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cfd;+rf/ dfWod / ljsf; æljsf;zLn b]zx? 1fg / ;"rgfsf ;fy} ;]jfx?af6 PlSnPsf x'G5g\ . ;a}eGbf tNnf] txdf, hgtfn] s'g} klg k|Zgdfly ljrf/ ug'{eGbf klxn] pgLx?nfO{ oL s'/fx?sf] k"/f hfgsf/L x'g'k5{ M cNksfnLg k|efj / bLw{sfnLg :jfefljs k/0ffd, Pp6f If]qdf lnOPsf] lg0f{on] s;/L eljiosf] of]hgfdf k|efj k5{ . ;+rf/ dfWodx?n] oL hfgsf/Lx? pknaw u/fpg ;S5g\ .Æ k|mflG;; h]= a]l/ufg, æsDo'lg6L sDo'lgs];g – b /f]n ckm sDo'lg6L ldl8of Og 8]ENkd]06Æ, g+= (), o'g]:sf], -k]l/;, !(*!_

>f]tfx? GofofwLz x'g\ æb'ef{Uojz Jofj;flos egfpFbf /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbsx?n] pTkfbgsf s]xL snfTds u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ;fdfGo ufpFn]x?nfO{ ql;t kfg{;S5 . lj8Dagf s] 5 eg] Jofj;los elgg] pTkfbgx? cg'ejxLg ufpFn]x?n] agfPsf sfo{qmd;Fu bfFlhg÷k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . cflv/df, sfo{qmdsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ GofofwLzx? >f]tfx? g} x'g eGg] s'/f Jofj;flosx?n] la;{G5g\ .Æ dfl6{g Pnf8{, æcg b Po/ === b 8]ENkd]G6 ckm sDo'lg6L /]l8of]Æ o'g]:sf] ;f];]{;, g+= @!, -!(()_

/]l8of];Fu g8/fpg';\ æ/]l8of] pkof]u ug{ sf]xL klg 8/fpg' kb}{g . d}n] em08} rf}yfO ztfAbL;Dd k|;f/ssf] sfd u/]F . dnfO{ /]l8of]sf] On]S6«f]lgs kIfaf/] s]xL klg yfxf 5}g . d]/f] :j/ s;/L :6'l8of]df k|zf]wg eP/ ;}s8f}F lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f a:g] kl/jf/sf] /]l8of] ;]6df ;'lgG5 eGg] s'/f d clxn] klg eGg ;lQmg .Æ n'O; tflaª, o'g]:sf]÷8flg8f tfDa'nL kl/of]hgf, lkmlnlkG;


/]l8of] sfo{qmd agfpg hfb'u/L ;Lk rflxFb}g /]l8of] :6];gsf] rfFhf]kfFhf] ldnfpg] cyf{t\ Joj:yfkg ug]{ / sfo{qmd agfpg] sfd s'g} vf; ;d'bfon] ug}{ g;Sg] jf l;Sg g;Sg] s'/f xf]Og . Jofkfl/s / ;/sf/L /]l8of] ;'Gg] afgLn] ubf{ w]/} dflg;nfO{ /]l8of]df k|;f/ ul/g] sfo{qmdsf] z}nL / Jofj;flos :t/ To:t} x'g'kg]{ /x]5 eGg] 5fk k/]sf] 5 . tL :6];gn] k|;f/0f ug]{eGbf sd cf}krfl/s tyf ;xh tl/sfn] pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] pgLx?n] ljrf/ ub}{gg\ . g t pgLx? s'g} klg cfd;+rf/ dfWodaf6 lbOg] sfo{qmdsf] pkof]lutf / k|efj ltgsf] cf}krfl/s u'0fdf xf]Og >f]tfnfO{ slQsf] sfd nfU5 jf ltgsf] ;fGble{stfdf e/ k5{ eGg] s'/f dx;'; u5{g\ . of] egfOsf] cy{ sfo{qmdsf] agfj6 / k|fljlws :t/sf] lx;fan] sfo{qmdsf] u'0f:t/sf] dxGj x'Fb}g eg]sf] xf]Og . pbfx/0fsf nflu, l/s8{ ug]{ pks/0fx? l7s;Fu rnfpg hfg]g eg] To;/L ag]sf sfo{qmdsf] Wjlg olt sd;n x'G5 ls a'‰g} ufx|f] x'G5 . h] eP klg, ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;+rfngsf] cg'ejn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] olb dflg;x? pTk]|l/t / pT;flxt eP eg] s]xL ;ftfsf] tflndaf6} k|;f/0fsf] nflu rflxg] Go'gtd u'0f:t/ xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . clg sfd ub}{ hfFbf pgLx?sf] ;Lk pNn]vgLo ultn] a9\5 . rfF8} g} pgLx? ;Gtf]ifhgs :t/sf] sfd ug{ yfN5g\ . vr{ / k|ljlwn] 5]Sb}g ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu rflxg] pks/0fx? alnof x'G5g\ / d/dt ;+ef/ ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;sf] nflu ;'?df s]xL tflnd eP k'U5 . k|;f/0f OlGhlgo/sf] ;xfotf lng' kb}{g . o;sf] vr{ klg lg/Gt/ 3l6/x]sf] 5 . Pp6f ;fdfGo ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gsf] nflu rflxg] pks/0fnfO{ ;fdfGotof @),))) cd]l/sL 8n/hlt k5{ . clt ;fgf] If]q / :t/sf] k|;f/0fsf] nflu rflxg] ;a} ;fdfg afs; jf ;'6s];df klg cfpF5 . !^ lsnf] hlt tf}nsf] ;'6s];leq kfFr jf6sf] 6«fG;ld6/, 5 Rofgnsf] cl8of] ldS;/, b'O6f ;L6L Kn]o/, b'O6f Sof;]6 6]k/]s8{/÷Kn]o/ / Pp6f PG6]gf x'G5 . o;sf] hDdf df]n #,))) cd]l/sL 8n/ k5{ . a]6«L grflxg] 3fdn] rNg] PkmPd /]l8of] ;'Gg] ;]6x? klg kfOG5g\ . s'g}n] a]6«L rfh{ klg u5{g\ . 3fd gnfu]sf] a]nfdf xftn] bd lbP/ rnfpg klg ;lsG5 . b'O{ ldg]6 bd lbof] eg] cfwf 306f;Dd /]l8of] ;'Gg ;lsG5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu rflxg] pks/0fx? pTkfbg ubf{ h8fg ug{ rnfpg / d/dt ;Def/ ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eGg] ljrf/ u/]/ agfOG5 . o:tf pks/0f rnfpg l;Sg] / cfkm} klg agfpg] / d/dt ug]{ sfddf :yfgLo hgtfn] slxn] sfxLF cgf}7f]sf] v'aL b]vfpF5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s]k e8]{sf] Pp6f 6fk'df o'g]:sf]n] :yfgLo k|fljlwsx?nfO{ Pp6f 6«fG;ld6/ h8fg ug{ ;3fof] . t/ tL k|fljlwsx? olt pT;'s / pBdL lyP ls kl5 pgLx? cfkm}n] tLg j6f d'Vod'Vo 6fk'x?df :yfkgf ug{ yk b'O6f 6«fG;ld6/ agfP, ha ls pgLx?nfO{ d'l:snn] Pp6f :6];gsf] nflu rflxg] ;fdg lbOPsf] lyof] . o; afx]s, pgLx?n] tL ltg j6f :6];gx?aLr Ps cfk;df ;Dks{ u/fO lbP . b"/Lsf] lx;fan] tL :6];gx? aLr ;Dks{ hf]8g' c;Dej b]lvGYof] . o;/L pgLx?n] tL :6];gx?aLr hl6n k|;f/0f ;do tflnsfdf sfo{qmd afF8]/ k|;f/0f ug]{ g]6js{ :yfkgf ul/lbP .


cWofo ! M k|;f/0f hutdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] of] cWofodf k|;f/0fsf] kl/b[Zodf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] :yfgaf/] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 ;fy} k|rlnt hg;]jL jf Jofkfl/s k|;f/0fsf] t'ngfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] s;/L a]Un} tl/sfn] sfd u5{ eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 . ;+rf/sf] a9\bf] ljZjLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] dxTjaf/] ts{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;'? ePotf em08} krf; jif{b]lvsf] o;sf] ljsf; -evolution)nfO{ s]nfOPsf] 5 / k|;f/0f dfWodsf] ;Gbe{df o;sf] :jfldTjsf] 9fFrf, k|fljlws ljsf;, / k|hftGqLs/0f / ljs]Gb|Ls/0ftkm{sf] o;sf] k|j[lQdfly k|sfz kl/Psf] 5 . o;af6 kf7sx¿n] lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ yfxf kfpg] 5g\ M

• c? vfnsf /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf] t'ngfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ljz]iftf • ;+rf/ ljZjLs/0flt/ pGd'v l:yltdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] :yfg / dxTj • ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] k[i7e"ld, o;;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL :ynut cg'ejx¿ / o;sf]

ljsf;nfO{ lgwf{l/t ug]{ tTjx¿ of] ;}4flGts 9fFrfn] o;kl5sf cWofox¿df l;sfOg] Jofjxfl/s 1fg / ;Lksf nflu bLuf] cfwf/ tof/ kf5{ . /]l8of] k|;f/0fnfO{ ;fdfGotof tLg ju{df afF8\g ;lsG5 M hg;]jL k|;f/0f ;fdfGotof ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] jf ;/sf/L ;xfotfn] rNg] lgsfon] ;+rfng u5{ . o;sf k|;f/0f gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿ k|foM s'g} sfplG;n jf P]gsfg"gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] k|flws/0fh:tf] ;/sf/L lgsfon] lgoGq0f u5{ . gful/sx¿nfO{ / ;du|df ;dfhnfO{ ;"rgf, lzIff / dgf]/+hg lbg] tyf ;/sf/, /fhgLlts bn jf c? s;}sf] x:tIf]k lagf k|;f/0f u/fpg] sfd pQm lgsfon] u5{ . k|;f/0fsf] nflu rflxg] vr{sf] w]/} efu >f]tfx¿n] /]l8of] ;]6 /fv]afkt ltg]{ s/ jf nfO;]G; kmLaf6 h'6fOG5 . Jofkfl/s jf lghL k|;f/0fn] d'Vo ¿kdf lj1fkgaf6 gfkmf sdfpgsf nflu l8hfOg ul/Psf] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f u5{ . o;sf] :jfldTj / lgoGq0f JolQmut jf Jofkfl/s ;+:yfsf] xftdf x'G5 . ;fd'bflos k|;f/0f gfkmf gsdfpg] ;]jf xf] . o;sf] :jfldTj s'g} ;d'bfo ljz]ifsf] xftdf x'G5 / ;d'bfon] g} o;sf] Joj:yfkg u5{ . of] sfd k|foM Pp6f u'7L, ;+:yfg, jf ;+u7gsf] dfWodaf6 ul/G5 . o;sf] p2]Zo ;d'bfosf] ;]jf ug'{ / ;d'bfonfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg' xf] . k|efjsf] lx;fan] of] hg;]jL k|;f/0fs} Pp6f k|sf/ xf] , t/ km/s s] 5 eg] hg;]jL k|;f/0fn] k"/} /fi6«sf] lxt x'g] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f u5{ eg] o;n] ;d'bfosf] lxtsf nflu sfd u5{ . ;fy}, of] d'Votof ;d'bfodf pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgdf lge{/ x'G5, x'g}k5{ . ;d'bfo eg]sf] To:tf dflg;x¿sf] hdft xf] h;sf] :jefj jf u'0f tyf lxt ;femf x'G5 . ;femf lxt jf enfOsf s'/fx¿ oL s'/fx¿df cfwfl/t x'g;S5g\ M


– Pp6f ;femf ef}uf]lns If]q cyf{t\ Pp6} zx/, ufpF jf l5d]sdf a:g] . – Ps} ynf] jf k|0ffnLcGtu{t Jofkf/, ahf/, j:t' tyf ;]jf ljlgdosf] lx:;]bf/ eP/

cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs hLjg latfpg] . b'ef{Uojz, k|;f/0fnfO{ tLg k|sf/df ul/Psf] juLs/0f hlt :ki6 eP klg Jojxf/df Tolt :ki6 5}g, lsgls tL tLg lsl;dsf k|;f/0fx¿sf] sfd km/s eP klg Jojxf/df Psn] csf{sf] sfd ul//x]sf jf Pp6}n] tLgj6fsf] e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf x'g;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :yfgLo Jofkfl/s /]l8of]n] ;fd'bflos ;]jfsf] sfo{qmd klg k|;f/0f ul//x]sf] x'g;S5 . s'g} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, h:t} s'g} wfld{s ;+:yfn] klg o:tf ;fd'bflos lxtsf] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug{;S5 . clg, ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf hg;]jL k|;f/0fx¿ ljs]lGb|t x'Fb} :yfgLo:t/df k'Ug] / cfkm\gf] jl/kl/sf ;d'bfox¿sf] nflu sfo{qmd k|:t't ug]{ k|j[lQ al9/x]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] Pp6} kl/efiff jf ljj/0f tof/ gePsf]df cfZro{ dfGg'kg]{ s'/f 5}g . ;fgf:t/sf /]l8of] k|;f/0fx¿nfO{ st} æ:yfgLoÆ, st} æj}slNksÆ, st} æ:jtGqÆ jf æd'QmÆ /]l8of] eg]/ gfdfs/0f u/]/ of] juL{s/0fnfO{ emg\ hl6n agfpg] sfd ePsf] 5 . tL s'g} klg gfd ;fy{s 5}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, æ:yfgLo /]l8of] Æ eGgfn] ;/sf/L /]l8of] g} ljs]lGb|t eP/ :yfgLo :6];gaf6 k|;f/0f u/]sf] klg a'lemg;S5 . o;sf] cf;o ;fgf;fgf Jofkfl/s :6];g klg x'g;S5 . /]l8of]sf] ;Gbe{df æj}slNksÆ jf æ:jtGqÆ h:tf gfd d"nwf/sf] cfd;+rf/ dfWodsf] ljsNk tyf ;/sf/L :jfldTj / lgoGq0faf6 d'Qm egL ;fdfGotof dflgP tfklg tL gfd ;fy{s 5}gg\ . ts{ ug]{ xf] eg] ltgn] ;fd'blos /]l8of] eGg] hgfpF5g\ t/ jf:tjdf ltgn] clgjfo{ ¿kdf ToxL cy{ af]S5g\ eGg ;lsGg . clxn];Dd agfOPsf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf kl/efiffx¿n] w]/} cy{ ;d]6\5g\ . æhgtfåf/f / hgtfsf nflu /]l8of]Æ h:tf] ;/n / dg 5'g] jfSof+znfO{ tL kl/efiffx¿sf] ;f/sf] ¿kdf k|foM k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . s'g} klg k|;f/0f ;]jf ;fFRr}sf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] sxlngsf] nflu of] jfSof+zn] cfjZos ;}4fGtnfO{ /fd|/L ;d]6\5 . klxnf] s'/f of] ;d'bfon] ;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkg u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . bf]];|f] s'/f of] ;d'bfosf] ;]jfsf] nflu x'g'k5{ . oL b'O{ l;4fGtnfO{ s8fOsf;fy nfu" ubf{ s] x'G5 eg] gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo/lxt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf / pgLx¿n] ;+rfng ug]{ /]l8of] :6];gx¿, ltgsf clwsf+z sfo{qmd ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] p2]Zon] k|;f/0f ul/Ptfklg, dflysf] cy{cg';f/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] >]0fLdf gkg{;S5g\ . wfld{s ;+:yfx¿n] ;+rfng ug]{ w]/} k|;f/0f ;]jfx¿df oxL s'/f nfu" x'G5 . t/ Jojxf/df eg] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] eGg] zJbfjnLn] k|foM o;k|sf/sf :6];gx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f /]l8of] dfl/of xf] . o;sf] k|f/De pQ/L O6nLsf] Pp6f Onfsf –kfl/; – lhNnfsf] Ps efu h;sf] cfˆg} luhf{3/ / kfb/L x'G5 _ af6 ;g\ !(*# df ePsf] lyof] . xfn o;n] ;Dk"0f{ O6nLdf k|;f/0f ug'{sf ;fy} c? @! b]zdf o;sf :6];gx¿ km}lnPsf 5g\ . t/ o;n] ;dfh ;]jf / ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf w]/} sfd u5{ . o;df w]/} :jo+;]jsx¿n] sfd u5{g\ tyf >f]tfx¿n] lg/Gt/ ;xof]u ul//xG5g\ . jf:tljs ;fd'bflos /]l8of] s:tf] x'g'k5{ eGg] af/]df pTkGg e|dnfO{ zfob tnsf] p4/0fnfO{ dgg u¥of}F eg] /fd|/L a'‰g;lsG5 ls . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ Jofkfl/s jf hg;]jL /]l8of]af6 5'6Øfpg] s'/fnfO{ o;n] bfz{lgs b[li6sf]0faf6 x]/]sf] 5 . æ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] s] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 eg] of] Jofkfl/s xf]Og / o;n] hg;]jL k|;f/0fn] em}F pkb]z lbg] / lgoGq0f ug]{


dfgl;stfn] sfd ub}{g .==== d"n leGgtf s] xf] eg] Jofkfl/s tyf hg;]jL k|;f/0fn] >f]tfx¿nfO{ lj1fkgsf pkef]Qmf j:t' jf ;'wfl/g' kg]{ tyf ;"lrt ul/g' kg]{ sfdsf] ¿kdf Jojxf/ u5{g\ eg] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿nfO{ stf{ tyf ;xefuLsf] ¿kdf Jojxf/ u5{ .Æ -kL=Pd=n]lj; tyf h] a"y, b OlGelhan ldl8odM klAns, sdl;{on P08 sDo'lg6L /]l8of], Dofsldng -n08g, !(*(_ hg;]jL tyf Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f b'a}nfO{ pkb]zstf{ jf cx|fpg] l;sfpg] sfd ug]{ /]l8of]sf] >]0fLdf /fVg', pNn]vgLo s'/f xf] lsg eg] tL :6];gx¿n] tyfslyt ;fd'bflos ;]jf sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ubf{ klg ToxL pkb]zsf/Lsf] e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf x'G5g\ . of] s'/f ;fd'bflos /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf] ;xeflutfd"ns efjgfsf] pN6f] xf] . l;4fGtsf] 3f]if0ff æ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cfkm" h'g ;d'bfosf] ;]jf ug{sf nflu hGd]sf] xf] ToxL ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] kIfdf k|ultzLn 9+un] ljsf;df of]ubfg lbFb} ;d'bfosf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f u5{ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cfkm"n] sfd ug]{ ;d'bfonfO{ ldNg] u/L ljljw k|sf/n] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf u/fP/ ;+rf/sf] k|hftGqLs/0f ug{ ;3fpF5 .Æ — ;fd'bflos k|;f/sx¿sf] ljZj ;+u7g (AMARC), !(** . Pp6f kl/efiff

æ/]l8of] :6];g s;sf] :jldTjdf 5 jf s;n] ;+rfng u5{, s:tf] vfnsf] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f u5{ clg s'g ;d'bfosf nflu sfd u5{ eGg] cfwf/df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] klxrfg x'G5 . o;sf] :jfldTj / lgoGq0f gfkmf gsdfpg] ;+:yfsf] xftdf x'G5 . To:tf] ;+:yfsf] ;+/rgf jf u7g o;/L ul/Psf] x'G5 h;df Jofks ;+Vofdf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ ;b:o aGg;S5g\ / ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfngsf ;fy} sfo{qmd agfpg] sfddf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ ;+nUg u/fOG5 . o;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;d'bfosf] kxF'r tyf ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ ;fy} h'g >f]tf ;d'bfosf] nflu o;n] Ohfht kfPsf] xf] ToxL >f]tf ;d'bfosf] rf;f] / vfFrf]x¿nfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ sfo{qmd k|;fl/t ug'{k5{ .Æ

— OlG8k]G8]G6 /]l8of] P08 6]lnlehg ckm cfo/n}08, !(** /]l8of] sfo{stf{sf] larf/df /]l8of] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu xf]

æ/]l8of] eg]sf] dflg; dflg;aLr s'/fsfgL dfq} xf] . tfDa'nL :6];gx¿n] t s]jn dflg;x¿nfO{ cln w]/} / 6f9fsf >f]tfx¿;Fu s'/f ug]{ tyf pgLx¿sf] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿df w]/} lsl;d / If]qsf ljrf/x¿ ;'Gg]÷a'‰g] cj;/ a9fO lbPsf] 5 .Æ

— n'O; tflaª, o'g]:sf]÷8flg8f tfDa'nL k|f]h]S6, lkmlnlkG; .

;d'bfosf] :jfldTj / Joj:yfkg


æ;fd'bflos /]l8of] sxlng of]Uo x'gsf nflu o;sf] :jfldTj / lgoGq0f, o;n] h'g ;d'bfosf] ;]jf ug]{ bfjL u5{, lglj{jfb tyf k|ToIf ¿kdf ToxL ;d'bfosf] lhDdfdf x'g'k5{ .Æ

— h]g] Oa|flxd / ld; P8D;, a'; /]l8of] *(=% PkmPd . -36gf cWoog x]g'{;\_

cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿sf] ljZjLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]

xfnsf jif{x¿df cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿ -ldl8of_ sf] ljZjLs/0fsf] k|j[lQ alnof] ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . Jofkfl/s rl/qsf ljzfn ldl8of pBf]ux¿ hGd]sf 5g\ / ltgn] cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿ ljZjel/ km}nfpg] sfd nuftf/ a9fO/x]sf] 5g\ . s]xL b]zx¿ ldl8of pTkfbgsf ;kmn pTkfbs s]Gb| ag]sf 5g\ . ljz]if u/]/ ltgn] dgf]/+hg sfo{qmdx¿ pTkfbg u5{g\ / tL pTkfbgnfO{ ljZjel/sf 6LeL Rofgnx¿nfO{ a]R5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfaf6 pTkfbg x'g] ;f]k ck]/fx¿ o;sf :ki6 pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . -k|foM ;a} 6]lnlehg :6];gx¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf k|;f/0f ug]{ gf6s, 6]lnl;l/onx¿ h;df ;dfhsf] s'g} ljz]if ju{sf dflg;x¿sf] :jefj / ;d:ofnfO{ lrlqt ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf sfo{qmx¿nfO{ ljz]if u/L ;fa'g pTkfbsx¿n] lj1fkg ug{ k|fof]hg ug]{ x'gfn] ;f]k ck]/f elgPsf] xf] ._ t}klg, >f]tf ;j]{If0fn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] dflg;x¿ aflx/af6 NofOPsf sfo{qmd eGbf cfˆg} ;f+:s[lts kl/j]zdf ag]sf sfo{qmdx¿ x]g{ ?rfpF5g\ . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ ljzfn cfsf/sf Jofkfl/s ldl8ofdf ahf/df a|flhn, rLg, OlhK6, ef/t, OG8f]g]l;ofh:tf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ag]sf ldl8of pTkfbgx¿sf] vkt jf ljqmL ljt/0f lgSs} al9/x]sf] 5 .

Psflt/ s]xL dflg;x¿n] ldl8ofsf] ljZjLs/0fn] :yfgLo ;+:s[ltnfO{ ljs[t agfpF5 eGg] ts{ u5{g\ eg] csf]{lt/ ljZjJofkL -global_ ldl8ofn] ;du| ¿kdf ljZjs} r]tgf a9fpFg] x'gfn] o;n] kmfObf u5{ eGg]x¿ klg 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ljZjJofkL ldl8of / ;fd'bflos ldl8ofnfO{ Pscsf{sf] k"/ssf] ¿kdf lnG5g\, Pp6fn] ug{ g;Sg] sfd csf]{n] u5{ eG5g\ . jf:tjdf oxL eO{/fv]sf] 5 klg . kl/efiffsf] lx;fan] ljZjJofkL ldl8of Jofkfl/s x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿n] lj1fkgsf] ahf/ kfpgsf nflu ljzfn ;+Vofdf bz{sx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;}n] ltgLx¿n] bz{ssf] efjgfnfO{ ehfpg ;kmntfk"j{s k|of]u eO;s]sf algagfp ;"q jf kmd'{nfx¿ pkof]u u/]/ ;s];Dd w]/} bz{sx¿sf] efjgf jf ;+j]bgfnfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg]{ vfnsf sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug]{ sf]lz; u5{g\ . dgf]/+hgnfO{ g} /f]hfOsf] Psdfq cfwf/ dfg]/ lgdf{0f ul/g] o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ahf/sf] cfwf/df cfkm}n] cfkm}nfO{ ;]G;/ u/]/ agfOg] x'gfn] o:tf sfo{qmdx¿df ljljwtfsf] sdL x'G5 . h] ePklt, ;dfrf/ tyf tfhf 36gfx¿ k|;f/0f u/]/ ;/sf/nfO{ cK7Øf/f]df kfg'{sf] ;§f dgf]/+hg sfo{qmdx¿df cfkm"nfO{ ;Lldt /fv]sf x'gfn] ;/sf/x¿n] o:tf lghL k|;f/sx¿af6 cK7Øf/f] dx;'; ub}{gg\ . o;} sf/0f lghL k|;f/sx¿n] tof/ kfg]{ sfo{qmdx¿df ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts ljifox¿ ckof{Kt 9+un] ;d]l6Psf x'G5g\ jf hfgLhfgL a]jf:tf ul/Psf x'G5g\ . of] :ki6} 5 ls cfˆgf] u'0f÷:jefj tyf cfkm" hGd]sf] x's]{sf] kl/j]zn] ubf{ Jofkfl/s tyf ljZjJofkL ldl8ofn] pgLx¿n] k|;f/0f ug]{ b]zx¿sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s tyf ljsf;sf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . Jofkfl/s 6]lnlehgx¿n] lbg] clt dgf]/+hgn] ubf{ hg;]jL


k|;f/0fx¿sf] Ifdtfsf] a]Un} 9+un] k'gd"{Nof+sg ul/g'kg]{ cfjfh a]nfa]nfdf p7g] u/]sf] 5 . hg;]jL k|;f/0fx¿n] :t/Lo sfo{qmd lbg'kg]{ / bz{sx¿sf nflu w]/} ljsNk jf /f]hfO tyf kx'Fr x'g'kg]{ dfu al9/x]sf] 5 . ldl8ofsf] k|hftGqLs/0f ug]{ sfdnfO{ Jofks agfP/ ;d'bfosf] :t/df k'¥ofpg' of] lbzfdf Pp6f ;xL÷ts{k"0f{ sbd xf] . o;sf nflu ldl8of;dIf ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr clgjfo{ x'G5 .

o;sf ;fy}, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cfkm"n] sfd ug]{ ;d'bfosf] ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{df sfd u5{ . o;n] :yfgLo ljifo jf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ :yfgLo efiffx¿d} ;d]6\5 . o;n] :yfgLo ;d:of / rf;f];Fu ;/f]sf/ /fV5 . clg o;sf] nIf xf] ;d'bfonfO{ ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;3fpg' . of] s'/f ljZjJofkL ldl8ofsf] sfdsf] ljk/Lt dfq xf]Og, s]lGb|s[t, zx/d'vL /fli6«o ldl8ofsf] ljk/Lt sfd klg xf] . u|fdL0f ;d'bfox¿sf jf:tljstfx¿eGbf k|foM 6f9f /xg] x'gfn] hg;]jL k|s[ltsf ldl8ofx¿ klg ;fd'bflos ldl8of eGbf a]Un} x'G5g\ . ;fd'bflos ldl8ofk|lt Jofkfl/s ldl8ofsf] j}dg:o æd"nwf/sf Jofkfl/s ldl8ofn] ;fd'blos ldl8ofaf/] gsf/fTds wf/0ff kfNg] sfd hf/L 5 . ;d'bfosf cfjZostfx¿ kof{Kt dfqfdf k"/f ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf pgLx¿ 9'Ss 5g\ . Pscsf{nfO{ x6s ug'{ tyf zq'tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug'{sf] ;§f Pscsf{sf] k"/ssf] e"lesf v]Ng' ;fd'bflos ldl8ofsf] ljz]if :jefj xf] eGg] s'/f dfGg pgLx¿ cem} tof/ 5}gg\ .Æ

— hf];]lng hf]l;of, ljsf;sf nflu ;+rf/ ljifosf] 5nkmndf ldl8of km/ sDo'lg6L ljlN8ª Og b Sof/]laog ljifodf k|:t'lt, a|flhn -alxof, !((*_

ljZjJofkL ;+rf/ < æpGgfO;o ;o rf}/f;L gfds pkGof;df n]vs hh{ cj]{nn] b'O{ efO ;'Fu'/x¿n] lgoGq0f u/]sf] Pp6f ;dfhsf] lrq0f ub{} xfdLnfO{ ;ts{ agfPsf lyP . clxn] cfP/ ljkGg ;d'bfosf olt w]/} dflg;x¿ klZrdL b]zx¿sf] k|e'Tj ePsf] ;DkGg pkef]Qmf ;dfhsf cfbz{x¿lt/ pGd'v ePsf] b]Vbf xfdL To:t} ;dfh agfpg nfu]sf] xf] ls h:tf] nfU5 . cj]{n cf}Bf]lus o'usf] ;dfhafbL zlQmaf/] cToGt} lrlGtt lyP . t/ zfob pgn] cf}Bf]lus zlQmåf/f g} ajf{b kfl/Psf] / ldl8ofsf] ljZjJofkLs/0f dfq ;lhnf] pkfo afsL /x]sf] k|hftflGqs /fhgLlts zlQmsf] xftdf ;dfhsf] x:tfGt/0f x'g] s'/flt/ klg xfdLnfO{ ;r]t kfb}{ lyP .Æ

