevant in modern medicine.

C) Emphasize the large geographic range of

newly discovered diseases.

D) Demonstrate how tick-borne diseases cleave

closely to Koch’s postulates.

36. Based on the passage, the author’s statement in

lines 87-89 (“If Koch had…criterion”) implies

that

A) All of Koch’s postulates are always

important.

B) Koch’s first postulate does not apply in

tuberculosis.

C) Tuberculosis is the sole exception to Koch’s

postulates.

D) Koch had chosen poorly when he decided to

study the transmission of tuberculosis.

37. In the final paragraph, one can conclude that

A) Australia condones human experimentation.

B) Chimpanzees and SIV are good animal and

disease models for humans and AIDS.

C) Stress and H. pylori both contribute to

gastritis and stomach ulcers.

D) Organisms discovered prior to H. pylori had

never colonized the stomach.

38. According to the graph, in which year was the

greatest difference between number of

tuberculosis cases among US born persons and

foreign born persons?

A) 1993

B) 1995

C) 2001

D) 2008

39. According to the graph, at which point did cases

of tuberculosis among foreign born persons

begin to overtake cases of tuberculosis among

US born persons?

A) 2000

B) 2001

C) 2002

D) 2003

40. According to the graph, between which years

was there a peak in the rate of tuberculosis cases

among foreign born persons?

A) 1992 and 1993

B) 1994 and 1996

C) 2000 and 2002

D) 2006 and 2008



41. In regards to the graph, why is the tuberculosis

rate among foreign born persons always higher

than the tuberculosis rate among US born

persons, even when the number of tuberculosis

cases among US born persons is higher?

A) The total population of the US born is higher

than that of the foreign born.

B) The infectivity of tuberculosis is higher

among the foreign born.

C) More tuberculosis cases among the US born

were cured than among the foreign born.

D) Almost all foreign born persons in 2008

have tuberculosis




passages.

Passage 1 is from Board of Editors. “Fiddling While the

World Warms.” Scientific American. Oct. 2013: 12. Print.

Passage 2 is from Shermer, Michael. “ClimeApocalypse!”

Scientific American. Aug. 2014: 79. Print.

Passage 1

This month the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC), the United Nations-affiliated body

that serves as the world’s foremost authority on

climate science, is scheduled to issue the first 5

installment of its new climate assessment, six years in

the making. The massive report, the panel’s fifth, is

being released in four parts between now and

October 2014. It is stuffed with science, woven

together by more than 800 scientists. And it is 10

already out-of-date.

Here are a few recent results that you won’t find in

the new report: A study published last November

found that Arctic permafrost is thawing much faster

than we thought, an ominous development that could 15

expel massive quantities of greenhouse gas methane

into the atmosphere, accelerating climate change. Ice

sheets in Greenland and the Antarctic are also

melting faster than anticipated, which could make

IPCC’s estimates for sea-level rise read like 20

yesterday’s newspaper.

The IPCC reports also won’t make use of the latest

advances in the models used to predict climate

change. In July, Kerry Emanuel of the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology updated the computer models 25

used by the IPCC with more fine-grained data about

cyclones, revealing that these storms could increase

in number, not just intensity, as the current report

holds.

The missed opportunities are an inevitable result of 30

the IPCC’s laborious review process, as well as the

organization’s strategy of releasing all its findings at

more or less the same time. That approach made

sense in the group’s early years, when the painstaking

work of creating the enormous assessments – culling 35

research, drafting reports, administering reviews and

making revisions – established academic and political

credibility for an organization attempting to inform

public policy with well-supported science. But the

process also forces the IPCC to stop considering new 40

results a year or even two years before the assessment

comes out, and it may not fully integrate research that

is older than that.

Without the latest data, the IPCC, already

conservative in its proclamations, tends to 45

underestimate the risks of climate change. And the

slow update schedule gives foot-dragging

governments cover, as they can always claim that

they should wait for the next report to come out

before taking action. 50

The IPCC has to move faster. To do so, it should

drop the major assessments. Instead it should issue

frequent, tightly focused reports on specific topics,

such as sea-level rise, water scarcity and agricultural

yields. Such reports should allow it to incorporate 55

science that is only months old rather than years old.

