sản xuất bột dinh dưỡng

8/8/2019 Sn xut bt dinh dng

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Tiu lun mn Cng ngh ch bin & bo qun lng thc

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i hc Quc Gia Thnh Ph H Ch MinhTrng i hc Bch Khoa

Khoa K thut Ha HcB mn Cng ngh Thc phm

TIU LUN MN HC

CN CH BIN & BO QUN LNG THC

SN XUT BT DINH DNG

GVHD: Trn Th Thu TrSVTH: Phan Th Tng Vi

Nguyn Th ThcTrng Thy ViNguyn Tr Long

Nm hc 2009 2010


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Mc Lc

I. Khi nim v phn loi bt dinh dng .............................................................................. 31.1. Khi nim bt dinh dng ................................................................................................. 31.2. Phn loi bt dinh dng ................................................................................................... 41.3. Mt s sn phm bt dinh dng ....................................................................................... 5II. Nguyn liu sn xut bt dinh dng ................................................................................. 82.1. Nguyn liu c ngun gc t thc vt .............................................................................. 112.2. Nguyn liu c ngun gc t ng vt ............................................................................. 132.3. Nguyn liu khc ............................................................................................................. 15III. Quy trnh sn xut ........................................................................................................... 163.1. Sn phm dng to hnh nng ........................................................................................ 173.2. Sn phm dng khuy trn, sy mng .............................................................................. 233.3. Sn phm dng rang, xay ................................................................................................. 243.4. Sn phm dng h ha dch lng, to bt ......................................................................... 26IV. nh lng, phi trn ...................................................................................................... 274.1. My trn kiu vt xon ..................................................................................................... 294.2. My trn thng quay ........................................................................................................ 32V. Qu trnh sy ................................................................................................................... 355.1. Sy phun .......................................................................................................................... 355.2. Sy mng bt ................................................................................................................... 38


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I. KHI NIM V PHN LOI BT DINH DNG1.1. Khi nim bt dinh dng

Dinh dng l qu trnh cung cp nng lng t thc n nui dng c th.

Dinh dng chim mt vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh, pht trin c th v gi

gn sc khe ca con ngi. mi thi k pht trin ca mt i ngi, nhu cu v dinhdng hon ton khc nhau, tuy nhin vic p ng nhu cu y mt cch hp l li lunlun l vn ng ch , v l nn tng ca sc khe. iu ny cng c bit quantrng i vi tr nh, v cc sai lm v dinh dng trong giai an u th c khi gy nhnghu qu nghim trng v khng th phc hi ko di n sut i.

Dinh dng lin quan n nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh nng nghip, cng nghip chbin, mng li phn phi, mng li y t, mng li truyn thng... Trong y khoa, dinhdng l mt yu t lin quan n hu ht cc chuyn khoa, gi vai tr quan trng khngth b qua, v tnh trng dinh dng ca bnh nhn cng nh cc ch n ph hp vi cc

bnh l khc nhau ng gp mt phn ng k, i khi l phn chnh yu n kt qu iutr.

Thc n trong cc ba n hng ngy c ch bin t nhiu loi thc phm khc nhau.H tiu ha s phn gii cc loi thc phm ny thnh cc cht dinh dng. Ch c chtdinh dng mi c hp thu vo mu. C trn 40 cht dinh dng cn thit cho c thhng ngy nhng nhn chung c th chia cc cht dinh dng thit yu ny ra lm 3 nhmchnh :

Nhm cht dinh dng a lng sinh nng lng: Cht bt ng, cht bo, chtm v cht cn. Ngoi vai tr cung cp nng lng cho c th, cc cht dinh dng

a lng sinh nng lng cn tham gia vo cu trc c th, tham gia vo cc hotng hp thu, chuyn ha, min dch

Nhm cht dinh dng vi lng: Khng cung cp nng lng nhng c vai trquan trng trong cc qu trnh chuyn ha ca c th, c nh hng n sc khe v bnh tt. Nhu cu hng ngy ca c th thng t, tnh bng miligam, thm chmicrogam. Bao gm cc vitamin v khong cht vi lng.

- Vitamin : Gm cc vitamin tan trong nc (B, C) v cc vitamin tan trong cht bo(A, D, E, K).

- Cht khong vi lng : Hin xc nh c khong 10 loi khong cht vi lnghin din trong c th nhng ch mi bit c chc nng v chuyn ha ca Zn, Fe,Mg, Cu, I, F, Se.

Nhm nht dinh dng a lng khng sinh nng lng: Baogm cht khonga lng, cht x v nc.

- Cht khong a lng : Canxi, Phosphor, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Cloride,Magnesium


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- Nc : L thnh phn chnh yu ca khu phn d t c quan tm.- Cht x : Khng tiu ha, khng hp thu nhng c vai tr quan trng trong iu ha

hot ng ca h tiu ha.Do s phi trn thc n khng hp l hay do thi quen n ung m i khi chng ta

khng cung cp y cc cht dinh dng cho mnh. Do , ngy nay, nhu cu tiu thcc sn phm dinh dng cn bng ngy mt tng cao, cc sn phm ch bin c thnhphn dinh dng y , cn i, ph hp cho tng loi i tng ngy cng c ch pht trin. Trong , bt dinh dng l mt sn phm c tiu th kh ph bin.

Bt dinh dng l sn phm hn hp giu dinh dng dng bt c cc thnh phnprotein, lipid, glucid vi t l cn i. ng thi cn b sung cc vi dinh dng, khongph hp vi tng loi sn phm cho tng i tng s dng.

Bt dinh dng ch yu phc v cho cc i tng cn b sung ngun dinh dng cni v cc i tng c kh nng tiu ha thc phm km nh tr em, ph n mang thai vcho con b, ngi gi, bnh nhn trong giai on phc hi, thanh thiu nin

1.2. Phn loi bt dinh dngC nhiu cch phn loi bt dinh dng nh phn loi theo i tng s dng, phn loi

theo thnh phn bt, phn loi theo cch s dng v phn loi theo phng thc sn xut.Theo i tng s dng bt dinh dng chia thnh nhiu loi nh:- Bt dinh dng cho tr bt u n dm (4 6 thng tui).- Bt dinh dng cho tr t 6 thng n mt tui.- Bt dinh dng cho tr t mt tui tr ln.- Bt dinh dng cho ph n c thai.- Bt dinh dng cho ngi m.Ty theo nhu cu dinh dng ca tng i tng c th m thnh phn ca cc sn

phm ny c khc nhau. Trong cch phn loi ny, cc sn phm dnh cho tr em c bitc ch trng do nhu cu cao ca ngi tiu dng.Cc sn phm cho tr phi c hmlng dinh dng cao v cn i. c bit ch n hm lng m v st cung cpy cht cho tr pht trin v chng thiu mu do thiu st.

Theo thnh phn bt, bt dinh dng c chia thnh cc loi nh:

- Bt dinh dng c v ngt nh bt dinh dng to, chui, cacao, vani- Bt dinh dng c v mn nh bt dinh dng ruc tht, ruc c, tm, cua- Bt dinh dng c b sung thm vi cht dinh dng nh Ca, Fe, Zn.., to, DHA..Theo cch s dng, bt dinh dng c chia lm hai loi l bt ha tan n lin v bt

cn nu chn. Cch chia ny ph thuc vo quy trnh ch bin cc sn phm bt dinh dng chng ta c th ha tan lin hoc nu chn. Ngy nay, sn phm bt dinh dng ha tann lin ang chim u th trn th trng do tnh tin dng ca n. Bn cnh , mt s snphm bt dinh dng ch cn ha tan vi nc lnh cng bt u xut hin.


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Theo phng thc sn xut, bt dinh dng c chia thnh cc loi:

- Bt dinh dng ng cc rang nghin- Bt dinh dng sn xut nh cng ngh sy phun- Bt dinh dng sn xut nh cng ngh p nD phn loi theo cch no nhng sn phm bt dinh dng vn phi m cc thng s

v mt cht lng v gi tr dinh dng cng nh s cn bng dinh dng cho ngi tiudng.

1.3. Mt s sn phm bt dinh dngTh trng bt dinh dng hin nay rt a dng gm c sn phm ni ln sn phm

ngoi nhp. Trong , c nhng thng hiu uy tn ca Vit Nam nh Vinamilk, Nutifood,v nhng thng hiu ni ting ca nc ngoi nh Nestl, Namyang, Dutch Lady

Vinamilk l mt thng hiu ni ting ca Vit Nam vi hai dng sn phm bt dinhdng ch yu cho tr em l Ridielac alpha v Ridielac Star. Hai loi bt dinh dng ny

c nghin cu bi Trung tm nghin cu v dinh dng v pht trin sn phm caVinamilk theo khuyn ngh ca y ban dinh dng quc t Codex Alimentarius v dinhdng i vi tr s sinh v tr nh. Ridielac alpha c bn dng sn phm chnh l sa-ng cc, tht heo rau c, tht b rau c, tht tm rau c. Ridielac alpha c thit kcho tr di 24 thng tui. Sn phm Ridielac alpha c b sung thm cc dng chtnh Colostrum, DHA, inulin, I t, st v vitamin vi t l thch hp cho tr.

