sanitation masterplan gili balu

5.5 SANITATION & WASTE STRATEGY

> 12015MASTERPLAN EIGHT ISLANDS ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

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5.5 SANITATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

Proper waste management is vital for maintaining the environmental

integrity of the Gili Balu area. Untreated waste will be highly detrimentalparticularly to the marine eco-system in the area The goals for Gili Balu

EcoRegion integrated sanitation and solid waste strategy are:

Greywater treatment for reuse as domestic irrigation water source

Blackwater minimization, treatment and safe integration into

landscapes

Phased evolution to a modern waste management platform for

waste recovery and recycling

Phasing out and eventual elimination of landfill and open burning of

waste as disposal options

The re-use of on-site water sources grey and blackwater shall result ina sustainable wastewater management program. Innovative solutions in

treating and reusing wastewater improves sanitation and redefines awaste product as a valuable resource.

The sanitation strategy is a comprehensive design solution that requires

specialist knowledge of low-tech yet cutting edge, integrated, and

contextually appropriate solutions. As waste flows increase additional

technologies may be added.



SOLID WASTE RECOVERY PROGRAM FOR ECOREGION

Source separation of recyclable materials followed by waste depot sorting, with export by IBCM to Surabaya for reprocessing

Toxic and hazardous materials stored safely and exported for reprocessing

Organic materials processed using modern composting processes with a JV partnership to be used in revegetation projects

SANITATION AND WASTEGoals Overall: Create a Holistic Sanitation Strategy

Solid waste

GreywaterBlackwater

INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN: A THREE TIERED STRATEGY



MAINLAND WEST SUMBAWA WASTEWATER STRATEGY

Larger settlements with concentrated populations suitable for centralizedblackwater collection and primary anaerobic treatment, followed by

transport to secondary treatment and disposal irrigation in timber and fuel

wood plots

Isolated settlements using sealed septic tanks and vegetated leachfields

Tourist facilities to use septic or modified Asian style (wet) compostingtoilets

Onsite reuse of greywater in wastewater homegardens for shade and fruit,or irrigation of woodlots

GILI BALU WASTEWATER STRATEGY

As for Isolated settlements on the mainland or Alternative systems proposed to be mixed based upon specific enclave

needs

Centralized (vacuum sewage) for boats Specially designed water based independent (septic tank) Dry system independent (Terra Preta / Compost Toilet )

SANITATION AND WASTEWastewater



Source separation of waste streams

Separate rubbish bins provided fororganic, rubbish and recyclables with

community education targeting youth

and employees as ambassadors of

change

Greywater types separated at sourceand diverted to different treatments

Blackwater minimised and treatedanaerobically to reduce TDS and

pathogen load

All wastewater treated prior to dischargethrough appropriate filter beds

Sorting and processing for export

Recyclable glass, metals, plastics sorted,compressed and stockpiled

Future technologies entering the marketnow show waste plastics and rubber can

be converted to liquid transport fuels

Exported by sea in IBCM shippingcontainers for cost recovery to

reprocessing facilities in Surabaya

Toxic and hazardous waste

May include but not limited to;Chemicals, used engine oils and

petrochemicals and used drums,

batteries, medical waste, white goods

and refrigerants, e-waste, tyres, asbestos

To be collected and stored securely bystaff trained in safe handling

Some materials may be processedeconomically on site at later date using

clean incineration

Materials exported for reprocessing,where possible seeking cost recovery

measures

Organic wastes

There are three systems proposed to be

mixed based upon specific enclave needs:

Thermocomposting hot compost method

Modern Pyrolysis to biochar, or complete gasification

Mulching, vermicomposting, silage and slow decomposition

SANITATION AND WASTESolid waste

REGIONAL SOLID WASTE STRATEGY METHODS AND SUGGESTIONS



Wastewater source separated according to

treatment needs and end use

Greywater types separated at sourceand diverted to different treatments and

use via separate plumbing

Blackwater minimised and treatedanaerobically to reduce TDS and

pathogen load

All wastewater treated prior to dischargethrough appropriate filter beds

Blackwater treatment Strategy

Anaerobic fermentation process beginswithin modern fully sealed septic tanks

Effluent discharged through planted evapotranspiration leach fields to remove

nutrients .

