Sarmatians 1

Sarmatians

Sarmatians

Approximate extent of East Iranian languages in the 1st century BC is shown in orange.

Total population

Unknown

Regions with significant populations

Eastern EuropeCentral Asia

Northern India

Languages

Fragments of unknown Middle Iranian languages or dialects

Related ethnic groups

Scythians

Map of the Roman empire under Hadrian (ruled 117-138 AD), showing thelocation of the Sarmatae in the South Russian steppe region

The Iron Age Sarmatians (Latin Sarmatæor Sauromatæ, Sanskrit Sakas GreekΣαρμάται, Σαυρομάται) were an Iranianpeople in Classical Antiquity, flourishingfrom about the 5th century BC to the 4thcentury AD.[1][2]

Their territory was known as Sarmatia toGreco-Roman ethnographers, correspondingto the western part of greater Scythia(modern Southern Russia, Ukraine, and theeastern Balkans). At their greatest reportedextent, around 100 BC, these tribes rangedfrom the Vistula River to the mouth of theDanube and eastward to the Volga,bordering the shores of the Black andCaspian seas as well as the Caucasus to thesouth.[3]

The Sarmatians declined in the 4th century with the incursions connected to the Migration period (Huns, Goths). Thedescendants of the Sarmatians became known as the Alans during the Early Middle Ages, and ultimately gave rise tothe modern Ossetic ethnic group.[4]

Sarmatians 2

NameSarmatae is in origin probably just one of several tribal names of the Sarmatians which came to be applied to theentire group as an exonym in Greco-Roman ethnography. Strabo in the 1st century names as the main tribes of theSarmatians the Iazyges, the Roxolani, the Aorsi and the Siraces.The Greek name Sarmatai derives from the shortening of Sauromatai apparently by association with lizards(sauros). Suggestions for the reason the Sarmatians were associated with lizards include their reptile-like scalearmour and their dragon standards.[5]

Both Pliny the Elder (Natural History book iv [6]) and Jordanes are aware that the names in Sar- and in Sauro- areinterchangeable variants, referring to the same people.Greek authors of the 4th century (Pseudo-Scylax, Eudoxus of Cnidus) mention Syrmatae as the name of a peopleliving at the Don, perhaps reflecting the ethnonym as it was pronounced in the final phase of Sarmatian culture. TheAvesta mentions Sairima as a region "in the west".

OriginsThe Sarmatians emerged in the 7th century BC in a region of the steppe to the east of the Don River and south of theUral Mountains in Eastern Europe. For centuries they lived in relatively peaceful co-existence with their westernneighbors the Scythians. Then in the 3rd century BC they spilled over the Don to attack the Scythians on the Ponticsteppe to the north of the Black Sea. The Sarmatians were to dominate these territories over the next five centuries.[7]

Pliny the Elder wrote that they ranged from the Vistula River in Poland to the Danube.

Archaeology

Great steppe of Kazakhstan in early spring.

Soviet archaeologist Boris Grakov in 1947 defined a cultureflourishing from the 6th century BC to the 4th century AD, apparent inlate Kurgan graves, sometimes reusing part of much older Kurgans. Itis a nomadic steppe culture ranging from the Black Sea to beyond theVolga, and is especially evident at two of the major sites atKardaielova and Chernaya in the trans-Uralic steppe. Grekov definedfour phases:

1.1. Sauromatian, 6th-5th centuries BC2.2. Early Sarmatian, 4th-2nd centuries BC3.3. Middle Sarmatian, late 2nd century BC to late 2nd century AD4.4. Late Sarmatian: late 2nd century AD to 4th century ADIt is important to note that while "Sarmatian" and "Sauromatian" are synonymous as ethnonyms, they are givendifferent meanings purely by convention as archaeological technical terms.In Hungary, a great Late Sarmatian pottery center was reportedly unearthed between 2001–2006 near Budapest, inÜllő5 archaeological site. Typical gray, granular Üllő5 ceramics forms a distinct group of Sarmatian pottery foundeverywhere in the northcentral part of the Great Hungarian Plain region, indicating a lively trading activity. A 1998paper on the study of glass beads found in Sarmatian graves suggests wide cultural and trade links.[8]

Sarmatians 3

Sarmatian cataphracts during Dacian Wars asdepicted on Trajan's Column.