Hnh 1.Error! Use the Home tab to apply 0 to the text that you want to appear here..1: Sn phmbt Ridielac alpha

Ridielac Star vi 5 dng sn phm l Ridielac Star sa ng ct, heo ng cc, heo b xi, heo c rt, tm ng cc. Bt dinh dng Ridielac Star l loi thc phm n dmgip b lm quen vi mi v thc n c c ch theo cng ngh dinh dng MAX-4D,mt cng ngh c quyn ca Vinamilk.


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Hnh 1.Error! Use the Home tab to apply 0 to the text that you want to appear here..2: Sn phmbt Ridielac Star

Cng ty Nutifood gii thiu ra th trng hai dng sn phm bt dinh dng lPediaPlus cho tr bin n v tr m v EnPlus cho ngi bnh v ngi cao tui.

Hnh 1.Error! Use the Home tab to apply 0 to the text that you want to appear here..3: Sn phmbt ca Nutifood

Nestl l nhn hiu sn xut bt dinh dng uy tn trn th gii vi chng loi a dng

cho tng i tng ngi tiu dng, c bit cho tr em. Ty theo cc giai on pht trinca tr m Nestl c cc sn phm ph hp.


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Giai on 1 : Thc n dm u tin an ton chob . Thi im 6 thng l lc b tp lm quen vicc thc n khng phi di dng lng. Thc n lcny gip tng cng s pht trin ca c th, no b

v min dch t nhin cho b. Bt Ng Cc Nestlgiai on 1 rt ph hp vi giai on bt u ndm v d tiu, khng cha cht bo qun, trn mngip b d nut. Bt Ng Cc Nestle giai on 1gm La M Sa, Go Lc, Go Dinh Dng.c bit vi Bt Ng Cc Nestl Go Dinh Dng,m c th thay i thc n hng ngy cho b bngcch trn thm cc thc phm ch bin v nuchn khc nh sa, tht, c, trng, rau c....

Hnh Error! Use the Home tab to apply 0 tothe text that you want to appear here..4:

Sn phm bt ca Nestle

Giai on 2 : Thm hng v mi Bt Ng Cc Nestl giai on 2 b sung thm cc snphm ng cc mi nhiu dinh dng v tng cng hng v cho b. Bt c mn, dnut, thnh phn t thin nhin, bt u gip b tp n bng mung. Bt Ng Cc Nestlegiai on 2 gm Tri Cy, Rau C.

Giai on 3 : Hng v mi Thnh phn mi Vo giai on 8 thng, b c th n ngcc trn vi nhiu nguyn liu khc nhau tp lm quen vi thc n ngi ln. Bt NgCc Nestl giai on 3 gii thiu loi bt kt hp nhiu loi hng v, c nhiu ming rauc, tri cy, tht nh. M hy cho b thay i khu v vi u Nnh G v La M C.


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II. NGUYN LIU SN XUT BT DINH DNGCc nguyn liu sn xut bt dinh dng phi m bo cung cp cc thnh phn sau:

Nhm cht dinh dng a lng cung cp nng lng : gm cht ng bt, chtbo, cht m.Cht ng bt (carbohydrate) l cht cung cp nng lng chnh cho cc hot ng ca

cc t bo trong c th, nht l cc hot ng th lc ca c bp v cc hot ng tr tuca cc t bo no. Mi gam cht ng bt cung cp 4kcalo. Mi ngi cn 60% chtng bt cho nhu cu nng lng hng ngy. Cht ng bt c chia thnh hai loichnh l ng phc tp v ng n gin. ng phc tp (complex carbohydrates): lloi ng c t trn 2 phn t ng n gin, bao gm tinh bt (dng d tr glucose thc vt), glycogen (dng d tr glucose ng vt), v cht x (non-starchpolysaccharides). Cht x l mt dng polysaccharide nhng khng tiu ha, khng hp thuvo mu, v vy khng cung cp nng lng nn c xp vo nhm thc phm a lngkhng cung cp nng lng. ng n gin (simple carbohydrates) : bao gm 3 loi

monosaccharide l glucose, fructose, galactose v 3 loi disaccharides l maltose, sucrose,lactose.Cht bo (lipid): l ngun cung cp nng lng rt quan trng, gip c th hp thu v

chuyn ho cc vitamin tan trong cht bo. L nguyn liu hnh thnh t bo nht l t bothn kinh, nguyn liu to hormone steroide nh hormone sinh dc, thng thn... Migam cht bo cung cp 9kcalo. Tr cng nh nhu cu cht bo cng cao.Tr nh nhi cn50% nng lng khu phn (tng ng lng cht bo trong sa m). Tr la tui nhtr mu gio cn 20-30% nng lng khu phn. Ngi ln th tu th trng, trung bnh15-25% nng lng khu phn. Ngi cao tui cn 12-15% nng lng khu phn. C 3thnh phn chnh trong cht bo l Triglyceride, phosphorlipid v sterol. Triglyceride l

thnh phn chnh trong m (cht bo c ngun gc ng vt) v du (cht bo c ngungc thc vt). Mi phn t triglyceride c to thnh bi 1 glycerol v 3 acide bo. Acidbo c xem l cu trc c bn ca cht bo. C nhiu cch phn loi acide bo. Theo slng cacbon trong chui : acide bo chui di (12-24 cacbon), chui trung bnh (6-11cacbon) v chui ngn (


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huy ng tt c cc c ch thi c gan v thn thi ra ngoi cng nhanh cng tt. Nhucu trung bnh ca con ngi l 10-15% nng lng khu phn (100-150g thc n gium mi ngy). Khi cung cp qu m vt qu nhu cu s khin cho cc c quan lc thitng hot ng (gan, thn), tng urea mu, bing n do tng acide amin trong mu v tngthi Canxi qua ng thn. n v cu trc cn bn ca cht m l cc acide amin (amino

acid). Trong t nhin ch c khong 22 loi acid amine nhng cc acid amine ny kt nivi nhau theo th t v cu trc khc nhau to nn v s cc loi protid khc nhau ctrng cho tng loi. i vi loi ngi, c 8 acid amin thit yu , l cc acide amin btbuc phi a vo c th qua thc phm v c th khng t tng hp c l Hidstidin,Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonin, Tryptophan ( tr em cthm Valine v Taurine)

Nhm cht dinh dng vi lng:Nhm cht dinh dng vi lng khng cung cp nng lng nhng c vai tr quan trng

trong cc qu trnh chuyn ha ca c th, c nh hng n sc khe v bnh tt. l

cc vitamin v khang cht vi lng.Vitamine, cn gi l sinh t, c chia ra lm 2 nhm chnh: vitamin tan trong nc :

vitamine nhm B, vitamine C v vitamine tan trong cht bo : vitamine A, D, E, K. Nhucu hng ngy v vitamin rt nh, tnh bng miligam, thm ch microgam, tuy nhin thiuhoc tha cc vitamin trong khu phn gy ra nhiu xo trn cho hot ng hng ngy cac th thm ch c th gy bnh.

Cht khong vi lngcng nh cc vitamine, l nhng cht c th cn vi s lng rtt nhng ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh sng m cho n nay khoa hc cng chakhm ph ht hoc cha bit ht cng dng ca chng vi s sng.

Nhm nht dinh dng a lng nhng khng cung cp nng lng : gm chtkhong a lng, cht x v nc.

Cht khong a lng l cc cht khong nhng nhu cu hng ngy tnh bng n vgam tr ln. Cc cht ny c vai tr khc nhau vi c th. C 7 cht khong a lng c xc nh vai tr bao gm Canxi, Phosphor, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Cloride,Magnesium

Cht x gip iu ha nhu ng rut, iu ha hot ng ca h tiu ha, gim to bn,

gim s hp thu cholesterol v cc cht bo. Cht x gm hai loi: cht x tan trong nc :gm, oligofructose...v cht x khng tan trong nc : cellulose

Nc: l mt thnh phn ht sc quan trng ca ch dinh dng mc d rt hay b bqun. Nhu cu nc hng ngy ca mt ngi trung bnh khong 1500-2000ml, c cungcp qua nc ung, sa, cc ba n... Nhu cu ny tng ln khi hot ng nhiu, m hi


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nhiu, hay khi b bnh, st, tiu chy... hoc nhng ngy thi tit nng bc nhu cu nccng s cao hn.