Greywater Liquids Use Strategy

Greywater separated at source intoLaundry, Kitchen, Shower. Grey water

may not be stored longer than 12 hours

or used on vegetable crops for sale or

supply. Laundry water may be discharged into

specially planted wastewater gardens.

Kitchen water may be discharged togarden beds after simple treatment

through a coarse sand filter box

Shower water may be dischargeddirectly to approved wastewater

gardens

Toilet sanitation for remote and sensitive

sitesThree systems are proposed to be mixed

based upon specific enclave needs:

Centralized (vacuum sewerage) Specially designed water based

independent (septic tank)

Dry system independent (Terra Preta /Compost Toilet / no water necessary)

SANITATION AND WASTESolid waste

ISLAND SANITATION STRATEGY METHODS AND SUGGESTIONS



Secondary treatment

Effluent tanks

Coarse sand Filter

Diversion option

Kitchen wastewater

Irrigation of woodlots managed by body

corporate

Vegetated leachfielddisposal

Communal or individual

sewage piping

Domestic plumbing greywater

Domestic plumbing

blackwater

Shower water

Other water sources

Option A: isolated individual

households

BlackwatereffluentAnaerobic

sealed septic tank

PDAM Freshwater source (non

potable)

Note: greywater waste from larger public complexes such as hotels shall be handled individually; thus, shall not contribute to wastewater calculations

Option B: Dense settlements

Sealed sewage

tanker truck

Communal anaerobic

pretreatment

Household Wastewater gardens

Piped mains water

SANITATION AND WASTEOverall Goals: Create a Holistic Sanitation Strategy



Irrigation

APPLICATION

Landscape trees and woodlots

Drinking Water

Primary: Enclave Swimming PoolExcess: Infiltration, Sea Outflow

Water Schematic: Resource Treatment Storage Application

SOURCE

BlackwaterAnaerobic sealed

septic tanks

Discharge through planted leachfields to

remove nutrients

TREATMENT STORAGE

Greywater

Sea Water

Roof Rainwater

Coarse Sand filter, Wastewater gardens

Solar Thermal Desalination

Inline ceramic and carbon filters

Above ground and underground Tanks

No storage, direct use only

Large tanks on ridges

Localized Stormwater Runoff

Buried cisterns

Sea WaterReverse Osmosis

DesalinationPressurised mains for

large settlements

Bioswales, Sand filter, Ozonation

Note: greywater waste from larger public complexes such as hotels shall be handled individually; thus, shall not contribute to wastewater calculations

PDAM reservoirSlow sand filter and

inline filterMains water for large

settlements

Water schematic: From Source to Application SANITATION AND WASTE



7.5 SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGIES

Rain event occursPUBLIC AREA Communal Area

Rain event occursPRIVATE AREA Housing or Buildings

WASTEWATER: Sanitary plumbing for Greywater and Blackwater

VARIOUS TREATMENT MODELS: onsite and offsite

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND, FILTERS AND OTHER SECONDARY TREATMENT: Greywater / Blackwater Treatment

APPLICATION: Irrigation

WASTEWATER IS GENERATED FROM USE

WITHIN BUILDINGS /

PRIVATE PLOTS

Goal 1: Sourcing for irrigation SANITATION AND WASTE



Defining Irrigation Water Source

General use of treated greywater(shower, laundry, kitchen water) and

treated or untreated stormwater that

have been cleansed within enclave.

Effluent from blackwater purified through

Constructed Wetlands, Filtered and

Cleared of Solids/Harmful bacteria may

be used to irrigate specific areas

The value of this resource is its constantavailability as it is independent of local

weather conditions (ie rain) and relies

only upon visitor frequency

Process

Wastewater from buildings conveyedthrough multiple plumbing lines to

treatment methods matching its level

and form of contamination

Dependent on slope, residential densityand location, the majority of wastewater

by volume will be treated on site with no

discharge of untreated effluent allowed

except to communal sewage lines

Where density or location maketreatment and disposal onsite impossible,

provisions must be made to transport

effluent to a suitable treatment area.