Sarmatia Europea in map of Scythia, 1697.

"Sarmatia Europæa" separated from "SarmatiaAsiatica" by the Tanais (the River Don), based on

Greek literary sources, in a map printed inLondon, ca 1770.

Archaeological evidence suggests that Scythian-Sarmatian culturesmay have given rise to the myth of Amazons. Graves of armed femaleshave been found in southern Ukraine and Russia. David Anthonynotes, "About 20% of Scythian-Sarmatian "warrior graves" on thelower Don and lower Volga contained females dressed for battle as ifthey were men, a phenomenon that probably inspired the Greek talesabout the Amazons."[9]

Language

The numerous Iranian personal names in the Greek inscriptions fromthe Black Sea Coast indicate that the Sarmatians spoke a North-EasternIranian dialect ancestral to Ossetic (see Scytho-Sarmatian).[10]

Appearance

Like the Scythians, Sarmatians were of a Caucasoid appearance, andbefore the arrival of the Huns (4th century AD) it is thought that fewhad Asiatic or turco-Mongol features. Sarmatian noblemen oftenreached 1.70-1.80m (5ft 7ins-5ft 10ins) as measured from skeletons,and they had sturdy bones, long hair and beards.

The Alans who were a group of Sarmatian tribes according to theRoman historian Ammianus Marcellinus "Nearly all the Alani are menof great stature and beauty , their hair is somewhat yellow, their eyesare frighteningly fierce".[7]

Greco-Roman ethnography

Herodotus (Histories 4.21) in the 5th century BC placed the land of theSarmatians east of the Tanais, beginning at the corner of the MaeotianLake, stretching northwards for fifteen days' journey, adjacent to theforested land of the Budinoi.

As seen in Roman depictions of Sarmatians they are of caucasiantypes[11]

Herodotus (4.110-117) gives a story of the Sauromatians' origin froman unfortunate marriage of a band of young Scythian men and a groupof Amazons. In the story, some Amazons were captured in battle byGreeks in Pontus (northern Turkey) near the river Thermodon, and thecaptives were loaded into three boats. They overcame their captorswhile at sea, but were not able sailors. Their ships were blown north tothe Maeotian Lake (the Sea of Azov) onto the shore of Scythia near the cliff region (today's southeastern Crimea).After encountering the Scythians and learning the Scythian language, they agreed to marry Scythian men, but onlyon the condition that they move away and not be required to follow the customs of Scythian women. According toHerodotus, the descendants of this band settled toward the northeast beyond the Tanais (Don) river and became theSauromatians. Herodotus' account explains the origins of the Sarmatians' language as an "impure" form of Scythian

Sarmatians 4

and credits the unusual freedoms of Sauromatae women, including participation in warfare, as an inheritance fromtheir supposed Amazon ancestors. Later writers refer to the "woman-ruled Sarmatae" (γυναικοκρατούμενοι).[12]

However, Herodotus' belief that the Sarmatians were descendants of mythological Amazons is very likely a fictionalinvention designed to explain certain idiosyncrasies of Sarmatian culture.Hippocrates [13] explicitly classes them as Scythian and describes their warlike women and their customs:

Their women, so long as they are virgins, ride, shoot, throw the javelin while mounted, and fight with theirenemies. They do not lay aside their virginity until they have killed three of their enemies, and they do notmarry before they have performed the traditional sacred rites. A woman who takes to herself a husband nolonger rides, unless she is compelled to do so by a general expedition. They have no right breast; for whilethey are yet babies their mothers make red-hot a bronze instrument constructed for this very purpose and applyit to the right breast and cauterize it, so that its growth is arrested, and all its strength and bulk are diverted tothe right shoulder and right arm.