— sfnf]{; P=cgf{N8f], nf]slnHd P08 l8:Kn];d]06 ckm kf]lnl6S;M Kn]; a]:8 sDo'lgs];g, 8]EnKd]G6 -Unf]alnHd P08 b kf]lnl6S; ckm Kn];_, v08 $!, ;+Vof @, !((* . ;]h klAns];G;

P08 P;cfO{8L -/f]d, h'g !((*_ :yfgLotfsf] zlQm æc? s'g} /]l8of] :6];gn] lbg g;Sg] s'/f lbg', cyf{t\ :yfgLo ljifoj:t'nfO{ :yfgLo af:gf / :jfbdf k|:t't ug'{, ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gsf] Pp6f k|efjsf/L /0fgLlt xf] ==== . :yfgLo /]l8of] :6];g :yfgLo 36gf, ljifo, ;/f]sf/ tyf JolQmTjh:tf cfˆgf] cl:tTjsf alnof cfwf/x¿df cl8u eP/ a:g'k5{ . :yfgLo /]l8of]n] cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf x'g] 36gfsf] lgoldt ¿kdf lj:t[t tyf


k"0f{ l/kf]6{ lbg;Sof] eg] If]qLo jf /fli6«o k|;f/0fn] k|lt:kwf{ u/]/ >f]tfx¿ vf]:g ;Qm}g . lgs6tfsf] efj jf tTj o:tf] alnof] u'0f xf] h;df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] nufgL ug}{k5{ . lbglbg} jf 306f306fdf cfˆgf] l5d]s jf j/k/ a:g] dflg;x¿sf] af/]df hfGg / s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg dflg;x¿ ;Fw} pT;flxt eO/xG5g\ .Æ

— n'O{ Pg= tflaª, k|f]u|fldª l6K; km/ c sDo'lg6L /]l8of] :6];g, o'g]:sf]÷8flg8f, tfDa'nL k|f]h]S6 -dlgnf, !((*_

/]l8of] ;'tft]Ghf / PS;g sNr/n kk'n/sf ;+:yfks hf]cflSjg ;fN;]8f]sf] kl/sNkgf æ;'tft]Ghf cfOk'u]sf] xKtf lbgleq} ;fN;]8f]n] h'lgo/ lk|:6sf] x}l;otn] rr{sf] JofVofg cf;gaf6 ;fgf ls;fgx¿nfO{ pgLx¿nfO{ ufFh]sf] ul/aL / k5f}6]kg lj?4 xltof/ p7fpg] xfFs lbPsf lyP / of] sfddf ;fem]bf/L ug{ pgn] cfˆgf] ;fwg / kl/sNkgf lbg] ;+sNk u/]sf lyP . ls;fgx¿n] ;xdlt hgfP, clg Pp6f ;Demf}tf eof] . ;fN;]8f]n] ;f+uf]kf+u cfwf/e"t lzIff -OlG6u|n km08fd]06n Ph's];g_ eg]/ lrlgg] cjwf/0ffsf] cu'jfO u/] . of] cjwf/0ffsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] JolQmsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ JolQmTj / ;dfhsf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf ljsf;sf] dflg;sf] ljsf;df z}lIfs k|lqmofn] p;sf] ;Dk"0f{ JolQmTj / ;dfhsf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf p;sf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ ===== . æljsf; dflg;sf] lbdfudf x'G5Æ eGg] of] pP6f gf/f g} aGof] . clg dflg;x¿nfO{ Jofks cyf{t\ ;Dk"0f{ lzIff pknAw u/fpg'sf] cy{ xf] pgLx¿nfO{ ;';"lrt eP/ lg0f{o ug{;Sg] agfpg' / cfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ jf lhDdf lng] sfddf pgLx¿nfO{ lhDd]bf/÷;lqmo agfpg' .Æ

— sf]lng k|m]h/ / ;f]lgof /]:6«]kf]–P:6«f8f, sDo'lgs]l6ª km/ 8]EnKd]06 – Xo'dg r]+h km/ ;ef{Oen, cfO{=aL= 6f}l/; -n08g÷Go'of]s{, !((*_

;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ljsf;

cfhsf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ljsf; h'g cu|ufdL cg'ejx¿af6 eof] To;sf] ;'?jft em08} %) jif{cl3 Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf ePsf] lyof] . ul/aL / ;fdflhs cGofon] ;'?sf tL cg'ejx¿nfO{ k|]l/t lyP . Pp6f /]l8of] ;g\ !($& df af]lnleofdf ;'? ePsf] lyof] h;nfO{ dfOg;{ /]l8of] elgGYof] eg] csf]{ sf]nlDaofdf ToxL jif{ ;'? ePsf] lyof] h;nfO{ /]l8of] ;'tft]Ghf÷PS;g sNr/n kk'n/ elgGYof] . -of] cWofosf] k'5f/df ePsf] rf}sf]; ! / b'O{ x]g'{;\ ._

x'gt ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cfhsf] cjwf/0ffdf w]/} kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5 tfklg, af]lnleof / sf]nlDaofdf ePsf oL k|of]ux¿n] Pp6f lylt a;fn] . h:t}, af]lnleofdf dfOg;{ /]l8of]n] dfS;{jfb / k'FhLjfbaLr 6Ss/ eO/x]sf bzsdf sfd ul//x]sf] lyof] . o;/L, vfgLdf sfd ug]{ HofdLx¿sf] nflu sfd ug]{ /fd|f] / plrt kl/l:ylt agfpgsf] nflu ;+3if{ ug{ vfgL dhb'/x¿sf] ;d'bfonfO{ Psh'6 u/fpg' ltgLx¿sf] d'Vo Wo]o lyof] . tL /]l8of]sf nflu rflxg] oGq pks/0f


/ ;+rfng vr{sf] w]/} efu vfgL dhb'/x¿n] Joxf]g]{ u/] tfklg ;fdfGotof ltgLx¿nfO{ 6«]8 o'lgog /]l8of] 7flgGYof] .

sf]nlDaofdf /]l8of] ;'tft]Ghf÷PS;g sNr/n kk'n/ ls;fgx¿sf] ;d'bfonfO{ ;3fpg] nIfn] k|]l/t ePtf klg o;sf] :jfldTj jf ;+rfng l;w} ls;fgx¿sf] xftdf lyPg . ls;fgx¿af6 k|ltlqmof lgSs} cfpFYof] — jif{df %),))) hlt lr7L cfpFy] . o;n] ls;fgx¿sf] rfxgf / cfjZostfx¿ /]l8of] sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z gu/L x'Fb}g eGg] hgfpFYof] . t/ clxn] vf]h] h:tf], Tof] ;fFrf] dfg]df hgtfåf/f hgtfsf] /]l8of] lyPg .

t}klg, /]l8of]af6 lzlIft agfpg] /]l8of] ;'tft]Ghfsf] klxnf] Jojl:yt k|of;n] Pp6f cfGbf]ngsf] ;"qkft u¥of] . æof] cfGbf]ng km}lnFb} uP/ Nofl6g cd]l/sL z}lIfs /]l8of] k|;f/0f ;+3 -PPnOcf/_ dfkm{t ;'b[9 eof] . /]l8of] / lzIffsf] of] cGt;{DaGw g} hg;]jL wf/0ffsf] cfwf/ xf] / o;n] Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf ;fd'bflos ldl8ofsf] hGd ePsf] 36gf c+lst u¥of] .Æ -/fkm]n /f]+sflUnof] nf], klAns ;le{; a|f]8sfl:6ª – sNr/n P08 Ph's];gn 8fOd]G;G;, o'g]:sf], -k]l/;, !((%_

Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf df}lns, gjLg tyf dxTjk"0f{ sfdsf] ;"qkft ePtfklg o'/f]kdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] clt cfjZos, pkof]uL tyf dxTjk"0f{ gofF sfdsf] ¿kdf, ;fy} d"nwf/sf] k|;f/0f ldl8ofsf] ljsNk / cfnf]rssf] ¿kdf :yflkt eof] . /fHon] ;+rfng u/]sf] hg;]jL k|;f/0fnfO{ xfFsx¿ ;g\ !(^) / !(&) sf] bzsdf k'Uof] ha æ3d+8L pBdLx¿n] u}/sfg"gL tl/sfn] jfo't/+u sAhf u/]/ /fHosf] lgoGq0f / Psflwsf/df /x]sf k|;f/0f ldl8ofsf >f]tfx¿sf] ;s];Dd 7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ cfkm"lt/ tfg]/ nu] .Æ -Dofss]g P08 Pkm= nf], nf]slnHd Og j]:6g{ o'/f]lkog a|f]8sfl:6ª, hg{n ckm sDo'lgs];g, v08 $) – ! -!(()_ . klZrddf ;/sf/ tyf /fli6«o k|;f/0f k|0ffnLx¿sf nflu sfg"gL ¿kn] :yfgLo /]l8of] ;+rfng ug{ oL rf]/ -Pirate_ :6];gx¿ pTk|]/s ;flat eP .

Jofks cy{df eGg'kbf{, clk|msfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] :yfkgf blIf0f clk|msfdf /+ue]bL ;Qfsf] ;dflKtkl5 Pp6f ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf] ¿kdf eof] . To;kl5 k|hftGqLs/0f, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, / s]xL xb;Dd ;+/rgfTds ;dfof]hgsf] qmddf dxfåLksf cGo efux¿df of] km}lnof] .Æ -df]G;]km Pd= af}xfkmf, rfON8 ;ef{Oen P08 a|f]8sfl:6ª – ck/Ro'lgl6h P08 Rofn]Gh]h, EjfO; ckm cd]l/sf÷ o'P;Pcf8L -jfl;+ª6g, ck|}n, !((*_ åf/f cfof]lht afn arfpsf nflu k|;f/0f ljifos cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf k|:t't sfo{kq _

ljZjsf w]/} efudf ;fd'blos /]l8of] :yfkgfsf sf/s ag]sf bafj ;d"xx¿ -h:t} vfgL dhb'/x¿, rf]/ k|;f/sx¿, wd{k|rf/sx¿ tyf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngx¿_ sf] pkl:ylt jf e"ldsf Plzofdf sd} /x]sf] 5 . ltgsf] 7fpFdf o'g]:sf] tyf cGo aflx/L ;xfotfbftf cflb cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgf ug]{ sfddf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf5g\ . /, st}st} /fli6«o k|;f/0f ;+:yfn] g} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] yfn]sf 5g\ .


k|;f/0f :jfldTjsf ljleGg k|0ffnLsf] k|efj

Nofl6g cd]l/sfn] pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] h:tf] ljljw kx'Fr tyf k|;f/0f Ifdtf ePsf] ;fy} w]/} :6];gx¿ ;lxtsf] lghL / Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f k|0ffnL ckgfof] . of] ;Gbe{df, gofF :6];gx¿ ;'? ug'{ t'ngfTds ¿kn] ;lhnf] x'GYof] . o;/L Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf xhf/f}F :6];gx¿ :yflkt eP, s'g}s'g} t ;'?df rf]/ -Pirate_ :6];ghlQs} cj}w lyP .

klZrdL o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿df /]l8of] / kl5 6]lnlehg :6];g ;'? ePb]lv sfd ug{ yfn]sf /fHosf] Psflwsf/o'Qm hg;]jL k|;f/0fx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ;+oGqx¿ lyP h;sf] ;+rfng j}wflgs ;/sf/L lgsfodfkm{t ul/GYof] . oL lgoGq0fsf/L lgsfox¿n] k|;f/0f gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ ;/sf/L, bnut tyf cGo k|efjx¿af6 ;s];Dd :jtGq xf];\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt uy]{ .

;/sf/L ;+hfnsf] dfWodaf6 hg;]jL k|;f/0f ;+rfng ug]{ of] tl/sf o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿n] lsg ckgfPsf lyP eg] ;g\ !(@) df /]l8of] clg tL; jif{hlt kl5 6]lnlehg ;'? x'Fbfb]lv g} cu'jf ljrf/sx¿n] On]S6«f]lgs dfWodx¿nfO{ ;+:s[lt, lzIff / ;"rgf km}nfpg] ;fy} ;dfh ;'wf/ ug]{ ce"tk"j{÷cgf}7f] cf}hf/ dfg]sf lyP . ;f] ljrf/cg';f/, cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿nfO{ l;4fGttM Jofkfl/s cfwf/df ;+rfng ug]{ tyf ahf/df a]lrg] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgx¿sf] lj1fkg ug]{ ;fwg aGg lbOg' x'Fb}g . ljsf;zLn ljZjsf w]/} b]zx¿, vf; u/L o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿n] pklgj]z agfOPsf] sf/0fn] tL d'n'sx¿af6 k|efljt clk|msf / Plzofsf b]zx¿n], k|;f/0fsf] o'/f]k]nL 9fFrf nfu" u/] . c? s'/fdf gu/] klg k|;f/0fdf /fHosf] Psflwsf/sf] s'/f ltgLx¿n] c+uLsf/ u/] . t}klg ltgLx¿n] ;bf j}wflgs tyf :jtGq lgsfoåf/f k|;f/0f gLlt lgoGq0f ug]{ s'/f :jLsf/ u/]gg\, a? ltgLx¿n] On]S6«f]lgs ldl8ofsf ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿ k"0f{tof ;/sf/L Psflwsf/df x'g'kg]{ s'/f /f]h] . o;/L, w]/} ;/sf/x¿n], vf; u/L s]lGb|s[t cy{tGq ePsf b]zx¿df, cfˆgf k|;f/0f ;+hfnx¿nfO{ cfˆgf /fhgLlts p2]Zox¿ cufl8 a9fpg, / ljz]if u/L ;Qfdf cfˆgf] zlQm dha't agfpg] sfddf pkof]u u/] . of] kl/l:yltdf tyf ;"rgf zlQm xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ k"0f{tof dx;'; ub}{, k|;f/0fdf /fHosf] k"0f{ lgoGqo ePsf oL ;/sf/x¿ On]S6«f]lgs ldl8ofnfO{ :jtGq ¿kdf ;+rfng ug{lbg] s'/fdf cToGt} clgR5's lyP . o;n] ubf{ ;fd'bflos ldl8ofsf k|of;x¿ yfNg' ufx|f] lyof] . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf cfP/ dfq} s]xL ;/sf/x¿ :jtGq ldl8ofn] sfd ug{ kfpg'kg]{ s'/fsf] lj/f]w ug]{ s'/fdf dTy/ eP . t/ clxn] klg sltko ;/sf/x¿ k|;f/0f dfWodx¿df ;/sf/L Psflwsf/nfO{ x6fpg] ljrf/sf] hf]8bf/ 9+un] lj/f]w u5{g\ . csf]{lt/, ljt]sf] bzs / otfsf jif{x¿df cfP/ s'g} klg ;dfhdf ;"rgfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ k|of; ljkmn x'g' cjZoDefjL 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 ePsf] 5 . 6]a'ndflysf] ˆofS; d]l;g, OG6/g]6df hf]l8Psf] sDKo'6/, Od]n, tyf :of6]nfO6 6]lnlehgx¿n] hgtfn] kfpg] ;"rgfnfO{ lgoGq0f tyf cfkm"v'zL ;+rfng ug]{ bdgsf/L ;/sf/x¿sf] k|of;x¿nfO{ gsfb}{5g\ . of] l:yltsf ;fy} k|hftGq / ljZjsf w]/} efudf nfu" ePsf] cleJolQm :jtGqtfn] ;fd'bflos ldl8ofsf pkqmdx¿, vf; u/L ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu 9f]sf vf]ln/x]sf] 5 . clg h'gh'g b]zdf of]


9f]sf v'ln;s]sf] 5 ToxfFsf ;/sf/x¿n] ljs]Gb|Ls[t tyf df}lns ljsf;sfnflu ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df ljzfn Ifdtf 5 eGg] s'/f cfkm}n] b]Vb}5g\ . k|lthLjsf] ¿kdf j}slNks ldl8of æem08} kGw| jif{cl3 d}n] j}slNks ldl8ofnfO{ k|lthLj cyf{t\ gsf/fTds s'/fx¿, c;+j]bgzLntf / kfunkgaf6 hf]lugsf nflu pTkflbt k|ltsf/s hLjsf] ¿kdf j0f{g u/]sf] lyPF .Æ

— lk6/ n]lj;, cN6/g]l6e ldl8ofM ln+lsª Unf]an P08 nf]sn, l/kf]6{; P08 k]k;{ cg df; sDo'lgs];g, ;+Vof !)&, o'g]:sf] -k]l/;, !((#_

clk|msfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] zlQm æcfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿sf] cefjn] u|:t u|fdL0f clk|msfdf ljsf;sf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t /]l8of] k|;f/0f ;a}eGbf ;:tf] cfd;+rf/ dfWod x'g;S5 . k|foM zxl/of / lzlIft ju{sf] kx'Frdf ePsf] /fli6«o k|;f/0fx¿n] k|efjxLg 9+un] k|of]u ul//x]sf :yfgLo efiff k|of]u u/]/ o;n] ;sf/fTds ;f+:s[lts klxrfg÷dfGotf a9fpg;S5 .Æ

— 3fgfsf h]s ldN;, ^ Rofgn cl8of] ldS;/, lrksf l8hfOg/, 3fgf -!(()_ k|fljlws ljsf; k|;f/0fnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ /fhgLlts kIfsf ;fy} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ljsf;df k|fljlws kIfx¿n] klg cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ / v]Nb} 5g\ . b'O{ j6f dxTjk"0f{ s'/fn] o;sf] k|ultnfO{ ;3fPsf 5g\M klxnf], /]l8of] ;'Gg] ;:tf ;]6x¿, bf];|f], sd ljB't\ zlQm nfUg] ;:tf 6«fG;ld6/x¿ . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzssf] dWo;Dd 6«flGh:6/sf] cfljisf/ gx'Fbf;Dd, /]l8of] ;]6x¿ agfpg eNe k|of]u ul/GYof] hf] dxFuf] / ux|'Fuf] ;fy} 7"nf] cfsf/sf] x'GYof] . Tolt a]nf;Dd ;+;f/sf w]/}h;f] /]l8of] ;]6x¿ cd]l/sf jf o'/f]kdf agfOGy] . t/ 6«flGh:6/sf] cfudg;Fu} ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df /]l8of] ;]6 /fVg]x¿sf] ;+Vof lgSs} j9Øf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ !(%^ df ;fxf/f pkI]fqLo clk|msf, ef/t / rLgdf /]l8of] ;]6sf] ;+Vof b'O{ s/f]8 lyof] eg] ;g\ !(&% df Tof] ;+Vof gf} s/f]8 k'Uof] . /]l8of]sf] ;+Vof crDd} u/L al9/x]sf] 5 / clxn] ljZjel/ b'O{ c/a eGbf w]/} /]l8of] ;]6 5g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ljsf;df ;:tf] /]l8of] l/l;e/ ;]6 au|]Nt} kfpg'n] d'Vo e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . olt ;:tf] / ;lhnf] /]l8of] ePsf] x'gfn] slxF klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k|;f/0f x'g yfn]kl5 k|foM ToxfF /]l8of] /fVg]x¿sf] ;+Vof pNn]vgLo 9+un] a9\5 . o;n] s] s'/fsf] ;+s]t u5{ eg] dflg;x¿sf] /]l8of] ;'Gg] afgL sfo{qmd p;sf] nflu slQsf] /f]rs jf sfd nfUg] 5 eGg] s'/fdf e/ k/]h:t} p;sf] /]l8of] lsGg;Sg] Ifdtfdf klg e/k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nlu dfnLsf] Pp6f ufpFn] Onfsfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g ;'? ePkl5 /]l8of] lsGg]x¿sf] ;+Vof !$) k|ltzt a9Øf] . -


d]/L dfo;{, b k|df];g ckm 8]df]qm];L P6 u|f;?6;\M b PSHofDkn ckm /]l8of] Og dfnL, k|m]Fs sf; hg{n, v08 5, ;+Vof @ -n08g, !((*_ . bf];|f] dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw lk|mSj]g;L df]8'n];g -PkmPd_ elgg] k|;f/0f k|0ffnL pkof]u ug]{ yf]/} zlQmn] rNg] 6«fG;ld6/ lyof] . ;g\ !(&) / !(*) sf] bzsdf o:tf pks/0fx¿ lgs} kfOg yfn] . -rf}yf] cWofo klg x]g{';\ _ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;+rfngsf nflu ;'xfpg]÷pko'Qm pks/0fx¿ ljleGg b]zdf ;fgf;fgf sDkgLx¿n] pTkfbg ug{ yfn] . oL pks/0fx¿ Pp6f afs;df klg c6fpg;S5 . of] olt ;/n / alnof] x'G5 ls ljsf;zLn b]zsf cK7Øf/f kl/l:yltx¿df pkof]u ug{ of] pko'Qm x'G5 . o'g]:sf]sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ pkqmd1 o'g]:sf]sf] ld;g xf]M æljrf/ / 1fgsf] :jtGq cfbfgk|bfgÆ tyf æzAb / lrqx¿åf/f ljrf/x¿sf] :jtGq k|jfxÆ a9fpg' . of] ;Gbe{df o'g]:sf]n] ;g\ !(*) df ;fd'blos /]l8of]nfO{ ;3fpg] Pp6f pkqmd ;'? u¥of] . o'g]:sf] / clk|msfsf] nflu cfly{s cfof]uaLr :yfgLo /]l8of] k|;f/0f ljifodf ;g\ !(*) df 5nkmn ePkl5 of] pkqmd ;'? ePsf] xf] . o;n] s] s'/f :ki6 kf¥of] eg] ufpFdf a:g] em08} c;L k|ltzt dflg;x¿n] a'‰g] ;femf efiff ePsf b]zx¿ clk|msfdf ;fx|} yf]/} 5g\, h;n] ubf{ Pp6} efiffdf ul/g] /fli6«o k|;f/0f u|fdL0f hgtf;dIf k|efjsf/L 9+un] k'Ub}g . bzj6f hlt :yfgLo efiff 5fg]/ tL efiffdf kfn}kfnf] sfo{qmd k|;f/ ug'{ k|;f/sx¿n] ug{;Sg] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo x'g;SYof] . o;/L k|;f/0f ubf{ s'g} klg ;d'bfon] cfkm"n] a'‰g] efiffdf Ps} l5g dfq sfo{qmd ;'Gg;SYof], nuftf/ ;'lg/xg ;St}gYof] . ef}lts tyf dfgl;s b"/Lsf] klg ;d:of lyof] . s]lGb|o k|;f/0fb]lv ufpFsf] b"/L olt w]/} x'GYof] ls ufpFsf >f]tfn] a'lemg] u/L s]lGb|o k|;f/0fsf] ;+s]t /fd|/L l6Kg} ;Qm}gYof] . zx/df a:g] sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿ ufpFsf >f]tfx¿af6 dfgl;s ¿kdf olt 6f9f lyP ls pgLx¿n] ufpFsf >f]tfx¿sf] rfxgf l7s 9+un] a'‰g ;Qm}gy] . ;'?sf tL lbgx¿df / To;kl5 w]/} jif{;Dd rn]sf 5nkmnx¿n] s]lGb|o k|;f/0fnfO{ ljs]lGb|t u/L :yfgLo :6];gx¿ :yfkgf ug]{ kl/sNkgf tof/ kf¥of] . oL :yfgLo :6];gx¿n] /fhwfgL jf s]Gb|af6 k|;fl/t sfo{qmdsf] k'gM k|;f/0f jf l/n] ug]{ / s]xL sfo{qmd :yfgLo ¿kdf l/n] ug]{ ;f]rfO /flvof] . of] k|0ffnLn] :yfgLo :6];gx¿nfO{ /fli6«o k|;f/sx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf /fVYof] . o:tf] k|;f/0fnfO{ cfhsf] ;fd'bflos k|;f/0fsf] gd'gfsf] pbfx/0f dfGg ;lsGg . cfjZos pks/0f M klxnf] cfjZostf /fHo÷s]lGb|o k|;f/0f tyf Jofkfl/s :6];gx¿n] pkof]u ul//x]sf pks/0fx¿eGbf laNs'n} km/s, ;:tf / ;/n oGq pks/0fx¿sf] lyof] . o;sf] nflu o'g]:sf]n] ;g\ !(*) df a|fO6g kf]ln6]lSgsdf sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] h;df la|l6;, lrlgof, So'afnL, k|m]+r / 3fgfsf OlGhlgo/x¿ ;xefuL lyP . o;sf] p2]Zo cfjZostf jf k|fyldstfx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{ / l8hfOgsf] cjwf/0ffsf] vfsf sf]g'{ lyof] . klxnf] cfjZostf !@ ef]N6sf] sf/sf] a]6«L jf 3fd÷;f]n/ Kofgnn] klg rNg] !) jf6 Ifdtfsf] PkmPd 6«fG;ld6/ lyof], 1 pkqmd Ö s'g} sfd ljz]ifsf] cfof]hgf jf tof/L, yfngL -g]kfnL j[xt\ zAbsf]z_


bf];|f], dflg;sf] :j/, ;+uLt / WjlgnfO{ ld;fP/ k|;f/0fsf nflu Pp6} :j/ tof/ kfg{;Sg] / 6«fG;ld6/h:t} yf}/} lah'nLn] rNg] ;/n / ;:tf] cl8of] ldS;/sf] vfFyf] lyof] . c? cfjZos ;fdfgx¿, h:t} 6]k/]s8{/ / l/s8{ ahfpg] pks/0fx¿ -6g{6]a'n_ cflb plrt df]ndf ahf/df lsGg ;lsG5 . dfnf8{ sG;]K6n] la|6]gdf 6«fG;ld6/sf] l8hfOg u/L lgdf{0f u/] eg] ^ Rofgnsf] cl8of] ldS;/ 3fgf a|f]8sfl:6ª skf]{/];gdf w]/} jif{;Dd k|fljlws lgb]{zssf] kbdf sfd u/]sf 3fgfsf h]s ldnsf] ;'kl/j]If]0fdf pTkfbg ul/of] . ldnf8{ 6«fG;ld6/ OlG6u|]6]8f l;ls{6 k|ljlwcg'';f/ ag]sf] lyof] . o;sf] cfsf/ 3/]n' xfOkmfO{ PlDnkmfo/eGbf s]xL 7"nf] lyof] . o;nfO{ vf]nvfn u/]/ ;fgf] afs; -ls6_ df /fv]/ j;f/k;f/ ug{ klg ;lsGYof] . h8fg u/]/ l;+u} k7fpg klg ;lsGYof] . o;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lx:;f 6«fG;km/d/ lyof] h;n] !!) jf @@) ef]N6sf] P;L lah'nLnfO{ !@ ef]N6sf] 8L;L lah'nLdf kl/0ft uYof]{ . ldnf8{ 6«fG;ld6/sf] df]n @,))) 8n/hlt lyof], ha ls TolQms} Ifdtfsf] Jofkfl/s 6«fG;ld6/sf] df]n !%,))) 8n/ eGbf w]/} lyof] . ldnf8{ 6«fG;ld6/sf] k/LIf0faf6 o;sf] ;+s]t ;fdfGo /]l8of] ;]6df !)—!@ lsnf]ld6/ 69f;Dd ;'Gg ;lsg] b]lvof] . of] olt xn'Fuf] / alnof] lyof] ls o;nfO{ sf/df /fv]/ ufpFdf lnP/ hfg ;lsGYof] . sf/sf] a]6«Ln] rnfP/ clg ?vsf] 6'Kkfdf PG6]gf 78ØfP/ aflx/} k|;f/0f :6];g ;+rfng ug{;lsGYof] . 3fdn] rNg] /]l8of] ;]6 agfpg nufpg] / ldl8od j]e jf ;6{ j]e l6Kg] ljBdfg /]l8of] ;]6x¿nfO{ ;:tf] bfddf PkmPddf kl/0ft ug]{ sfd klg o'g]:sf]n] u¥of] . 3fdn] rNg] /]l8of] ;]6x¿sf cfzf nfUbf l8hfOgx¿ ag] tfklg ul/ax¿n] klg lsGg;Sg] u/L ;:tf] bfdsf /]l8of] ;]6x¿ ljzfn dfqfdf pTkfbg ug]{ pTkfbs kfpg ;Dej ePg . cfh klg 3fdn] rNg] / bd lbP/ rNg] /]l8of] ;]6x¿ alg/x]sf 5g\, t/ logsf] df]n ul/ax¿sf] kx'FreGbf aflx/ 5 . /fhgLlts kIfM k|fljlws ;d:of ;'Nempg'eGbf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ km}nfpg] sfdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg w]/} ufx|f] eof] . of] If]qdf o'g]:sf]sf] k|of; dfgj clwsf/ / cleJolQm :jtGqtfdf cfwfl/t Pp6f qmflGtsf/L sfd lyof] . t/ ;g\ !(*) sf] k"jf{4;Dd klg ljZj jfdkGy / blIf0fkGysf] j}rfl/s ;+3if{df ljeflht lyof] tyf w]/}h;f] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df k|;f/0fdf /fHosf] Psflwsf/ k|rlnt dfGotf lyof] . cfˆgf] clwsf/dfly jf ;Qfdf l6ls/xg] s'/fdf vt/f k'¥ofpg;Sg] ;a} vfnsf cleJolQmx¿nfO{ ;/sf/x¿n] bafpg vf]Hh' ;fdfGo s'/f xf] . t}klg ulxl/P/ x]bf{ w]/} ;/sf/x¿n], vf; u/L ax'hftLo / ax'eflifs b]zx¿df, /fli6«o efiffnfO{ clej[l4 u/]/ s]Gb|af6 Pp6} cfjfhdf k|;f/0f ul/of] eg] /fli6«o klxrfg / Pstf alnof] x'G5 egL 7fg]sf] b]lvG5 . k|;f/0fnfO{ Psflwsf/df /fVg ;/sf/x¿n] h'g;'s} sf/0f b]vfPtf klg o'g]:sf]n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] clej[l4 ug]{ sfddf pNn]vgLo xfFsx¿sf] em]Ng'k¥of] .