2.1. Nguyn liu c ngun gc t thc vtBt dinh dng ch yu sn xut t nguyn liu c ngun gc t thc vt gm cc loi c

v cc loi ht.2.1.1.Cc loi cKhoai ty

C khoai ty c cha hm lng tinh bt cao, l mt trong nhng cy lng thc chnhca con ngi. Thnh phn ha hc ca c khoai ty c cho bng sau: (%)

Nc 75

Cht bo 0.2

Tro 0.9

Cellulose 1.1

Hp cht nit 2.1

Cc cht khc 2.2

Hm lng tinh bt T 20% n 30%

Khoai langGm nhiu loi, thnh phn cc cht trong khoai lang nh sau (%):

Nc 68.1

Protein 1.6

Glucid 27.1

Cht bo 0.5

Tro 1

Cellulose 0.9

Tinh bt 15% n 30%

2.1.2.Cc loi htLa bt go

La go l ngun lng thc chnh c trng nhiu ng Nam . Thnh phn htla ni chung bao gm glucid, protein, cellulose, lipid, vitamin, khong v c, cc enzymev nc. S phn b cc cht dinh dng trong cc thnh phn ca ht go khng ging


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nhau v c biu din trong bng sau. Cc thnh phn ha hc ny thay i ty theoging, ch canh tc v trng trt.

Thnh phn Thc Go lt Go xt Cm Tru

Glucid (g) 64 73 73 87 77 89 34 62 22 34

Cellulose (g) 7.2 10.4 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.5 7 11.4 34.5 45.9

Protid (gNx5.95) 5.8 7.7 7.1 8.3 6.3 7.1 11.3 14.9 2.0 2.8

Lipid (g) 1.5 2.3 1.6 2.8 0.3 0.5 15.0 19.7 0.3 0.8

Tro (g) 2.9 5.2 1.0 1.5 0.3 0.8 6.6 9.9 13.2 21.0

Ca (mg) 10 80 10 50 10 30 30 120 60 130

P (g) 0.17 3.1 0.17 0.43 0.08 0.15 1.1 2.5 0.03 0.07

Fe (mg) 1.4 6.0 0.2 5.2 0.2 2.8 8.6 43.0 3.9 9.5

Zn (mg) 1.7 3.1 0.6 2.8 0.6 2.3 4.3 25.8 0.9 4.0

Phytin P (g0 0.18 0.21 0.13 0.27 0.02 0.2 0.9 2.2 0

Go l mt trong nhng loi ng cc sinh nng lng kh cao. Bn cnh , hm lngprotein trong go cng tng i tt hn trong cc loi lng thc khc. Trong go tn ti 20 loi acid amin trong thnh phn ca protein. La go cung cp 10 loi acid aminkhng thay th cho ngi. Mc khc, protein la go d hp thu vo c th. Kh nng tiuha protein la go trong c th l 84 90%, cao hn so vi cc loi lng thc khc (ng

89 90%, la m 81 90%).Hm lng lipid trong la go cao hn la mch v la m nhng thp hn k, ng v

ht yn mch. La go cung cp ch yu l vitamin nhm B. Tuy nhin, s lng vitamintrong la go khng nhiu v thp hn cc loi lng thc khc. So vi cc loi ht khc,la go c t cellulose hn (tr i mch) v c thnh phn khong cao hn.

Tuy nhin, trong thnh phn ht c nhng hp cht tc ng khng tt n c th conngi nh phytin, antitrypsin, hemagglutinin v oryzacystain. Tr phytin, cc thnh phnk trn u c bn cht protein nn d bin tnh nhit cao. Cc cht ny tp trung chyu phi v lp aleuron, do , khi ch bin bt go cn lu loi b cc cht ny.

La m bt mLa m l mt trong nhng ht ng cc c gi tr s dng cao nht trong i sng con

ngi. T la m, chng ta c th lm ra cc sn phm khc nhau nh bt m v tinh btmTrong , bt m l sn phm c gi tr nht ca la m. Bt m c lng protein caov y cc acid amin khng thay th. Khng nhng c calo cao m cn d tiu ha.


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Loi bt Protein Lipid Glucid Cellulose tro

Thng hn 10.8 0.9 73.6 0.2 0.5

Loi 1 11.0 1.1 72.9 0.3 0.7

Loi 2 11.5 1.4 71.3 0.81.0

Loi 3 11.8 1.5 69.6 1.6 1.5

Ng bt ngNg l sn phm nng nghip ph bin nhiu nc trn th gii. Thnh phn ha hc

ca ng thay i ty theo iu kin kh hu, ging, loi ng, k thut canh tc, ttrngThnh phn ha hc ca ng phn b khng u trong ht, n t l khc nhau gia ba phnchnh l v, ni nh v phi.

Thnh phn ha hc V Ni nh Phi

Protein 3.7 8.0 18.4

Lipid (trch ly bng ether) 1.0 0.8 33.2

Cht tro 0.8 0.3 10.5

Tinh bt 7.3 87.6 8.3

ng 0.34 0.62 10.8

Cht x 86.7 2.7 8.8

Cc loi uCc loi u nh u nnh, u en, u xanh, u vnl nhng ngun giu tinh bt

v protein. Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s loi u c cho bng sau:

Loi uHm lng % so vi cht kh

Tro Cellulose ng Tinh bt Protein Lipid

H Lan 3.0 6.5 4 50 28 2

Vn 3.2 4.4 4 66 29 2

en 4.1 5.2 3 55 28 2.4

Phng 1.8 4.6 2.0 4.5 6 22 20 34 40 - 60

2.2. Nguyn liu c ngun gc t ng vt


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2.2.1.Trng v bt trngTrng l mt loi thc phm c nhiu cht bo, nhiu m, ng thi giu vitamin v

khong vi lng. y l mn n rt tt cho tr em ang tui ln, bnh nhn ang phc hisc khe.

Thnh phn dinh dng ca trng ph thuc vo thc n, ging, mi trng sng v

trng thi sc khe cng nh thi gian khai thc gia cm.Thnh phn dinh dng ca mt s loi trng gia cm (tnh theo %)

Trng Nc Protein Lipid Glucid Khong Calo/100g

G 74 12.8 11.5 0.7 1 171

Vt 70 13 14.2 1 1.8 189

Ngng 70.4 13.9 13.3 1.3 1.1 189

G ty 70.4 11.3 11.8 1.7 0.8 189

2.2.2.Sa v bt saSa l mt dung dch sinh hc, c to thnh t tuyn sa ca ng vt c v. Sa

cha y cc cht dinh dng, cc enzyme, hoormon, khong (c bit l Ca v P),vitamin rt cn thit cho s pht trin ca c th, c bit l c th cn non. Thnh phndinh dng ca sa thay i theo ging gia sc, tui, ma v, ch dinh dng, k thutvt. Thnh phn ha hc sa ca mt s ng vt v ngi cho bng sau:

ng vt Protein tng Casein Cht bo Carbohydrate khong

B 3.4 2.8 3.9 4.8 0.8

D 3.6 2.7 4.1 4.7 0.8

Cu 5.8 4.9 7.9 4.5 0.8

Nga 2.2 1.3 1.7 6.2 0.5

Ngi 1.2 0.5 3.8 7.0 0.2

Bt sa l sn phm ch bin t sa ti cho hay khng cho thm ng, c b hay ly bt b. Thnh phn dinh dng ca sa bt ton phn nh sau: nc 3.5%, lipid 26%,khong 6.5%, protein 26.55, lactoza 38.5%. Hm lng kim loi nng nh ch khng c

c mt, ng


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Loi thtThnh phn ha hc (g/100g)

Nc Protein Lipid Khong Calo

B 70.5 18 10.5 1 171

Ln m 47.5 14.5 37.5 0.7 406

Ln na nc 60.9 16.5 21.5 1.1 268

Ln nc 73 19 7 1 143

Tru bp 72.3 21.9 4.9 0.9 118

G 69.2 22.4 7.5 0.9 162

Vt 59.2 17.8 2.8 0.9 276

2.3. Cc ngun nguyn liu khcGm cc loi tri cy, rau, mui khong v vitamin. Cc nguyn liu ny cung cp cc

ngun vitamin, khong v cht x b sung cho sn phm. Cc loi tri cy v rau thngdng nh chui, to, da, c rt, b xi, cn ty..