Greywater must not be stored longerthan 12 hours or else bacterial

populations bloom and it becomes

blackwater. A surge tank may be fitted

but no storage of untreated greywater is

permitted

Subsequent filters for cleansing,disinfection, solid filtration to be applied

as required

Irrigation systems to use branched drainmethod due to its robust features with

low rate of failure and low maintenance

needs

SANITATION AND WASTEGrey/blackwater liquids



GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR IRRIGATION USING GREYWATER

Drip irrigation is not to be used with greywater due to the higher TDS as it will clog

Irrigation to be discharged to subsurface (min 200mm) or topped with dry gravel or mulch

Select plants that respond to high volumes of water but can survive periodswith no input

Greywater is to be used immediately after use (no longer than 12 hours)

Use low sodium and low phosphorus biodegradable soaps

Calculate volume of discharge to 25-40mm/ week 25~ 40m2/m3/week

SANITATION AND WASTEGrey/blackwater liquid: Irrigation

Plant species Height (m) Uses

Banana 2-15 Fruit, mulch

Citrus 2-8 Fruit

Fig 6 Fruit

Bamboo 2-15Construction, craft, tools, mulch

Elephant grass 5 Mulch, fodder

Vetiver grass 2 Mulch, thatch

Drip Irrigation: highly efficient but

inappropriate for use with greywater

Drip Irrigation: the small

holes easily clog with

suspended sediments



OPTIONS FOR TREATMENT IN WASTEWATER GARDENS:

Though names may differ, the treatment train process for cleansing water seeks to replicate

the natural processes of stormwater percolating through soils, forest and wetlands with such

uses as:

Treating runoff from hardscapes such as roads or plazas Purifying the effluent from agriculture, fishing, or farming Offering habitats for animals and plants to revitalize the wildlife population and

biodiversity

Recharging surface aquifers

The systems chosen to treat each wastewater type must match the needs in treating that

wastewater type and be low maintenance and robust

Relatively clean water from stormwater and shower water can be discharged to simple infiltration

Kitchen and laundry water requires additional filtration in sealed systems before discharge to landscape

Blackwater must be treated to a high level using sealed systems before careful disposal

Because of the dangers and nuisances of mosquito breeding habitat in the tropics irrigation

of wastewater gardens should be subsurface

Mosquitos require surface water to breed so a dry layer of at least 50mm must be maintained at all times

Discharge points are ideally 200mm below the surface into a thick mulch layer over porous soils

Coarse organic material has a high carbon content and supports a microbial population

that quickly removes nutrients and degrades pollutants

Woodchip mulch and charcoal absorb phosphates, nitrates and the microbes degradeorganic pollutants while feeding directly on disease causing bacteria

Over time this organic layer breaks down and is converted to rich humus. It is toppedup from above however periodic maintenance involves removing this layer for use in

reforestation zones and replacing with a new layer. This may be every 6-24 months

This type of system is constantly renewable and can continue to operate at highefficiency. In contrast to regular artificial wetlands and planter boxes that show high

early absorbtion but lose efficiency over time as they become saturated with nutrientsVSFW: good oxygen transfer capability, nitrification

Larger scale wastewater gardens become part of the landscape

Fibreglass gravel filled Biobox wastewater gardens are an easy way to landscape and treat wastewater. They can be

made locally

Grey/blackwater liquids: Cleansing and treatment SANITATION AND WASTE



Branched drain disposal is a low tech robust system for individual plots on slopes

>3% where wastewater can be disposed of downhill

To be installed by trained local contractors under supervision using a mix of local and imported components

http://oasisdesign.net/greywater/brancheddrain/ http://www.mylivinglandscape.com/#!water-management/co8k