clk|msfdf klxnf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgf ug{ o'g]:sf]sf] k|:tfj :jLsf/ ug]{ s]lgofsf] ;/sf/ klxnf] lyof] . ;g\ !(*@ sf] dO{ dlxgfdf n]s leS6f]l/ofsf] xf]df a] ;d'bfonfO{ !) jf6sf] ldnf8{ 6«fG;ld6/, h]s ldnn] l8hfOg u/]sf] cl8of] ldS;/ / c? cfjZos ;fdfgx¿ k7fOof] . tL ;dfgsf] s'n d"No @% xhf/ 8n/eGbf yf]/} lyof] . xf]df a] k5f}6]kgsf w]/} ;d:ofx¿n] ufFh]sf] ljkGg If]q xf] . ToxfFsf dflg;x¿nfO{ oGq pks/0fx¿ rnfpg] tflnd lbPkl5 n'cf] efiffdf k|ltlbg b'O{ 306f sfo{qmd k|;f/0f x'g yfNof] . n'cf] s]lgofdf af]lng] Pp6f d'Vo efiff ePtfklg ToxfFsf] k|e'TjzfnL hghflt / /fhgLlts ;d"xsf] efiff eg] xf]Og . xf]df a] :6];g c9fO{ jif{;Dd ;kmntfk"j{s rn]kl5 o;n] :jflxnL / c+u|]hL efiffnfO{ /fli6«o efiff agfpg] ;/sf/L gLltsf] ljk/Lt sfd u¥of] eg]/ ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ aGb u¥of] . o;sf ;fy}, o;n] :yfgLo ljifoj:t' ;d]6] tfklg ljleGg hghfltaLr o;n] tgfj a9fPsf] elgof] . xf]df a]dfly lgdf{0f of] /fhgLlts Jojwfg÷k|ltudgsf afah'b xf]df a]sf] cg'ejn]] @% xhf/ 8n/eGbf sd vr{df k|efjsf/L ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g :yflkt ug{ ;lsg] /x]5, ;fy} yf]/} k|fljlws k"jf{wf/ ePsf] 7fpFdf k|ljlws ;d:ofx¿lagf o:tf] :6];g rnfpg ;lsg] /x]5 eGg] b]vfof] . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df o'g]:sf]sf] pkqmd;Fu;Fu} o;nfO{ ;3fpg] vfnsf s]xL k|j[lQx¿ ljZjdf b]vfk/] . s]Gb|Ls[t jf s]Gb|af6} of]hgf agfO{ ;+rfng ul/g] cy{tGqsf ;Lldttf÷sdhf]/Lx¿ a9bf] ¿kdf dx;'; x'g' / kmn:j¿k To:tf] cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ l;4fGt w/f;foL x'g' Pp6f ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ 36gf lyof] . t/ u}/dfS;{jfbL b]zx¿df klg k|hftGqLs/0f, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf gjpbf/ gLltx¿ al9/x]sf lyP / o;n] /fli6«o k|;f/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ljs]lGb|t ug]{ rfxgflt/ 8f]¥ofpFb} lyof] . >Ln+sfdf >Ln+sf a|f]8sfl:6ª skf]{/];gn] cfˆgf ;]jfx¿sf] If]qLos/0f ul/;ssf] lyof] / csf]{ :jfefljs sbd ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] k|f/De ug'{ lyof] . o;/L ;g\ !(*# df dxfj]nL ljsf; kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ljzfn tyf ax'p2]ZoLo l;+rfO of]hgf;Fu hf]8]/ o'g]:sf]sf] bf];|f] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] pkqmd ;'? eof] . of]hgfcg';f/ gofF l;+lrt If]qdf em08} b; nfv dflg;x¿nfO{ k'gjf{; u/fOg' kg]{ lyof] . oL dflg;x¿ b]zsf ljleGg efuaf6 a;fO ;/]/ cfPsf lyP . ;'?df, dxfj]nLsf nflu ;+rflnt ljleGg u|fdL0f ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿df ;+rf/ dfWodx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyPg . t/, kl5 a;fO ;/fO ug]{x¿nfO{ gofF 7fpFdf c?;Fu ldn]/ a:g / cfˆgf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] sfddf nfUg ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;]jfn] ;3fpg;S5 eGg] dx;'; ul/of] . /]l8of]sf] dfWodaf6 pgLx¿df ;fd'bflostfsf] efjgf hufpg'sf ;fy} pGgt v]tLkftL, :jf:Yo cflb ljifodf l;sfpg' cfjZos lyof] . of] sfdsf] nflu ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df Jofks Ifdtf ePsf] x'gfn] 8]lg; cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;xof]u -8]lg8f_ / o'g]:sf]sf] cfly{s ;xof]uaf6 dxfj]nL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] :yfkgf eof] . o;sf] klxnf] /]l8of] :6];gn] u'O/fb'/fsf]§] ;x/ jl/kl/sf ljsf; If]qdf a:g] @) xhf/hlt afl;GbfnfO{ ;d]6\g;SYof] . kl5 Tof] If]qdf c? ;fgf;fgf PkmPd :6];gx¿ yk]/ k|;f/0f Joj:yfnfO{ km}nfOof] .


dxfj]nL ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g >Ln+sf a|f]8sfl:6ª skf]{/];gsf] lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkgdf eP tfklg pgLx¿n] ;fFRr}sf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] sfo{z}nL ckgfP . of] z}nL /fli6«o k|;f/sx¿n] nfu" ug]{ u/]sf] z}nLeGbf laNs'n} a]Un} lyof] . k'gjf{;Lx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} dxfj]nL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] Pp6f d'Vo hf]8 ljsf;sf ultljlwx¿af/] pgLx¿sf] ljrf/÷ k|ltlqmof 6]k/]s8{df e/]/ NofP kl5 /]l8of] sfo{qmddf k|;f/0f ug'{df lyof] . cyjf pgLx¿nfO{ /]l8of] :6];gd} NofP/ pgLx¿;Fu u/]sf] s'/fsfgL k|;f/0f ul/GYof] . /]l8of] sfo{qmd agfpFbf >f]tfx¿sf] o:tf] vfnsf] ;xeflutf tyf :yfgLo ;d:of / rf;f]sf ljifox¿ sfo{qmddf p7fOgfn] ;d'bfosf] hLjgdf /]l8of] cfjZos tyf hLjGt ;fwgsf ;fy} JolQmut ;DaGwsf] dfWod klg aGg k'Uof] . 7"nf afs;x¿ a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ æOlG6u|]6]8 ;ls{6 cyf{t\ dl;gf tf/x¿sf] ;Dks{sf] h+hfn tyf gofFgofF kf6{k'hf{x¿n] ubf{ ;fgf;fgf pks/0fx¿ -6«fG;ld6/, /]l8of] ;]6 cflb_ agfpg ;lsG5 . t/ sltko pTkfbsx¿ 7"nf7"nf afs;df tL dl;gf ;fdfgx¿ hf]8]/ 7"nf] cfsf/sf pks/0f agfpg vf]H5g\ . ltgLx¿leq vf]n]/ x]¥of] eg] jf:tjdf tL l/Qf x'G5g\ .Æ

— dfl6{g Pnf8{, ;/n / ;:tf] Pkm Pd 6«fG;ld6/ l8hfOg/ . dxfj]nL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;g\ !(** df ul/Psf] d"Nof+sgaf6 æo;n] a;fO;g]{x¿nfO{ jf:tljstfnfO{ a'‰g k|f]T;flxt ug]{ ultljlwx¿df ;xefuLdfq u/fPg, clkt' ;d'bfosf] klxrfg / dfGotf tyf ljsf;df klg ;xefuL agfof] . Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ o;n] dxfj]nL ljsf; sfo{stf{x¿;Fu;Fu} cfk|jf;Lx¿nfO{ s[lif / :jf:Yodf gofFgofF sfdx¿ ug{ k|]l/t u¥of] . o;} u/L o;n] :yfgLo ljsf;] sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ cfk|jf;Lx¿ / pgLx¿sf] ;d:ofnfO{ a9L u+eL/ eP/ lng / hgtfnfO{ cem a9L jf:tjd} cg'ej ug{;lsg] vfnsf ;]jfx¿ pknAw u/fpg k|]l/t u/]sf] 5 .Æ dxfj]nL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf s]xL pknlAwx¿ æPs 7fpFdf p6'+Uofxf lszf]/x¿sf] hdft;Fu xfd|f] e]6 eof] . pgLx¿;Fu hldg lyPg . pgLx¿ s]xL sfd ug{ lgSs} clQPsf lyP . xfd|f] sfo{qmd / 5nkmnsf] dfWodaf6 xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ ufpFsf] kf]v/L ;kmfug{ / ToxfF /fd|f/fd|f ;hfj6L df5f pTkfbg ug]{ sfd yfNg pT;flxt u¥of}F . csf]{ ufpFdf ;Fu} a;]/ 5f]/f5f]/L kfPsf t/ ljx]gu/]sf k|f}9 hf]8Lx¿sf] ;fd"lxs ljx]sf] cfof]hg u¥of}F, lsgls ltgsf afnaRrfx¿sf cfdfafa'sf] j}wflgs ¿kdf ljx] gePsf] sf/0fn] tL s]6fs]6Ln] w]/} ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] lyof] . d}n] h'jf / /S;L ;]jgsf] lj/f]wdf w]/} sfo{qmd agfPF, h;n] h'jf8] / hF8Øfxfx¿nfO{ ;'w|g ;3fof] .Æ

— dxfj]nL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf k|;f/s ;'lgn ljho l;F3];Fu cGtjf{tf{ -!(((_ /]l8of]sf] ax'nafbaf/] afdfsf] 3f]if0ff


æxfn ljsl;t eO/x]sf] k|hftGqsf] h/f alnof] agfpgsf nflu /]l8of]sf] ax'nafb ckl/xfo{ c+uxf] . o;n] dflg;x¿nfO{ ;"rgfsf] ljljwtfdf kx'Fr a9fpF5 / lbuf] dfgj ljsf;sf nflu nf]slk|o ;xeflutf a9fpg] s'/f ;'lglZrt u5{ . ====== clk|msL /fi6«x¿n] /]l8of] t/+udfly b|'t ultn] Psflwsf/ 36fpg'k5{ / k|;f/0f t/+ux¿ ljt/0f ubf{ :jtGq /]l8of]sf /fli6«o kIfw/x¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ . — d]/L dfo;{, b k|df];g ckm 8]df]qm];L P6 u|f;?6;\M b PSHofDkn ckm /]l8of] Og dfnL, k|m]Fs sf; hg{n, v08 5, ;+Vof @ -n08g, !((*_ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] b|'t ultn] km}ln/x]5 ;g\ !(*) / () sf] b;sdf ePsf] k|htGqLs/0f / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] af9Ln] ubf{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] clt b|'t ultn] km}ln/x]sf] 5 . o'g]:sf]n] s]lgof / >Ln+sfdf xfl;n u/]sf] cg'ejnfO{ k5ØfpFb} Jofks ljljwtf ePsf b]zx¿df ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 h;dWo] 3fgf, 6f]+uf, xfO6L, s]k e8]{, ;]+6 n'l;of, l6«lg8f8 / 6f]afuf], ;'l/gfd, hd}sf, u'ofgf, lkmlnlkG; / c? b]zx¿ k5{g\ . t/, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] sfddf ca o'g]:sf] PSnf] 5}g . w]/} cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; lgsfox¿ tyf /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ljZjsf ljleGg efudf of] sfddf nfu]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] h'g l56f] ultn] km}lnof] Tof] pNn]vgLo 5 . o;df dfnLn] /dfOnf] pbfx/0f b]vfPsf] 5 . @# jif{;Dd ;}lgs tfgfzfxLkl5 ;g\ !((! df cg]sf}F ;fdflhs ljjfbkl5 cflv/df ToxfFsf] ;}lgs ;/sf/sf] ktg eof] / cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf eof] . Pp6f cGtl/d÷ ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;/sf/ aGof] h;n] r'gfj u/fpg' kYof]{ . dfnL d"ntM u|fdL0f ;dfh xf] . cGtl/d ;/sf/n] ufpFsf dflg;x¿sf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu ;Nnfx ubf{ s] b]lvof] eg] b'O{ bzs;Dd ToxfF ;/sf/L cf1f / cfb]zx¿ hgtf;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfd /fli6«o ;+rf/ dfWodn] dfq} ul//x]sf lyP / ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿ klg ufpFaf6 lgSs} 6f9f a:y] . o;n] ubf{ ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿k|lt ufpFn]x¿df s'g} rf;f] lyPg . a? ljt[i0ff lyof] . tL sfo{qmdx¿af/] pgLx¿n] jf:t} ug{ vf]Hb}gy] . - sf]lng k|m]h/ / ;f]lgof /]:6«]kf]–P:6«f8f, sDo'lgs]l6ª km/ 8]EnKd]06 – Xo'dg r]+h km/ ;ef{Oen, cfO{=aL= 6f}l/; -n08g÷Go'of]s{, !((*_ cGtl/d ;/sf/ / To;kl5 r'lgPsf] ;/sf/n] o'Pgl8kL / vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g -Pkm P cf]_ sf] dbt lnP/ dfnLsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;+rf/nfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] pkof]u ug]{ gLlt agfpg] lg0f{o u¥of] . o:tf] ug]{ dfnL ljZjs} klxnf] b]z lyof] . ;g\ !((# df afdfsf] df æclk|msL /]l8of]x¿sf] :jtGqtfÆ elgg] dxTjk"0f{ ;Dd]ng cfof]hg u/]/ cfd;+rf/dfWodx¿sf] pbf/Ls/0f gLlt ckfpg] sfddf clk|msfdf dfnLn] cu'jfO u¥of] . -df]G;]km Pd. af}xfkmf, u|f;?6;\ ldl8of P08 sDo'lg6L ODkfj/d]06 Og j]:6 clk|msf, a]lNhodsf] Sofyf]lns o'lgel;{6Ln] !((& df cfof]hgf u/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf k|:t't sfo{kq . -!((* df ;+zf]lwt_ / d]/L dfo;{, b k|df];g ckm 8]df]qm];L P6 u|f;?6;\M b PSHofDkn ckm /]l8of] Og dfnL, k|m]Fs sf; hg{n, v08 5, ;+Vof @ -n08g, !((*_


dfnL cfkm}n] ev{/} ;/sf/L 6]lnlehg / /]l8of]nfO{ d'Qm u/]sf] lyof] . tL /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgn] cfˆgf] hGd sfnb]lv g} ToxfFsf yf]/} lzlIft dflg;x¿n] dfq} a'‰g] k|m]+r efiffdf dfq} k|;f/0f uy]{ . &) k|ltzthlt hg;+Vof ;fIf/ ePsf] Tof] b]zsf ax';+Vos dflg;x¿ cfd;+rf/df cfwfl/t ;"rgfsf] kx'Fraf6 j+lrt lyP . dfnLn] cfˆgf] cfd;+rf/ dfWodnfO{ d'Qm u/]sf kfFr jif{kl5 ;f7LeGbf w]/} :jtGq /]l8of] :6];gx¿n] k|;f/0f ug{ yfn] . ltgLx¿n] /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf] cfljisf/ ePkl5 klxnf] kN6 hgtfnfO{ :yfgLo efiffdf sfo{qmd ;'gfP . ca, c? w]/} b]zx¿ o;/L g} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df nfu]sf 5g\ . kGw| jif{hlt cl3 s]lgofsf] ;/sf/n] xf]df a] ;fd'bflos k|;f/0f aGb u/]b]lv ;fd'bflos k|;f/0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;'wfg]{ w]/} sfd ePsf 5g\ . / cGTodf, s]Gofdf klg ca cfP/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ /fi6«sf] k|;f/0f kl/b[Zodf dfGotf lbg] P]g sfg"g agfpg] af/] 5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 . aS; ! M af]lnleofdf vfgLdf sfdug]{x¿sf] /]l8of] /]l8of]af/] af]lnleofnL cg'ejsf] yfngL EjfO; ckm dfOg;{ gfds /]l8of] ;]jfaf6 eof] . o;sf] ;DaGw kf]:tf] ljefudf l;Unf] aL;f}F vfgL;Fu lyof] . To;kl5sf jif{x¿df b]zdf ljleGg vfgL vGg] sfd ;+rfng eO/x]sf Onfsfdf @# j6f :6];gx¿ v'n] . tL ;a}nfO{ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf dfOg;{ /]l8of] cyf{t\ vfgLdf sfd ug]{x¿sf] /]l8of] eGg yflnof] . oL /]l8of] :6];gx¿ tL vfgLx¿df sfd ug]{ HofdLx¿sf] bogLo cj:yfsf] sf/0fn] dhb'/ ;+u7gsf] k|ltlqmof :j¿k hGd]sf lyP . tLdWo] w]/}h;f] vfgLx¿ ;g\ !(%@ ;Dd s]xL clt zf]ifs / cs"t ;DkQLsf dflns b Kofl6gf]; h:tf æl6g Aof/f]G;Æ kl/jf/x¿sf] :jfldTjdf lyP . pgLx¿ clt vrf{n' / e8lsnf] hLjg z}nLsf nflu ljZjljVoft lyP . hals Tof] ;DkQL / b]zsf] d'Vo lgof{tsf] ;|f]t tL vfgL dhb'/x¿ cdfgjLo 9+un] zf]lift lyP . vfgL jl/kl/sf yf]qf a:tLx¿df, cUnf] e"efusf] hf8f] ;x]/, yf]/} tnadf sfd ug]{ tL dhb'/x¿ $) jif{sf] pd]/d} a"9f b]lvGy] . vfgLleq ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿sf] cefj / a]nfa]nfdf x'g] b'3{6gfn] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] cf};t cfo' cem} 36\Yof] . ;g\ !(%@ df tL vfgLx¿sf] /fli6«os/0f ul/of] . t/, ;/sf/df ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] cefjn] ubf{ dhb'/x¿sf] cj:yfdf pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ ePg . b'ef{Uojz, dfOg;{ /]l8of]df ;+nUg dflg;x¿n] ;Dem]sf s'/f g} hfgsf/Lsf] ;|f]t ePsf] x'Fbf of] /]l8ofsf] af/]df P]ltxfl;s tYox¿ c:ki6 5g\ . t/, s] s'/f lglZrt 5 eg] af]lnleofdf w]/} jif{;Dd rn]sf] ;+3if{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;3fpg] sfddf /]l8of] dxTjk"0f{ tTj ag]sf] lyof] . of] le8Gtdf w]/} vfgL dhb'/x¿ / ltgsf kl/jf/x¿sf] cfdxTof, u[xo'4 / qmflGt ePsf] lyof] . /]l8of]x¿n] vfgL dhb'/x¿nfO{ ;+3if{df Psu7 x'g dbt u/] . tL /]l8of]x¿n] ;+3if{df nfu]sf dhb'/x¿nfO{ ;dfrf/ pknAw u/fpgsf ;fy} d"nwf/sf cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿n] pgLx¿sf] lj/f]wdf ug]{ k|rf/nfO{ v08g ug{] sfd u/] . dfOg;{ /]l8of]sf] dxTj / k|efj o;af6 klg :ki6 x'G5 ls oL /]l8of] :6];gx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kn] Wj:t kfg]{ / oGq pks/0f hkmt ug]{ sfd ToxfF zf;g ug]{ ;]gf / ;/sf/n] af/Daf/ u¥of] . jf:tjdf af]lnleofdf vfgL dhb'/x¿n] g} ;g\ !(*! df ljzfn x8tfn u/]sf lyP h;n] tfgfzfxLnfO{ ;dfKt kf/]sf] lyof] . ;Fw}em}F ;+3if{sf] qmddf clwsf/Lx¿;Fu dhb'/x¿sf d+fux¿dWo] Pp6f d'Vo dfu hlxn] klg /]l8of] :6];gsf pks/0fx¿ lkmtf{ kfpg'kg]{ g} x'GYof] .


pks/0f Wj:t ePsf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf] d+fu gofF pks/0f lsg]/ /]l8of] :6];g km]l/ rnfpg kfpg' g} x'GYof] . /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgf / ;+rfng ug]{ sfddf dhb'/x¿n] vr{ Joxf]y]{ . o;af6 klg oL /]l8of] :6];gx¿sf] pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf slt dxTj lyof] eGg] a'lemG5 . dfOg/;{ /]l8of]sf] d'Vo e"ldsf vfgL dhb'/x¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g x'GYof] tfklg tL /]l8of]x¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;f+:s[lts tyf z}lIfs ultljlwx¿sf s]Gb| klg lyP . ltgLx¿n] vfgL dhb'/x¿sf] sljtf dxf]T;j, nf]slk|o uLtx¿ tyf cGo snf ljwfx¿sf] snfTds dxTjaf/] 5nkmn sfo{qmd cfof]hgf / k|;f/0f uy]{ . ;fy} ltgLx¿n] dhb'/sf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] a'l4rfnsf] v]n l;Sg x'G5 ls x'Fb}gh:tf z}lIfs ljifox¿df 5nkmn rnfpFy] . /]l8of] :yfkgf / ;+rfng vr{ dhb'/x¿n] Joxf]y]{ t/ w]/}h;f] dfldnfdf :6];gsf] Joj:yfkg / sfo{qmd ;DaGwL gLlt pgLx¿sf] o'lgogsf] xftfdf x'GYof] . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cr]n k|;f/0f ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿df h:tf] dhb'/x¿sf] ;xeflutf eg] tL /]l8of]sf sfo{qmdx¿df sd} x'GYof] . t/, tL /]l8of] :6];gx¿sf] ef}lts cjl:yltn] ubf{ ltgLx¿ efjgfTds ¿kn] klg dhb'/x¿sf] glhs x'Gy] . tL :6];gx¿ k|foM vfgL If]qsf] glhs} x'Gy] / dhb'/x¿n] rfx] eg] ;/f;/ :6];gleq k;]/ cfˆgf s'/f eGg;Sy] . w]/}h;f] dfOg;{ /]l8of] ;g\ krf;sf] b;ssf] kl5Nnf] efudf :yfkgf ul/Psf lyP . t/ ltgLx¿ !(^# / !(*# sf] aLrsf] ;dodf km:6fPsf lyP . To;kl5 tL vfgLx¿n] pTkfbg ug]{ l6gsf efpm ljZjahf/df 36\g yfNof] . !(*% df gj–pbf/ ;/sf/n] vfgL dhb'/x¿nfO{ a;fO ;fg]{ cfb]z hf/L u¥of] . em08} aL; xhf/ dhb'/x¿ vfgLsf] sfdaf6 ;bfsf] nflu cnu x'gk'u] . kmn:j¿k /]l8of]sf] cfwf/ e"ld u'Dof] . s]xL /]l8of] :6];gx¿ ls;fgx¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/P . t/ clxn] klg b; j6f eGbf sd :6];gx¿n] k|;f/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . aS; @ M /]l8of] ;'tft]Ghf÷ sf]nlDaofdf PS;g sNr/n kk'n/ of] pkqmd ;g\ !($& df hf]cflSjg ;fN;]8f] gfds Ps hgf kfb/Ln] blIf0f cd]l/sfsf sf]nlDaofsf] Pl08h kj{tdf /x]sf] ;'tft]Ghf gfds ufpFdf yfn]sf lyP . o;n] b'O{b]lv tLg lsnf]ld6/ If]q;Dd k|;f/0f ug{;Sg] 3/d} ag]sf] 6«fG;ld6/sf] pkof]u u/]/ k|;f/0f ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . t/ clxn] of] sf]nlDaofsf] ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL k|;f/0f ;+hfn ag]sf] 5 . ;fN;]8f] Ps c;fdfGo kfb/L lyP . pgsf] rf;f] rr{ jf wd{sd{sf k/Dk/fut s'/fx¿df eGbf sf]nlDaofsf ls;fgx¿sf] ;fdflhs / cly{s cj:yfdf kl/jt{g ug'{df w]/} lyof] . o;/L ;'tft]Ghfsf] /]l8of] :s'nsf] cjwf/0ff hGDof], clg To;af6 PS;g sNr/n kk'n/ -P;LkLcf]_ x'Sof]{ . /]l8of] ;'tft]Ghfsf] z}lIfs k|;f/0f ;fIf/tf, ul0ft, :jf:Yo, s[lif pTkfbg, u[x ;'wf/, kfl/jfl/s tyf JolQmut ;DaGw, v]ns'b / km';{th:tf ljifox¿ ;d]6]/ Jofks geP;Dd km}lnFb} uof] . o;n] ;d]6]sf ljifox¿ km}lng] qmddf afa'cfdfsf] lhDd]jf/÷ Kof/]06x'8 x'Fb} pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ k|hgg cyf{t ;Gtfg hGdfpg] h:tf] gfh's ljifodf k'Uof] . dflg;x¿n] oL sfo{qmdx¿ cgf}krfl/s /]l8of] :s'ndf ;'Gy] . o;sf] k|efj :j¿k ;fgf;fgf ;d"x¿ ag] hf] x/]s ;fFem cfpFy] . ;d"xx¿df Ps hgf dlg6/ x'Gy] hf] ;d"xsf c?eGbf s]xL


a9L hfGg] x'Gy] . s'g} Pp6f ;dodf klg aL; xhf/hlt /]l8of] :s'nx¿df em08} b'O{ nfvn] gfd n]vfPsf x'Gy] . /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf] k"/ssf] ¿kdf P;LkLcf]n] ljleGg vfnsf kf7Ø k':tsx¿ k|sflzt u¥of] / u|fdL0f ;d'bfox¿nfO{ rflxg] Ps ;o ljifosf lstfax¿sf] s[ifs k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf u¥of] . Pp6f ;fKtflxs klqsf klg k|sflzt u¥of] h;sf kf7sx¿sf] ;+Vof 5 nfv k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5 . o;afx]s, cu'jf s[ifsx¿sf] tflnd tyf ;d'bfosf nflu k|fljlws tflndsf kf7Øqmd klg /]l8of] ;'tft]Ghfsf ultlwx¿sf lx:;f lyP . ;'?b]lv g} /f]dg Sofyf]lns rr{n] o;nfO{ ;3fPsf] lyof] . d'Vo sf]if o'/f]ksf] Sofyf]lns ;d"xx¿af6 cfpFYof] . t/ Pl;lkcf]n] ljZjs} Wofg cfs[i6 u¥of] / o;nfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf lbg]df cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿ klg ;+nUg eP . cGTodf, /]l8of] ;'tft]Ghf cfˆg} ;kmntfsf] lzsf/ aGof] . o;n] æpQ/bfloTjo'Qm k|hggÆ ljifodf sfo{qmd ;'? u/]kl5 rr{n] Jojl:yt ¿kn] o;nfO{ j]jf:tf ug{yfNof] . ;fN;]8f]n] s] 3f]if0ff u/] eg] of] ljifosf] af/]df 5nkmn ug'{ kfk xf]Og eg]/ cfdhgtfnfO{ ljZj:t kfg{ ufx|f] eof] . ;fy} wfld{s lgodn] k|e'Tj hdfPsf] b]zdf dfgjLo ul/df / lhDd]jf/Lo'Qm dft[Tjsf] af/]df dflg;x¿nfO{ lzlIft ug'{ cK7Øf/f] 5 . /f;folgs jf ef}lts ljlwaf6 hGd lg/f]w ug]{ af/]df Pl;lkcf]sf] cfˆgf] s'g} wf/0ff lyPg . p;sf] sfd t Pp6f cfwf/ tof/ kfg'{ lyof] h;dfly dflg;x¿n] cfkm}n] lhDd]jf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o lng;s'g\ . of] s'/fn] sf]nlDaofdf rr{sf kbflwsf/Lju{nfO{ cfuf] agfof] . rr{sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] wf/0ffcg';f/ dfgjLo of}g ;DaGwsf] Psdfq p2]Zo k|f0fLsf] k|hgg xf] . o; sf/0f rr{n] o'/f]ksf] Sofyf]lns ;d"xnfO{ /]l8of] ;'tft]GhfnfO{ ;xof]u /f]Sg nufof] . t/, Pl;lkcf]n] ;/sf/dfkm{t cfPsf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]uaf6 sfd ul//Xof] . !(*% df o;sf] zlQmzfnL / dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ / pks/0fx¿ Pp6f Jofkfl/s ;+hfnnfO{ ga]Rbf;Dd o;n] C0f sf9]/ klg ;+3if{k"j{s sfo{qmd rnfO/Xof] . ls;fgx¿k|lt pgLx¿sf] a'l4, 1fg / afFRg] ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{ sfddf rfln; jif{;Dd ;dlk{t ePkl5 !(*& df of] k"/} aGb eof] . o;sf] ;DklQ, Pp6f k|sfzg u[x, ;+uLt sfo{qmd /]s8{ ug]{ ;+oGq, rf}w tn] sfof{no ejg tyf ls;fgx¿nfO tflnd lbg] s]Gb|, a]r]/ o;n] lnPsf] C0f ltl/of] .


cWofo @ M ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf ljz]iftf / sfd of] cWofodf hgtfsf] kx'Fr / ;xeflutf, :jfldTj, Joj:yfkg, cy{ ;+sng, ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtf, ljZj;gLotfsf, ;d'bfosf ljleGg ;d"x / ?lrePsfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj tyf kfvf k/]sf / cNk;+Vos ;d"xx¿sf] ;Gbe{df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf ljz]iftfx¿ / sfo{qmd pTkfbg / k|;f/0f ug]{ cjwf/0ffaf/] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . sfdsf] v08n] :yfgLotfsf] klxrfg / ;+:s[ltnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug]{, ljljw ;d"xsf cfjfh, ljrf/, sfo{qd tyf ljifoj:t' k|;f/0f ug]{ tyf k|hftflGqs k|lqmof, ;fdflhs kl/jt{g / c;n zf;gnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ sfddf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . ;a} ljifoj:t' kl9;s]kl5 kf7sx¿n] M

• ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf ljleGg ljz]iftf / sfdx¿sf] :ki6 lrq x]g{ kfpg] 5g\, • ;d'bfodf /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgf ug]{ af/]df 5nkmn x'Fbf ;|f]tJolQm jf cu'jf aGg;sg]

5g\ / ;fd'bflos /]l8of]af6 x'g] kmfObf, o;sf] :jfldTj, Joj:yfkg, sfo{qmd pTkfbg / k|;f/0fsf] gLlt lgwf{/0f cflbaf/] cfjZos hfgsf/L lbg;Sg] 5g\ .