The organization should also conduct its reviews

publicly, online. Scientists would post drafts and

comments in a wiki-style repository that would grow

daily. This format would mute criticisms that the 60

drafting process is overly secretive. Occasional

errors, such as the mistake in the 2007 assessment

about how rapidly Himalayan glaciers are receding,

would be caught right away. Any alleged bias from

an author would be revealed. A more transparent 65

system would also help neuter the unfounded (yet

enduring) accusations that the IPCC is some sort of

political conspiracy, rather than a research review

board. Mostly, a wiki approach would ensure that all

reports reflect up-to-the-minute science. 70

Unfortunately, the IPCC is not built to do quick

work. The organization currently relies on an army of

volunteer scientists encumbered by their day jobs.

The group should instead become a permanent,

global agency that relies on a nimble, dedicated staff. 75

Institutional models abound, as Eduardo Zorita of the

GKSS Research Center in Germany wrote in Nature

(Scientific American part of the Nature Publishing

Group): “The European Central Bank, the

International Atomic Energy Agency, the 80

International Energy Agency and the U.S.



Congressional Budget Office all independently

navigate their way through strong political pressures,

delivering valuable assessments, advice, reports and

forecasts… These agencies are accountable and 85

respected.”

If the IPCC is to maintain its status as the world’s

most relevant and respected summarizer of climate

science, it must evolve. Knowledge moves fast. The

rest of the world needs the IPCC to keep up. 90

Passage 2

In the year 2393 a historian in the Second People’s

Republic of China penned a book about how

scientists, economists and politicians living in the

21st century failed to act on the solid science they 95

had that gave clear warnings of the climate

catastrophe ahead. As a result, the world experienced

the Great Collapse of 2093, bringing an end to

Western civilization.

So speculate historians of science Naomi Oreskes of 100

Harvard University and Erik Conway of the

California Institute of Technology in their book The

Collapse of Western Civilization: A View from the

Future (Columbia University Press, 2014), a short

scientific-historical fantasy. During the second half of 105

the 20th century – the “Period of the Penumbra” – a

shadow of anti-intellectualism “fell over the once-

Enlightened techno-scientific nations of the Western

world… preventing them from acting on the

scientific knowledge available at the time and 110

condemning their successors to the inundation and

desertification of the late twenty-first and twenty-

second centuries.”

Why the failure to act? The authors’ future historian

posits several causes: blind optimism; religion; 115

reductionism that prevented scientists from

understanding holistic systems; disciplinary

narrowness that restricted cross-field communication

between scientists; adherence to avoiding type I

errors (believing a hypothesis is real when it isn’t) 120

over type II errors (not believing a hypothesis is real

when it is); and insistence on a 95 percent confidence

limit for statistical significance that caused scientists

to dismiss as unproved climate effects caused by

warmer weather, such as tornadoes and hurricanes. 125

Between 1751 and 2012 more than 365 billion metric

tons of carbon was released into the atmosphere,

causing temperatures to increase, the historian notes.

Another century of warming devastated the

populations of Australia and Africa, and those 130

Europe, Asia and North America had to move inland

from flooded coastal regions.

The science-historical fantasy is thought-provoking,

but is it prescient? Global warming is, of course, real

and caused by human activity. But predicting how 135

much warmer it is going to get and what the

consequences will be is extremely difficult because

estimates include error bars that grow wider the

further out the models run. But act on what? Climate

change is not our only problem, and we do not have 140

unlimited resources. Which problem should we tackle

and how much should we spend?

In the second edition (2014) of his book How to

Spend $75 Billion to Make the World a Better Place,

Bjorn Lomborg reports the findings of a study 145

sponsored by his Copenhagen Consensus Center

2012 project in which more than 50 economists

evaluated 39 proposals on how best to solve such

problems as armed conflicts, natural disasters,

hunger, disease, education and climate change. 150

Climate change barely rated a mention in the top 10,

which included, in order, malnutrition interventions,

malaria treatment, childhood immunization,

deworming of schoolchildren, tuberculosis treatment,

research and development to increase crop yields, 155

early-warning systems for natural disasters, hepatitis

B immunization, and low-cost drugs for acute heart

attack. Number 12 was R&D for geoengineering

solutions to climate change, and number 17 was

R&D for green energy technologies. The rest of the 160

top 30 were related to disease, water and sanitation,

biodiversity, hunger, education, population growth

and natural disasters.