Strabo [14] mentions the Sarmatians in a number of places, never saying very much about them. He uses bothSarmatai and Sauromatai, but never together, and never suggesting that they are different peoples. He often pairsSarmatians and Scythians in reference to a series of ethnic names, never stating which is which, as though Sarmatianor Scythian could apply equally to them all.[15]

In Strabo, the Sarmatians extend from above the Danube eastward to the Volga, and from north of the Dnepr into theCaucasus, where, he says, they are called Caucasii like everyone else there. This statement indicates that the Alansalready had a home in the Caucasus, without waiting for the Huns to push them there.Even more significantly, he points to a Celtic admixture in the region of the Basternae, who, he says, are ofGermanic origin. The Celtic Boii, Scordisci and Taurisci are there. A fourth ethnic element being melted in are theThracians (7.3.2). Moreover, the peoples toward the north are Keltoskythai, "Celtic Scythians" (11.6.2).Strabo also portrays the peoples of the region as being nomadic, or Hamaksoikoi, "wagon-dwellers" andGalaktophagoi, "milk-eaters" referring, no doubt, to the universal koumiss eaten in historical times. The wagonswere used for porting tents made of felt, which must have been the yurts used universally by Asian nomads.Pliny the Elder writes (4.12.79-81):

From this point (the mouth of the Danube) all the races in general are Scythian, though various sections haveoccupied the lands adjacent to the coast, in one place the Getae … at another the Sarmatae … Agrippadescribes the whole of this area from the Danube to the sea … as far as the river Vistula in the direction of theSarmatian desert … The name of the Scythians has spread in every direction, as far as the Sarmatae and theGermans, but this old designation has not continued for any except the most outlying sections ....

According to Pliny, Scythian rule once extended as far as Germany. Jordanes supports this hypothesis by telling uson the one hand that he was familiar with the Geography of Ptolemy, which includes the entire Balto-Slavic territoryin Sarmatia, and on the other that this same region was Scythia. By "Sarmatia", Jordanes means only the Aryanterritory. The Sarmatians therefore did come from the Scythians.Tacitus' De Origine et situ Germanorum speaks of “mutual fear” between Germanic peoples and Sarmatians:

All Germania is divided from Gaul, Raetia, and Pannonia by the Rhine and Danube rivers; from theSarmatians and the Dacians by shared fear and mountains. The Ocean laps the rest, embracing wide bays andenormous stretches of islands. Just recently, we learned about certain tribes and kings, whom war brought tolight.[16]

According to Tacitus, like the Persians, the Sarmatians wore long, flowing robes (ch 17). Moreover, the Sarmatiansexacted tribute from the Cotini and Osi, and iron from the Cotini (ch. 43), “to their shame” (presumably because theycould have used the iron to arm themselves and resist).By the 3rd century BC, the Sarmatian name appears to have supplanted the Scythian in the plains of what is now south Ukraine. The geographer, Ptolemy, reports them at what must be their maximum extent, divided into adjoining

Sarmatians 5

European and central Asian sections. Considering the overlap of tribal names between the Scythians and theSarmatians, no new displacements probably took place. The people were the same Indo-Europeans they used to be,but now under yet another name.Later, Pausanias, viewing votive offerings near the Athenian Acropolis in the 2nd century AD,[17] found among thema Sauromic breastplate.

On seeing this a man will say that no less than Greeks are foreigners skilled in the arts: for the Sauromataehave no iron, neither mined by themselves nor yet imported. They have, in fact, no dealings at all with theforeigners around them. To meet this deficiency they have contrived inventions. In place of iron they use bonefor their spear-blades and cornel wood for their bows and arrows, with bone points for the arrows. They throwa lasso round any enemy they meet, and then turning round their horses upset the enemy caught in the lasso.Their breastplates they make in the following fashion. Each man keeps many mares, since the land is notdivided into private allotments, nor does it bear any thing except wild trees, as the people are nomads. Thesemares they not only use for war, but also sacrifice them to the local gods and eat them for food. Their hoofsthey collect, clean, split, and make from them as it were python scales. Whoever has never seen a python mustat least have seen a pine-cone still green. He will not be mistaken if he liken the product from the hoof to thesegments that are seen on the pine-cone. These pieces they bore and stitch together with the sinews of horsesand oxen, and then use them as breastplates that are as handsome and strong as those of the Greeks. For theycan withstand blows of missiles and those struck in close combat.