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III. QUY TRNH SN XUT BT DINH DNG

Hnh 3.1: Quy trnh sn xut bt dinh dng

Bt cc loi Ht cc loi

Khuy trn Rang

Sy mng

Nho

To hnh

Nng

H ha

Phi trn

Sy phun Sy trc

Nghin

Ry

Phi trn

Sy kim tra

Sn phm


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3.1. Sn phm dng to hnh, nngSn phm c h ha mt phn ln. C th ha trong nc ngui hay nc m dng

3.1.1.NhoMc ch cng ngh: chun b khi bt nho cho qu trnh tip theo v hon thin mt

s ch tiu cht lng cho bnh thnh phm. Nho trn nhm to nn ng nht v cutrc, mu sc v s phn b nguyn liu trong ton khi bt nho. Thng qua trnh phnnguyn liu, thi gian v cng nho trn nh sn xut c th iu chnh khi btnho t c cc yu cu v cng ngh. Bt nho c to hnh bng cch cn: bt nhophi do, n hi, khng dnh, to c khung gluten kh tt ch lc v gin rng khicn. c th to mng gluten kh tt bnh cn c hm lng cht bo v ng tng ithp. qu trnh nho trn k s gip bt tip xc c nhiu vi nc hnh thnh mnggluten. Sau qu trnh nho trn cn thm mt thi gian bt n nh cu trc mng

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu

Hn hp cc thnh phn nguyn liu ban u vi cch phi trn khc nhau s chuynthnh mt khi bt nho dng st. Khi bt nho ny ng nht khng tch ri, do, c xp nht nh. Trong khi bt nho thc cht tn ti nhiu pha. Pha rn gm khung glutenbao quanh cc ht tinh bt trng n v cc pentosan khng to gel. Pha lng ngoi dungdch nc c cha mt t protein ha tan, pentosan th cn c cc git cht bo cnh ha. Pha kh c to nn do s tch ly cc bt khng kh khi nho trn

Lc u khi mi nho bt tng i dnh vo thit b. Sau mt thi gian khi cc nguynliu lin kt cht ch vi nhau th bm dnh gim, ng thi th tch ca khi bt cnggim. Nu nho lu hn c s tch ly ca kh trong khi bt nho, nn th tch khi bt

tng lm gim khi lng ring ton khi. trong qu trnh nho trn, ma st gia cc phnt nguyn liu vi nhau v vi thit b cng nh cc phn ng ha hc din ra lm nhit ca khi bt tng dn

Do nhit qu trnh nho khng cao nn khng c bin i ha hc no ng k. Chyu l to nn nhng lin kt ha hc yu trong qu trnh hnh thnh mng li gluten. Ccgliadin, glutenin lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt hidro bng lin kt tnh in gia cc phnt mang in tch tri du, bng cu disulfide v bng tng tc a bo. Cc tng tc nys to nn n hi cho bt nho. C th xy ra hin tng oxy ha cht bo di tcdng ca oxy hay hin tng bin tnh protein di tc dng c hc. Nu c s dng thu

n nh NaHCO3, NH4HCO3 th c th xy ra phn ng phn hy mt phn nh thuc nto xp cho bt nho

Phng php nho trn

Qu trnh nho trn bt bao gm 3 bc

Bc 1: xy dng cng thc nho trn. Ty theo tng loi bt dinh dng cho cc itng khc nhau m c cng thc nho trn khc nhau. V d bt dinh dng dnh cho


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ngi gy th khi phi trn phi c t l sa bo, cc loi bt, ng c t l thch hp, btdinh dng dnh cho ngi n king th thnh phn sa bt phi l sa gy phi trn vicc thnh phn khc theo t l thch hp.

Bc 2: chun b nguyn liu: gm phi trn cc ph gia thnh cc dng thch hp c

th trn u vo khi bt nho. Qu trnh ny bao gm ha tan cc mui v cc ph gia tantrong nc thnh mt dung dch gi l nc trn bt. Cn lu l nc trn bt by gi ct trng, nhit , v kh nng lin kt vi cc thnh phn ha hc trong bt nho khc vinc nguyn liu ban u. C th b sung bt n NaHCO3, Na2CO3 to xp cho bnhkhi nng vi t l 0,7%. Nu dng vi t l < 0,7% khi nng bnh khng c ci tin xp nhiu, nu t l bt n > 0,7% bnh nng s c v chua

Bc 3: nho trn: phi trn cc thnh phn chun b bc 2 hnh thnh khi btnho. Mc ch ca bt nho l lm sao bt nho c c tnh lu bin thch hp nht.Trnh t phi trn ca nguyn liu s nh hng ln n tnh cht lu bin ca bt nho vbt dinh dng thnh phm. Ty loi sn phm m trnh t phi trn s khc nhau nhmt c khi bt nho c tnh cht lu bin mong mun. Trnh t ny khng c nh m sbin i ty theo cht lng bt nho

Vai tr ch yu to nn tnh cht lu bin ca bt nho chnh l khung gluten. V vy,la chn phng php phi trn no l ty thuc mc ch pht trin ti a hay km hmqu trnh hnh thnh mng gluten. Trong cht bo cn tr kh nng hnh thnh khunggluten nn thi im v dng cht bo phi trn vo l c bit quan trng. n hi cabt ph thuc ch yu vo qu trnh protein lin kt vi nc to khung gluten. Trong snxut bt dinh dng th cc thnh phn ng, sa bt, mui c chia lm 2 phn. Mtphn cho vo vi nguyn liu khi nho trn, mt phn cho vo qu trnh phi trn trc khi

sy kim tra.

Cc thng s cng ngh

Qu trnh nho trn bt trong sn xut bt dinh dng thng ch din ra trong 20 400C. Nhit thay i ty theo cht lng bt nguyn liu v tnh cht lu bin ca btnho. i bt nho c khung gluten kh tt, nhit khi bt nho duy tr 400C. Cn ivi loi bt nho c mng gluten yu th nhit nho thp, 25 300C.

Tng tc nho s lm gim thi gian nho trn. Nho nhanh s khin khi bt nhomau u, cc mi lin kt d b t gy, bm dnh, n hi cng nh c qunh

ca bt nho cng gim. Bt dinh dng thng nho vi tc nhanhTrn gin on: trn tng m cc cu t khc nhau thnh hn hp ng nht. Trong trn

gin on thng dng 2 thit b m bo cng sut. Qa trnh trn gin on thng c3 qu trnh: chuyn dch cc nhm phn t ln cn t nhm ny sang nhm khc trong hnhp c cc phn t trt ln nhau (trn i lu), phn b li cc phn t qua gii hn mi(trn khuch tn), tp trung cc phn t c khi lng v kch thc gn nhau do tc dngca lc qun tnh v trng lc.


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Trn lin tuc: cc my trn lin tc c chia lm 3 nhm: nhm my trn c cu tdch chuyn dc theo trc m khng c dch chuyn dc tng i ca cc phn t, nhmmy trn m cc cu t dch chuyn dc theo trc nhng cc phn t dch chuyn dctng i, nhm my trn m cc cu t chuyn ng hn lon trong ton b th tch trn

T

hit bCc dng my nho trn hot ng theo nguyn tc dng lc ca cnh khuy phn b

cc nguyn liu dng rn vi nguyn liu dng lng. trong qu trnh nho trn bt nho chin tng tng c qunh v c kt theo thi gian. c qunh lm gim tc chuyn ng ca vt liu trong thng trn nn cng sut ca ng c my tr phi ln, cuto ca cnh khuy phi chc m bo phn lc ca bt. c kt v bm dnh lm chokhi bt chuyn ng thnh tng khi khng u trong my nn my trn bt nho phi dkin c s chuyn ch ca khi bt nguyn liu t khu vc trn mnh lit sang khu trngv c bin php phn tn khi bt ny. Thng dng my nho trn hot ng lin tc

My nho trn hot ng lin tc c cu to nh mt tang trng hnh tr t nm ngang,bn trong c rotor v c chia thnh cc khoang nh. Trn thnh khoang c cc stator htr cho tng qu trnh thch hp nh phi trn, phn tn, ha trn kh v nho. Bn ngoitang trng c lp v o c chia thnh tng khoang vi cc nhit khc nhau. Bngcch iu chnh chiu di tang trng, thay i thi gian lu ca bt v thi gian nho trn tac th thu c cc loi bt vi cht lng khc nhau. Thit b hot ng theo nguyn tcsau: nguyn liu kh v nc c nhp vi mt lng chnh xc v lin tc vo mt uca thit b, ha trn s b vi nhau v i vo khu vc nho trn v cui cng i ra ti ukia ca thit b: ngay ti u ra bt nho s c chia thnh tng phn bng nhau i vocc cng on ch bin tip theo (dao ct hot ng vi ch c ci sn). Ngoi ra

cng c loi thit b liu c nhp nhiu viij tr khc nhau trn khp chiu di ca thitb nho trn. Thit b ny cho sn phm c cht lng n nh, khng cn nhiu nhn cng.Tuy nhin qu trnh lp t my phc tp, vic nhp liu lin tc cng kh c th thc hinc v quan trng l mi khoang nho (gm stator v rotor) ch thch hp cho mt cngthc no . My nho trn hot ng lin tc thch hp cho cc nh my ch bin ch mtloi bt nho