SANITATION AND WASTEGreywater: Cleansing and treatment



WASTEWATER GARDEN EXAMPLES: For larger facilities

Wastewater gardens do not have to be largeAesthetic appeal of vegetation increases acceptability for

greywater / terrace treatment

Select regionally appropriate vegetation suited for climate of Indonesia Vegetation can lower ambient micro-climate temperature of buildings




Cleansing Biotope System Schematic: Bishan Ang Mo Kio Park, from Atelier Dreiseitl

example shows process of constructed wetland cleansing

CLEANSING AND TREATMENT: BUILT EXAMPLE OF CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR LARGER AREAS




Cleansing biotope: small grass and trees; minimum 10 cm water retention depth

Front Wall: Natural stone, battered; set on retaining wall foundation

Topsoil: Compost Rejuvenated Soil

Storage: polyethylene (PE) tank; perforated top with filter; set on gravel base and compacted sub-grade

Width: minimum 1 m; average 1.5-3 m

Terrace to Terrace Height: minimum 10 cm; average 20-50 cm

CLEANSING AND TREATMENT OF STORMWATER WITHIN TERRACES:

Top of Soil to Top of Wall: 10-30 cm

Top of Tank to Top of Soil: minimum 50 cm

Tank: Size to be determined based on location

Flow: one-side perforated pipe set on gravel base above sub-grade; pipe to connect system of terrace storage units

Detailed view of Terrace Wall

Stormwater: Cleansing and treatment SANITATION AND WASTE



Swales infiltrate stormwater by slowing

its runoff and allowing more time to

soak into the soil

Water is slowed down so it is both cleansed and

used to regreen the landscape

Width: minimum 1 m; average 1.5-3 m

Swales mounds are always

replanted immediately

with seeds to provide

ground cover and trees

are planted downhill

Swales can be created using

machinery or by hand , at

intervals on landscape

contours

SANITATION AND WASTEStormwater: Cleansing and treatmentCLEANSING AND TREATMENT OF STORMWATER WITHIN SWALES:



Irrigation

APPLICATION

Drinking Water

Primary: Enclave Swimming PoolExcess: Infiltration, Sea Outflow

Water Schematic: Irrigation Source

SOURCE TREATMENT STORAGE

Greywater / Blackwater Liquids

Sea Water

Roof Rainwater

Constructed Wetlandand UV Filter

Solar Desalination

Solid and UV Filters Cisterns, Under Plots

Cisterns, Under Constructed Wetlands

Cisterns, Under Solar Desal Field

Localized Stormwater Runoff

Cisterns, Within Enclaves

Sea Water, Ground Water (Emergency)

DesalinationCisterns, Within Fountain House

Solids-Heavy Metals-UV Filters

Landscape trees and woodlotsBlackwater SolidsAnaerobic sealed

septic tanks

Discharge through planted leachfields to

remove nutrients

Goal 2: Blackwater SANITATION AND WASTE



The current situation

In most parts of the Gili Balu EcoRegion there are no safe sanitary options.Open defecation is common

Where toilets exist they are insufficient capacity to service the community There is no treatment process as disposal is primarily a pour-flush latrine to a

rubble pit where water discharges untreated to the groundwater

These systems fail easily and contaminate soils and groundwater leading todamage to coastal environments

Process

Modern septic systems that treat all blackwater before safe disposal Sealed anaerobic digestion reduces solids and nutrients They have a lower failure rate and long lifespan

Application

Development zones and tourism sites must follow planning permissions for

approved toilets and communities engaged with technology transfer and

education.

Only 3 pour-flush latrine units

service 800 people in Poto Tano.