;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf cfjZos u'0f jf ljz]iftfx¿ >f]tf g} ;j]{;jf{ JolQm x'g\ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] hg;]jL k|;f/0fsf] Pp6f ¿k xf], t/ o;n] sfd ug]{ tl/sf k/Dk/fut k|;f/0feGbf leGg x'G5 . o;sf] ljz]if s]Gb|ljGb' o;sf >f]tfx¿nfO{ o;sf] Joj:yfkg / sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf ;a} kIfdf ;+nUg u/fP/ tyf pgLx¿sf] ;d'bfosf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs pGgltdf ;3fpg] vfnsf sfo{qmd lbP/ pgLx¿nfO{ g} d'Vo kfq agfpg' xf] . ;dfrf/, dgf]/+hg / lzIffdf ljz]if b[li6sf]0f d"nwf/sf cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿eGbf leGg, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df ;dfrf/ eg]sf] s'g} cnUu} vj/ jf 36gfdfq xf]Og . ;dfrf/ eg]sf] lg/Gt/ / eljiodf klg rln/xg] o:tf] k|lqmof xf] h;n] ;d'bfodf kl/jt{g / ljsf;nfO{ ;3fpF5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df dgf]/+hg kl/is[t snfsf/x¿n] k|:t't ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf eGbf ;fd'lxs ;f+:s[lts cleJolQmsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/G5 . of] Jofj;flos snfsf/x¿n] ufPsf] ;'Gg'eGbf a9L sf/fcf]s] -/fqL Snax¿_ df ufpg'h:tf] xf] . lzIff eg]sf] s'g} ljz]if1 jf lzIfssf] s'/f ;'Gg'eGbf a9L ;d'bfodf cg'ejx¿sf] ;f6f;f6 / Pscsf]{af6 l;Sg' xf] .


hgtfsf] kx'Fr / ;xeflutfsf l;4fGtx¿ ljZj;gLo, ;xL / ;fdlos ;"rgf kfpg' hgtfsf] k|hftflGqs clwsf/ xf] . oxL clwsf/sf] cfwf/df hglxtsf] nflu ul/g] k|;f/0fn] hgtfsf] kx'Fr / ;xeflutfsf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ c+uLsf/ u/]sf] x'G5 . kx'Fr eGgfn] ;a} gful/sx¿sf] nflu k|;f/0f ;]jf pknAw x'g' xf] eg] ;xeflutfn] of]hgf th'{df / Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfddf cfdhgtfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf x'g' xf] . ;fy} sfo{qmd pTkfbs / snfsf/ jf kfq klg hgtf g} x'G5g\ . 7f]; zAbdf, oL cjwf/0ffx¿sf] cy{ xf] M • ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf] 9fFrf o;n] ;]jf ug]{ ;d'bfosf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿sxfF k'U5 . • /]l8of] ;]jfsf] of]hgf / gLlt agfpFbf tyf o;sf p2]Zox¿ lgwf{/0f ubf{, Joj:yfkgsf

lgodx¿ agfpFbf tyf sfo{qmd pTkfbg ubf{ ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf x'G5 . • o;sf af/]df l6Kk0fL / cfnf]rgf ug{ ;d'bfo :jtGq x'G5 . • sfo{qmd ;'Gg] / pTkfbg ug]{x¿aLr lg/Gt/ 5nkmn eO/xG5 . of] 5nkmn rnfpg] sfddf

/]l8of] cfkm}n] k|d'v dfWod eP/ sfd u5{ . t/ ;d'bfo, sfo{qmd pTkfbs / /]l8of] :6];g Joj:yfkgaLr ;lhnf];Fu ;Dks{ ug]{ ;+oGq klg ag]sf] x'G5 .

• ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] JolQmut ¿kdf jf ;d"xdf sfo{qmd agfpg, sfo{qmd agfpFbf :6];gsf sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu ;xof]u lng / :6];gdf ePsf k|fljlws ;'ljwfx¿sf] pkof]u ug{ s'g} aGb]h x'Fb}g .

• /]l8of] :6];gsf] :yfkgf, Joj:yfkg, k|zf;g / lx;fa lstfa /fVg] / hfFRg] sfddf ;d''bfo ;xefuL x'G5 .

:jfldTj ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf pks/0f / ;'ljwfx¿sf] :jldTj x:tfGt/0f gx'g] u/L u'7L, sf]if, ;xsf/L jf o:t} cGo dfWodx¿dfkm{t ;d'bfosf] x'G5 . t}klg s]xL o:tf] cj:yf klg x'g;S5 hxfF cf}krfl/s :jfldTj ;d'bfoeGbf aflx/sf] ;+:yf;Fu x'G5, t/ To;n] tL pks/0f / ;'ljwfx¿ ;d'bfonfO{ :jtGq ¿kdf ljz]if sfdsf nflu pkof]u ug{ lbPsf] x'G5 . Joj:yfkg cf}krfl/s :jfldTj hf];Fu eP klg jf:tljs dfg]df ;fd'bflos /]l8of] x'gsf nflu /]l8of] :6];gsf gLltx¿, Joj:yfkg tyf sfo{qmdx¿ ;d'bfosf] lhDd]jf/Ldf x'g}k5{ . lgZro g} o;sf nflu ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;fd'bflos ;ldlt jf lgb]{zsx¿sf] ;ldlt x'G5, h;n] ;du| gLlt lgwf{/0f u5{, hals b}lgs k|zf;g / ;+rfng;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{ sfd ;d'bfon] 5fg]sf] :6];g Dofg]h/n] u5{ . sf]if ;fd'bflos /]l8of] gfkmf gsdfpg] ;+:yfh:t} u/L :yfkgf / ;+rfng ul/G5 . of] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;|f]tx¿df lge{/ x'G5 . o:tf ;|f]tx¿leq rGbf, ;xof]u, ;b:otf z'Ns, sfo{qmd k|fof]hg / lj1fkg z'Ns kg{;S5g\ . /]l8of] :6];g cfTdlge{/ / :jtGq x'gsf nflu oL ;a} vfnsf ;|f]tx¿sf] d]n x'g' jf+5gLo x'G5 . sltko ;fd'blos /]l8of]x¿n] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿dfem ;xof]u


;+sng ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿ cfof]hgf u5{g\ . oL ;a}sf] d'Vo p2]Zo xd];f cfly{s ¿kn] k'lu;/L x'g' xf] . ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtf / ljZj;gLotf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] s]lGb|o tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / k|zf;gcGtu{t x'Fb}g . of] /fhgLlts bnx¿ tyf Jofkfl/s / wfld{s ;+:yfx¿sf] cwLgdf klg x'Fb}g . o;n] cfˆgf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ agfpFbf :jtGq 9+un] lg0f{o u5{ . ;du| gLlt agfpFbf dfly plNnlvt ;d'bfo:t/sf] k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;ldltn] agfpF5 . t/ sfo{qmd k|;f/0f;DaGwL b}lgs sfdsf] lg0f{o eg] :6];g Dofg]h/n] u5{ . ljZj;gLo tyf s'g} klg /fhgLlts bndf gnfUg] JolQmsf] ¿kdf p;sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{{ x'G5 . ;d'bfosf ljleGg ;d"x / lxt k|ltlglwTj ;d'bfox¿ ljleGg ;d"xx¿ / lxt jf :jfy{ ePsfx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf x'G5g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] pgLx¿sf] ?lr / lxtnfO{ Wofg lbP/ sfd u5{ . ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ /]l8of]dfkm{t cfˆgf s'/f eGg pT;flxt u5{ . s'g ;d"x jf ?lrnfO{ slt ;do lbg] eGg] s'/fdf ;d'bfodf pgLx¿sf] ;+VofTds cg'kft / ljz]if kl/l:ylt tyf cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbOG5 . cNk;+Vos tyf kfvf k/]sf ;d"xx¿ ;fj{hlgs /]l8of]x¿n] pk]lIft tyf kfvf k/]sf ;d"xx¿nfO{ a]nf df}sfdf, slxn] sflxF, pknIo kbf{ sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u5{ eg] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] pgLx¿nfO{ a/fa/Lsf] cfwf/df ;dfj]z u5{ . o;sf sfo{qmdx¿n] Jofks dfqfdf dlxnf, o'jf, blnt, hghflt cflb kfvf k/]sfx¿sf ljljw ljrf/x¿nfO{ ;d]6\5g\ . ;fy} o;n] ;d'bfosf cNk;+Vos hghfltx¿sf] lxt, ;+:s[lt / eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ clej[l4 / ;+/If0f u5{ . 6]k /]s8{/ lsGgsf] nflu Sof/f]n ufOof] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gx¿n] a]nfa]nfdf ;fd'bflos e]nf, d]nf, ;f+:s[lts ;fFem tyf c? vfnsf sf]if ;+sng ug]{ vfnsf ;fd'bflos sfo{qmd, pT;jx¿ cfof]hgf u5{ . lkmlnlkG;sf] tfDa'nL ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6]];gn] lqm;d;sf] cj;/df 3/3/ uP/ lqm;d;sf] uLt -Sof/f]n_+ ufP/ 6]k/]s8{/ lsGgsf] nflu k};f p7fof] . kfNkfsf] /]l8of] dbgkf]v/fn] @)%* sf] kmfu'g' dlxgfdf >Ldb\efUfjt ;Ktfx cfof]hgf u/]/ Ps hgf dlxnf kl08taf6 k'/f0f jfrg u/fP/ /]l8of] :6];g ejgsf] nflu c9fOnfv ¿k}ofF p7fPsf] lyof] . blIf0f clk|msfdf th'{df ul/Psf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf d'Vo sfdx¿ ;fd'blos /]l8of] :6];gx¿n] lgDglnlvt sfd ug'{k5{ M • :yfgLo ;+:s[lt, ljz]iftf / klxrfgnfO{ clej[l4 / k|ltljlDat ug'{k5{ Ù • cfjfh / ljrf/x¿sf] ljljwtf a9fpg ;3fpg' k5{, tyf JolQmut cleJolQmnfO{ k|f]T;flxt

ug'{k5{ Ù • /]l8of]df ljljw cfjfh / ljrf/sf] kx'Fr a9fpg'k5{ Ù


• k|;f/0fsf] :jldTjsf ljljwtf a9fpg ;3fpg'k5{ Ù • cfˆgf ;d'bfox¿sf] cfjZostfk|lt pQ/bfoL÷ k|ltlqmofzLn x'g'k5{ Ù • k|;f/0fsf nflu hgzlQm tof/ kfg{ of]ubfg ug'{k5 / plrt 7fpFdf b/aGbL l;h{gf ug'{k5{ Ù • sfo{qmd agfpg / pTkfbg ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] ;b:otf

a9fpg'k5{ Ù • sfo{qmd agfpFbf gofFgofF ljrf/ / k|of]ux¿ ug{ pT;flxt ug{'k5{ .

— lqkn OGSjfo/L l/kf]6{, OlG8k]G8]G6 a|f]8sfl:6ª cyl/6L, blIf0f clk|msL u0ftGq -!((%_

cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿df klg eflifs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f Go'of]s{df ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gn] ;]g]unLx¿sf] ;d'bfosf nflu cf]nf]km efiffdf k|;f/0f u5{ . c? b'O6f :6];gx¿n] sf]l/ofnL efiffdf k|;f/0f u5{g\ . k|mfG;df ToxfF a:g] c/a afl;Gbfx¿n] cfˆgf] ljz]if cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ vfnsf cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿ :yfkgf / ;+rfng ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf] dfu u/]sf 5g\ .

– lqkn OGSjfo/L l/kf]6{, OlG8k]G8]G6 a|f]8sfl:6ª cyl/6L, blIf0f clk|msL u0ftGq -!((%_

;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ug]{ sfdx¿ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] tn n]lvPcg';f/sf sfdx¿ ug]{ nIf /fV5 M :yfgLo klxrfg, ljz]iftf / ;+:s[lt emNsfpg' ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] klxrfg / ljz]iftfx¿ emNsfpg] u/L sfo{qmd agfpF5 . o;}n] o;sf sfo{qmdx¿ d'Vo ¿kdf :yfgLo ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . aflx/sf ;dfrf/ / ljrf/x¿n] tadfq o;df 7fpF kfpF5g\ ha Tof] o;sf >f]tfx¿sf] lxtdf , pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf sfo{qmdx¿n] :yfgLo ;+:s[ltdfly klg Wofg lbG5 . ;d'bfon] cfkm}nfO{ s] eG5 / c?nfO{ s] eG5, s;/L dflg;x¿ cyf{t\ ;d'bfosf JolQmut ;b:ox¿n] cfˆgf ;kgf / cfzfx¿ JoQm u5{g\, clg s;/L pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ljut÷Oltxf; / eljiosf af/]df s'/f u5{g\ , pgLx¿ s] s'/fsf] rf;f] /fV5g\ / s] s'/fdf lrGtf u5{g\ eGg] g} ;+:s[lt xf] . hLjgh:t} ;+:s[lt klg kl/jt{gzLn 5 x'G5 / lg/Gt/ ljsf;dfg x'G5 . of] s'g} kl/efiff ul/g] s'/f xf]Og, of] t Pp6f lg/Gt/ rNg] k|lqmofsf] glthf xf] . o;}n] k|hftGqdf ;/sf/x¿n] hgtfsf nflu ;f+:s[lts cleJolQmsf nflu lj:t[t If]q pknAw u/fpF5g\ . ;/sf/x¿ ljifoj:t' / z}nLdf clNemg x'Fb}g .

;fdfd'bflos ;+:s[lt, lgZro g} snfTds cleJolQm klg xf] . of] :yfgLo, ;+uLt, g[To, sfJo, gf6s, syf jfrg, cflb ljwfx¿dfkm{t cleJoQm x'G5g\ . oL s'/fx¿ clwsf+z ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿df ;zQm ¿kn] k|:t't ul/G5g\ . :yfgLo snfsf/x¿nfO{ /]l8of]dfkm{t ;d'bfodf k'Ugsf nflu k|]l/t ul/G5 . o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ d'nfwf/sf] cfd;+rf/ dfWoddfkm{t pgLx¿n] xfl;n


ug{;Sg] k]zfut u'0f:t/sf] dfkb08sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿nfO{ /f]Sg x'Fb}g . ljifoj:t'sf] dxTj / :yfgLokgf k|foM cf}krfl/s u'0f:t/ / Jofj;flostfeGbf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t/ u'0f:t/xLg jf sd u'0f:t/sf] k|fljlws pTkfbgsf] bf]if of] s'/fnfO{ lbg eg] kfOFb}g .

;+:s[lt eg]sf] efiff klg xf] M :yfgLo efiff / cleJoQm ug]{ :yfgLo÷df}lns tl/sf o:tf sRrf kbfy{ x'g\ h;n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ v'/fs lbG5 . oL ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ hf]8g] l;d]G6

x'g\ . h}ljs ljljwtfh:t} dfgjtfsf] ;kmn eljiosf nflu ;f+:s[[lts ljljwtfsf] klg plQs} dxTj 5 . ljZjdf em08} ^&)) efiff 5g\ . tLdWo] ;}s8f ^# efiff clk|msf / Plzofdf 5g\ . /fli6«o k|;f/0fx¿ / ldl8of ljZjLs/0f, ;fy} zx/L a;fO;/fO cflb sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ cfwfh;f] efiffx¿ csf]{ k':tf;Dddf x/fpg] vt/f 5 . efiff;Fu} ;+:s[lt klg x/fpF5 . ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] gfz x'Fb} hfg] k|j[lQsf] lj/f]wdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] Pp6f k|d'v ;'/Iff pkfo xf] .

jfo' t/+udf cfjfh / ljrf/x¿sf] ljljwtf l;h{gf ug'{

;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;d'bfosf ;a} If]q / dflg;x¿nfO{ v'nf ¿kdf ;xeflutfsf] cj;/ lbP/ jfo' t/+udf cfjfh / ljrf/x¿sf] ljljwtf l;h{gf u5{ .

u'gf;f] jf c;Gtf]if ;a} ;d'bfodf x'G5 . aflx/sfn] cfbz{ ¿kdf sNkgf ug]{ vfnsf zflGtk"0f{, d]no'Qm u|'lkª tL xf]Ogg\ . u'gf;f] jf c;Gtf]if :jfy{sf] leGgtf, hghftLut, efiffut jf wfld{s k[i7e"ldsf] leGgtf jf s'g} k'/fgf] a}/, l/;OaLsf] sf/0fn] klg x'g;S5 . k|hftGq / k|hftflGqs ;d'bfosf nflu åGånfO{ dfGotf lbg'k5{ . åGå lsg x'G5 eGg] s'/f a'em]kl5 ;d'bfox¿n] cfkm"nfO{ /fd|/L a'em\g;S5g\ / åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfo ckgfpg ;S5g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] Pp6f sfd cfkm"n] s;}sf] klg kIf glnOsg s'g} klg lg0f{osf ;a} kIfx¿nfO{ j:t'ut 9+un] k|;f/0f ug'{ xf] .

sfo{qmd / ljifoj:t'sf] ljljwtf k|:t't ug{'

;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ljljwtf o'Qm sfo{qmdx¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf 9fFrf -kmDof{6_ / z}nLdf k|:t't u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, uf]nd]r 5nkmn, tfhf va/sf] hfgsf/L -l/kf]6{_, cGtjf{tf{, s'/fsfgL, 6]lnkmf]g s'/fsfgL, ;dbfosf] a}7ssf] tfTsfn -nfOe_ k|;f/0f cflb . s'g 9fFrf ;a}eGbf w]/} pko'Qm 5 eGg] lgwf] ug{ >f]tfsf] /f]hfOnfO{ cfwf/ dflgG5 .

ljifoj:t'n] klg Jofks If]qsf zLif{sx¿ ;d]65g\ . o;df klg >f]tfx¿n] JoQm u/]sf] OR5f / pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ul/G5 . ljifoj:t'sf] lgwf{/0f ;d'bfosf] hLjg z}nL / hLjgj[lQ tyf pgLx¿n] ef]Ug] ;d:ofx¿sf] cfwf/df x'G5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf, :jf:Yo, v]tLkftL, df5f kfng÷df5fsf] lzsf/, jftfj/0f, ;/;fk6÷C0f, ufpFsf] pTkfbgsf] ahf/ / efpm, ;fgf pBf]uwGbf cflbsf] sfo{qmd d'Vo ¿kdf k|:t't ul/G5 . t/ o:tf sfo{qmd sfNklgs jf cGo ;d'bfosf] geP/ >f]tf ;d'bfos} jf:tljs cj:yf / b}lgs hLjg;Fu d]nvfg] x'G5g\ .

;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ubf{ klg ljleGg k|sf/sf ljifo j:t'dfly k|sfz kfg{ ;lsG5 . ;dfrf/n] :yfgLo 36gf / ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]6\g ;S5g\ . jf To;n] :yfgLo ;d'bfo jf ljifo;Fu ;fGble{s /fli6«o s'/fx¿ klg ;d]6\g ;S5g\ . cyjf cfd;+rf/sf c? dfWod ;dIf kx'Fr gePsf b'u{d If]qsf ;d'bfox¿sf nflu /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;dfrf/ klg k|;f/0f ug{;S5g\ .


v'nf 5nkmn / k|hftflGqs k|lqmofnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{

k|hftGqsf] cfljisf/ ug]{ k|rLg o'gfgLx¿n] cfkm\gf /fhgLlts 5nkmnx¿ ;fj{hlgs cyft v'nf 7fpFdf rnfpFy] . 5nkmndf hf];'s}n] klg efu lnP/ ;'Gg / cfk\mgf ljrf/ kf]Vg kfpFYof] . gful/sx¿sf] ;+Vofsf] ljzfntfn] ubf{ clxn] o;f] ug'{ ;Dej 5}g . o;}n] k|hftflGqs cEof; ;fdfGo gful/saf6 6fl9Psf] 5 . vf; u/]/, Ps kN6 /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ r'lgPkl5 dtbftfx¿;Fu pgLx¿sf] ;Dks{ ;Lldt x'G5, clg pgLx¿ hgtf;Fu ;/;Nnfx gu/L jf pgLx¿;Fu 5nkmn g} gu/L sfd ug{ yfN5g\ .

cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ljifo / lg0f{ox¿sf af/]df v'nf tyf cGtlqm{ofTds 5nkmn rnfpg :jtGq rf}tf/L pknAw u/fpg' ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] sfd xf] . of] sfd xfn cfP/ ljleGg b]zdf rn]sf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k|lqmof cg's"n 5g\ , h;sf] p2]Zo k|hftflGqs 9+un] lg0f{o ug]{ sfddf ;/f]sf/jfnf hgtfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg' xf] .

t}klg, ;fdflhs / cfly{s pGglt x'gsf nflu k|hftflGqs k|lqmof ;d'bfodf ;'? eP/ ;d'bfod} cGTo x'g;Q}mg . ltgLx¿ ;d'bfodf sfd ul//x]sf ;/sf/ / lghL ;+:yfx¿;Dd k'Ug'k5{, ;fy} :yfgLo, If]qLo, tyf /fli6«o :t/sf gLlt lgdf{tf tyf clwsf/Lx¿ ;dIf klg k'Ug'k5{ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] k|;f/0f ug]{ ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn :yfgLo txdf sfd ug]{ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] cjZo} ;'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] /]l8of] sfo{qmddf k|;fl/t ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfkm"dflysf xflsd jf clwsf/LnfO{ ;'gfpg] 5g\ . o;n] ;d'bfon] dx;'; u/]sf cfjZostfx¿ / ;+efjgfx¿nfO{ k"/f ug]{ ljsf; k|of;x¿sf nflu cfwf/ tof/ kf5{ . ;fy}, c? ;d'bfodf tNnf]txdf s] sfd eO/x]5 egL yfxf lbgsf nflu ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;]jfn] tof/ kf/]sf sfo{qmdsf /]s8{x¿ a}7sx¿df ;'gfpg jf c? :6];gaf6 k|;f/0f ug{ u/fpg klg ;lsG5 .

;f/df, k|hftflGqs k|lqmofsf] u'bL eg]sf] hgtfn] ;'Gg kfpg] Ifdtf / ;'gfpg kfpg] cj;/ xf] . Tof] sfd ug{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] d+r pknAw u/fpF5 .

ljsf; / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ a9fpg'

ljkGg ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ cfkm\gf] cj:yfk|lt efUojfbL jf cGwljZjf;L x'G5g\ . tL ;a}sf JolQmut wf/0ff jf ;f]r x'G5, t/ o:tf wf/0ffx¿sf] cwf/df ljsf; x'g;Qm}g . ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo l:yltsf] jf:tljstf a'em\g] ;fd"lxs wf/0ff tyf l:yltnfO{ ;'wfg]{ ljsNkx¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . ;d'bfosf] cj:yf, o;f] x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ / o;nfO{ ;'wfg{sf nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbdx¿sf] af/]df ;d'bfoleq cfGtl/s 5nkmn u/]/ dfq} of] s'/f xfl;n ug{;lsG5 .

;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] o:tf cfGtl/s 5nkmn u/fpg / ;d'bfosf] cj:yfsf af/]df ;fd"lxs wf/0ff agfpgsf nflu pko'Qm d+r pknAw u/fpF5 . vf;vf; ;d:ofx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5, ;dfwfgx¿af/] 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5, tyf ;a}eGbf w]/} k|efljtx¿nfO{ jf ;dfwfg ug{ ;3fpg ;Sg]x¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs sbd rfNgsf nflu kl/rfng ug{;lsG5 .

s'g} ;d'bfodf cNk;+Vosx¿af6 ul/g] ;dfh lj/f]wL Jojxf/nfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]dfkm{t ax';+Vosx¿af6 bjfj l;h{gf u/]/ To:tf] Jojxf/ abNg nufpg;lsG5 .


lrqM

>f]tfx¿df w]/}hgf Ps} 7fpFdf a;]/, ;fd"lxs ¿kdf /]l8of] ;'Gg] afgL x'Fb}g, t/ /]l8of]n] ufpFdf a:g]x¿aLr Pp6f :t/;Ddsf] ;dfgtf NofpF5 . 1fg, wf/0ff, rfxgf, nIf tyf k|lqmofdf ;dfgtf jf ;femfkg eof] eg] ;d:of ;'Nemfpg] sfd ;lhnf] x'G5 .

;Dks{÷ aGwg

ædflg;x¿nfO{ dflg;x¿;Fu, dflg;x¿nfO{ dflg;x¿sf ;+:yf, ;+u7gx¿;Fu, / dflg;x¿nfO{ sd{rf/Lx¿ / ;/sf/L sfd sfjf{xLx¿;Fu hf]8g] pQ/bfloTj :yfgLo /]l8of] :6];gsf] xf] .Æ 6«lkn OGSjfo/L l/kf]6{, OlG8k]G8]G6 a|f]8sfl:6Ë cyl/6L, blIf0f clk|msL u0ftGq -!((%_

lkmlnlkG;sf] tfDa'nL ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gaf6 ePsf s]xL ;fdflhs tyf ljsf;sf nfex¿M • ;d'bfox¿df hLjg ;+rf/ u/]sf] 5 / kl/jt{gsf nflu OR5f hufPsf] 5 . • h'jf tf;h:tf s'ntx¿af6 kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf kg]{ cfly{s gsf/fTds k|efjsf] af/]df

/]l8of]af6 5nkmn s'/fsfgL u/]/ :ki6 kf/]kl5 dflg;x¿n] s'nt Tofu]sf 5g\ . • au/]x¿n] Ho'Fb} kz'x¿nfO{ ahf/df nu]/ ahf/d} dfg]{ sfd aGb ul/of] . • s'v'/f kfNg] Pp6f 7"nf] kf]N6«L kmfd{nfO{ ;kmf ug{ nufP/ b'u{Gw / k|b"if0f 36fpg] sfd eof] . • af9Lsf] vt/f 36fpg ;d'b|L t6df kfgLleq lylu|Psf] df6f] x6fpg] sfd ul/of] . • k}bn ofqLx¿sf nflu ;fF3'x¿ / aQLsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . • :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿n] lbpF; ;fgf gfLx¿nfO{ :ofxfg]{ Pp6f 8] s]o/ ;]G6/ :yfkgf u/] . • ;d'bfosf] bafan] ubf{ u}/sfg"gL ¿kdf bfp/f sf6\g] / df5f dfg]{ sfd /f]lsof] . — sf]lng k|m];/÷;f]lgof /]:6«]kf] :6«f8f, sDKo'lgs]l6ª km/ 8]EnKd]G6 — XØ'dg r]+h km/ ;ef{Oen, cfO{=aL=6l/; -n08g÷ Go'of]s{_, !((* dfnLsf] :jtGq /]l8of] afdfsfgsf sfo{qmd lgb]{zssf] jQmJo æk|hftGqsf olt w]/} kIfx¿ 5g\ h;sf] af/]df cfddflg;x¿nfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g . k|hftGq eg]sf] c/fhstf xf]Og, k|hftGqdf clwsf/ / st{Jox¿ x'G5g\ eg]/ pgLx¿df r]tgf hufpg' xfd|f] st{Jo xf] . dfu ug]{ xfd|f] clwsf/ xf] t/ /fHok|lt k"/f ug'{kg]{ xfd|f bfloTjx¿ klg x'G5g\ .Æ