3.1.2.To hnhMc ch: chun b. Chun b l chia nh khi lng bt thnh tng ming nh c kch

thc tng i ng nht cho qu trnh nng tip theo\

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu: trong qu trnh to hnh c yu l cc tc dng c l lnnguyn liu do nhng bin i trong qu trnh to hnh thng khng nhiu, ch yu lcc bin i v vt l. Cu trc v tnh cht c l ca sn phm thay i

Thit b: to hnh cho bt nho dai: phng php cn, ct

My cn bt 2 trc:


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- rng trc cn 620mm- ng knh trc 240mm- dy lp bt 0,7 5mm- Cht liu thp tm dy 20 mm

3.1.3.NngMc ch: ch bin v bo qun sn phm. qu trnh nng cn to cho bnh c mu

sc, mi v, cu trc c trng, gim m v gip tiu dit vi sinh vt, gip cho bt ngcc c mi v c trng v bo qun c lu. Ch nng bnh c c trng bng 3thng s:

- m tng i ca hn hp khng kh v hi trong bung nng- Nhit v cc vng trong vng nng- Thi gian nng


Khi ming bt c a vo l nng nhit ban u ca ming bt bng vi nhit ngoi tri, khong 300C v m t 18 25%. Nhit ca l nng cao hn 1000C. Dohin tng truyn nhit m, nhit s chuyn dn t ngoi vo trong lp bt v hi nccng chuyn t ngoi vo trong theo nhit , do b mt ming bt s b kh. khcphc hin tng ny giai on u ca qu trnh nng, l nng cn c gi nhit thp. Khi nhit tng 500C mng gluten bt u b bin tnh, nh nc. Lc ny tinh bts hp thu lng nc do protein nh ra cng nh lng nc t ngoi khi bt chuyn

vo trng n v thc hin qu trnh h ha. nhit 55 600C, mng gluten bintnh mnh. Nhit phn hy ca bicarbonate ammonium xp x 600C, khi kh s cgii phng. Mt phn lng kh ny s thot ra ngoi, nhng phn ln s c gi li trongkhung bnh nng lm cho ming bt n ra theo c phng ngang ln b dy. Tinh bt btu h ha, ph v cu trc ht, mch tinh bt dn ra v lin kt li vi nhau to nn cutrc xp. Mt s enzyme nh amylase, protease hot ng mnh sinh ra ng kh v acidamin l nguyn liu u vo cho phn ng Maillard. nhit ny nm men b tiu dit

Giai on hai bt u khi nhit tm ming bt t khong 70 800C, bin i chyu ch yu trong giai on ny l qu trnh bc hi m. nhit ny, protein b bin

tnh hon ton, mi enzyme b v hot, s bin tnh ca gluten s to thnh khung bnh, ccphn t tinh bt b h ha s lin kt vi khung gluten lin kt trong rut bnh. Khi nhit rut bnh t t nhit phn hy ca bicarbonate natri 80 900C, lng bt n s phnhy ht v bnh tip tc n. Khi rut bnh t 1000C th th tch ming bnh nng t tia. Rut bnh s gi nhit 1000C trong sut qu trnh nng lng nc t do trong btbc hi. pha ngoi ming bt do tip xc vi khng kh nng nn nhit tng nhanh hn


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rut bnh. Sau khi lp v bnh c hnh thnh, nhit tip tc tng. n nhit 1200C,cc phn ng Maillard c tng cng lm v bnh bt u chuyn mu vng

Giai on ba bt u khi v bnh t nhit 1400C, khi phn ng caramen ha dinra nhanh, v vy cn gim nhit ca l nng gim tc truyn nhit. Qa trnh

nng s kt thc khi lng nc t do trong khi bt bc hi ht, nhit ca rut bnhbt u tng trn 1000C

Cc thng s cng ngh: bnh nng qua 2 giai on

- Giai on 1: dng nhit cao lm thay i t ngt khi bt lm sn phm xp sau khinng, nhit nng giai on ny l 2500C, nng trong thi gian 1 pht bnh xpti a

- Giai on 2: nhit nng giai on ny l 1400C, thi gian 5 pht, sn phm vng,p, xp dn, m ti thiu < 6%

Thit b: ph bin nht l thit b nng dng hm

Hnh 3.2: thit b nng dng hm

Chiu di l nng dao ng trong khong vi mt n 100 mt, chiu rng khong 1mt. Khoang nng c chia thnh nhiu vng dc theo chiu di ca l nng v c ng

thi kh mi vng. L nng hm hot ng lin tc, t ng nhp v tho sn phm,khng cn nhiu nhn cng vn hnh. u im chnh l tiu hao nhit t nn t tn nnglng, nng sut cao v c th iu khin nhit trong l nng mt cch chnh xc. Tuynhin thit b c chiu di ln nn tn din tch nh xng

3.1.4.Nghin


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Bn cht ca qu trnh nghin l lm gim kch thc ca vt liu, thng thng l ccvt liu ri bng cc tc dng ca lc c hc

Trong qu trnh nghin, c 3 loi lc cng tc dng ln vt liu: lc nn, lc va p vlc ma st. Tuy nhin ty tng qu trnh s c loi lc chim u th. Trong cc qu trnh

nghin th vt liu cng lc nn chim u th. Lc ma st thng chim u th trong qutrnh nghin cc loi vt liu mm. Lc va p thng c ng dng trong c qu trnhnghin th, nghin trung gian v c nghin tinh

Mc ch: ch bin: i vi cc loi bt ng cc qu trnh nghin l qu trnh quan trngnht chuyn vt liu t kch thc ln sang dng bt c kch thc nh. Bnh sau khinng thng c nghin v kch thc khong 150m

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu: ch yu l bin i vt l: bin i vt l quan trng nhtca qu trnh nghin l kch thc nguyn liu gim, din tch b mt ring tng ln. Ditc dng ca lc nhit cu nguyn liu tng ln

Cc yu t nh hng

Tnh cht ca nguyn liu l yu t nh hng nhiu nht n qu trnh nghin. Vic xcnh tnh cht nguyn liu c tnh cht rt quan trng thc hin qu trnh nghin vi hiuqu kinh t cao nht. Trc khi thc hin qu trnh nghin, mt s tnh cht sau y canguyn liu cn c quan tm: kch thc, cng, dai, dnh, ma st, nhit nng chy, cu trc, khi lng ring, m, cc thnh phn ha hc km n nh, ng nht, sch

Cu trc ca nguyn liu: bnh sau khi nng c tnh cht gin, d v. Trong qu trnhny lc nn l lc thch hp cho qu trnh nghin.

m ca nguyn liu: m tng i nh sau khi nng


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vi cc thnh phn vitamin, khong ty theo yu cu ca tng loi sn phm. Sau khi phitrn, bn thnh phm s c a i sy li v kim tra: m phi t


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ban u. Cc hp cht lipit c bit l cc acid bo t do khi tham gia phn ng oxy ha shnh thnh nn cc peroxyde v nhiu loi sn phm ph khc lm cho sn phm sy hanu

Phn ng Maillard: y l phn ng thng gp khi sy nguyn liu c cha ng kh

v cc hp cht c nhm NH2 t do. Phn ng s to ra cc hp cht melannoidine v lmcho sn phm b sm mu

Sinh hc: trong qu trnh sy, s trao i cht ca cc t bo v m nguyn liu sngng li nu nhit tng cao. Ngoi ra cc thnh phn khc nh protein, DNA c th bbin tnh

Ha sinh: khi nhit tng cao, cc enzyme b v hot v cc phn ng ha sinh sngng li

Phng php: thng thng dng cht ti nhit l khng kh nng tip xc vi b mtvt liu m lm bc hi nc trong vt liu to thnh hn hp khng kh m thot ra ngoi

Sau khi sy mng l cc qu trnh nghin ry phi trn sy kim tra tng t nhtrn

3.3. Dng rang xaySn phm c h ha mt phn. Cn ha tan trong nc nng trc khi s dng

3.3.1.RangMc ch:

Ch bin: khi rang cc loi ht, mt phn tinh bt c h ha

Bo qun: qu trnh rang xy ra nhit cao nn c ch h vi sinh vt v enzyme, cithin ch tiu vi sinh ca sn phm

Hon thin: khi rang cc ht ng cc, nhiu hp cht hng c to thnh gp phn tomi v c trng cho sn phm