The ranking is based on a cost-benefit analysis. For

example, an investment of $300 million “would 165

prevent the deaths of 300,000 children, if it were used

to strengthen the Global Fund’s malaria-financing

mechanism.” Another $300 million would deworm

300 million children, and $122 million would lead to

total hepatitis B vaccine coverage and thereby 170



prevent another 150,000 annual deaths. Low-cost

drugs to treat acute heart disease would cost just $200

million and save 300,000 people.

This doesn’t mean we shouldn’t do more about

climate change. But what? Both books posit 175

technological solutions: Lomborg’s Copenhagen

experts recommend spending $1 billion for research

on planet-cooling geoengineering technologies;

Oreskes and Conway have humanity saved by the

creation in 2090 of a lichenized fungus that 180

consumed atmosphere carbon dioxide. Whatever we

do about climate, we should recognize that the world

has many problems. If you are malnourished and

diseased, what the climate will be like at the end of

the century is not a high priority. Given limited 185

resources, we should not let ourselves by swept away

by the apocalypse fear generated by any one threat.

42. The author includes lines 1-10 (“This

month…scientists”) in order to

A) Show how much research is needed to

generate one report.

B) Stress the manpower needed in order to run

climate assessments.

C) Emphasize that however impressive the

report may be, it is outdated.

D) Demonstrate the amount of time it takes to

make a full report.

43. The author of Passage 1 indicates that

painstaking research has what sort of negative

effect?

A) It creates needed academic and political

credibility.

B) It relies on full time scientists to edit papers,

when they could be doing climate research.

C) It does not include recent research that is

relevant to the report.

D) New researchers miss the opportunity to be

recognized in the climate assessment report.



A) Lines 30-33 (“The missed…time”)

B) Lines 33-39 (“That approach…science”)

C) Lines 39-43 (“But the process…that”)

D) Lines 72-73 (“The organization…jobs”)

45. In line 66, “unfounded” most nearly means

A) Something that cannot be recovered.

B) Having no basis in fact.

C) Proven.

D) Abiding.

46. What function does the discussion of a “wiki-

style repository” serve in Passage 1?

A) It offers an easier way for scientists to

collaborate and discuss topics of climate

change.

B) It will be used to completely replace the

IPCC.

C) It offers an alternative solution to the

problems identified earlier in the passage.

D) It will include all research, erroneous

research or not.

47. The central claim of Passage 2 is that climate

change

A) Should not be the only problem the world

focuses on.

B) Is not a problem when compared to the

myriad of other solvable, problems of the

world.

C) Is difficult to predict.

D) Is a problem due to miscommunication

between scientists.

48. Which choice best provides the best evidence for

the answer to the previous question?

A) Lines 117-119 (“disciplinary

narrowness…scientists”)

B) Lines 139-142 (“Climate change…spend?”)

C) Lines 181-183 (“Whatever we

do…problems”)

D) Lines 185-187 (“Given limited…threat”)

49. In line 134, “prescient” most nearly means

A) Precise.

B) Scientific.

C) Preceded.

D) Visionary.



50. The author of Passage 2 most likely included the

excerpts from The Collapse of Western

Civilization: A View from the Future in order to

A) Present a different facet of his argument in

order to write a more balanced article.

B) Emphasize the idea that climate change is

fictional and exaggerated.

C) Advocate for the scientific theories

presented in the book.

D) List the eventual effects of global warming.

51. Which statement best describes the relationship

between the passages?

A) Passage 1 gives a concise description of the

problem while Passage 2 expands on the

topic.

B) Passage 1 offers an alternative solution

while Passage 2 dismisses that idea.

C) Passage 2 dismisses what Passage 1 deems

to be priority.

D) Passage 2 directly refutes the alternative

solution offered in Passage 1.

52. The author of Passage 1 would most likely

respond to the discussion of the importance of

climate change in Passage 2 by stating that

A) It is the expected result of the IPCC’s slow

release of outdated reports.

B) Taking steps to slow down global warming

would save even more people from rising

oceans and pending agricultural famine.

C) There are newer models that predict climate

change with greater accuracy.

D) The indifference of economists towards

climate change is due to erroneous research

done by climate scientists.

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