— d]/L dfo;{, b k|df];g ckm 8]df]qm];L at b u|f;?6\; M b PSHofDkn ckm /]l8of] Og dfnL, k|m]+s sf; hg{n, efu %, c+s @ -n08g, u|LidCt' !((*_


gful/s ;dfhnfO{ cl3 a9fpg'

gful/s ;dfh s'g} klg ;dfhnfO{ d]nldnfk / ;xcl:tTjsf] cfwf/df afFRg ;3fpg] ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿sf] ljljwtfo'Qm j[xQ/ ;+/rgf xf] . o;n] cfˆgf ;b:ox¿ / ;d"xx¿sf] Jojxf/sf] :t/ / g}lts dfGotf dflyaf6 nfb\g'sf] ;§f cfkm]n] tof/ kf5{ . vf; u/L bzsf}Fsf] PsbnLo jf clwgfosjfbL zf;gkl5 xfn;fn} k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL ckgfPsf b]zx¿df o'jf k':tfnfO{ k|hftGqsf cGtlg{lxt u'0fx¿sf] af/]df jf k|hftGqnfO{ ;+rfng ug]{ gful/s ;dfhsf] af/]df yf]/} s'/fdfq} yfxf x'G5 . s]xL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] k|hftGq / gful/s ;dfhsf nfex¿sf] af/]df JofVof ug]{, hgtfsf clwsf/x¿sf] af/]df r]tgf hufpg] s'/fdf dfq s]lGb|t geP/ pgLx¿sf st{Jox¿sf] af/]df klg ;r]t kfg]{ sfd u5{g\ . ltgLx¿n] gofF k|fKt k|hftGqnfO{ ;dfhdf d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs pGgltlt/ nufpgsf nflu s:tf] vfnsf] gful/s r]tgfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 egL hgtfnfO{ a'emfpg] sfd u5{g\ . c;n zf;g k|j4{g ug'{ ljkGg ;d'bfosf lgd'vf gful/sx¿af6 JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿ / /fhgLlts g]tfx¿n] ;lhn}l;t kmfObf p7fpg;S5g\ , lsgls ;'ljwfaf6 a+lrt tyf blaPsf dflg;x¿nfO{ sxfF uP/, sf];Fu / s;/L u'gf;f] kf]Vg] eGg] s'/f yfx} x'Fb}g . pgLx¿sf] u'gf;f] kf]Vg] rf}tf/Lsf] sfd u/]/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] hgtfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] Gofok"0f{ clwsf/ kfpg ;3fpF5 . ;fy} ;d'bfosf] kx/]bf/sf] e"ldsf v]Nb} o;n] :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿ / g]tfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/Lk|lt ;r]t u/fpF5 . ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ / :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿aLr ;d'bfon] em]Ng' k/]sf] s'g} ;d:ofsf] af/]df 5nkmn rnfpg' / Tof] 5nkmn /]l8of]af6 k|;f/ ug'{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] k|of]u ug]{ Pp6f pkfo xf] . :yfgLo ;/sf/ jf lgsfosf] a}7s rln/x]sf] a]nfdf /]l8of]af6 a}7ssf] 5nkmnsf] k|ToIf k|;f/0f ug'{ csf]{ pkfo xf] . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] of] sfd k"/f ug{ ;Fw} ;lhnf] x'Fb}g . k':tf}Fb]lv s]xL kl/jf/x¿sf] x}sd rln/x]sf b'u{d 7fpFsf ;d'bfox¿df dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf] dgsf] s'/f eGg lxlRsrfpF5g\, lsgls pgLx¿n] tL kl/jf/af6 a]nfa]nfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf C0f lnPsf] x'g;S5 . clg, zlQmzfnL kl/jf/x¿n] cfnf]rgf ;'Gg ?rfpGgg\ . ;xeflutf a9fpg, ;"rgf afF8\g / gofFgofF ljrf/ / sfo{qmd ug{ pT;flxt ug'{ ljsf;sf] sfddf nu]sf dflg;x¿aLr ;xeflutf zAb af/+af/ k|of]u x'g] ufF7L s'/f xf], t/ ;xeflutf / ;+rf/ Pp6} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f x'g\ eGg] s'/f ;+w} dx;'; u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf] cj:yfsf] af/]df / To;nfO{ ;'wfg]{ pkfosf jf ljsNkx¿sf] af/]df s'/f ubf{ af:tjdf pgLx¿n] ;xeflutf ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fy} pgLx¿n] cfkm" ;xefuL x'g] ;femf sfdsf]


nflu cfwf/ tof; kfl//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] pgLx¿nfO{ 5nkmn ug]{ rf}tf/L pknAw u/fP/ pgLx¿sf] ;euflutfnfO{ pT;flxt u5{g\ . ;fy}, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;"rgf afF8r'F8 ug{ / gofFgofF sfd / ljrf/ ug{ ;3fpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;d'bfosf] s'g} kl/jf/n] s'g} ;d:of ;'Nemof] . Tof] ;d:of ;d'bfosf c? kl/jf/sf] ;d:of;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] klg x'g;S5 . h:t}, glhs}sf] ahf/df gofF v'n]sf] a}Fsaf6 s[lif C0f s;/L lng] < h;n] Tof] a}Fsaf6 C0f lnO;s]sf] 5 To;n] cfˆgf] cg'ej /]l8of]af6 ;'gfof] eg] c? kl/jf/nfO{ klg kmfObf x'g;S5 . To; e]usf s'g} ls;fgn] pGgt hftsf] t/sf/Lsf] lapm pTkfbg u/]sf] / lapm a]Rg vf]h]sf] hfgsf/L k|;f/ ug'{ csf]{ pbfx/0f x'g;S5 . lgd'vfx¿nfO{ af]nL lbg' w]/}h;f] k/Dk/fut ;dfhdf dlxnf, o'jf, hghflt / eflifs cNk;+Vosx¿nfO{ a]jf:tf ul/G5 . t/ dlxnf, o'jf / cNk;+Vos ;d"xx¿sf] ;lqmo tyf ;';"lrt ;xelutflagf s'g} klg ;d'bfon] ;dtfo'Qm tyf ;Gtf]ifhgs tl/sfn] ljsf; jf kl/jt{g ug{;Qm}g . -of] cWofosf] k'5f/df ePsf] rf}sf]; # x]g'xf]nf_ . o;sf/0f, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;d'bfosf afNg g;Sg] lgd'vfx¿nfO{ jf0fL, af]nL jf cfjfh cyf{t\ af]Ng] cj;/ lbG5 / af]Ng k|]l/t u5{ . cjZo g} of] sfd jiff}{F;Dd ;/sf/L jf Jofkfl/s k|;f/0faf6 PstkmL{ ¿kdf c?sf] s'/fdfq} ;'Gb} cfO/x]sf] ;d'bfonfO{ g} ;du| ¿kdf cfjfh lbg' xf] . 6]lnkmf]gsf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs ;]jf pknAw uf/fpg' 6]lnkmf]gsf] kxF'r k|foM gx'g] ljkGg u|fdL0f If]qdf /]l8of]n] ufpFn]x¿sf] ;Gb]z k|;f/ ul/lbP/ 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;§f sfd u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 6]lnkmf]gsf] kx'Fr ePsf] sfF7 jf zx/L Onfsfdf a:g] sf]xL la/fdL eof] / p;sf cfkmGtx¿ ufpFsf] b'u{d If]qdf a:5g\ eg] pgLx¿nfO{ /]l8of]af6 cfkmGt la/fdL k/]sf] va/ / ;xof]u ug{ hfg ;Gb]z lbg;lsG5 . cyjf, s'g} ls;fgn] cfkm";Fu ePsf] j:t'efpm a]Rg vf]Hof] eg] jf s;}nfO{ l8Fuf afv|f a+u'/ lsGg' 5 eg] 6]lnkmf]g u/]/ u|fxs / ljs|]tf vf]Hg'sf] ;§f /]l8of]af6 ;Gb]z jf ljj/0f k|;f/ ug{;lsG5 . To:t}, s;}nfO{ s[lif jf lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu c:yfoL dhb'/ rflxPsf] 5 eg] /]l8of]af6 ;Gb]z k|;f/ u/]/ Hofnf dh'/L ug{]x¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug{;lsG5 . k|;f/0fsf] :jldTjdf ljljwtf Nofpg' ;fd'bflos k|;f/0f ;fdfGotof c? eGbf k5fl8 k/] klg ;fd'bflos, Jofkfl/s tyf /fli6«o jf ;/sf/L k|;f/0f ;a}sf] ;dfhdf cfcfˆgf] e"ldsf x'G5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] of] sdL x6fpg ;3fpF5 . o;n] /]l8of]af6 k|;f/0f ul/g] ;"rgfsf ;|f]tx¿df ;Gt'ng ldnfpF5 h'g s'/f k|hftflGqs ;dfhsf] pGgltsf] nflu cfjZos x'G5 . k|;f/0f pBf]usf] nflu hgzlQm pknAw u/fpg'


;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] k|;f/0f k]zfsf] /x:onfO{ 5n{+u kf/]/ k|;f/sx¿sf] Joj;fonfO{ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿;Dd k'¥ofpF5 / pgLx¿nfO{ ;Gb]z pTkfbssf] ¿kdf lrgfpF5 . o;n] gf}l;v'jf k|;f/sx¿sf nflu k|;f/0f l;sfpg] kf7zfnfsf] sfd u5{, hxfF pgLx¿n] dxTjk"0f{ k|fljlws ;Lk xfl;n u5{g\ . t/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]af6 dflg;x¿n] l;Sg kfpg] ljz]if dxTjk"0f{ s'/f csf]{ 5 . ;fd'bflos k|;f/sx¿ o:tf k|;f/sx¿ x'g\ hf] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿sf] dfemdf a:5g\, >f]tfx¿sf ;d:ofx¿ pgLx¿sf] klg ;d:of x'G5, / pgLx¿n] sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrf, cfˆgf ?lrx¿ / sfo{qmdsf] pkof]lutfaf/] >f]tfx¿af6 ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'a} vfnsf k|ltlqmofx¿ lg/Gt/ kfO/xG5g\ . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ k|;f/s / >f]tfaLrsf] ;DaGwaf/] tyf kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf] cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf /]l8of]sf] e"ldsf af/] df}lns leqL a'emfO jf cGt1f{g lbG5 . ctM ;fd'bflos k|;f/sx¿ d"nwf/sf] k|;f/0fdf sfd ug{ hfg' c;fdfGo s'/f xf]Og . kf/blz{tfdf afwf — lkmlnlkG;sf] 36gf ;d'bfox¿ hlt b'u{d :yfgdf a:5g\ pgLx¿ af]Ng klg TolQs} lxlRsrfpF5g\ . dflg;x¿ Psbd} ;fgf ;d:of ;'Nemfpg klg cfˆgf g]tfx¿sf] e/ k5{g\ . ;fy} pgLx¿n] s]xL /fhgLlts kl/jf/x¿af6 C0f lnPsf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cfnf]rgf ug'{ s[tWgtfh:tf] nfU5 . :yfgLo kl/ifbsf] ;fKtflxs a}7ssf] k|ToIf k|;f/sf] eO/x]sf] a]nfdf >f]tfx¿af6 kmf]gdfkm{t k|Zg, lh1f;f / l6Kk0fLx¿ lng' eg]/ :yfgLo kl/ifbn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ eGof] . t/ >f]tfx¿sf] kmf]gsn cfpg yfn]kl5 To:tf] kmf]gsn /f]Sg nufof] . kl/ifbsf] a}7ssf] s'g lx:;f k|ToIf k|;f/0f ug{ldN5 eg]/ klg kl/ifbn] 5fGg yfNof] . clg ah]6dfly 5nkmn x'g] a]nfdf /]l8of] k|;f/sx¿nfO{ a}7s sf]7faf6 aflx/ hfg nufof] . —;]l;n afNuf]hsf] b ;fp08;\ ckm ;fOn]G;, o'g]:sf] ;f];{ ;+Vof *(, o'g]:sf] -k]l/;, !((&_ af6 ;f/ lvlrPsf] . lg0f{o ug{sf nflu j:t'sf] ¿kdf ;"rgf æ=== ;fd'bflos k|;f/0fsf] pko'Qm pkof]u ;d'bfonfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg'{ / ;fdflhs cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug'{ xf] . of] sfd ug]{ d];f]df dflg;x¿n] ;"rgf elgg] clt dxTjk"0f{ j:t' e]§fpF5g\ h;sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] b}lgs hLjgdf cfOnfUg] s'/fx¿af/] lg0f{o u5{g\ . —km]lnS; lna|]/f], sDo'lgs];g km/ lkk'n kfj/, ;+= df:nf]ª, gfef/f], tflaª, l6of]8f]/f], o'g]:sf]÷tfDa'nL k|f]h]S6, OlG:6Ro'6 ckm 8]ENkd]G6 sDo'lgs];g, sn]h ckm df; sDo'lgs];g, o'g]:sf] g];gn sld;g, lkmlnlkG; -dlgnf, !((&_ xfO6Ldf hgtfsf] 6]lnkmf]g 8fFsfx¿ ufpFdf Pp6f nf; / kLl8t ufpFnfO{ 5f8]/ df]6/;fOsn r9]/ efu]kl5 pgLx¿n] :jtGqtfsf] af6f]lt/ nfu]sf] 7fg] . pgLx¿n] ufpFn]x¿sf] /]l8of] :6];g – /]l8of] ˆnfGaf] – sf] af/]df ;'g]sf lyPgg\ . xfO6Ldf /]l8of] ˆnfGaf]h:tf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ æhgtfsf]


6]lnkmf]gÆ eg]/ lrlgG5 . 8fFsfx¿n] csf]{ ufpF n'6\g] tof/L ul//xFbf /]l8of] ˆnfGaf]sf] ;dfrf/ afrsn] 8fFsfx¿sf] cf;Gg xdnfsf] r]tfjgL k|;f/0f u/] . ;+ejtM 8fFsfx¿ l;w} k|x/L rf}sLdf k'Uy] .Æ 8]le8 ;f+S;, Ejfo;]h km/ b Ejfo;n];, jN8{ P;f]l;P;g km/ lqml:rog sDo'lgs];gn] tof/ kf/]sf] n]vaf6 -n08g, dfr{ !(((_ . rf}sf]; # M dlxnfx¿sf] ;+nUgtf lkmlnlkgL dlxnfx¿, vf; u/L ul/aL / ckof{Kt lzIffsf] sf/0fn] ;fdflhsLs/0f ;Lldt ¿kdf ePsf u|fdL0f Onfsfx¿sf dlxnfx¿ ;+sf]rL / sft/ x'G5g\ . ;fy}, ufpFn] kl/jf/x¿ dlxnfsf] u[lx0fLsf] k/Dk/fut e"ldsfnfO{ km]g{] s'/fsf] lj/f]w u5{g\ / dlxnfx¿ klg ;fd'bflos sfd nf]Ug]dflg;x¿n] u?g\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . ufpFsf dflg;x¿n] dlxnfx¿sf] clwsf/af/] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf vf]lhlgtL ug]{ sfdnfO{ ;a}eGbf sd dxTj lbG5g\ . dlxnfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;fFu'/f] l5F8Laf6 aflx/ Nofpg k|foM w]/} g} kmsfpg' / cfZjf;g lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . t}klg, cvaf/ / /]l8of] h:tf cfd;+rf/ ;+:s[lt lrg]sf dlxnfx¿df ;fd'blos kl/ofhgfx¿df ;xefuL x'g] tTk/tf a9g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . ;d'bfodf uP/ ;'?df dlxnfsf nflu dlxnfsf af/]df dlxnfn] g} ljz]if /]l8of] sfo{qmd agfpg] s'/f rnfpFbf pgLx¿df lgSs} pT;'stf b]lvof] . ;d'bfodf dlxnfx¿sf] ;lqmotf a9fpg] sfddf nfUg] s]xL kl/jf/ / ;+:yfx¿n] vt/f dx;'; u/L /]l8of]n] pknAw ug]{ ;xof]usf] :jfut u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ d o;sf] h; lbG5' . Ps kN6 ;xefuL ePkl5 dlxnfx¿ lgSs} e/ kg{;lsg] x'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] lgodsf] s8fOsf;fy kfngf u5{g\ . k'?ifx¿sf] bfFhf]df pgLx¿ a9L xf]l;of/, ;fgfltgf s'/fdf klg larf/ k'¥ofpg] x'G5g\ . pgLx¿df sfof{nosf] sfddf hyfefjL ug]{, dg nfu] ug]{ dg gnfu] gug]{ clgoldttf x'Fb}g . pgLx¿ lg/Gt/ pT;flxt x'G5g\ . hxfF dlxnfx¿ k'?if;Fu ldl;P/ sfd u5{g\ ToxfF k'?ifx¿ a9L s';nftfk"j{s sfd gu/] klg pT;fx k"j{s sfd u5{g\ . cf]n'6fFuf cfONof08 ldl8of kmfp08];gsf cWoIf d]l/od c/fgf; cfhLljsf tyf ;+/If0f kl/of]hgfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ dlxnf ;d"xsL b[9 OR5zlQm ePsL g]t[ lyOg\ . ltgn] ;+:yf btf{ ul/g\ / /]l8of] :6];gsf nflu ejg v8f ul/g\ . ljBfnosL lzlIfsf /fhfl/of] uf]hf]; ækfl6{8f] sfdfl/G; ;'/Æ sL :6];g Dofg]h/ lgo'Qm eOg\ . pgsf] nf]Ug] ljb]zdf sfd ug]{ x'gfn] pgL PSn}n] 3/ wfg]sL l5g\ . lhNnfdf km}lnPsf] u}/sfg"gL h'jfsf] lj/f]w ug]{ sfddf pgn] cu'jfO ul/g\ / ;kmn eOg\ . c? s'/fsf ;fy} pgn] dlxnfx¿sf] dfq} zlgjf/Lo sfo{qmd ;'? u/]sL lyOg\ . pgsf] nugzLntf ;?jf /f]uem}F pgsf]:6];gdf sfd ug]{ c? :jo+;]jsx¿df klg km}lnof] . c? klg k|]l/t eP . tLg jif{ glaTb} /]l8of] :6];g ;d'bfosf] Pp6f ;+:yfut zlQm aGof] . o;n] kfl6{8f]sf] k|ult / ;'Joj:yfkgsf] nflu 7"nf] of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 .


lng ljnfl;; g/d ldhf;sL ;f}Gbo{ ljz]if1f x'g\ . pgn] w]/} jif{b]lv /]l8of]df afnaflnsfsf nflu syf ;'gfpg] sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/]ls l5g\ . clxn] pgL af+uf cfSnfgsf] :6];gdf Pp6f clt nf]slk|o kfq ag]sL l5g\ . dfnfp c+uf]n'cfg sn]haf6 lg:s]sL o'jf :gfts x'g\ . pgn] :jo+;]jL sfdnfO{ k]zfsf] ¿kdf lnPsL l5g\ . pgsf] pbfx/0fLo sfd / ;]jfk|lt ;dk{0fn] ubf{ >f]tfx¿af6 pgn] clt w]/} k|z+;f kfPsL l5g\ . 7"nf Jofkfl/s /]l8of] :6];gx¿df sfd ug]{ w]/} cj;/ pgn] nTofPsL l5g\ .


cWofo # M sfg"gL kIf of] cWofodf ljZjsf ljleGg b]zdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{] sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] ;fdfGo ¿k/]vf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . blIf0f clk|msfdfly ljz]if Wofg lbOPsf] 5 lsgls ToxfF k|;f/0f P]g ljleGg b[li6n] lgSs} a]lnlj:tf/k"j{s agfOPsf] 5 / c? b]zdf gd'gfsf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . ljleGg b]zsf ;fd'bflos /]l8of];DaGwL sfg"gx¿df ePsf ldNg] / gldNg] vf;vf; a'Fbfx¿sf] JofVof ul/Psf] 5, lsgls Ohfht kfpg of] geO{ x'Fb}g . of] cWofo kl9;s]kl5 kf7sx¿n] lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ kfpg] 5g\ M • ;fd'bflos /]l8of];DaGwL ljleGg sfg"gx¿ / ljZjsf s]xL efudf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n]

ef]Ug'kg]{ ;+efljt afwf c8rgx¿af/] hfgsf/L, • ;fd'bflos /]l8of] kl/of]hgf ;'? ug'{eGbf cl3 ljBdfg P]gsfg"gnfO{ ulx/f];Fu a'em\g' kg]{

cfjZostfsf] af]w, • ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] Ohfhtkq hf/L ug'{ cl3 ;+a+lwt clwsf/Lx¿n] vf]Hg;Sg] hfgsf/L /

nfu" ug{;Sg] zt{x¿ . c;dfg tyf hyfefjL sfg"g jfo' t/+u, cyjf k|;f/0fsf] nflu pkof]u ul/g] lk|mSj]G;L, ;fj{hgs ;DkQL xf] . o;}n] of] /fli6||\o k|zf;gåf/f Joj:yfkg jf lgodg ul/g] s'/f xf] . o:tf] Joj:yfkg cGt/f{li6|\o b"/;+rf/ ;+3 -cfO{6Lo"_ n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] Joj:yfkg of]hgf ;Dd]ngsf] lg0f{o;Fu ldNg] u/L, ;fj{hlgs lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/, tyf Gofof]lrt / kf/bzL{9+un] lgodg jf Joj:yfkg tyf ljt/0f ul/G5 . ;fy} ;fdfGo /fli6|\o ;+rf/ gLltx¿n] of] dfkb08 k"/f ug'{k5{ . b'ef{Uojz, xd];f o:tf] x'Fb}g . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ lgodg ug]{ sfg"gx¿ lgs} leGg jf c;Gt'lnt 5g\ . ljZjsf ljleGg If]qdf st} P]g sfg"g g} gePsfn], st} sfg"g k/:k/ aflemPsf / st} zq'jt sfg"g ePsf] sf/0fn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ljsf; x'g;s]sf] 5}g . of] lstfa k|To]s b]zsf sfg"gx¿sf] lj:t[t 5nkmn ug]{ ynf] xf]Og, t/ ljZjsf s]xL b]zsf sfg"gL cj:yfsf] ;+lIfKt ¿k/]vf a'em]kl5 ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;'? ug{sf nflu ljBdfg l:ylt a'em\g ;lhnf] x'G5 . clk|msf ;a}eGbf cufl8 clk|msfsf w]/}h;f] b]zx¿n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu sfg"g agfpg] sfddf w]/} k|ult u/]sf 5g\ . of] s'/f cln /dfOnf] 5 lsgeg] em6\6 x]bf{ of] s'/f cfk;df aflemg] b]lvG5 . Psflt/ clwsf+z clk|msL d'n'sx¿df ljBdfg hghftLo, ;f+:s[lts, tyf eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ ;d[4 agfpgsf nflu cfjZos hfgsf/L lgikIf ¿kdf lbg] sfd ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] u5{ eg] cfsf]{lt/ hghftLo efjgf / eflifs cleJolQm :jtGqtfn] /fli6|\\o Pstfdf vt/f k'U5 eg]/ ToxfFsf ;/sf/x¿ 8/fpF5g\ . s]lgofsf] xf]df a] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;g\ !(*$ df csfn d[To' x'g'sf sf/0fx¿dWo] Pp6f sf/0f oxL lyof] eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .


h] eP klg eflifs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfdfly b]zleq x'g] clwgfosjfbL bdgaf/] kf7 l;ls;lsPsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] cGtdf ;dfhdf k|jn c;Gtf]if / tgfj pTkGg u5{ . jf:tjdf cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿df klg ljt]sf b'O{ bzsdf ;/sf/x¿sf] dg ablnPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ca pgLx¿ cfk\mgf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf k/Dk/fut eflifs tyf ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ k|of;df nfu]sf b]lvG5g\ . ax'njfbL ;dfhn] klg /fli6«o klxrfg / Pstf xfl;n ug{;S5 eGg] s'/f pgLx¿n] dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ . clk|msfsf w]/} b]zx¿df of] s'/f nfu" x'G5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?b]lv g} dfnL, a'ls{gfkmf;f], gfldleof, tyf blIf0f clk|msfh:tf b]zx¿ jfo' t/+unfO{ :jtGq ug]{ / cfkm\gf] /fli6o k|;f/0fsf] Pp6f lx:;fsf] ¿kdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ a9fpg] af6f]df lxF8g yfn]sf 5g\ . of] gLltnfO{ ;kmn kfg{sf nflu pgLx¿n] cfjZos tyf ;'xfpFbf] P]g lgodx¿sf] th'{df klg u/]sf 5g\ . gofF k|;f/0f gLlt tyf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]af/] sfg"g agfpg] lbzfdf blIf0f clk|msfsf] k|ultnfO{ gd'gf dflgG5 . s]xL b]zn] To;sf] gSsn klg ul/;s]sf 5g\ . c? w]/} b]zx¿n] o;nfO{ cfbz{ gd'gf dfGg;S5g\ . o;}n] csf]{ v08df o;sf] ¿k/]vf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . blIf0f clk|msfdf k|;f/0f sfg"g — pbfx/0fLo sfo{ blIf0f clk|msfdf /+ue]bafbL zf;g ;dfKt ePkl5 ag]sf] ;/sf/n] ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;sf w]/} cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{, ;fy;fy} k|hftflGqs / ax'njfbL ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ b]zsf cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿n] ;3fpg;S5g\ eGg] dx;';\ u¥of] . t/ o;sf] nflu gofF k|;f/0f gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostf lyof] . :jtGq k|;f/0f k|flws/0f ;g\ !((# df klxnf] sbd rflnof], h;cg';f/ sfg"gL clwsf/o'Qm Pp6f :jtGq k|;f/0f k|flws/0f -cfO{aLP_ u7g ul/of] . o;sf] sfd k|;f/0f gLlt agfpg', lk|mSj]G;Lsf] pkof]u ug]{ of]hgf tof/ kfg'{, k|;f/0fsf] nflu Ohfht hf/L ug'{, ph'/L ;'Gg', tyf k|;f/0f pBf]ux¿sf] ;fdfGo lgodg ug'{ xf] . o;n] /fHo, ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] k|efj aflx/ /x]/ :jtGq ¿kdf sfdu5{ . of] gfkmf/lxt lgsfo xf] . o;nfO{ rflxg] /sd cf+lzs ¿kdf /fHon] lbG5 / cf+lzs ¿kdf o;n] hf/L ug]{ Ohfht z'Nsaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . k|flws/0fdf ;ft hgf ;b:o x'G5g\ . ltgnfO{ /fi6«kltn] lgo'Qm u5{g\ . ltgLx¿ k|;f/0f gLlt, cfd;+rf/ dfWod;+a+wL sfg"g, ahf/ / Jofkf/, kqsfl/tf, dgf]/+hg / lzIff If]qsf ljz]if1x¿ x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿ ljj]sk"0f{ Jojxf/, cleJolQm :jtGqtf, hgtfsf] ;"lrt x'g] xs, v'nfkg / pQ/bfloTjh:tf u'0fx¿k|lt ltgLx¿sf] jrgj4tfsf] cfwf/df klg 5flgG5g\ . k|;f/0f sfg"gsf] ;du| p2]Zo blIf0f clk|msfsf] k|;f/0f sfg"gsf k|d'v p2]Zox¿dWo] s]xL o; k|sf/ 5g\ M


• ;a} efiff / ;f+:s[lts ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] / dgf]/+hg, lzIff / ;"rgf lbg] vfnsf /fli6«o, If]qLo / :yfgLo :t/sf ljljw k|sf/sf k|;f/0f ;]jfx¿ ;+rfng u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{,

• cfdhgtfsf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug]{ ;fj{hlgs, lghL tyf ;fd'bflos k|;f/0f ;]jfx¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ a9fjf lbg],

• /fli6«o / If]qLo klxrfg, ;+:s[lt / rl/qsf] ljsf; / ;+/If0f ug{], • k|;f/0fsf] :jfldTj / lgoGq0f P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] pk]lIft ;d"xsf dflg;x¿sf] xftdf kfg{

k|f]T;flxt ug]{, • lghL tyf ;fd'bflos k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht lbg] sfdsf] lgoGq0f b]zsf ljljwtfo'Qm

;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ jf ;d"xx¿sf] xftdf xf];\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug]{, • lgjf{rgsf] a]nfdf k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht kfPsfx¿af6 ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;dtfk"0f{

Jojxf/ kfpg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{, • k|;f/0f Ohfht kfPsfx¿n] k|flws/0fåf/f :jLs[t cfrf/ ;+lxtf kfng ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt

ug]{ . /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf k|sf/ sfg"gn] tLg k|sf/sf /]l8of] ;]jfsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 M

• hglxt ;]jf – ;fpy clk|msg a|f]8sfl:6ª skf]{/];gn] k|bfg ug]{ k|;f/0f ;]jf of ;|f]tf jf bz{sx¿n] /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehg pks/0f /fv]afkt ltg]{ s/ p7fpg] s'g} cflwsfl/s lgsfo jf JolQmaf6 pknAw u/fOg] ;]jf .

• lghL ;]jf – gfkmf sdfpgsf] nflu ul/g] / hglxt k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht glnPsf JolQmsf] lgoGq0fdf rnfOg] k|;f/0f .

• ;fd'bflos ;]jf – o:tf] k|;f/0f ;]jf h;n] M o k"0f{ ¿kdf gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo /lxt lgsfosf] lgoGq0fdf x'G5 / gfkmf

gsdfpg] p2]Zon] ;+rfng ul/G5, o lglZrt ;d'bfosf] ;]jf u5{ . lglZrt ;d'bfosf] lxtdf sfd u5{ . o o;n] ;]jf ug]{ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ jf ;d'bfo;Fu ;DalGwt dflg;x¿, jf

;d'bfosf] lxtsf] nflu sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ k|;f/0f ul/g] sfo{qmd 5fGg / sfo{qmdsf] ljifoj:t'df ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt u5{,

o o;sf] vr{ rGbf, cg'bfg, sfo{qmd k|fof]hg, lj1fkg jf ;b:otf z'Ns jf oLdWo] Ps jf w]/} ;|f]tx¿af6 rN5 .