Vt l: gim th tch tng trng lng ring ca nguyn liu ch yu do s thot m vtn tht cc cht bay hi

Ha hc: mt s phn ng nh phn ng caramen ha, phn ng oxy ha cht bo, phn

ng phn hy cc cht mn cm vi nhit nh vitamin c trong nguyn liu

Sinh hc v ha sinh: qu trnh rang s chm dt s trao i cht ca t bo vi sinh vtv m thc vt trong nguyn liu, mt vi sinh gim, cc enzyme b v hot bt thunnghch

Cc yu t nh hng: Nhit v thi gian rang. Khi tng nhit rang, cc bin itrong nguyn liu s xy ra nhanh hn, v mc bin i cng xy ra su sc hn, c


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bit l cc bin i ha hc. Nu phn ng ha hc xy ra qu mc th cht lng sn phms b gim st. Khi nhit cng cao th tn tht cc cu t mn cm vi nhit cng ln.Thi gian rang cng di th mc bin i ch tiu cht lng sn phm cng ln. Thigian di s lm gim nng sut hot ng ca thit b rang v lm tng chi ph nng lngcho qu trnh

Phng php thc hin: nhit ban u v nhit ca thit b bng nhau khi tip xcvi nhau, sau gia nhit nng nhit dn v gia chng c chnh lch nhit deltaT

Thit b v nng lng

Thit b: c 2 loi cho rang v my rang thng quay bn trong c lp cc b phn otrn kiu tay o hoc cnh tay o xon. Thit b khng chu p nhng chu nhit

Nng lng: do thit b c un nng trc tip cn nguyn liu c truyn nhit gintip nn tn hao nhit kh cao, do vy l t cn c bao kn. Nhin liu c th dng: than

ci hoc dng hi qu nhit

3.3.2.NghinThit b nghin a:

Thit b nghin mt a: cu to bao gm mt da quay gn vi mt rotor, b mt ca dac nhng rnh nh. Da c lp t song song vi mt b mt c nh. Khe hp gia dav b mt ny quyt nh kch thc sn phm. Khi thit b vn hnh, nguyn liu s i quakhe hp ny, chu tc dng ca lc ma st v lc nn(lc nn thng nh hn nhiu lc mast), b v ra. ln khe hp c th iu khin, ph thuc yu cu kch thc sn phm

Thit b nghin hai da: bao gm hai da quay ngc chiu nhau. B mt a c th ccc rnh. Thit b nghin 2 da c lc ma st tc ng ln nguyn liu ln hn thit bnghin mt da. Trn b mt da ngi ta c th khng to rnh m c th gn thm ccinh t ngn.

Sau khi bt c nghin, th em ry phi trn sy kim tra nh sn phm dng tohnh, nng


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Hnh 3.3: mt s loi thit b nghin a

3.4. Sn phm dng h ha dch lng to btSn phm c h ha mt phn ln, c th ha trong nc ngui dng

3.4.1.H haKhi x l nhit cc ht tinh bt trong nc n nhit h ha th s xy ra hin tng

h ha tinh bt, l hin tng tinh bt ht nc, trn n, tng th tch v khi lng tngln

Mc ch ch bin: di tc dng ca nhit cao nhiu loi nguyn liu b bin i vcu trc, tnh cht ha hoc, l hc lm cho cht lng ca nguyn liu bin i hn. Cu

trc ht tinh bt b ph v. Nguyn liu t dng ht ri sau khi h ha to thnh dng dungdch, lm chn nguyn liu

Mc ch bo qun: un nng nhit trn 700C trc ht c tc dng lm mt hot tnhca cc loi enzyme c trong nguyn liu, ngn nga c nhng bin i xu. Nhit cao trn 900C c th tiu dit vi sinh vt c trong nguyn liu

Bin i vt liu: ht tinh bt khi bt u h ha, nc t bn ngoi i vo trong ht lmngng t nc trong mao qun, xy ra phn ng hydrat ha v trng n ht. V ht b phv, cc lin kt gia cc phn t amylose v amylopectin r ra, lm t lin kt gia ccphn t. Xy ra hin tng phn tn cc phn t t lin kt vo nc to thnh dng

dung dch

Thc hin: c th h ha bng cch gia nhit trc tip hoc gin tip

Cc loi ht khc nhau c nhit h ha khc nhau nn ta h ha ring cc loi ht sau trn chung chng vi nhau trong thit b trn. Sau khi trn chung cc dch h ha syphun hoc sy trc to dng bt

3.4.2.Phi trn: Qa trnh phi trn dch lng


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Cc yu t nh hng

Tnh cht nguyn liu: t trng, nht v tnh cht lu bin ca nguyn liu c nhhng mang tnh cht quyt nh n qu trnh phi trn. Ty theo tnh cht ny, vic thitk la chn thit b khuy trn cng nh la chn nhng phng php thch hp cho qu

trnh s khc nhauNhit : trong qu trnh phi trn nu nhit cng cao th qu trnh phi trn cng t

hiu qu cao, cc cu t cng d phn b u vo nhau . ng thi nhit cao lm gim nht ca cht lng

Phng php thc hin

Qu trnh phi trn cc loi cht lng c nht cao hoc dng paste. Trong thit b phi trn tng phn t nguyn liu phi tip xc vi phn t phi trn. Do cc phn tnguyn liu khng th chuyn ng nh trong trng hp cht lng c nht thp, c cuphi trn phi di chuyn v tip xc n cc v tr ca thng trn hoc c cu trn phi to

c lc ln lm cc phn t chuyn ng n cc v tr trong thit b phi trn. Cth s dng cc loi thit b nh: thit b khuy trn dng cnh khuy dng mi cho, thitb khuy trn dng chu, my nho, thit b phi trn lin tc cho nguyn liu dng pase

3.4.3.Sy phunNgi ta s dng thit b sy phun khi nguyn liu dng lng hoc dng paste, sn

phm thu c l dng bt. Nguyn tc sy gm 3 giai on

Giai on 1: chuyn nguyn liu dng sy thnh dng sng m nh c cu phun sngtrong thit b sy phun. Hin nay c 3 dng c cu phun sng: u phun ly tm, u phun1 dng v u phun 2 dng. Kch thc cc git lng sau khi phun sng t khong 10 -200m

Giai on 2: ha trn sng m vi dng tc nhn sy. y chnh l giai on tch mra khi nguyn liu. Do nguyn liu c sy phun sng nn din tch b mt tip xcgia cc git lng v tc nhn sy rt ln. Nh , m trong nguyn liu c bay hinhanh chng. Sn phm to thnh dng bt mn. Thi gian tch m din ra trong khongt vi giy n vi chc giy

Giai on 3 tch sn phm ra khi tc nhn sy. Ngi ta c th dng h thng cyclone,ti lc hoc phng php kt ta trong trng tnh in, ph bin nht l s dng cyclone.

Hiu sut thu hi sn phm sy phun t 90 98%Sau khi sy phun, bt tip tc c em nghin t kch thc ph hp. Cc qu

trnh tip theo tng t nh sn phm dng to hnh nng


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IV. QU TRNH NH LNG V PHI TRNnh lng v phi trn l khu quan trng trong sn xut bt dinh dng. Khu nh

lng v phi trn quyt nh mc cn i v ng nht ca sn phm.

nh lng cc cu t c th dng phng php cn (theo khi lng) hot ong (theo

th tch). Sai s ca phng php ong nh sau:- Nu lng cu t cn trn di 1%, sai s ca php ong khng qu 0.3- Nu lng cu t cn trn trong khong 1-10% th sai s ca php ong phi khng qu

0.2- Nu lng trn trn 10% th sai s ong phi di 0.1- chnh xc ca php ong cc cu t vi lng l 0.3- chnh xc ca php cn phi t 0.25-0.5

Phi trn nhm m bo cc cu t thnh phn phi c phn phi u trong ton khi,hn hp bt phi ng nht. Phi trn lm tng gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm, tng thmtnh cm quan cho sn phm. ng thi phi trn cn lm tng gi tr s dng cho sn phm. Nguyn liu cn phi trn l cc loi bt giu protein nh: bt tht, c, tm, bttrng...Cc loi bt giu cht x nh: bt t rau qu ...Cc cht vi dinh dng nh khong,vitamin ...Cc loi cht bo, acid bo nh du m, du phng, DHA ...