Pausanias' description is well borne out in a relief from Tanais. These facts are not necessarily incompatible withTacitus, as the western Sarmatians might have kept their iron to themselves, it having been a scarce commodity onthe plains.In the late 4th century, Ammianus Marcellinus[18] describes a severe defeat which Sarmatian raiders inflicted uponRoman forces in the province of Valeria in Pannonia in late AD 374. The Sarmatians almost destroyed two legions:one recruited from Moesia and one from Pannonia. The last had been sent to intercept a party of Sarmatians whichhad been in pursuit of a senior Roman officer named Aequitius. The two legions failed to coordinate, allowing theSarmatians to catch them unprepared.

Decline in the 4th centuryThe Sarmatians remained dominant until the Gothic ascendancy in the Black Sea area. Goths attacked Sarmatiantribes on the north of the Danube in Dacia, what is today Romania. The Roman Emperor Constantine calledConstantine II up from Galia to run a campaign north of the Danube. In very cold weather, the Romans werevictorious, killing 100,000 Goths and capturing Ariaricus the son of the Goth king.[19][20][21]

In their efforts to halt the Gothic expansion and replace it with their own on the north of Lower Danube (present-dayRomania), the Sarmatians armed their captives. After the Roman victory, however, the local population revoltedagainst their Sarmatian masters, pushing them beyond the Roman border. Constantine, on whom the Sarmatians hadcalled for help, defeated Limigantes, the leader of the revolt, and moved the Sarmatian population back in. In theRoman provinces, Sarmatian combatants were enlisted in the Roman army, whilst the rest of the population wasdistributed throughout Thrace, Macedonia and Italy. Origo Constantini mentions 300,000 refugees resulting fromthis conflict. The emperor Constantine was subsequently attributed the title of Sarmaticus Maximus.[20][22][23][24][25]

In the 4th and 5th centuries, the Huns expanded and conquered both the Sarmatians and the Germanic Tribes livingbetween the Black Sea and the borders of the Roman Empire. From bases in modern day Hungary, the Huns ruledthe entire former Sarmatian territory. Their various constituents enjoyed a floruit under Hunnish rule, fought for theHuns against a combination of Roman and Germanic troops, and went their own ways after the Battle of Chalons,the death of Attila and the disappearance of the Chuvash ruling elements west of the Volga.

Sarmatians 6

GeneticsAncient DNA of 13 Sarmatian remains from Pokrovka kurgan burials in the southern Ural steppes along theKazakhstan and Russian border was extracted for comparative analysis. Most of the mitochondrial haplogroupsdetermined were of western Eurasian origin, while only a few were of "central/east Asian Haplotype which is foundamong the Turkic speaking nomadic people. This Haplotype is almost (one base pair missing) identical with theHaplotype of the (Kazakh) women from western Mongolia." [26][27]

References[1][1] J.Harmatta: "Scythians" in UNESCO Collection of History of Humanity - Volume III: From the Seventh Century BC to the Seventh Century

AD. Routledge/UNESCO. 1996. pg. 182[2] (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica, s.v. "Sarmatian". Retrieved May 20, 2007, from [Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http:/ / www. britannica.

com/ eb/ article-9065786][3] Apollonius (Argonautica, iii) envisaged the Sauromatai as the bitter foe of King Aietes of Colchis (modern Georgia).[4][4] James Minahan, "One Europe, Many Nations", Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. pg 518: "The Ossetians, calling themselves

Iristi and their homeland Iryston are the most northerly Iranian people. ... They are descended from a division of Sarmatians, the Alans whowere pushed out of the Terek River lowlands and in the Caucasus foothills by invading Huns in the fourth century A.D.