æ;d'bfoÆ zAbn] ef}uf]lns ¿kn] ag]sf] ;d'bfo jf Pp6f lglZrt ;femf lxt ePsf dflg;x¿sf] ;d"x jf cfdhgtfsf] lx:;fnfO{ hgfpF5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] af/]df Plzof / ef/tdf rn]sf] nfdf] jfbljjfb


clk|msfsf] bfFhf]df Plzofsf] kl/l:ylt Tolt cg's"n 5}g . of] ;d:ofsf] af/]df ef/tn] /fd|f] pbfx/0f k|:t't u/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfn / >Ln+sfn] ;dfwfgsf] af6f] b]vfPsf 5g\ . a]nfotsf] aLaL;Lsf] 9fFrfdf k|;f/0fdf ;/sf/L Psflwsf/sf] ¿kdf ef/tdf ;g\ !(#% df cn Ol08of /]l8of]sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . tL; jif{cl3 rGbf sld6Ln] tof/ kf/]sf] l/kf]6{af6 Tof] Psflwsf/ tf]8g]af/] 5nkmn ;'? ePsf] xf] . To;kl5 ag]sf ljleGg sld6Lx¿n] hg;xeflutfsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ / hgtfsf] ;"rgf kfpg] xs k|fKt ug{sf nflu k|;f/0fsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !((% df ;'lk|d sf]6{ -;jf]{Rr cbfnt_ n] jfo'÷/]l8of] t/+u ;fj{hlgs j:t' xf] eGg] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s lg0f{o u¥of] tyf k|;f/0fdf ahf/ jf Jofkfl/s zlQm, ;/sf/L Psflwsf/ / hgtfsf cfjZostfx¿aLr ;Gt'ng ldnfpg'kg]{ vfFrf]df hf]8 lbg'sf ;fy} hgtfsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ / k|]if0f ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ :ki6 kf¥of] . of] km};nfn] hg;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df rNg] :yfgLo :6];g rnfpg tyf a]Unfa]Un} Onfsfsf a]Unfa]Un} :6];g rnfpg Ohfht lbg] 9f]sf vf]Nof] . t/ of] s'/f nfu" ug{sf nflu rflxg] P]g lgod cem} ag]sf] 5}g . of] k':ts n]Vbf ;f] ;DaGwL sfg"g aGg nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . of] ljifodf bzsf}Fsf] nfdf] ljjfbsf] kmn s] b]lvof] eg] cn Ol08of /]l8of]n] :yfgLo :6];gx¿nfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f u¥of] clg xfn} PkmPdn] rNg] y'k|} Jofkfl/s :6];gx¿ vf]Nof] . tL :6];gx¿ cn Ol08of /]l8of]s} x'g\ / lghL ;+rfnsx¿nfO{ ef8fdf lbOPsf 5g\ . cn Ol08of /]l8of]sf s]xL :yfgLo :6];gx¿ ;d'bfosf] glhs x'g] / ;fd'blos /]l8of]sf] z}nL ckgfpg] sf]lz; u5{g\ . t/ oL :6];gx¿sf] w]/}h;f] sfd jf ;dodf :yfgLo ¿kdf ;fGble{s ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t sfo{qmd agfpg'sf] ;§f /fli6«o, jf If]qLo /fhwfgLaf6 k|;fl/t tyf zx/d'vL sfo{qmdx¿ k'gM k|;f/0f ug]{ u5{g\ . Jofkfl/s :6];gx¿n] dgf]/+hg sfo{qmddfq} k|;f/0f ug{ kfpF5g\ . ;dfrf/ / tfhf 36gf ljZn]if0f dfq} xf]Og of}g lzIff;d]t k|;f/0f ug{ lbOFb}g . o;/L, ahf/sf] dfusf] cfwf/df al9/x]sf lghL PkmPd :6];gx¿n] zxl/of o'jfx¿sf] dfemdf cfkm"nfO{ s]jn æOn]S6«f]lgs l8:sf]Æ sf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . -EjfO;]h -a+unf]/, ef/t, !((^_ n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sG;N6];g cg ldl8of kln;L P08 sDo'lg6L /]l8of] sf] l/kf]6{af6 ._ !((^ ;]K6]Da/df ef/tsf] a+unf]/df ^) hgfeGbf w]/} k|;f/sx¿, sfg"gljbx¿, ljZjljBfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿ / ljsf;] ;+rf/sdL{x¿sf] k/fdz{ e]nfn] a+unf]/ 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . o;df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ j}wtf lbP/ cufl8 a9fpg ;/sf/;Fu cfXjfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L bjfa al9/x]sf] 5 / cFWof/f] ;'?ªsf] kNnf]5]pdf pHofnf]sf] ls/0f b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ;g\ !((& sf] dO{df /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] k|;f/0f gyfn];Dd s]jn Pp6f ;/sf/L /]l8of]n] k|;f/0f ul//x]sf] lyof] . -36gf cWoog @ x]g'{;\_ ;g\ !((# df kfl/t k|;f/0f ;DaGwL jt{dfg ;/sf/L gLltdf ;/sf/L, Jofkfl/s / ;fd'bflos k|;f/0fsf] Joj:yf 5 , t}klg klxnf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] Ohfht kfpg !(($ b]lv !((& ;Dd s'g'{k¥of] . o;sf] ;kmntfn] ubf{ ca b]zdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] km}lng cfF6]sf] 5 . k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] Psflwsf/ ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] csf]{ b]z >Ln+sfdf ;/sf/L /]l8of] cfkm}n] ;g\ !(*# b]lv dxfj]nL /]l8of]sf] ¿kdf ;fd'bflos k|;f/0f ;'? u¥of] . o;sf] af/]df cWofo ! df j0f{g ul/;lsPsf] 5 . kl5 o;n] >Ln+sfsf c? efunfO{ klg ;d]6\g] u/L, vf; u/L u|fdL0f


ljsf;sf] ;xof]udf, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] lj:tf/ u¥of] . t}klg, ;g\ !((& sf] dWolt/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Pp6f cfb]zn] /]l8of] t/+udfly ;/sf/L Psflwsf/nfO{ ;dfKt kfl/lbof] . clg gofF k|;f/0f ljw]os tof/ kfg{ Pp6f ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] :yfkgf eof] . o;n] lgZro g} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ dfGotf lbg]5 / o;sf] ljsf; ug]{5, lsgls dxfj]nL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nfdf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df >Ln+sfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] dfGotfn] /fd|/L h/f ufl8;s]sf] 5 . pQ/ cd]l/sL 9fFrfsf] Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ k5Øfpg] lkmlnlkG;h:tf PlzofnL b]zx¿df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] k|foM Ohfht lagf g} sfd u5{g\ . s]xL Nofl6g cd]l/sL b]zx¿sf k|;f/0f;DaGwL sfg"g ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf] g]t[Tjsf/L e"ldsfsf] afah'b ToxfFsf] sfg"gdf ug'{ kg]{ sfdx¿ w]/} 5g\ . Tof] dxfåLkdf btf{ ePsf /]l8of] :6];gx¿sf] ;+Vof ^,))) hlt 5 . tLdWo] ;}s8f *% lghL÷Jofkfl/s, & k|ltzthlt ;/sf/L / afsL rr{sf] :jfldTjdf 5g\ . kl5Nnf s]xL :6];gn] cfkm"nfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] 7fG5g\ . o;sf ;fy} jiff}{Fb]lv btf{ gu/Lsg ;+rfng ul/Psf /]l8of] :6];gsf] ;+Vof lgs} 7"nf] 5 . tLdWo] w]/} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] 5g\ , sfg"gL b[li6n] tL :6];gx¿ cj}w x'g\ . ;g\ !(() sf] dWolt/ dfq} s]xL Nofl6g cd]l/sL b]zx¿n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]af/] lgod sfg"g agfpg yfn]sf x'g\ . k|foM tL sfg"gx¿ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf k|lts"n 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu xfn}sf] a|flhnsf] sfg"gn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] 6«fG;ld6/sf] Ifdtf kfFr jf6df ;Lldt u/]sf] 5 . s'g} vf; gu/sf] jl/kl/ a:g] ul/ax¿sf] bzb]lv aL; xhf/ hg;+VofnfO{ ;d]6g of] k|;f/0f Ifdtf k|foM ckof{Kt x'G5 . of] k|;f/0f Ifdtfaf6 5l/P/ a;]sf ufpFn] ;d'bfox¿df ;fd'bflos k|;f/0f k'¥ofpg c;+ej 5 . a|flhnsf leqL efudf o:tf 5l/P/ a;]sf u|fdL0f j:tLx¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} 5 . of] sfg"gn] s'g} klg vfnsf] lj1fkg k|;f/0f ug{ /f]s nufpF5 h;n] ubf{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ lbuf] ¿kn] arfO/fVg emg sl7g agfPsf] 5 . OSj]8f]/df ;g\ !((^ ;Dd ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] j}wflgs dfGotf kfPsf] lyPg . w]/}}h;f] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] Jofkfl/s / ;f+:s[lts /]l8of]sf] Ohfht kfPsf 5g\ . cflv/df ;g\ !((^ df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] k|;f/0fsf] kl/b[Zodf Pp6f :ki6 lx:;fsf]] ¿kdf dfGotf kfof] . t/, Tof] sfg"gn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] 6«fG;ld6/sf] Ifdtfaf/] ;Ldf tf]Sof] — %)) jf6sf] PG6]gf . ;fy} ;]gfsf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ ul/of] . a|flhndf h:t} oxfF klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] s'g} k|sf/sf] Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ ug{ /f]s nufOof] . OSj]8f]/sf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ /fli6«o ;+:yfn] ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/df pQm sfg"gsf] lj?4 d'2f xfNof] / ;]gfaf6 k"j{ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ k|fjwfg x6fof] . t/ 6«fG;ld6/sf] Ifdtfsf] ;Ldf / Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ ug{ gkfpg] k|fjwfg pxL sfod 5 . ;g\ !((( sf] cGTo;Dd klg ToxfF gofF sfg"gcGtu{t ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;+rfng ePsf] lyPg . tL ;a}n] Jofkfl/s jf ;f+:s[lts Ohfht lnPsf lyP . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df g]t[Tjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng] b]z af]lnleofdf clxn] lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ l:ylt 5 . ;g\ !((% df Pp6f o:tf] sfg"g kfl/t ul/of] h;cGtu{t ca pk|fGt d'n'ssf] Jofkfl/s


;+lxtfcg';f/ btf{ ePsf Jofkfl/s k|s[ltsf klAns jf k|fOj]6 sDkgLx¿nfO{ dfq} /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg :6];g ;+rfng ug]{ Ohfht lbOg] 5 . af]lnleofdf ;+rflnt %)) eGbf a9L /]l8of] :6];gx¿dWo] /fd|f];Fu :yflkt z}lIfs /]l8of] ;]jfx¿sf] ;+Vof lgSs} 5 . gofF sfg"g cg';f/ ltgLx¿nfO{ @) jif{;Dd ;+rfng ug]{ Ohfht lbOPsf] 5 . t/, !((^ df w]/} g} ;fd'blos tyf s[ifsx¿sf] /]l8of] cj}wflgs eP . aGb ePsf :6];gx¿sf] /]l8of] t/+u a9La9fpm u/L ;a}eGbf w]/} /sd ltg]{ sDkgLnfO{ a]lrG5 . oL ;a} s'/fsf] ljNs'n} gldNg] kIf s] xf] eg] nf]slk|o ;xeflutfaf/] sfg"g ag]sf] nuQ} o:tf] eof] . ;f] sfg"gsf] p2]Zo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' xf] . o;n] lg0f{o ug]{ lhDdf :yfgLo :t/df x:tfGt/0f u5{ / To;nfO{ nfu" ug{ sf]if pknAw u/fpF5 . :yfgLo gLlt / ljsf;;DaGwL lg0f{o ug{] sfddf hgtfsf] rf;f] / ;xeflutf a9fP/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f nfu" ug{ ;3fpg] sfddf ;fd'bflos /]l8of];Fu ePsf] ljzfn ;+efjgf / IfdtfnfO{ pkof]u ug{;lsGYof] . t/, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]dfly e]befj ug]{ gofF sfg"g cg';f/ of] ;+ej 5}g . ch]{lG6gfdf af]lnleof;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] cj:yf 5 . jf:tljstfdf ToxfF jiff}{Fb]lv ;fd'bflos, nf]slk|o, ;f+:s[lts tyf ljZjljBfno ;+rflnt cgluGtL /]l8of] :6];gx¿ cl:tTjdf 5g\ . t/ ;g\ !((* df ;/sf/n] /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L;+a+wL Pp6f cfb]z hf/L u¥of] / /fli6«o lk|mSj]G;L of]hgf :jLs[t u¥of] . pQm cfb]zsf] Pp6f bkmfn] cf}krfl/s ¿kn] dfGotf gkfPsf /]l8of] :6];gx¿ t'?Gt} aGb ug]{ k|fjwfg nfu" u¥of] . o; afx]s, /fli6«o lk|mSj]G;L of]hgfn] b]zel/ km}lnPsf ;fgf;fgf :6];gx¿n] jiff}{Fb]lv pkof]u ul//x]sf lk|mSj]G;Lx¿nfO{ dfGotf g} lbPg . ;a}eGbf uDeL/ s'/f s] lyof] eg] lk|mSj]G;L pkof]u ug]{ ;Gbe{df ag]sf ;Dk"0f{ k|;f/0f sfg"gx¿df s'g} kl/jt{g ul/Pg . tL sfg"gx¿ b]zdf tfgfzfxL zf;g Joj:yf ePsf] a]nfdf ag]sf lyP . ;f] sf"'gcg';f/ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;fdflhs ;+:yfn] /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L lng kfpFb}g / o;sf nflu Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx¿n] dfq} lk|mSj]G;Lsf nflu lgj]bg lbg;S5g\ . ;g\ !((^ df k'/fgf] sfg"g c;+j}wflgs / e]befjk"0f{ ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/L Pp6f cfb]zåf/f To;nfO{ ;+zf]wg ul/of] . t/ !((^ sf] Tof] ;+zf]wgsf] cfb]z k|sflzt ePsf] s]xL lbgleq} vf/]h eof] . o;/L, :jefjtM k'/fgf] sfg"g Tof] ag]sf] tfgfzfxLsf] ;dob]lv g} k|efjsf/L eof] . of] l:yltn] b]zdf ;a} ;fd'bflos / nf]slk|o :6];gx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ If]qnfO{ q:t kf/]sf] 5 . of] k':ts n]Vg] a]nfdf ;fd'bflos / gfkmf gsdfpg] /]l8of] :6];gx¿sf] k"/} If]q cfˆgf] clwsf/ / k|hftflGqs ;dfhdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] e"ldsfnfO{ dfGotf lbg] gofF sfg"g Nofpgsf nflu Ho"Hofg lbP/ ;+3if{ ul//x]sf] 5 . klZrd o'/f]kaf6 s]xL pbfx/0f t'ngfsf] nflu o'/f]ksf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 egL hfFRg' a]; x'g]5 . ;g\ !)^) sf] bzsdf klZrd o'/f]ksf s]xL b]zx¿n] :jtGq tyf Jofkfl/s /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿ ;+rfng ug{ Ohfht lbg'cl3;Dd klZrd o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿ ;a} /fli6«o hg;]jL k|;f/0fsf gd'gf lyP . t/, To; a]nf klg ;/sf/x¿n] tL Rofgn ;+rfnsx¿dfly lgodx¿ nfu" u/]sf lyP . To;kl5 ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf ;'?lt/ w]/}h;f] klZrd o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿df k|;f/0fdf lgodxLgtf cyf{t\ ;fdfGotM lagf lgod ;+rfng ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg nfu" ul/of] . o;sf] kmn:j¿k w]/} b]zx¿df /]l8of] /


6]lnlehg Rofgn ;a}sf nflu v'nf eof] . agsf] 89]nf]h:t} u/L lghL :jfldTjsf Jofkfl/s /]l8of]x¿ km}lnP . t/, w]/} b]zx¿df ;fd'blos /]l8of] klg To:t} u/L km}lnof] . pQ/L o'/f]kdf cjl:yt gj]{, :jL8]g, 8]gdfs{, lkmgNof08 / kmf/f] åLkx¿ ;lDdlnt :s]l08g]leofnL b]zx¿, vf; u/L :jL8]gn] ;a}eGbf kl5 Jofkfl/s cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿sf] bjfa :jLsf/ u/]sf lyP . tL b]zx¿ cfˆgf] ;dfhsf nflu cfˆgf] b]zdf ;+rflnt /fli6«o ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f k|0ffnL g} ;jf]{Qd 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf b[9 lyP . tL ;dfhx¿ k|hftGq / gful/s r]tgfsf] dfldnfdf ljZj k|l;4 5g\ . t/ :s]l08g]leofdf On]S6«f]lgs cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿sf] Jofkfl/s/0f / lghLs/0fnfO{ /f]Sg c;+ej ;flat eP tfklg, To;sf] ;Fu;Fu} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ Jofks ¿kdf km}nfpg] k|of;nfO{ /f]lsPg . :jL8]gdf dfq} @))) eGbf w]/} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] 5g\ . tLdWo] w]/}n] ljz]if ;d'bfosf] lxtsf] nflu sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . 8]gdfs{df em08} #)) j6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿ (^ k|ltzt hg;+Vofsf] kx'Frdf 5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ !(*) sf] kl5Nnf] ;dob]lv Jofkfl/s / k|fof]lht sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug{ lbOPsf] 5 tfklg tLdWo] w]/}h;f] sl7g cfly{s cj:yfdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . w]/}h;f]n] ;b:otf z'Ns, la+uf], >f]tf ;xof]u tyf 6«]8 o'lgogx¿, wfld{s ;d"xx¿ jf :yfgLo gu/kflnsfx¿sf] cfly{s ;xof]uh:tf ljleGg vfnsf ;|f]tx¿af6 klg ;xof]u kfpF5g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ c? vfnsf ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfkh:t} ;f+:s[lts ultljlwsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 . c? ;f+:s[lts If]qh:t} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ cg'bfg lbg ;/sf/n] sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ eGg] ;'emfj klg lbOPsf] 5 . cfo/Nof08df ;g\ !(** sf] /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehg P]gdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] Ohfht k|lqmofnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/P tfklg ;f] ljifodf P]gn] lj:tf/k"j{s JofVof u/]sf] 5}g . !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?lt/ k|;f/0f gLltn] w]/}sf] Wofg tfGof], / ;g\ !((% df k|;f/0fsf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L gLltkq k|sflzt ul/of] . cfo/Nof08sf] nflu ;'xfpFbf] k|;f/0f gLlt agfpg] ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf :jtGq /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehg sld;gn] !* dlxg] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cu'jf kl/of]hgf ;'? u¥of] . o;n] !((% b]lv sfd yfNof] . cfo/Nof08df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;+efjgf / pkof]lutfaf/] vf]h / d"Nof+sg ug{ o;sf] th'{df ul/Psf] lyof] . ul/aL / a]/f]huf/Lh:tf ljifox¿df al9/x]sf] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o rf;f]sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k cfo/Nof08df rn]sf] ;fd'bflos / :jo+;]jL ultljlwsf] nx/ of] kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;3fpg] dxTjk"0f{ tTj ag]sf] lyof] . of] kl/of]hgfcGtu{t ;g\ !((^ sf] cflv/;Dddf P3f/ j6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gx¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . cfo/Nof08sf] k|;f/0fdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] pkof]uL / :ki6 dfWodsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'g;S5 eGg] s'/f of] cg'ejn] b]vfof] . kl/of]hgf cjlwdf s]xL ;d:ofx¿ cfOnfu]sf lyP . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] pkof]lutfnfO{ larf/ u/]/ ;xof]uL lgsfox¿ / ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ;d'bfox¿af6 lg/Gt/ ;xof]u kfOg] s'/f :ki6 5 . t/, cfo/Nof08sf] k|;f/0fsf] gS;fdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ljsf;n] pko'Qm e"ldsf v]Ng] s'/fdf sd} z+sf 5 . -Ol08k]08 /]l8of] P08 6]lnlehg sld;g, cfO{cf/6L;L kln;L cg sDo'lg6L /]l8of] a|f]8sfl:6ª, cfO{cf/6L;L -8lAng, !((*_ .


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;femf :jfy{÷?lr jf lxt ePsf dflg; x¿sf] ;d'bfo x'g'k5{ . • o;n] ;d'bfosf ljleGg If]qdf ;fdflhs–cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;nfO{ a9fpg]

vfnsf sfo{qmd lbg'k5{ . ;fy;fy} o;n] gful/sx¿sf] ;Ddfg / k"0f{tf tyf cfk;L ;xof]u÷eft[Tj a9fpg'k5{ .

;fd'bflos /]l8of];DaGwL sfg"gx¿aLr cfk;df gldNbf u'0fx¿M k|;f/0f÷6«fG;ld;g IfdtfM s]xL b]zx¿n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] pkof]u ug{;Sg] clwstd k|;f/0f Ifdtf tf]lslbPsf 5g\ . ;fdfGotofM of] %)) jf6df ;Lldt ul/Psf] 5 . kj{tLo Onfsfsf nflu of] aGb]h cJofjxfl/s x'g;S5 . lsgls ljifd ef}uf]lns agfj6 ePsf 7fpFdf a9L k|;f/0f Ifdtf cfjZos x'G5 . g]6jls{ª ug{ /f]sM s'g} b]zx¿n] ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d'bfox¿sf] lxt jf ?lrsf ljz]if cj;/, kj{ jf cg'i7fgx¿sf] a]nfdf ltgsf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gx¿aLr ;Dks{ ufF;]/ sfo{qmd k|;f/ ug{ Ohfht lbP tfklg ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿aLr ;+hfn jf g]6js{ agfpg :ki6 /f]s nufpF5g\ . lj1fkg tyf k|fof]lht sfo{qmdM o;af/]df lgSs} km/skm/s sfg"g 5g\ . s'g} b]zx¿n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df Jofkfl/s lj1fkg ahfpg jf k|fof]hg ug{ /f]s nufPsf 5g eg] s'g}n] Ps 306fsf] sfo{qmddf slt ldg]6 lj1fkg jf k|fof]hg ;'gfpg kfpg] eGg] ;dosf] ;Ldf jf cg'kft tf]s]sf 5g\ . k|fo of] ;Ldf Ps 306fdf ^ ldg]6b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd 5 . s]xLn] lj1fkgsf] ljifoj:t'df aGb]h nufPsf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf, lj1fkg jf k|fof]lht sfo{qmdsf] ljifo ;f] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ;d'bfosf] ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿df ;Lldt ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :yfgLo /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/, :yfgLo cg'i7fg, pT;j, kj{, ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmd, e]nf cflb tyf ;f] If]qdf ;+rflnt Jofkf/ / ;]jfsf ljifox¿df lj1fkg jf k|fof]hg ;Lldt x'g'k5{ . lj1fkgsf] ljifoj:t'sf] af/]df sfg"gn] :ki6 gkf/]sf] cj:yfdf klg sltko ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gx¿ cfkm}n] lj1fkg jf k|fof]hg ug{ gx'g] ljifox¿ lgwf{l/t u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf ljifox¿df r'/f]6, /S;Lh:tf :jf:YonfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] s'/fx¿sf] lj1fkgdf aGb]h x'g;S5 . s'g} sfg"gx¿df /]l8of] :6];gn] ug]{ s'n cfDbfgLdf lj1fkgaf6 x'g] cfDbfgLsf] ;Ldf :ki6 ls6fg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;fdfGotof of] ;Ldf %) k|ltzt x'G5 .


cfDbfgLsf c? ;|f]tx¿M ;|f]tfx¿af6 ;b:otf z'Ns, JolQm, ;+:yf jf :yfgLo lgsfo jf clwsf/Lx¿af6 bfg, ;xof]u tyf JolQmut ;"rgfx¿ k|;f/0f u/]afkt lnOg] z'Ns cfDbfgLsf cGo ;|f]t x'g\ . t/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿sf] ljZj ;+u7g cdfs{sf] 3f]if0fkqnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ s]xL sfg"gx¿n] s'g} Pp6fdfq ;|f]taf6 :6];gsf] %) k|ltzteGbf cfDbfgL x'g'x'Fb}g eGg] :ki6 u/]sf 5g\ . s]xL sfg"gx¿n] /fhgLlts bnx¿af6 jf ljz]if lxt jf :jfy{ ufFl;Psf ;d"xx¿af6 ;xof]u lng /f]s nufPsf 5g\ . /fhgLlts k|;f/0fM s]xL sfg"gx¿df /fhgLlts k|;f/0f s'g} klg ;dodf ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf 5 eg] sxL sfg"gx¿df lgwf{l/t cj;/, h:t} r'gfjcl3, o:tf] k|;f/0f ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf 5 . /fhgLlts k|;f/0f ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg ePsf] l:yltdf ;a} bnx¿nfO{ æ;dfg ;do / ;dfg cj;/Æ sf] l;4fGt nfu" ul/G5 . s'g}s'g} cj:yfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] tLg ldg]6eGbf nfdf] /fhgLlts efif0f k|;f/ ul/of] eg] Tof] k|;f/0f jf:tjdf slt ldg]6 eof], k|;f/0f ldlt / ;do tyf ;DalGwt /fhgLlts bnsf] gfd cflb ljj/0f ;lxt b]zsf] :jtGq k|;f/0f k|lws/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . Ohfhtsf] nflu lgj]bg ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;'? ug{ uxg ?lr ePsf hf];'s}n], hxfF klg ;a}eGbf klxn] o;sf nflu rflxg] Ohfhtb]lv lnP/ o;af/]df s'gs'g P]g sfg"gx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ eGg] s'/f lglZrt ¿kdf yfxf kfpg'k5{ . s]xL b]zx¿df u}/sfg"gL k|;f/0f u/]df bl08t ug]{ s8f Joj:yf nfu" ul/Psf 5g\ . 7"nf] /sd hl/jfgf ug]{ / ÷jf oGq pks/0f hkmt ug]{ ;fdfGo ;hfo x'g\ . Ohfhtsf nflu ckgfpg' kg]{ k|lqmof b]z}lkR5] km/s 5 . t/ hxfF klg k|;f/0fsf] Ohfhtsf nflu lgj]bg lbg] lgsfo jf ;+:yfn] pko'Qm sfutkq ;lxt tn n]lvPcg';f/sf hfgsf/Lx¿ pknAw u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 M

• lgj]bg lbg] ;+:yfsf] j}wflgstf / ;f] ;+:yf gfkmf sdfpg] vfnsf] xf]Og eGg] l:yltÙ • ;f] ;+:yf ;+rfng ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] g}ltstf÷;Rrl/qtfÙ • ;]jf kfpg] ;d'bfo / ;+efljt >f]tfx¿sf] ;+VofÙ • /]l8of] ;]jfaf6 ;d'bfo s;/L nfeflGjt x'G5 eGg] ljj/0fÙ • o:tf] ;]jf rflxof] egL ;d'bfon] u/]sf] dfuÙ • k|:tfljt /]l8of] :6];gsf] k|fljlws ¿k/]vf tyf P06]gfsf prfO / P06]gf /fVg] 7fpFÙ • ;fd'bflos ;+rfng÷Joj:yfkgsf] 9fFrf / ;]jf ;+rfngdf ;+nUg x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿Ù • k|;f/0f ul/g] sfo{qmdx¿sf] lsl;d, sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug]{ tl/sf / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf

s;/L ;'lglZrt ul/G5 eGg] hfgsf/L . xfn;fn} ;fd'bflos /]l8of];DaGwL sfg"g nfu" u/]sf s]xL b]zx¿n] b]zsf ;fgf;fgf k|zf;lgs OsfOx¿ h:t} gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf kl/ifbx¿df pknAw u/fOg] lk|mSj]G;Lx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ . s]xL b]zx¿df, vf; u/L Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf k|;f/0f k|flws/0fx¿n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿sf nflu pknAw u/fOg] lk|mSj]G;Lx¿sf] af/]df a]nfa]nfdf 3f]if0ff u5{g\ / To;}cg';f/ ltgLx¿sf] pkof]u ug{ cg'/f]w ul/G5 . olb pknAw lk|mSj]G;LeGbf dfu 3]/} eof] eg]


lgj]bsx¿sf] k|:tfjgfsf] u'0f:t/, ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] sfddf lgj]bssf] cg'ej, /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th'{df / ;d'bfosf] cfsf/ jf ;+Vofsf] cffwf/df s;n] lk|mSj]G;L pkof]u ug{ kfpg] eGg] lg0f{o ul/G5 . Ohfht kfpg]x¿n] ;fdfGotof ;'?df Ps k6ssf nflu pgLx¿n] pkof]u ug]{ lk|mSj]G;Lsf] z'Ns lt5{g\, To;kl5 yf]/} jflif{s z'Ns lt5{g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ !((% df ;fd'bflos k|;f/0f sfg"g nfu" ug]{ b]z sf]nlDaofdf lk|mSj]G;Lsf nflu ;'?df Ps k6s ltg'{kg]{ z'Ns >f]tf ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df cd]l/sL 8n/ ()) b]lv @))) ;Dd 5 . jflif{s z'Ns cf};t !%) cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/ 5 . aS;M

klZrdL 9fFrfsf] cfd;+rf/ dfWod xfd|f] ljsf; cfjZostfsf] k|lts"n æt];|f] ljZjsf d'n'sx¿df k|;f/0f dfWodx¿ PstkmL{ 9fFrfdf ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . 7"nf zx/L If]qx¿af6 ;"rgf, ;dfrf/ / dgf]/+hgsf] ljzfn ;fdu|L ufpF jf c4{;x/L If]qlt/ k|jflxt x'G5 . lg0ff{os kbx¿df a:g] xfFs8fFs ePsf d'¶Le/sf dflg;x¿n] tof/ kf/]sf] p:t} 9fFrfsf g':vf jf lgb]{zgn] ljsf;sf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{;Qm}g . o;sf nflu a]Unfa]Un} d'n's / ;d'bfosf nflu ldNg] :yfgLo b[li6sf]0faf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] ;dfwfg rflxG5 . cf}Bf]lus ;dfhdf ljsf; ul/Psf] ldl8ofsf] cjwf/0ff / pkof]u xfd|f] b]zsf] ljsf;sf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ cg'ko'Qm ;flst ePsf 5g\ .Æ EjfO;]h -a+unf]/, ef/t, !((^_ n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sG;N6];g cg ldl8of kln;L P08 sDo'lg6L /]l8of] sf] l/kf]6{af6 .

g]kfnsf] /fli6«o k|;f/0f P]g, @)%) n] /]l8of] sfo{qmd agfpFbf oL ljifox¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

-s_ s[lif, lzIff, pBf]u, jfl0fHo, lj1fg / k|ljlw, :jf:Yo, kl/jf/ lgof]hg / jg tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f h:tf ljsf;d"ns sfo{qmdx¿, -v_ ;a} hflt, efiff, ju{, If]q tyf wfld{s ;Dk|bfoaLr ;dfgtf, cfk;L ;b\efjgf / ;fd~h:otf clej[l4 ug]{ lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx¿, -u_ g]kfnsf ljleGg efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] pTyfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfo{qmdx¿, -3_ /fli6«o r]tgf tyf g}lts hfu/0f j[l4 ug]{ ljifosf sfo{qmdx¿, -ª_ /fli6«o r]tgf tyf g}lts hfu/0f j[l4 ug]{ ljifosf sfo{qmdx¿, -r_ hgtfdf ;fdflhs r]tgf a9fpg] / k|hftflGqs d"No, dfGotf Pj+ ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; u/fpg] lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx¿, -5_ g]kfn / l5d]sL d'n's tyf ldq/fi6«x¿;Fusf] ;DaGwdf k|lts"n k|efj gkfg]{ ljifosf sfo{qmdx¿, -h_ /fi6«n] clVtof/ u/]sf] k//fi6« gLlt ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿, -em_ nf]suLt / nf]s ;+:s[ltsf] k|j4{g x'g] sfo{qmdx¿, -`_ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df eP u/]sf dxTjk"0f{ ultljlwx¿ .