Hiu sut phi trn thng c nh gi bng h s khng ng u V c

Trong x: l gi tr trung bnh ca cu t trong mu

xi: l mu ca th nghim i

n: l s mu ly

Nu trn u th Vc 0, ngha l hiu sut qu trnh trn rt cao. Ngi ta cn nh gimc trn ng u ca hn hp

Trong VB: l ng u tng i ca hn hp

n : s mu kim tra

B: l lng ca cu t nh ca hn hp trong mu kim tra

B0: l lng cu t nh trong hn hp

C hai phng php thc hin qu trnh phi trn l phng php trn gin on v trnlin tc. Trn gin on l trn tng m cc cu t khc nhau thnh mt hn hp ngnht. Trong phi trn gin on thng dng hai thit b m bo nng sut. Qu trnhtrn gm cc qu trnh cho tit sau:


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- Chuyn dch cc nhm phn t ln cn nhau t ch ny n ch khc trong hn hp docc phn t trt ln nhau (trn i lu).

- Phn b li cc phn t qua cc gii hn mi trn khuch tn.- Tp trung cc phn t c khi lng v kch thc gn nhau do tc dng ca lc qun

tnh v trng lc.

Thi gian trn ph thuc vo tnh cht c l ca hn hp (kch thc ca cc cu tthnh phn, t trng, trng thi b mt, hnh dng, m, xp ...). Cc cu t cng ctnh cht c l gn nhau th hiu qu trn cng cao. S cu t cng nhiu, lng trn tngcu t cng nh th cng kh trn u

Cc my trn c chia lm 3 nhm:

- Nhm my trn c cu t dch chuyn dc theo trc m khng c s dch chuyn dctng i ca cc phn t

- Nhm my trn cc cu t dch chuyn dc theo trc nhng cc thnh phn chuyn dctng i- Nhm my trn m cc cu t chuyn ng hn lon trong ton b th tch trn

4.1. My trn kiu vt xonNguyn tc hot ng: Nguyn liu c a vo my qua ng np liu c l vang iu

chnh a vo khong np v trn s b. B phn trn s b l mt my trn gm 2 vtxon nm ngang 4 ng chuyn chuyn ng quay 7 qua hp gim tc 6. tng hiuqu qu trnh trn, ngi ta t 2 canh vt 4 ln sang 20mm. T my trn s b, nguynliu c vo vit trn ng. Vt trn ng c cu to t bit chia lm 3 on vt: phndi v trn c ng knh cnh vt l 300mm, cn phn vt gia c ng knh 430mm.Phn cnh vt trn t trong ng ng mang nguyn liu ln pha trn ri xung theophn mng 1. Vic iu chnh thi gian trn di hay ngn c thc hin bng cch ngm van tho 10. Khi mun ngng qu trnh trn, ch cn m van 10 v tho sn phm quang 9.


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Hnh 4.1. My trn vt xon thng ng

Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trn:

- Tc quay ca vt cp liu v vt trn thng ng- Chiu di trc vt- ng kch cnh vt, bc vt ca vt trn thng ng- Thi gian trn- Khi lng nhp liuMy trn vit xon nm ngang lm vic gin on: nguyn liu c np vo gu np

liu, sau c trn bng cch qua vt ti di ri theo gu ti ln pha trn vo vt titrn, tip tc c vn chuyn vo thng cha v bt li c ny t y thng cha xungvt ti di, c nh th sau khi kt thc qu trnh trn th sn phm c tho ra khi mytrn qua ng tho sn phm pha di vt ti di. Trong trng hp s dng my trn kiubng xon trn sn phm ri rn v ng thi lm m vt liu th trc my phi c dngc co t bit


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Hnh 4.2. Cc loi trc vt

My trn vit xon nm ngang lm vic lin tc: nguyn liu c np vo thng hnhtr nm ngang, trn thn c gn cc on cnh vt 3 c tc dng va o trn va vnchuyn nguyn liu. Ngoi ra cn gn cc tm nghin 4 v tr ng tm thng. nghing ca cc tm ny c tnh ton sao cho khi thng quay, nguyn liu trn cctm nghin s trc v pha ngc vi hng vn chuyn ca cnh vit to nn s otrn tch cc vi ng i vng vo nhiu ln ca nguyn liu. Lng nguyn liu tho rac iu chnh nh tay quay 9, vit 8 v van iu chnh 7 iu chnh c thi gian o

trn v hiu sut trn.

Hnh 4.3. My trn vt nm ngang lm vic lin tc


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Hnh 4.4. My trn vt nm ngang4.2. My trn thng quay

My trn thng quay thng l cc thng hnh tr, hnh nn, hnh su cnh... cchuyn truyn ng quay cc thng cha quanh cc ng tm, ng cho hoc quanhtrc i xng ca thng. Nh c chuyn ng quay m cc nguyn liu cn trn ln cnng ln, xung nhiu ln trong thng chng c phn phi ng u. tng hiuqu ca qu trnh trn, ngi ta cn gn thm cc cnh o, bng xon ln trc quay cathng hoc ln thn thng.

My trn thng quay lm vit gin on: trc quay trng vi ng cho ca thng.C mi mt vng quay ca thng, sn phm c hai ln i li trong mt phngng, ng thi khi c trn theo hng trc v v th m bo trn c nhanh chngv c cht lng. Nguyn liu c a vo thng qua hp np liu 3. Di hp np liuc vt xon 2 vn chuyn nguyn liu vo thng trn, cn vt xon 1 nm trong mng 7thng vi ng tho liu 9. Trong thi gian trn cc cnh lc 4 v cnh gt 5 va o trnva nng bt ln v xung lm qu trnh trn c hiu qu hn. Khi qu trnh trn kt

thc, dng tay gt 8 xoay mng gt 7 v pha ng liu. Cc cnh 4 v 5 s mang bt snphm ln vo mng 7 vit xon 1y sn phm ra ng tho 9.


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My trn c hai bnh dng ch y: L dng my trn thng quay c hai bnh to hnhch y vi gc nh 900. Bn trong my trn bt c i li ng thi c phnring lm hai phn.

Hnh4.6. My trn dng ch Y


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V. QU TRNH SY5.1. Sy phun5.1.1.Gii thiu

Sy phun l mt phng php dng sy kh cc dung dch v c, hu c, dch nh

tng, c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip ha cht v cng nghip thc phm.Sy phun c th c dng bo qun thc phm hay ch n gin l mt phng phplm kh nhanh sn phm; vi li im l lm gim kch thc cng nh khi lng snphm.

Sy phun l qu trnh chuyn nguyn liu t dng lng sang dng ht kh bng cchphun nguyn liu vo mt mi trng sy nhit cao. Cng vi nhiu nghin cu v phttrin, sy phun tr thnh mt phng php ph bin trong vic sy kh a dng, nhiuloi sn phm khc nhau.

5.1.2.Nguyn tc sy phunSy phun lin quan n qu trnh lm bay hi lng m t nguyn liu c phun vo

thit b bng cch cho tip xc nguyn liu vi tc nhn sy. Tc nhn sy thng dng lkhng kh. Qu trnh sy c tin hnh n khi ht nguyn liu t m mong mun vsn phm sau c tch ra khi khng kh. Hn hp phun c th l dung dch, nhtng, huyn ph hay h phn tn.

S phn tn nguyn liu lng thnh cc git nhS phn tn c th c thc hin bng p sut, a quay hay sng siu m. Vic la

chn thit b phn tn ph thuc vo bn cht, lng nguyn liu v tnh cht mong munca sn phm. Phn tn vi nng lng cng ln th cc git thu c c kch thc cng

nh.

Tip xc gia nguyn liu vi tc nhn syCng chiu:

Nguyn liu c phun vo cng chiu vi dng khng khnng. Ht nguyn liu tip xc vi khng kh nng khi chng c m ln nht. Sn phm c sy nh nhng, cn thn, gi cphn ln tnh cht ban u.

Ngc chiu: Nguyn liu c phun vo ngc chiu vi dng khng kh

nng t di ln. Nguyn liu tip xc vi dng khng kh nng cnhit tng dn, lng m d b loi tr v sn phm c nhit rt cao. Phng php ny thch hp ch vi nhng sn phm c khnng chu nhit cao.


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Kt hp:Kt hp u im ca c hai phng php trn. Nghuyn liu

c phun ln v ch lu li trong vng khng kh nng trong mtthi gian ngn loi tr lng m cn st. Trng lc sau s ko

sn phm vo vng mt hn. Do ch lu li trong vng kh nng mtthi gian ngn, sn phm gi c phn ln tnh cht ban u.

a quay phn phiNguyn liu c chy vo mt a phn phi quay v phun

dng sng m. Nguyn liu v tc nhn sy cng chiu. Sn phm gi c phn ln tnh cht nh phng php phun cngchiu.

5.1.3.Qu trnh sySy phun l mt phng php m kt qu ph thuc nhiu vo tnh cht nguyn liu.