Latrines pollute groundwater which moves towards

the coast

The Pour-flush Latrine system while

better than open defecation is

insufficient to protect the environment

and human healthNutrients cause algal blooms which cover coral

SANITATION AND WASTEBlackwater



OPTION B:

Conventional (Combined or Vacuum

Sewerage)

Collects all sewage Combine with other system for effective

and sustainable treatment

Requires complex maintenance For specific site, complicated installation

foreseen due to terrain and slope

For Marine live-aboard unloaded at port

OPTION C:

Independent Water Based (Septic Tank/AUF)

The most common and affordable application

Septic tanks digest and sanitise waste Clarified effluent discharged through

planted leachfields

A low maintenance and robust method in use and approved in the west for over

100 years

Suitable for most land situations in Gili BaluEcoRegion

OPTION A:

Independent Dry Systems or modified Asia

compatible wet composting design (Composting

Toilet)

Minimized use of water Urine diversion toilets within the house or

composting toilet for those not wanting to

separate

Hygienic and maintainable Solution for independent, self-sustaining

household

Many modern designs including foam flushing

Three sewage options offered to provide variety in the developments

The options need to fit within the type of development A mix of options allows for both socially accepted practices to mix

with more unconventional systems

Should educate visitors on alternative toilet and sanitation advantages and benefits

In the end, all solid sewage is treated to high standards before sanitary

disposal. Blackwater is only domestic and hospitality wastes, it

excludes all industrial wastes.

OPTION A: Independent Dry Systems (Composting Toilet) OPTION B: Conventional Sewerage OPTION C: Independent Water Based (Septic Tank/AUF)

SANITATION AND WASTEBlackwater: Sewage treatment



Vegetation:

increased efficiency

Plants with fibrous roots that do not clog pipes are used to plant leachfields

Nutrient and water is removed by harvesting vegetation to be used as

mulch, fuel or compost

Flowers, palms and fruit trees such as citrus, and large grasses like bamboo are

very effective.

Design flexibility:

Leachfields integrated into landscaping

Simple modern components allow leachfield placement to complement

landscape design by supporting

functional plantings

Leachfield placement and vegetation acts as Privacy screens, windbreaks,

grassed areas and flowerbeds

Leachfield design:

Buried modular systems with capacity for

household

After anaerobic treatment the effluent is discharged to a leachfield where soil,

mulch and plant root processes complete

treatment

Much of the water is evapotranspired by vegetation

Disposal methods for treated effluent The standard method of treated effluent disposal is the vegetated leachfield where soil

process and fibrous plant roots complete the treatment process Low maintenance with annual inspections by authorities to ensure correct function. In

use and approved in developed countries for over 100 years. Correctly designed systems are still considered a preferred system for onsite wastewater disposal

Compost toilet waste is very low risk but is still disposed of by burial in 200mm trenches backfilled with topsoil near trees

Communal sewage systems follow a similar process but centralized and larger scale

Basic schematic for Septic with leachfield disposal Communal treatment system for 18 homes

using vetiverLeachfield design is flexible to landscape forms and

garden plans

Modern safe leachfield design, longlasting. Later

covered in grass or planted with ornamental plants

SANITATION AND WASTEBlackwater: Effluent disposal (isolated systems)



First stage Anaerobic treatment

The sealed communal septic tanks give primary treatment to the raw sewage

Modern septic systems can handle inputs of paper and other

biodegradable materials

The first stage reduces the total solids and produces a clarified effluent for

secondary treatment

Relocation to secondary treatment area

A pump truck periodically removes effluent and transports to outlying area

where it undergoes secondary and

tertiary treatments

Secondary Treatments may include dewatering of sludge, filtration of non

biodegradable materials, further

anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion

Tertiary treatments include sludge composting, sludge cake incineration,

algal ponds, irrigation of woodlots for

timber and fuel

Organised sewage piping for blackwater to

central tanks

Water from the toilet at each house travels along pipes

Sewage Pipes installed underground through the village leading to a central

collection tank

Greywater can be diverted to gardens or to blackwater system

Centralized collection, removal and treatment In higher density settlements where land is not available for on site wastewater

treatment and disposal Waste is collected using a centralized system of pipes and securely held in large sealed

tanks at one end of the village This system also applies for liveaboard boats to offload their waste for a fee

SANITATION AND WASTEBlackwater: Effluent disposal (communal systems)



CURRENT ISSUES

Domestic waste open burning of wastes creates poor air quality

Gold mining tailings and chemical dumping (mercury waste)