g]kfndf ;kmntfn] ;kmntfnfO{ hGdfof] ;+rfng ;'? ePsf] Ps jif{eGbf yf]/} ;doleq ;"rgfsf] k|jfxnfO{ ;'wfg{ / ljsf;sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr k|hftflGqs 5nkmn u/fpg] d+r lgdf{0f ug]{ sfddf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] dxTj olt :ki6 eof] ls lbgsf] b'O{ 306f k|;f/0fdf ;Lldt pQm /]l8of]sf] ;do a9fP/ ;/sf/n] b}lgs !# 306f / kl5 @$ 306f k|;f/0f ug]{ cg'dlt lbof] . ;'?df lj1fkg k|;f/0f ug{ nfu" ul/Psf] /f]s km'sfOof] . 3'DtL -df]afOn_ k|;f/0f ug]{ cg'dlt lbOof] tyf cfˆgf] lk|mSj]G;L b]zel/ pkof]u ug{;Sg] ljz]if Joj:yf eof] . ;+rf/ lagfsf] k|hftGq æk|hftflGqs ;+rf/lagf k|hftGq ;+ej 5}g . k|;f/0f hutnfO{ lgodg / ;fdfGoLs/0f ul/g'k5{ -ch]{lG6gfdf_ t/ tfgfzfxLsf] a]nfsf] dfkb08 k|of]u u/]/ o;f] ug{ ;lsFb}g .Æ

— ch]{lG6gfsf] gfkmf gsdfpg] k|;f/sx¿n] gofF sfg"g th'{df ug]{ dfu ub{{} hf/L u/]sf] jQmJoaf6 -!(((_


cWofo $ M k|fljlws kIf of] cWofo PPd / PkmPd k|;f/0f;lxt /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf] j}1flgs l;4fGtnfO{ ;+If]kdf JofVof ub}{ ;'? x'G5 . To;kl5 PkmPd k|;f/0fsf] nflu rflxg] ljleGg pks/0fx¿sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . tL pks/0fnfO{ rf/ efudf afFl8Psf] 5M 6«fG;ld6/, P06]gf, sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{ rflxg] :6'l8of]leqsf] pks/0f, / aflx/ lkmN8df sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{ rflxg] pks/0f . o;df k|To]ssf] sfdsf] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . PkmPd k|;f/0fsf] ljz]if :jefj æb[Zo /]vf jf nfOg ckm ;fO6Æ sf] Jofjxfl/s sfof{Gjogaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6f v08df ljZj;gLotf, d/dt / pks/0f lju|g glbg ckgfpg' kg]{ ;ts{tfsf af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gsf] :6'l8of]sf] nflu rflxg] s'/fx¿ -cfsf/, Wjlg lgoGq0f, Wjlg ;Gt'ng, cflb_, / /]l8of] :6];gsf ljljw v08x¿sf] nflu rflxg] pko'Qm 7fpFsf] Joj:yfkgaf/] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6f v08df sfo{qmd pTkfbgdf sDKo'6/sf pkof]u, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ OG6/g]6;Fu ld;fpg], tyf gofF k|ljlwx¿h:tf eljiosf ;+efjgfx¿af/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6f rf}sf];leq ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;]jfsf nflu cfjZos pks/0fx¿ / ltgsf] df]n pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . d"ntM kf7sx¿n]M

• k|;f/0fsf cfwf/e"t k|ljlwx¿ / PkmPd ;]jfsf nflu rflxg] pks/0fx¿sf] af/]df hfGg]5g\Ù

• s'g} vf; 7fpFdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;]jf :yfkgf ug{sf nflu k|fljlws ¿kn] pko'Qm 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] k|f/lDes d"Nof+sg ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\Ù

• k|;f/0f k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{ 7fpFsf] k|fljlws cfjZostfx¿ hfGg]5g\ / s'g} vf; kl/l:yltdf tL cfjZostfx¿ slt k"/f x'G5 egL ljrf/ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\Ù

• pks/0fx¿sf nflu nfUg] df]6fdf]6L nfut yfxf kfpg]5g\ . t/, ;'?df k|fljlws ljz]if1sf] ;Nnfx / pks/0f ;+rfngnufotsf cGo cf}krfl/s tflndsf] cfjZostf / dxTjnfO{ o;af6 k|fKt 1fgn] lj:yflkt eg] ug]{ 5}g . k|fljlws k[i7e"ld /]l8of] k|;f/0fn] ljB'tr'DasLo t/+u pTkGg u5{ . of] t/+u em08} ;Lwf /]vfdf / k|sfzsf] ult cyf{t\ nueu #))))) lsnf]ld6/ k|lt ;]s]08sf] b/n] ofqf u5{ . /S;Ln] dft]sf] dflg; af6f]df lxF8bf ;Lw} glxFl8sg af6f]sf] b'O{lt/ 7f]lSsFb} lx8]em}F /]l8of] t/+u pTkGg ePkl5 l;wf /]vfsf] b'O{5]pdf 7f]lSsFb} cufl8 a9\5 . t/+u aLr efuaf6 Ps5]pm k'u]/


km]l/ aLrdf kms{G5 / csf]{ 5]pmlt/ hfG5 . of] lqmofnfO{ bf]ng (oscillation) elgG5 . o;/L s'g} t/+u aLr efuaf6 slt k/ k'u]/ kms{G5 cyf{t\ aLraf6 slt k/;Dd hfG5 eGg] b"/LnfO{ t/+usf] bf]ng lj:tf/ jf PlDKnRo'8 elgG5 . t/+u cufl8 ;g]{ jf ofqf ug]{ ultsf] lrq sf]bf{ ;k{ lxF8]h:tf] jf kxf8sf] /]vflrqnfO{ pN6f];'N6f] u/L /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . t/+usf] /]vflrqsf] Psflt/sf 6'Kkfx¿aLrsf] b"/LnfO{ t/+ub"/L jf j]en]Gy elgG5 . -lrq x]g'{;\_ t/+u bf]ng ug{ nfUg] ;dosf] rqmnfO{ lk|mSj]G;L elgG5 . lk|mSj]G;LnfO{ xh{ (Hertz) df JoQm ul/G5 . /]l8of];DaGwL hd{gLsf cu'jf j}1flgs x]g/L xh{sf] gfddf of] gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] . Ps ;]s]08 ;doleqsf] 8f]ng rqmnfO{ Ps xh{ (1 Hz) dflgG5 . Ps ;]s]08df Ps xhf/ rqm 8f]ng eof] eg] Ps lsnf] xh{ x'G5, / b; nfv rqm 8f]ngnfO{ Ps d]uf xh{ elgg5 . kf]v/Ldf 9+'uf kmfNbf kfgLdf uf]nuf]n 5fn p7]/ aflx/ km}lnPem}F P06]gfaf6 /]l8of] t/+ux¿ km}lnG5g\ . /]l8of] :]6;gaf6 km}ng] jf k|;f/0f x'g] t/+un] cfkm";Fu ;"rgf, ;Gb]zx¿ af]s]/ n}hfg] x'gfn] tL t/+ux¿nfO{ afxs t/+u -Sofl/o/ j]e_ elgG5 . ;Gb]znfO{ t/+u;Fu hf]8g] jf t/+ux¿nfO{ ;"rgf ;Gb]z af]sfpg] sfd b'O{ tl/sfn] ul/G5 . Pp6f tl/sfdf t/+usf] PlDKnRo'8 pkof]u ul/G5 eg] csf]{ tl/sfdf lk|mSj]G;L pkof]u ul/G5 . PlDKnRo'8nfO{ ldnfP/ jf df]8'n]6 u/]/ k|;f/0f ul/g] tl/sfnfO{ PlDKnRo'8 df]8'n];g jf PPd elgG5 / lk|mSj]G;LnfO{ df]8'n]6 u/]/ k|;f/0f ul/g] tl/sfnfO{ lk|mSj]G;L df]8'n];g jf PkmPd elgG5 . /]l8of] k|;f/0fdf rf/ k|sf/sf lk|mSj]G;Lsf Aof08x¿sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . tL Aof08x¿sf] gfd ltgnfO{ s'g OsfO{sf] cfwf/df gflkG5 eGg] s'/fdf e/ k5{, h:t} lsnf] ld6/df , ;o ld6/df, b; ld6/df jf ld6/df .

• lsnf]d]l6«s Aof08 — n+u j]e -lk|mSj]G;L !%)–@*) lsnf]xh{_Ù • x]6«f]d]l6«s Jof08 — ldl8od j]e -lk|mSj]G;L %@%–!^)) lsnf]xh{_Ù • 8]l;d]l6«s Jof08 — -pRr lk|mSj]G;L ^–@% d]ufxh{_Ù • d]l6«s Jof08 — -plt pRr lk|mSj]G;L *&=@–!)* d]ufxh{_ .

PPd k|;f/0f cufl8sf tLg Aof08x¿df k|;f/0f ubf{ ;Gb]z jf l;UgnnfO{ PlDKnRo'8 df]l8lkms];gdfkm{t k|;f/0f ul/G5 . PPdsf l;Ugnx¿ w]/} 6f9f k'Ug;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, n+u j]e Ps xhf/ lsnf]ld6/ k/;Dd glanfOsg k|;f/ x'g;S5 eg] ldl8od j]e ;}s8f}F lsnf] ld6/ k/;Dd k'Ug ;S5 . k[YjL uf]nfsf/ ePsf] x'gfn] ;6{ j]esf] k|;f/0fdf afwf k'u] klg k[YjLsf] jfo'd08nsf] aflx/L kqdf /x]sf] ljB'tLo cfj]zo'Qm s0fx¿sf] cb[Zo tx cogd08n (ionosphere) df 7f]lSsP/ km]l/ k[YjLlt/ kms{g] of] t/+usf] u'0f x'gfn] ;6{ j]e cfkm\gf] pb\ud:yn jf k|;f/0f s]Gb|af6 w]/} 6f9f k'Ug;S5 . o;/L 6f9f 6f9f;Dd ;+rf/ ug{ ;3fpg] cfofgf]l:kmo/sf] d'Vo txnfO{ æPkm n]o/Æ elgG5 . c+Wof/f] ePkl5 k[YjLdfly of] kq @%) lsnf]ld6/ afSnf] x'G5 / of] kqn] ;6{ j]e l;UgnnfO{ a8f]


k|efjsf/L 9+un] k|ltljlDat u5{ . t/ pHofnf]df jf lbpF;f] of] Pkm n]o/ — Pkm ! / Pkm @ — df 5'l§G5 . k[YjLdfly Pkm ! @)) lsnf]ld6/ afSnf] x'G5 eg] Pkm @ kq #%) lsnf]ld6/ afSnf] x'G5 . /]l8of] l;Ugnx¿nfO{ k|ltljlDat ug{ oL b'O{ kqx¿ Tolt k|efjsf/L x'Fb}gg . To; sf/0f ;6{ j]e k|;f/0f /ftL /fd|f] ;'lgG5 . /]l8of] k|mfG; OG6/g];gn, la|l6; a|f]8sfl:6ª skf]{/];g, jf EjfO; ckm cd]l/sfh:tf ljZjJofkL /]l8of] ;]jfx¿n] ef}uf]lns lx;fan] nfdf] b"/L kf/ ug{sf nflu ;6{ j]e pkof]u u5{g\ . kxf8L d'n'sx¿df klg ljz]if u/L ;6{ j]e pkof]uL x'g;S5 . jfo'd08ndf x'g] u8a8Ln] ;6{ j]e k|;f/0fnfO{ afwf k'Ug] x'gfn] :6]l/of] ;]jf cyf{t\ :jfefljs / u'0f:t/Lo Wjlg ;'Gg] k4ltsf] nflu of] cg'ko'Qm x'G5 . ;6{ j]e k|;f/0fsf] nflu lah'nL w]/} nfU5 / c? vr{ klg w]/} nfU5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, PPd ldl8od j]e :6];gsf] k"/} P06]gfnfO{ lah'nLsf] s/]06n] rfh{ ug'{k5{, o;sf/0f e'OFb]lv dfly 6'Kkf;Dd k"/} OG;'n]6 jf s/]06 g;g]{ Joj:yf ug'{k5 hf] vlr{nf] x'G5 . PkmPd k|;f/0f afxs t/+udfkm{t l;Ugn k7fpgsf nflu rf}yf] lk|mSj]G;L Aof08, cyf{t\ d]l6«s Aof08n] lk|mSj]G;L df]8'n];gsf] pkof]u u5{ . of] k4ltdf lk|mSj]G;L – t/+usf] bf]ngsf] ult – km/skm/s x'G5, t/ t/+usf] PlDKnRo'8 jf rf}8fO Psgfzsf] jf l:y/ x'G5 . PkmPdsf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !(## df cd]l/sfdf ePsf] lyof] . !(#( df klxnf] PkmPd k|;f/0f :6];g ag]sf] lyof] . PPdsf] t'ngfdf o;sf] ljz]if kmfObf s] 5 eg] o;df PPddf h:tf] Wjlgdf u8a8L jf aflx/L Jojwfg x'Fb}g . PkmPd k|;f/0fsf] nflu a]Un} vfnsf] k|;f/0f oGqpks/0f, 6«fG;ld6/ / PkmPd /]l8of] ;]6 rflxg] / ;g\ !(#) / !($) sf] bzsdf PPd k4ltdf cfwfl/t 6«fG;ld6/ / /]l8of] ;]6sf] k|rng ePsf] x'gfn] PkmPd k|;f/0f k|0ffnL km}lng l9nf eof] . jf:tjdf !(%) / !(^) sf] bzsdf dfq cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx¿df of] km}lnof] . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df !(&) / !(*) sf] bzsdf dfq o;sf] ;'?jft eof] eg] s]xL d'n'sdf o;sf] k|j]z cem} kl5 !(() sf] bzsdf dfq eof] . PPddf eGbf PkmPddf ;fx}| sd lah'nL rflxG5 . PkmPdsf] P06]gf klg lgSs} ;fdfGo x'G5 . o;af6 k|;fl/t x'g] l;Ugnsf] u'0f klg w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 / of] df]gf] jf :6]l/of] b'a} vfnsf] x'g;S5 . t/, PkmPdsf] l;Ugn cfFvfn] x]/]h:tf] ;f]emf] /]vfdf hfg] x'gfn] PPdsf] bfFhf]df PkmPdsf] l;Ugn lgSs} sd b"/L;Dd k'U5 . csf]{ zAbdf, P06]gf / /]l8of] ;]6n] Pscsf]{nfO{ …b]VgÚ ;Sg'k5{ . aLrdf kxf8 jf cUnf] ejgh:tf 5]Sg] s'/fx¿ x'g'x'Fb}g . cfFvfsf] x]/fOnfO{ 5]s]em}F tL a:t'n] l;Ugnsf] af6f] 5]S5g\ . ;fy} csf]{ ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] P06]gf / /]l8of] ;]6 Pscsf{sf] b[Zo/]vfdf eP klg tL b'O{ aLrsf] b"/L w]/} 5 eg] l;Ugn gk'Ug;S5, lsgls b"/L b'O{ u'gf 8an x'Fbf l;Ugnsf] zlQm 36]/ s'n Ifdtfsf] Ps rf}yfO x'G5 . csf]{ zAbdf, b'O{ u'gf 6f9f k'Ug l;Ugnsf] Ifdtf rf/ u'gf a9fpg'k5{ . k|;f/0f oGqpks/0f ;fdfGo zAbdf eGbf, k|;f/0fsf nflu rflxg] oGq pks/0fx¿ rf/ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M


• 6«fG;ld6/M o;n] k|;f/0f ul/g] l;Ugn pTkGg u5{ . • P06]gfM o;af6 6«fG;ld6/n] pTkGg u/]sf] l;Ugn ˆofFSg] jf k|;f/ ug]{ sfd u5{ . • :6'l8of] pks/0fM sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{ pkof]u ul/G5 . • cGo pks/0fM sfo{If]q jf lkmN8df sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{ / aflx/sf] sfo{qmd jf

sfo{If]qnfO{ :6'l8of];Fu hf]8g rflxg] oGqpks/0f, h:t} M lkmN8 l/kf]l6{ª . o'g]:sf]n] ;3fpg] vfnsf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g kl/of]hgfnfO{ rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdfg / To;sf] df]n of] cWofosf] k'5f/df aS; $ df lbOPsf] 5 . tL pks/0fx¿sf] ljj/0f ;Fu;Fu} tnsf] v08 / lrqx¿ cWoog u/]df of] k|0ffnLsf k|To]s v08sf] sfd jf e"ldsfaf/] /fd|/L a'lemg] 5 . k|;f/0f pks/0f 6«fG;ld6/sf] zlQm jf IfdtfnfO{ jf6df gflkG5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿ d'Votof sd zlQmo'Qm 6«fG;ld6/df lge{/ x'G5g\ . vf; u/L @) b]lv %)) jf6 / ;fdfGotof @) b]lv !)) jf6sf] ;Ldfleq x'G5 . t/ 6«fG;ld6/ :jo+sf] zlQm / 6«fG;ld6/af6 ˆofFlsg] zlQmaLr km/s 5'6Øfpg' h?/L x'G5 . 6«fG;ld6/af6 aflx/ hfg] zlQmnfO{ Okm]lS6e /]l8P6]8f kfj/ jf Ocf/kL elgG5 . PG6]gfsf] l8hfOgn] Pcf/kLnfO{ k|efj kf5{ . xfO{ u]g cyjf a9L zlQmzfnL elgg] P06]gfx¿af6 6«fG;ld6/sf] jf:tljs zlQmeGbf pNn]vgLo ¿kn] a9L dfqfdf Ocf/kL k|fKt ug{;lsG5 . ljZjdf clxn s}og sDkgLx¿n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu PkmPdsf k|rlnt Aof08 — *&=% b]lv !)* d]ufxh{leq k|;f/0f ug]{ ;:tf PkmPd 6«fG;ld6/x¿ agfpF5g\ . ltgsf] df]n cd]l/sL 8n/df %)) b]lv @))) ;Dd k5{ . ltgsf] cfsf/ em08} afSnf] sfutsf] uftf ePsf] df]6f] pkGof;sf] lstfahqf] x'G5 . ahf/df kfOg] ;a} df]8nsf, vf; u/L cd]l/sfdf ag]sf, 6«fG;ld6/x¿ ljsf;zLn b]zsf k|lts"n cj:yf -ef}uf]lns, hnjfo', cfb|tf, pi0ftf, df};dL kl/jt{g cflb_ ;xg;Sg] jf To:tf] kl/l:yltdf sfd ug{;Sg] vfnsf x'Fb}gg\ . PkmPdsf cfljisf/s aL;f}F ztflAbsf] klxnf b'O{ bzsx¿df /]l8of] k|;f/0fdf ;'?;'?df w]/} k|sf/sf k|fljlws ljsf; ug]{ >]o kfPsf cd]l/sL j}1flgs P8ljg cfd{:6«+un] ;g\ !(## df klxnf] kN6 PkmPd k|;f/0f u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !*() df hGd]sf cfd{:6«+u s]6f}n] pd]/df u'Un]Ndf] dfsf]{gLaf6 k|]l/t ePsf lyP . dfsf]{gLn] ;g\ !()! df /]l8of] l;Ugn P6nfl06s kfl/ cyf{t\ cd]l/sfaf6 o'/f]k k7fpg ;kmn ePsf lyP . !$ jif{sf] pd]/df cfd{:6«+un] cfljisf/s aGg] lgwf] u/]sf lyP . PkmPd k|;f/0fsf] pkof]lutf / dxTj l;4 ug{sf nflu ;g\ !(#( df pgn] cfˆg} lghL /sd tLg nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ vr{ u/]/ ;+;f/df klxnf] PkmPd :6];g :yfkgf u/] . t/ b'Mvsf] s'/f, pgsf] hLjgsf] w]/} ;do cfˆgf cfljisf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f ug]{ sfddf / To; a]nf k|rlnt tyf :yflkt /]l8of] k|0ffnL pTkfbsx¿;Fu n8gdf laTof], lsgls Tolt a]nfsf /]l8of] pBf]ux¿n] pgsf] gofF PkmPd k|0ffnL rnfpg jf :yflkt u/fpg rfxGgy] . cflv/df ;g\ !(%$ df, PkmPdsf] nflu nl8Psf] n8fOFdf pgsf] ;a}h;f] ;DkQL ;lsPkl5 pgn] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] cGTo u/] .


PkmPd k|ljlw olt ;lhnf] / ;j{ljlbt eO;s]sf] 5 ls ljsf;zLn b]zsf k|ltefzfnL OlGhlgo/x¿ cfkm}n] agfpg ;S5g\ . 8flg8f / o'g]:sf]sf] ;xof]udf lkmlnlkG;df ;+rflnt tfDa'nL ;fd'bflos /]l8of] kl/of]hgfx¿df clxn] klg a]nfot jf rLgdf ag]sf 6«fG;ld6/ k|of]u ul/G5g\ , t/, ;f] kl/of]hgfcGtu{t klxnf] 6«fG;ld6/ :yfgLo ¿kdf pknAw ;fdu|L÷k'hf{x¿af6 tof/ kf/]/ ;g\ !((* df ;kmntfk"j{s k|;f/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . s]k e8]{df :yfgLo k|fljlwsx¿n] agfPsf] s'/f t k':tssf] kl/ro v08df pNn]v ePs} 5 . sd zlQmsf 6«fG;ld6/x¿df PlDKnkmfo/ jf a':6/ hf]8]/ ltgsf] Ifdtf a9fpg;lsG5 . o'g]:sf]n] ;xof]u u/]sf w]/}h;f] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿df @) jf6sf] 6«fG;ld6/;Fu !)) jf6sf] a':6/ hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . of] k|;f/0f pks/0f, vf; u/L a':6/n] tfk pTkGg ug]{ x'gfn] of];Fu k+vf klg x'G5 . ;fy} o;nfO{ /fd|/L xfjf v]Ng] 7fpFdf /flvg'k5{ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu ag]sf k|foM ;a}h;f] PkmPd 6«fG;ld6/x¿ ;+rfng ug{ !@ ef]N6sf] 8L;L lah'nL rflxG5 . o;sf] nflu of t d]gnfOgaf6 NofOPsf] lah'nLsf] s/]06nfO{ 6«fG;kmd{/sf] dbtn] !@ ef]N6df ablnG5, of df]6/ uf8Lsf] a]6«L jf 3fdaf6 rNg] ;f}o{ Kofgnaf6 rnfOG5 . PkmPd 6«fG;ld6/af6 k|;fl/t x'g] cl8of] l;Ugn cyf{t\ >Jo ;+s]tnfO{ ;xL :t/df /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 . olx l;Ugn a9L df]8'n]6 eof] eg] ;'Gg ufx|f] x'G5 / glhssf] c? :6];gaf6 klg afwf pTkGg x'g;S5 . o;sf/0f l;UgnnfO{ klxn] g} ;]6 ul/Psf] :t/df sfod /fVgsf nflu cl8of] r]g;Fu lnld6/ jf sDk|];/ eGg] pks/0f hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . s]xL dfldnfx¿df, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] PPd k|;f/0f k|0ffnLsf] klg pkof]u u5{g\ . ;fdfGotof PkmPd eGbf PPd :yfkgf ug{ w]/} vlr{nf] x'G5 . t/, o;sf] Wjlgsf] u'0f:t/ sd eP klg Jofks If]qdf ;'lgg] x'gfn] s'g}s'g} l:yltdf PPd k|;f/0f jf+5gLo x'g;S5 . s]xL dfdnfdf, vf; u/L 7"nf zx/df hxfF PkmPd lk|mSj]G;L kfpg w]/} ufx|f] x'G5 jf s8f k|lt:kwf{ ug'{k5{, plrt d"Nodf PkmPd lk|mSj]G;L kfpg c;+ej x'G5 , To:tf] cj:yfdf s]xL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿nfO{ PPd lk|mSj]G;L lsGg jf ls/fofdf lng ;lhnf] x'G5 . o:tf]df ;+ejtM Jofkfl/s Ohfhtkq kfOG5, t/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] Joj:yfksn] lj1fkgsf] ;DaGwdf cfˆg} gLlt agfpg;S5 .

P06]gfM P06]gfsf] prfO, l:ylt / ;dGjon] PkmPd k|;f/0f l;Ugnsf] pRr u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ / l;UgnnfO{ ;s];Dd 6f9f k'¥ofpg k|d'v e"ldsf v]N5 . o;sf] d"n sf/0f s] xf] eg], h:tf] ls dfly klg elg ;lsof], PkmPd l;Ugn ;f]emf] /]vfdf ofqf u5{ / ;fdfGotof b[Zo /]vf cyf{t\ P06]gfaf6 cfFvfn] b]lvg] 7fpF;Dd k'U5 . o; sf/0f l;Ugn ˆofFSg] P06]gf hlt;s]sf] cUnf] x'g'k5{ / l;UgnnfO{ af6f]df afwf k'¥ofpg] s'/fx¿ ;s];Dd yf]/} x'g'k5{ . k[YjLsf] uf]nfOsf] sf/0fn] P06]gf hlt cUnf] eof] l;Ugn Tolt 6f9f k'U5 .