[5][5] Brzezinski (2002), p. 6.[6] http:/ / penelope. uchicago. edu/ Thayer/ L/ Roman/ Texts/ Pliny_the_Elder/ 4*. html#80[7] http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 36222772/ Osprey-Men-at-Arms-373-The-Sarmatians-600-BC-AD-450[8] Chemical Analyses of Sarmatian Glass Beads from Pokrovka, Russia (http:/ / www. nbz. or. jp/ eng/ pdffiles/ hallandyablonsky1998. pdf), by

Mark E. Hall and Leonid Yablonsky.[9] Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern

World (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691058873. .[10][10] Handbuch der Orientalistik, Iranistik. By I. Gershevitch, O. Hansen, B. Spuler, M.J. Dresden, Prof M Boyce, M. Boyce Summary. E.J. Brill.

1968.[11] http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 28328848/ Osprey-The-Sarmatians-600-BC-AD-450[12] Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax, 70; cf. Geographi Graeci minores: Volume 1, p.58 (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=HsdAAAAAcAAJ&

dq=Î³Ï Î½Î±Î¹ÎºÎ¿ÎºÏ�αÏ�οÏ�μενοι& pg=PA59#v=onepage& q=Î³Ï Î½Î±Î¹ÎºÎ¿ÎºÏ�αÏ�οÏ�μενοι& f=false)[13] De Aere XVIII[14] Strabo's Geography, books V, VII, XI[15] J. Harmatta, Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians, 1970, ch. 1.2 (http:/ / www. kroraina. com/ sarm/ jh/ jh1_2. html)[16] Germania omnis a Gallis Raetisque et Pannoniis Rheno et Danuvio fluminibus, a Sarmatis Dacisque mutuo metu aut montibus separatur:

cetera Oceanus ambit, latos sinus et insularum inmensa spatia complectens, nuper cognitis quibusdam gentibus ac regibus, quos bellumaperuit.

[17] Description of Greece 1.21.5-6[18][18] Amm. Marc. 29.6.13-14[19][19] Origo Constantini 6.32 mentions the actions[20] Eusebius, Vita Constantini, IV.6[21] Charles Matson Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire, Chapter X.[22][22] Origo Constantini 6.32 mention the actions[23] Barnes Victories of Constantine page 150–154[24] Grant Constantine the Great pages 61–68[25][25] Charles Manson Odahl Constantine and the Christian Empire Chapter X[26] DNA Results from Pokrovka Warrior Women compared with Meirmgul (http:/ / www. csen. org/ DNA_Report/ DNA. html)[27] Amazon Warrior Women, Secrets of the Dead, PBS, aired 2004 (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wnet/ secrets/ previous_seasons/ case_amazon/

index. html)

Sarmatians 7

Bibliography• Richard Brzezinski and Mariusz Mielczarek, The Sarmatians 600 BC-AD 450 (Men-At-Arms nr. 373), Oxford:

Osprey Publishing, 2002. ISBN 9781841764856.• Davis-Kimball, Jeannine. 2002. Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines.

Warner Books, New York. first Trade printing, 2003. ISBN 0-446-67983-6 (pbk).• Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, Vladimir A. Bashilov, Leonid T. Yablonsky, Eds. Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in

the Early Iron Age. Berkeley: Zinat Press 1995. ISBN 1-85979-00-2• Tadeusz Sulimirski, The Sarmatians (vol. 73 in series "Ancient People and Places") London: Thames &

Hudson/New York: Praeger, 1970.• Alexander Guagnini (1538–1614), Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio, Spira 1581.• Bruno Genito, 1988, The Archaeological Cultures of the Sarmatians with a Preliminary Note on the

Trial-Trenches at Gyoma 133: a Sarmatian Settlement in South-Eastern Hungary (Campaign 1985), Annalidell'Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli, Vol. 42, pp. 81–126. Napoli.

External links• Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911: (http:/ / 83. 1911encyclopedia. org/ S/ SA/ SARMATAE. htm) "Sarmatae"• Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians (http:/ / www. kroraina. com/ sarm/ jh/ index. html)• Ptolemaic Map (Digital Scriptorium) (http:/ / dpg. lib. berkeley. edu/ webdb/ dsheh/ heh_brf?Description=&

CallNumber=HM+ 1092)• Map of Sarmatia 1697 (http:/ / www. sarmacja. com. pl/ 1697eng. htm)• Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age (http:/ / www. csen. org/ BAR Book/ BAR.