Nhit kh vo, lng nhp liu, lng kh vo, lng kh ht ra nh hng n cc thngs ca sn phm: nhit sn phm ra, m cui, kch thc ht, sn lng.

S tc ng gia cc thng s:

- S sai bit ln v nhit kh vo v sn phm ra dn n mt lng ln m cn li.- Tc ht kh ra cao c ngha l thi gian lu trong thit b ngn v dn n lng m

st li cao.

- Tc ht kh ra cao dn n s phn tch trong cyclon cao.- Tc phun nguyn liu cao dn n ht kch thc nh.- Nng nguyn liu phun cao dn n ht kch thc ln.- Tc bm cao dn n nhit ra thp.

sn phm cui c lng m rt thp, nhit kh vo phi cao nht c th v s saikhc nhit phi thp nht c th. Tng s sai bit nhit trong khi gi nguyn nhit kh vo lm tng lng m trong sn phm cui. Tc kh cao cho s phn tch trongcyclone cao. Tc kh thp cho lng m cn trong sn phm thp. Tng tc bmdng nhp liu lm gim nhit ra dn n tng sai bit nhit gia nhit kh vo v

sn phm ra. Gim tc bm khi gi nguyn nhit vo v tc kh lm tng khsn phm.

5.1.4.Thit b sy phunThit b c cu to thnh pha trn hnh tr (1) v di hnh nn ct (2). Nguyn liu

lng qua ng dn (3) vo thit b phun (4), c phun thnh ht nh vo khoang sy.


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Thit b phun (4) c th l a quay, vi phun hai dng hay vi phun p sut. Thch hpnht l vi phun p sut, phun nguyn liu to thnh dng hnh nn rng ln. Kh nng vothit b qua ng (5) v thit b phn tn (6).

Pha di khoang sy l mt lp mng bt (7). Di (7) l mt a l (8) c cung cp

kh nng qua ng dn (9) v khoang (10).

Hnh 5.1. Thit b sy phun


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Pha trn khoang sy, thit b lc (11) c sp xp thnh vng trn, c tc dng lc hnhp kh nng - ht nguyn liu. Kh nng t (6) v (10) v hi m t nguyn liu sau syqua thit b lc v thot ra ngoi qua khoang (12) v ng (13).

Thit b lc phi lm bng vt liu sao cho c kh nng tch bt kh ra khi b mt lc

d dng. Bt kh sau s ri thng xung di thit b sy.Kh nng t ng (6) vo khoang sy, tip xc v tch m ra khi nguyn liu. Cc ht

bt c kch thc ln di chuyn v pha thnh (2) v trt dn xung y thit b, trong khikh nng vi cc ht nh hn di chuyn ln trn n thit b lc (11) do nh hng cadng kh nng t lp mng bt (7). Khi dng kh qua lp vi lc, cc ht bt b gi li vto mt lp bt trn b mt ngoi vi lc.

Khi cc ht bt di chuyn dn xung phn hnh nn (2), chng s tip xc vi mt lngm do kh nng mang xung. iu ny gip cho s kt dnh gia cc ht bt to nn cc htln hn. ng thi, mt lng ln bt kh t trn trt xung dc thnh (2) cng gip bo

v thnh thit b khi s dnh ca bt m.Ti lp (7) cng din ra mt phn qu trnh phn loi ht bt do dng kh nng thi ln.

Sn phm thot ra ngoi qua ca tho (14). Sn phm sau c th c cho qua thit bsy mng bt tip tc sy v lm ngui sn phm.

5.2. Sy mng bt

Hnh 5.2. Thit b sy mng bt


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Thit b sy mng bt c th s dng sy kh, lm ngui, kt t, to ht hay to mngbao sn phm. N c th ph hp vi mt phm vi ln nguyn liu: nhy cm vi nhit lnbn vi nhit. Qu trnh din ra bng cch cho kh di chuyn qua mt lp nguyn liu vis kim sot vn tc nhm to ra tnh trng mng bt. thit b sy mng bt, nhit ccung cp bi kh nng. Nhit cn c th c cung cp mt cch c hiu qu bng b mt

truyn nhit (tm hay ng) kt hp trong lp mng bt.

Trong qu trnh lm ngui, kh lnh (thng l khng kh thng hay kh t my iuha) c s dng. Cng c th s dng cc b mt lnh kt hp trong lp mng bt tinhit. Qu trnh kt t hay to ht ph c th c tin hnh bng nhiu cch ty thuc vonguyn liu v yu cu ca sn phm. Qu trnh to mng bc cho sn phm bt, ht hayvin lin quan n vic phun cht lng ln lp mng bt di cc iu kin c kim sotnghim ngt.

Phng php sy mng bt th thch hp cho bt, ht, kt t hay vin vi kch thctrung bnh t 50 n 5000 micron. Vi cc loi bt nh hn hay di hn c th phi cn nqu trnh rung lc nhm sy c hiu qu.

C hai loi c bn ca sy mng bt c thit k theo kiu di chuyn ca dng rntrong thit b:

- Continuous back-mix flow: dnh cho nguyn liu m yu cu mt kh nht nhtrc khi qu trnh to mng bt din ra.

- Plug flow: dnh cho nguyn liu c th trc tip to mng bt khi i vo thit b.S vn chuyn ca pha rn qua thit b c th ch do s to mng bt hay kt hp s to

mng bt vi s rung lc.

Back-mix flow fluid bedDnh cho nhng nguyn liu khng th to mng bt khi dng banu ca chng, nhng tr thnh c kh nng to mng bt sau mt thigian ngn c sy (sau khi ly i mt lng m).Tnh trng ca nguyn liu c gi di im to mng bt. Qu trnhto mng bt t c bng cch phn b nguyn liu trn khp b mtthit b. Nhit v m sn phm l ng u trong khp lp mng bt. B mt truyn nhit kt hp vi lp mng bt gip ci thin struyn nhit. Thit b c th dng ch nht hay dng trn.

Plug flow fluid bed

Dnh cho nguyn liu c kh nng to mng bt trc tip. Dng rnc to ra bng cch thit k thit b vi vch ngn nhm gii hn spha trn pha rn theo chiu ngang. Dn n thi gian phn phi ca pharn thu hp li. Thit b dng ch nht hay trn c thit k c bitcho s tch m hay gia nhit v lm ngui. m v nhit thay iu nhau khi ph rn di chuyn qua thit b, v dng chy t qung chophp pha rn t gn cn bng vi kh i vo.


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Dng chy t qung c th t c bng nhiu cch ph thuc hnh dng v kchthc ca thit b:- Thit b hnh ch nht, vch ngn c sp xp to dng chy qua li ca pha rn.- Thit b hnh trn, vch ngn dng xon c.- Trong thit b trn nh vi lp bt cao, vch ngn xuyn tm.

Fluid bed c h thng rung lcTn thng mi ca thit b l Vibro-Fluidizer, c bn l dng plug flow.Thit b c ng dng cho qu trnh sy v lm ngui sn phm c khnng to mng bt yu do kch thc ln, hnh dng bt thng hay yu cuto mng bt vi tc di chuyn thp nhm ngn nga s c mn. Thit bvn hnh vi lp mng bt thp hn 200mm. iu ny cho php thi gianlu trong mt ngn thit b thp hn so vi thit b khng c h thng runglc, c th to lp mng n 1500mm.Vi quy trnh sch, thit b cn kt hp vi thit b chng sc p sut v cc

h thng v sinh thit b khc.

Contact FluidizersThit b hnh ch nht kt hp vi b phn back-mix v plug flow.Mt thit b phn phi quay nhm phun nguyn liu t vo bphn back-mix c trang b thm b mt truyn nhit kt hp tronglp mng bt.B mt truyn nhit cung cp hiu qu mt phn nng lng yucu, do lm gim c nhit v lng kh cn cung cp chothit b. iu ny c bit quan trng vi nhng sn phm nhycm vi nhit .B phn pug flow c dng cho vic sy nhanh v lm ngui.

u im thit b: khi so snh vi fluid bed khng c b mt truyn nhit, fluid bed sy haigiai on hay thit b sy lng quay, thit b c hiu qu hiu qu truyn nhit cao vi

lng kh nng cn cung cp thp hn.

Multi-tier fluid bedsThit b cha hai hay nhiu cm fluid bed. Tng trn (back-mix hay plugflow) tin sy kh v tng di (plug flow) sy nhanh. Kh nng dichuyn ngc chiu vi pha rn. Kh ri tng di mang theo nhitchuyn ln tng trn. Thm na, mi fluid bed c th c kt hp vi bmt truyn nhit. Thit k ny dn n kt qu l lng kh nng cung cpthp v hiu qu truyn nhit cao, l mt yu t quan trng trong cc hthng sy tun hon kn.

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