Animal husbandry manures and slaughter wastes from cow marketand abattoirs unused

Transport industry sewage, oil and rubbish from marine vessels. Reports ofdumping of ferry used oil into shipping lanes

Fishing industry - Nets and ropes from defunct pearl farms destroying coral

SANITATION AND WASTEWaste management

Illegal gold mining in the area contaminates fisheries with mercury which causes birth defects, mental

retardation and cancer

Burning of rubbish creates a toxic plume of

smoke that causes community illness

Oil spills from the local harbour kill mangrove

habitats



PHASED EVOLUTION TO A MODERN WASTE MANAGEMENT PLATFORM

Government supported EcoRegion wide strategic plan for the EcoRegion to maintain its

appeal ,wastes must be managed carefully in a coordinated manner.

Strategic interventions Enactment of strict regency environmental laws governing planning and business

activity

Education and encouragement of safe onsite waste disposal (composting) Central collection points for reprocessing recyclable materials Enforce environmental laws to eliminate dumping, contamination and unsafe disposal

(burning)

Source separation of recyclable materials standard in planning regulations

Scope Seek infrastructure funding for construction of a modern waste management facility

operating by cost recovery and generating local employment

Businesses required to cooperate in waste management plan Cost recovery businesses run by the community

SANITATION AND WASTEGoal 3: Centralized and decentralized waste plan



A phased transition to eliminating

landfill

Landfill is unsustainable and leaves problems for future generations

Landfill is associated with numerous environmental problems including

Toxic leachate, methane emissions, subsiding land, and a throw away culture

A new policy of phasing out landfill is needed with focus on

Transition to full waste recovery Composting Clean incineration and biochar Conversion to reusable product or export as commodity Eliminating unrecyclable and toxic materials from use in the EcoRegion Environmental education

Steps to change

Developing ecoregional development guidelines for all new businesses and developments

Public awareness campaign Developing local government and private partnerships to create sustainable

business out of waste streams

Outcomes real and potential Generating new jobs Avoiding contamination Improving soils, forests and marine habitat Setting the foundations new industries Local reprocessing polyethylene, polypropylene moulding, rubber to oil, glass Future Tech marine plastics for liquid transport fuel

Recovering the power of wasted

resources

Application of composts and biochar from waste

management to woodlots

Sorted waste becomes a commodity for the waste

recovery industry

SANITATION AND WASTEGoal 4: Elimination of landfill



Composting

Large volumes of waste organic matter will be produced from gardens,

landscape maintenance as well asdomestic and commercial food

preparation. The hygienicallly process this waste a variety of

composting techniques will be used

Windrow thermocomposting

Good for a mix of wet and dry wastes. Uses a significant amount of

water that can be supplied from stormwater capture. It produces a

variable quality of compost used as a soil improver in parks and

gardens

BSF (Black soldier Fly) Hermetia illucens

The larva of a fly that compost wet food wastes . The adult flies have no

mouth and do not feed, they do not transmit any diseases, The larva

can be harvested to for use in aquaculture and poultry farming

Compost worms

Suitable for composting manures from horses as well as reducing the

volume and increasing quality from windrow composts.

The castings are an excellent fertilizer for parks and gardens. Excess

worms can be harvested for use in aquaculture and poultry farming.

Chicken composting

Combines windrow composting with poultry raising with chickens living

on the compost heaps. Chickens eat food scraps directly and feed

from the insects and fungi in the compost pile . The chicken manure is

absorbed by the compost and eliminates smell

Slow composting

Excess leaves are piled in secluded pens to break down naturally over

a long period of time. This compost is excellent for use in reforestation

projects

BioChar

Woody or weedy material is converted to charcoal for horticultural use

Composting is a sanitary means of transforming waste

into sustainable soils

Collected organic waste becomes a

fuel for agriculture

SANITATION AND WASTEGoal 4: Elimination of landfill

sanitation masterplan gili balu

Documents

sanitation waste strategy

solid waste strategy

waste flows

untreated waste

waste depot sorting

greywater treatment

reusing wastewater

disposal irrigation