Part 01. TofC. html)• THE ANONYMOUS PILGRIM OF BORDEAUX (333 A.D.) (http:/ / 198. 62. 75. 1/ www1/ ofm/ pilgr/ bord/

10Bord03Sirmium. html)

Article Sources and Contributors 8

Article Sources and ContributorsSarmatians  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=482586136  Contributors: .:Ajvol:., 6birc, A. Parrot, Abou Ben Adhem, AdoniCtistai, AdrianTM, Aecis, Ajdebre, Alai, Alcovedid, AlecTrevelyan402, AlefZet, Alfanje, Alfvaen, AllGloryToTheHypnotoad, Alphasinus, Aminullah, Amir85, Andrarias, Andrei nacu, Angel ivanov angelov, Archiesteel, Artaxiad, Asdfgl,Attilios, Auntof6, Awwiki, Barefact, Beland, BignBad, Bilsonius, Bissinger, Bogdangiusca, Bonafide.hustla, Bouron, Brane.Blokar, Briangotts, Buddhipriya, Bumm13, Caeruleancentaur, Carlon,Catalographer, Cecil, Chardon, Charles Matthews, CharlotteWebb, Cmapm, Codex Sinaiticus, Codrinb, Coldipa, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, CristianChirita, DOSGuy, Dakart, DavidJohnson, Dbachmann, Dblk, Deucalionite, Deville, Dimitrii, Djnjwd, DocktorNick, Dougweller, Downwards, Dpv, Drieakko, EastCoastSurf, Ebizur, Ellipi, Emax, Emperorbma, EraNavigator,Fanfwah, Faustian, FilipeS, Genie, Geog1, Georgemg, Ghirlandajo, Gigemag76, Gilgamesh, Goldenduck, GreatWhiteNortherner, Guilins, Gun Powder Ma, Gurch, Gustav Korwin-Szwedowski,Gwinva, HammerHeadHuman, Harami2000, HennessyC, Hetar, Hhbruun, Hirpex, Hmains, Hu, Hunnjazal, Hutcher, Iacobus, Igiffin, Imperial78, Ineuw, Isomorphic, Itai, Izady, JLaTondre,Jagged 85, Jdaviskimball, John Hill, Johnpacklambert, Joy, Jpers36, Kbdank71, Khoikhoi, Kubanczyk, Kwamikagami, Lignomontanus, Llywrch, Lord Eru, M3taphysical, MPF, Macarenses,Macedonian, Man vyi, Mani1, Mardavich, Margacst, MarmadukePercy, Mazdakabedi, Mboverload, Mercy, Milton Stanley, Minna Sora no Shita, Miq, Monedula, Mrom, Mucher2, Munci,Nakon, Nascigl, Nasz, Nebuchadnezzar o'neill, Neddyseagoon, Nepaheshgar, Niels Leenheer, Nihil novi, Nillerdk, Olgerd, Omnipaedista, Open2universe, PANONIAN, PEiP, Pan Piotr Glownia,Panairjdde, ParthianShot, Pasquale, Pejman47, Penkala, Phlyaristis, PhnomPencil, Pietro, Piotrus, Plamoa, Poeer, Pouya, R'n'B, R9tgokunks, RSekulovich, RandomCritic, Reddi, Renata3,Repin3, Rich Farmbrough, Rickard Vogelberg, Rjwilmsi, Robocoder, Rosenknospe, Rursus, Rusl, SGGH, Sannse, Sarmateurasiana, Sasha l, Sega381, Serenesoulnyc, Sevilledade, Simetrical,Slakr, Slovenski Volk, Smommss, Spondoolicks, Steve Ad., Steven J. Anderson, Sumerophile, Susvolans, Szac, Taamu, Tchoutoye, The Singing Badger, Til Eulenspiegel, TimBentley,Travelbird, Tzetzes, Ulric1313, Vasile, VikSol, Wetman, Wiglaf, Wingedsubmariner, Witkacy, Woohookitty, Zello, Zickzack, Zivinbudas, Zmmz, 284 anonymous edits

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