kxf8L Onfsfdf PkmPdsf ;d:ofx¿ M kxf8L Onfsfdf PkmPdsf ;Lldttfx¿ x'G5g\ . 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkfdf P06]gf /fv] klg km]bLdf l;Ugn gk'Ug] If]q x'g;S5 . o:tf l;Ugn gk'Ug] 5fof kg]{ If]qx¿df l;Ugn k'¥ofpgsf nflu Pp6f jf w]/} l/n] 6«fG;ld6/x¿ :yfkgf ug'{ kxf8L Onfsfdf PkmPd pkof]u ug{] ;d:ofsf] Pp6f dfq ;dfwfg x'g;S5 . P06]gfsf] prfO hldg jf e";txsf] agfj6 tyf l;Ugnsf] af6f]df kg]{ afwfdf lge{/ x'G5 . t/ ;fdfGotof o;sf] prfO ;dy/ e";tx ePsf] 7fpFdf klg hldgdfly @) b]lv #) ld6/;Dd x'G5 . P06]gfnfO{ s'g} 3/dfly jf 8fF8fdfly /fv]/ cfjZos prfO xfl;n ug{;lsG5 . cyjf o;sf] nflu Pp6f df:6 jf vDaf -6fj/_ klg agfpg;lsG5 . vDaf agfpg] tl/sf M P06]gf c8Øfpg] vDaf kmnfdsf kftf / P+unx¿nfO{ hfnf] agfPh:tf] u/L hf]8]/ :yfgLo ¿kdf agfpg;lsG5 . t/, kfgLsf] kmnfd] kfOkx¿ pkof]u u/]/ klg ;fwf/0f vfnsf] vDaf agfpg;lsG5 . vDafdf r9gsf] nflu v'8\lsnfx¿ klg agfpg'k5{ lsgls P06]gf h8fg ug{, ldnfpg / d/dt ;Def/ ug{ a]nfa]nfdf vDafdf r9g'kg]{ x'G5 . b'a} vfnsf vDafx¿nfO{ hldgd'lg s+lqm6 9fnfg u/L agfOPsf] dha't hudf pEofOg'k5{ . atf; rNbf vDaf g9nf];\ eGgsf nflu kmnfd] tf/÷nÝf jf l;qmLn] vDafnfO{ rf/}lt/af6 tGsfP/ afFw]/ /fVg'k5{ . tL tf/ jf l;qmLx¿ klg s+lqm6 9nfg ul/Psf] hudf hf]l8Psf] x'g'k5{ . b'O{ k|sf/sf P06]gf M P06]gf ;fdfGotof b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M cf]lDg8fO/]S;gn / 8fO/]S;gn . cf]lDg8fO/]S;gn P06]gfn] cfˆgf] jl/kl/ #^) l8u|Lsf] sf]0fdf cyf{t\ ;a} lbzflt/ l;Ugn k|;f/0f u5{ . 8fO/]S;gn P06]gfn] Pp6f lglZrt lbzf jf If]qlt/ dfq} l;Ugn ôfFS5 . em08} ;a} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gx¿n] cfl]Dg8fO/]S;gn P06]gf k|of]u u5{g\ . t/, s'g}s'g} cj:yfdf 8fO/]S;gn P06]gf k|of]u ubf{ /fd|f] x'g;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 8fF8fsf] Psflt/ P06]gf /flvPsf] 5 / To;n] 8fF8fkfl/, P06]gfsf] ;Dd'vdf a:g] ;d'bfosf] nflu l;Ugn k7fpg'5 eg] cflDg8fO/]S;gneGbf 8fO/]S;gn P06]gf /fVg' a]; x'G5 . Pp6f ;d'bfonfO{ dfq nIf u/L l;Ugn ôfFSgsf nflu 8fO/]S;gn P06]gfaf6 a9L kmfObf x'G5 lsgls cf]lDg8fO/]S;gn P06]gfn] cfˆgf] k5fl8 cyf{t\ 8fF8flt/ ôfFs]sf] l;Ugn v]/ hfG5 / cgfjZos zlQm vr{ x'G5 . P06]gf l8hfOg, lgdf{0f / 6Ø'lgª M PkmPd P06]gfx¿ ljleGg l8hfOgsf x'G5g\ . ;a}eGbf /fd|f] l;Ugn ôfFSgsf nflu pko'Qm P06]gf /f]Hg] / To;nfO{ 6Ø'lgª ug]{ sfd ljz]if1sf] xf] . tof/L jf /]l8d]8 P06]gf klg lsGg kfOG5 . t/ w]/}h;f] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu rflxg] P06]gf wft'sdL{x¿÷kmnfdsf] sfd ug]{ js{;kx¿n] :yfgLo xf8{j]o/ k;nx¿df kfOg] tfdf]sf] kfOk / cNd'lgod jf kf]lnlygsf] kfOk, lsNnfsfF6f, /;fg ug]{ ;fdfg cflb ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u u/]/ P06]gf 78Øfpg] 7fpFd} h8fg ul/lbG5g\ . ;a}eGbf /fd|f] l;Ugn k|;f/0fsf nflu P06]gfnfO{ kmfOg–6Ø'g ug]{ sfd kfj/ ld6/ elgg] pks/0faf6 ul/G5 . o;n] :6]l08ª j]e /]l;of] -P;8An'cf/_ gfK5 . of] !)) 8n/eGbf sd df]ndf kfOG5 . 6«fG;ld6/af6 cfO/x]sf] zlQm / P06]gfaf6 k|ltljlDat eO/x]sf] jf lkmtf{ cfO/x]sf] zlQmsf] cg'kft yfxf kfpgsf nflu of] pks/0fnfO{ 6«fG;ld6/ / P06]gfsf] aLrdf hf]l8G5 . olb P06]gfaf6 cTolws zlQm lkmtf{ cfO/x]sf] 5 eg] o;sf] dtna P06]gfnfO{ /fd|/L 6Ø'g ul/Psf] 5}g / k|;f/0f zlQm v]/ uO/x]sf] 5 eGg] a'‰g'k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljz]if1n] P06]gfsf] 3'dfpg–rnfpg ldNg] l;Ugn k|;f/0f ug]{ lx:;f jf k'hf{x¿sf] nDafO / l:ylt -


kf]lh;g_ ldnfpF5 . P06]gfaf6 k|ltljlDag sd jf z"Go geP;Dd kmfOg–6Ø'g ul/G5 . w]/}h;f] cfw'lgs 6«fG;ld6/x¿df P;8An'cf/ To;d} h8fg eP/ cfPsf] x'G5 . 6«fG;ld6/n] ;d]6\g] k|;f/0f If]qsf] 9fFrf tyf P06]gfsf] prfO / jf6sf] ;DaGwaf/] dfl6{g Pnf8{sf] egfO M s'g} 6«fG;ld6/sf] PkmPd k|;f/0f slt 6f9f k'U5 eGg]af/]df ljleGg tYof+s e]l6G5 . cfcfˆgf] lx;fan] tL ;a} ts{;+ut g} xf]nfg\ . t/ lj1fgsf] lx;fan] o:tf] x'Fb}g . ;fdfGo >f]tfsf nflu slt zlQm jf slt hf]8sf] l;Ugn cfjZos x'G5 cyf{t\ s:tf] l;Ugn ;'Gg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df ljleGg JolQmx¿sf] km/skm/s ljrf/ kfOG5 . o;af/]df oL cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ a'‰g' cfjZos 5 M s'g} PkmPdsf] Okm]lS6e /]l8P6]8 kfj/ -Ocf/kL_ cyf{t\ 6«fG;ld6/n] aflx/ ˆofFSg] Ifdtf 6«fG;ld6/sf] zlQmnfO{ P06]gfsf cjojx¿ -Plnd]06_ sf] ;+Vofn] u'0fg ubf{ hlt x'G5, em08} To;sf] a/fa/ x'G5 . P06]gf slt 7"nf] agfpg] eGg] s'/fdf Jofjxfl/s ;Ldfx¿ x'G5g\ . Pp6f lglZrt cfsf/eGbf cUnf] jf 7"nf] eof] eg] s]a'n nfdf] eP/ Ocf/kL 36\g yfN5 . eLPrPkm l;Ugnx¿ cfFvfn] b]lvg] /]vfeGbf k/ hfFb}gg\ . af6f]df 8fF8fsfF8fn] 5]Sof] eg] clnstf 3'D5 , t/, ;dfGotof of] k|sfzh:t} ;f]emf] /]vfdf cufl8 a9\5 . P06]gfb]lv lIflthsf] b"/L cyf{t\ l;Ugn slt k/;Dd k'U5 eGg] s'/f P06]gfsf] prfOdf e/k5{ , ;fy} aLrdf 7"nf] afwf /f]sfj6 jf Jojwfg k5{ ls kb}{g eGg] klg ljrf/ ug'{k5{ . ;'Gg nfossf] :6]l/of] Wjlgsf nflu df]gf] 6«fG;ld6/eGbf tLgrf/ u'gf zlQmzfnL 6«fG;ld6/ rflxG5 . s]xL klxn]sf sd Ifdtfsf :6];gx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ l;nl;nfdf xfdLn] s] kfof}F eg] 6«fG;ld6/sf] zlQm ga9fOsg cfw'lgs pRr :t/sf] -xfO{ u]g_ P06]gf / yf]/} dfq Ifdtf 36\g] vfnsf] lkm8/ s]a'naf6 plQs} b"/Ldf klg /fd|f] :6]l/of] l;Ugn pTkGg x'G5 . ;dtn e"efudf @% ld6/ cUnf] P06]gf /fv]/ :6]l/of] 6«fG;ld;g ubf{ lgDglnlvt Ifdtfsf] 6«fG;ld;gn] lgDglnlvt b"/L;Dd :6]l/of] :t/sf] k|;f/0f u5{ M @) jf6 Ocf/kL % lsnf]ld6/ !)) jf6 Ocf/kL !@ lsnf]ld6/ !@)) jf6 Ocf/kL #) lsnf]ld6/ t/ x/]s s'/fsf] ckjfb jf leGg k|efj x'G5 . h:t}, !@)) jf6sf] Ocf/kLdf rNg] :6];gsf] *) lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f klg lgoldt >f]tf e]l6P . :6'l8of] pks/0f l/sl8{ª / Kn]Aofs M Sof;]6 Kn]o/ jf 6]k /]s8{/h:tf 3/df ahfOg] ;f+uLlts pks/0fx¿ pkof]u ul//x]sf dflg;x¿ :6'l8of]leq k|of]u ul/g] w]/}h;f] pks/0fx¿af6 klg kl/lrt x'G5g\ . vf; u/L o;df Sof;]6 /]s8{/÷Kn]o/, l/s8{ 6g{ 6]an, sDKofS6 l8:s -;L8L_ Kn]o/x¿ k5{g\ .


t/ 3/df k|of]u ul/g] pks/0fx¿sf] bfFhf]df :6'l8of]leq k|of]u ul/g] oL pks/0fx¿sf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;sf w]/} sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . klxnf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] :6'l8of]af6 lg:s]/ >f]tfsf] sfg;Dd k'Ubf Wjlgsf] u'0f:t/ lglZrt ¿kdf 36\g] x'gfn] :6'l8of]leq /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] Wjlg pTkGg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . bf];|f] sf/0f, 3/leq ahfOg] oGqpks/0fsf] bfFhf]df :6'l8of]leq ahfOg] pks/0fx¿ w]/} ;do;Dd rnfO/fVg' kg]{ x'gfn] of] alnof] / l6sfpm x'g'k5{ . cf}Bf]lus b]zsf s]xL ;fgf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] ;fdfGo vfnsf ;L8L Kn]o/h:tf ;:tf / k|rlnt On]S6«f]lgs ;fdfg lsGg vf]H5g\ . lau|]kl5 To;sf] ;§f gofF lsG5g\ . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df /]l8of] ;+rfng vr{eGbf /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgf ug]{ vr{ h'6fpg ;lhnf] x'g] x'gfn] o:tf b]zx¿sf] nflu of] Tolt pko'Qm pkfo xf]Og . o;afx]s o:tf ;:tf On]S6«f]lgs ;fdfgx¿ cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿df eGbf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df sd kfOg;S5g\ . sG6«f]n sG;f]n÷ldS;/ M /]l8of] :6'l8of]df slxNo} guPsf dflg;x¿sf] nflu ;a}eGbf cgf}7f] nfUg] d'Vo pks/0f sG6«f]n sG;f]n / ldS;/sf] o'lg6 jf ;d"x xf] . o;n] sfo{qmd pTkfbs jf pgsf k|fljlwsnfO{ sfo{qmdsf] a]nfdf rflxg] Wjlgsf] ;|f]t /f]Hg ;3fpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :6'l8of]leq ePsf w]/} Sof;]6 jf ;L8L Kn]o/, jf w]/} dfOqmf]kmf]gx¿dWo] s'gaf6 lg:s]sf] Wjlg ahfpg] jf ;'gfpg] egL /f]Hg] sfd o;af6 ul/G5 . To:t}, s'g pks/0faf6 cfPsf] cfjfh la:tf/} slt rsf]{ jf slt dl;gf] ug]{ eGg] lgoGq0f klg o;af6} ul/G5 . Pp6f :j/dfly csf]{ :j/ vK6ØfP/ ;'gfpg] jf ;'k/ODkf]h ug]{ sfd klg o;af6 x'G5 . k[i7e"lddf cfjfh lbg] jf ljleGg ;fp08 Okm]S6 lbg] sfd klg o;n] u5{ . of] sfdnfO{ Wjlgsf Rofgnx¿ ld;fpg] jf …ldlS;ªÚ elgG5 . sG;f]n÷ldS;/df x]8kmf]gsf] tf/ hf]8g] ;s]6x¿ x'G5g\ . o;af6 sfo{qmd pTkfbsn] ToxfF ePsf ljleGg Rofgnx¿af6 cfPsf] :j/ ;'Gg;S5 jf k|;f/0fsf] nflu tof/ ldl>t :j/sf] clGtd :j¿k ;'G5 . sG;f]n÷ldS;/af6 k|;f/0fsf nflu clGtd ¿kdf lg:s]sf] cfjfh 6«fG;ld6/df k'¥ofpgsf nflu Pp6f tf/ 6«fG;ld6/df hfG5 . lah'nLsf] ef]N6]h tndfly eof] eg] lah'nLaf6 rNg] oGqpks/0fx¿af6 lg:sg] cfjfh lju|G5 . ef]N6]h /]u'n]6/n] ljh'nLsf] ef]N6]h tndfly x'g lbFb}g . o;}n] :6'l8of]sf ;Dk"0f{ pks/0fx¿nfO{ :jrflnt ef]N6]h /]u'n]6/ dfkm{t lah'nLsf] :yfgLo ;|f]taf6 ljB't\zlQm k'¥ofOG5 . sfo{qmd pTkfbg tyf ;dfrf/ ;+sng÷ :ynut ;Dkfbg M l/df]6 dfOqmf]kmf]g ldS;/ M :ynut jf lkmN8df uP/ l/kf]l6{ª ubf{ ;fdu|L ;+sngsf nflu sDtLdf klg Pp6f 6]k /]s8{/ rflxG5 . jf :6'l8of] glhs}, :6];gaflx/sf] sfo{qmdsf] cfjfhnfO{ dfOqmf]kmf]gnfO{ nfdf] tf/ hf]8]/ sG;f]n;Dd k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . t/ :6'l8of]aflx/ w]/} dfOqmf]kmf]g k|of]u u/]/ tyf ljleGg Wjlg / ;fp08 Okm]S6 /fv]/ sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{ l/df]6 dfOqmf]kmf]g ldS;/ rflxG5 . o;nfO{ slxn]sfxLF ;xfos jf cSh'n/L dfOqmf]kmf]g ldS;/ klg elgG5 . o;n] klg :6'l8of] ldS;/n] h:t} sfd u5{ . t/, of] ;fgf] x'G5 / a]6«Laf6 rN5 . lkmN8df l/s8{ ul/g] sfo{qmdsf] nflu rflxg] ljleGg cfjfhx¿ /f]Hg] /÷jf ld;fpg] sfddf o;sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . :6'l8of];Fu lkmN8 l/kf]6{/ / c? dflg;x¿nfO{ hf]8\g] M lkmN8df eO/x]sf] k|ToIf 36gf k|;f/0f ug{sf nflu lkmN8 l/kf]6{/x¿nfO{ :6'l8of];Fu ;Dkls{t ug'{ aflx/af6 ul/g] k|;f/0fsf] csf]{ kIf xf] . o;df ;d'bfodf ePsf] s'g} 36gf, ;df/f]x, d]nf cflbsf] cfFvfn] b]v]sf /f]rs s'/fx¿ /


ToxfF pkl:yt dflg;x¿;Fu ul/g] s'/fsfgL k|ToIf jf ToxL ;dodf l;w} ;'gfOG5 . cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx¿ / ljsf;zLn b]zsf 7"n7"nf ;x/x¿df lkmN8 / :6'l8of]aLr ;Dks{ ug]{ ;a}eGbf w]/} k|rlnt ;fwg 6]lnkmf]g xf] . o;sf] nflu 6]lnkmf]g P8K6/ elgg] Pp6f pks/0f rflxG5 . o;n] lkmN8af6 cfPsf] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f jf kl5sf] nflu l/s8{ ul//x]sf] a]nfdf :6'l8of] sG;f]ndf aflx/af6 cfpg] c? kmf]gnfO{ /f]lslbG5 . t/, ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf u|fdL0f Onfsfx¿df, 6]lnkmf]g kfpg ufx|f] x'g] 7fpFdf aflx/sf l/kf]6{/x¿sf] :6'l8of];Fu ;Dks{ u/fpgsf nflu c? ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]u ug'{k5{ . af]lnrfnLsf] efiffdf jfsL6sL elgg] clt pRr lk|mSj]G;L -eLPrPkm_ jf cN6«f xfO{ lk|mSj]G;L -o'PrPkm_ af6 rNg] 6«fG;l/l;e/x¿sf] pkof]u ug'{ Pp6f pkfo xf] . s]xL d'n'sx¿df @)) d]ufxh{sf] lk|mSj]G;L /]+h 6]lnkmf]gsf] nflu 5'6ØfOPsf] x'G5 . of] lk|mSj]G;L /]+hdf Wjlgsf] u'0f:t/, vf; u/L lkmN8 l/kf]6{/ / /]l8of] :6];gaLr ;Dks{ ug{, /fd|f] x'G5 . o;sf] nflu 6]lnkmf]gsf] d"n pks/0f -a]; :6];g_ /]l8of] :6'l8of]df /flvG5 / xft] ;]6 lkmN8df sfd ug]{ l/kf]6{/;Fu x'G5 . lkmN8df sfd ug]{ l/kf]6{/x¿sf nflu tf/;lxtsf] 6]lnkmf]g gkfOg] 7fpFdf ;]n'n/ df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gsf] pkof]u csf]{ ;dfwfg xf] . sn Og M s]xL ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gx¿n], vf; u/L 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw ePsf ;x/x¿df, :6'l8of]df ljz]if vfnsf] 6]lnkmf]g ldS;/ k|0ffnL h8fg u5{g\ . o;af6 sfo{qmd pTkfbs÷k|;f/sn] Ps} kN6 w]/} hgfsf] kmf]g ;'Gg, 6]lnkmf]gstf{nfO{ pgLx¿n] kmf]g u/]sf] qmddf kvf{pg / kfn}kfnf] ltgsf s'/fx¿ sG;f]n ldS;/df k'¥ofP/ k|;f/0f u/fpg ;S5 . aflx/sf l/kf]6{/x¿n] klg pkof]u ug{;Sg] of] kmf]lgª Og k|0ffnL cln dxFuf] x'G5 / ljsf;zLn b]zsf vf; u|dL0f Onfsfx¿df o;sf] pkof]u ts{;+ut gx'g;s5 . s]xL ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df :yfgLo k|fljlwsx¿n] c? kmf]g sn /f]Sgsf nflu 6]lnkmf]gdf a'emf] nfpg] cfˆg} vfnsf pkfo lgsfn]sf 5g\ . 6]lnkmf]gstf{;Fusf] s'/fsfgL k|;f/0f ug]{ ;a}eGbf ;:tf] pkfo :6'l8of]df l:ks/ ;lxtsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 / Tof];Fu} dfOqmf]kmf]g /fVg' xf] . t/ o;af6 pTkGg x'g] l;Ugn jf Wjlgsf] u'0f:t/ w]/} /fd|f] x'Fb}g . eLPrPkm 6«fG;l/l;e/ k|of]u ug]{x¿nfO{ kl/rfng 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw gePsf s]xL ;'ljwfljxLg Onfsfx¿df eLPrPkm 6«fG;l/l;e/ k|of]u ug]{ zf}lvgx¿ x'g;S5g\ . jf:tjdf o:tf eLPrPkm ;]6 cfkm";Fu /fVg' Ohhtsf] k|tLs klg xf] . tfDa'nL /]l8of] kl/of]hgf ;+rfng eO/x]sf] lkmlnlkG;sf] Pp6f b'u{d 6fk'df kl/of]hgfn] o:tf zf}lvgx¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ /]l8of] l/kf]6{/sf] ¿kdf JolQmut lx;fan] sfo{qmdx¿df efu lng nufpF5 . ;fy} o:tf ;]6 gePsf c? dflg;x¿nfO{ klg ;]6 pkof]u ug{ lbP/ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL agfpg ;3fpF5 . o;/L ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] tkm{af6 s'g} nufgLlagf aflx/af6 l/kf]6{ ug]{ :jo+;]jsx¿sf] ;+hfn÷g]6js{ ag]sf] 5 . -x]g'{;\M s]; :68L ! — ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ s;/L lhDd]jf/L lbg] ._

ljZj;gLotf / :ofxf/ ;Def/


dfly pNn]lvt clwsf+z oGqpks/0fx¿ agfj6 jf pTkfbgsf] lx;fan] klg alnof / ljZj;gLo x'G5g\ , tyf pko'Qm 1fg / tflnd lnPsf] dflg;n] ;lhn};Fu tL pks/0fx¿sf] :ofxf/ ;Def/ ug{;S5 . t}klg, b'3{6gfjz x'g;Sg] xfgLgf]S;fgLaf6 hf]ufpg ;ts{tfsf s]xL ;/n pkfox¿ ckgfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . r6Øfªaf6 hf]ufpg] M cfsfz uh]{/ lah'nL rDs]/ x'/Latf;;lxt kfgL k/]sf] a]nfdf P06]gfdf lrsf]{ kg'{ 6«fG;ld6/ hNg] jf lau|g] d"n sf/0f xf] eGg] s'/f cg'ejaf6 ;flat ePsf] 5 . o;}n] P06]gfsf] df:6sf] 6'Kkfdf lah'nL ;'rfns tf/ /;fg u/L hf]8g' clt cfjZos x'G5 . olb P06]gf 3/sf] 5fgfdfly /flvPsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ w/} ;/f] a]/]/ agfOPsf] tfdf]sf] tf/n] /;fg u/L hf]8]/ tf/sf] csf]{ 5]pm 3/aflx/af6 nu]/ lr;f] e'OFdf ufl8Psf] kmnfd] 58df hf]8\g'k5{ . pks/0f k|of]u jf cf];f/k;f/ ubf{ hf]ufpg] M pks/0fx¿ k|of]u ubf{ xf]l;of/L;fy ug'{k5{ . P06]gf;Fu ghf]l8sg jf P06]gfn] wfGg] a/fa/sf] nf]8;Fu ghf]l8sg /]l8of] 6«fG;ld6/ rfn" u¥of] jf vf]Nof] eg] s'g} klg 6«fG;ld6/ slxNo} sfd gnfUg] u/L lau|G5 . o; sf/0f hlxn] klg s'g} k/LIf0f jf d/dt ug{ 6«fG;ld6/nfO{ P06]gf;Fu ;Dks{ ljR5]b ug'{kbf{ P06]gfn] wfGg] a/fa/sf] nf]8 wfGg;Sg] ;§fegf{ jf 8dL nf]8;Fu 6«fG;ld6/nfO{ hf]l8/fVg'k5{ . nf]8 /]l;:6/ elgg] o:tf ljleGg dfqfsf nf]8 wfGg] Ifdtf ePsf pks/0fx¿ tof/L lsGg kfOG5g\ . cyjf pko'Qm jf6sf] ;fdfGo lah'nLsf] aNa k|of]u u/]/ ltgsf] nf]8 /]l;:6]G; ldnfpg ;lsG5 . pks/0f ;+rfng ubf{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f pks/0fx¿nfO{ lah'nLsf] Knudf hf]8bf lah'nLsf] w|'j cyf{t\ kf]lhl6e / g]u]l6ecg';f/ hf]8g'k5{ . ;fgf] uNtLn] klg pks/0f hNg;S5 . :6'l8of] kl/;/ sqf] 7fpF rflxG5 M sDtLdf gf} ju{ld6/ If]qkmn ePsf] s'g} klg alg;s]sf] 3/df jf sf]7fdf Pp6f ;fdfGo /]l8of] :6'l8of] :yfkgf ug{;lsG5 . oGqpks/0f h8fg ug{ / pks/0f rnfpg] ck/]6/sf] nflu olt 7fpF rflxG5 . t/, sDtLdf klg @% ju{ld6/ If]qkmn ePsf] 7fpF eof] eg] Jofjxfl/s x'G5 . %) ju{ld6/ If]qkmn eof] eg] lgs} /fd|f] x'G5 . pb\3f]ifs a:g] sf]7f -a'y_ sf] If]qkmn sDtLdf !@ ju{ld6/hlt eof] eg] Jofjxfl/s x'G5 . olb %) ju{ld6/ If]qkmn pknAw ug{;lsof] eg] To;sf] cfwfhlt 7fpF pb\3f]ifssf] a'ysf] nflu 5'6Øfpg'k5{ . uf]n 6]a'n jl/kl/ a;]/ 5nkmn ug{, ufos / ;+uLtsf/x¿sf] ;fgf] 6f]nL c6fpg tyf To:t} ;fgf ltgf / b}lgs sfddf Tolt 7fpF eof] Jofjxfl/s / cln v's'nf] x'G5 . afsL 7fpFdf k|fljlws a:g] sf]7f -So'lasn_, cfuGt'sx¿nfO{ :jfut ug]{ / kvf{pg] / sfd ug]{ 7fpFsf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . pb\3f]ifssf] a'y / k|fljlws a:g] sf]7f M pb\3f]ifs a:g] a'y / k|fljlws a:g] sf]7fsf] aLrdf k|foM b'O{ kq l;;f hl8Psf] Pp6f ‰ofn x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ aflx/sf] xNnf jf :j/ a'yleqsf] dfOqmf]kmf]g;Dd k'Ug kfpFb}g . o:tf] OlGthfd u/]kl5 pb\3f]ifsn] cfˆgf] cufl8sf] dfOqmf]kmf]gsf] af/]df dfq} rf;f] lnP k'U5 . csf]{lt/ k|fljlwsn] sG;f]n / 6]k l/s8{/ / /]s8{ Kn]o/h:tf Wjlgsf c? Rofgnx¿ ldnfpF5÷;+rfng u5{ .


t/, pb\3f]ifssf] a'y / k|fljlwssf] sf]7f ;a} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df 5'6ØfOPsf] x'Fb}g . slxn] sfxLF pb\3f]ifsn] cfkm}n] sfo{qmd agfP/ k|;f/0f ug{ ?rfpF5 . dfOqmf]kmf]gdf s'/f ug]{, pb\3f]if ug]{ / Wjlgsf oGqx¿ cfkm}n] ;+rng ub{} p;n] …Psn k|bz{gÚ h:tf] ug{;S5 . o; sf/0f :6'l8of] l8hfOg ubf{ o:tf] km]/abn ug{;lsG5 . Wjlg lg/f]w / Wjlg ;+t'ng M dfOqmf]kmf]gn] s'g} klg Wjlg l6Kg] x'gfn] pb\3f]ifssf] sf]7f ;fp08k|'km cyf{t aflx/sf] cfjfh gl5g]{ / sf]7fleq cjfh k|lgWjlgt gx'g] agfpg'k5{ . KnfOp8h:tf xNsf kmn]ssf] af/ nfpFbf b'O{ kqsf] agfpg'k5{ / KnfOp8sf] b'O{ kqaLr Wjlg lg/f]ws a:t' /fVg'k5{ . sf]7fleq k:g] 9f]sfsf] vfkfsf] jl/kl/ /a/sf kqx¿ 6fF;]/ Wjlg lg/f]w ug'{k5{ . pb\3f]ifssf] sf]7fleq Wjlgsf] ;Gt'ng /fd|/L ldnfpg'k5{ . sf]7fsf] leQf ;fx|f] eof] eg] Wjlg leQfdf 7f]lSsP/ kms{G5 / k|ltWjlgt eP/ km]l/ dfOqmf]kmf]gdf k'U5 / km]l/ ;'lgG5 . o;nfO{ …Sofy]8«n Okm]S6Ú elgG5 . of] Okm]S6 jf k|efj x6fpg leQfsf] s]xL efunfO{ g/d a:t'x¿n] 5f]Kg'k5{ . o;sf nflu ahf/df Psl:6s 6fon klg lsGg kfOG5 t/ oxL sfd s'v'/fsf] km'n a]Rbf /flvg] sfutsf] ls:tL, sfDnf] kfvLh:tf] afSnf] kbf{, k/fn] u'Gb|L jf afSnf] sfut -sf8{af]8{_ h:tf ;:tf / ;fdfGo a:t'x¿n] klg u5{g\ . t/ leQfsf] ;a} efu jf rflxg]eGbf a9L efu o:tf] Wjlg lg/f]ws a:t'n] 5f]Kg' x'Fb}g . Wjlg clnslt u'+hg', 3lGsg' jf tlGsg' klg k5{ gq /]l8of]af6 cfPsf] sfo{qmd ;'Gbf v'nf rf}/af6 cfPh:tf] ;'lgG5 , hf] c:jfefljs x'G5 . tfk lgoGq0f M olb :6'l8of]df tfk lgoGqs pks/0f -Po/ sl08;g/_ h8fg ug'{k¥of] eg] To:tf] pks/0f cfjfh glgsfNg] vfnsf], l:k6 6fOksf], x'g'k5{ . To;sf] sDk|];/sf] cfjfh l/sl8{ª :6'l8of]df gk'Ug] u/L aflx/} clg pb\3f]ifsf] a'ydf /x]sf] dfOqmf]kmf]gn] l6Kgg;Sg] ul/ /fVg'k5{ . pb\3f]ifssf] sf]7fleq gnLaf6 lr;f] xfjf l5/fpg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . a'yleqsf] tftf] xfjf aflx/ kmfNgsf] nflu cfjfh gcfpg] k+vf -PS:6«fS6/_ h8fg ug'{k5{ . /]l8of] :6];gsf ljleGg efu, c+u, pks/0fx¿aLr ;DaGw 6«fG;ld6/ / P06]gfnfO{ leq a]Unfa]Un} tf/ ePsf] sf]PlS;on s]a'nn] hf]8\5 . of] s]a'nn] 6«fG;ld6/af6 cfPsf] zlQmnfO{ pNn]vgLo dfqfdf ;f]:5 . o; sf/0f of] tf/ ;s];Dd 5f]6f] x'g' k5{ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df w]/}h;f] k|of]u x'g] ;:tf] vfnsf] sf]PlS;on s]a'n k|of]u ubf{ 6«fG;ld6/ / P06]gfsf]aLrsf] b"/L em08} #) ld6/eGbf w]/} x'g'x'Fb}g . ;fdfGotof 6«fG;ld6/ / :6'l8of] Pp6} 3/leq x'G5 / P06]gf 3/sf] glhs} jf 5fgfdfly x'G5 . t/ 6«fG;ld6/nfO{ :6'l8of]eGbf a]Un} sf]7fdf /fVg' a]; x'G5 lsgls 6«fG;ld6/ w]/} glhs eof] eg] o;af6 lg:s]sf] /]l8of] t/+un] :6'l8of]leqsf pks/0fx¿df k|efj k/]/ cgfjZos cfjfh cfpg;S5 . t/ cUnf] 7fpFdf P06]gf /fVg' kg]{ sf/0fn] P06]gfsf] nflu /f]lhPsf] 7fpF :6'l8of]sf] nflu cg'ko'Qm x'g;S5 . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf P06]gfnfO{ 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkfdf /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 / 6«fG;ld6/nfO{ P06]gfsf] 5]pmdf /fVg'k5{ clg :6'l8of] cln 6f9f pko'Qm 7fpFdf x'g;S5 . o:tf]df 6«fG;ld6/;Dd lah'nL k'¥ofpg] tf/ / :6'l8of]df ah]sf s'/fx¿ k'¥ofpg] csf]{ tf/ b'O6f d'Vo s'/f rflxG5 . csf]{ tf/nfO{ k|f]u|fd nfOg cyf{t\ sfo{qmd k'¥ofpg] tf/ elgG5 . of] tf/ !)))


ld6/eGbf nfdf] x'g' x'g'x'Fb}g . o;sf] nflu 6]lnkmf]gsf] tf/ pko'Qm x'G5 lsgls 6]lnkmf]gsf] tf/ Wjlg k|;f/0fsf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] u/L ag]sf] x'G5 / 3fdkfgLaf6 l5§} lau|Gg . 3/leq k|of]u ul/g] lah'nLsf] tf/ klg k|of]u ug{ t ;lsG5 t/ o:tf] tf/ 3/aflx/ k|of]u ubf{ rfF8} v'Olng] / r'F8g;Sg] x'gfn] lgoldt ¿kdf hfFlr/xg'k5{ . eljiosf ;+efjgfx¿ sDKo'6/df :6'l8of] /]l8of] :6];gleq lr7Lkq jf kf08'lnlk, n]v cflb n]Vg] / sfo{qmd tyf l/s8{x¿ ;"rLj4 tyf juL{s/0f ug]{h:tf ;fdfGo sfddf sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u w]/} klxn]b]lv x'g yfn]sf] xf] . ;do laTb} hfFbf /]l8of] :6'l8of]df uLt, ;+uLt, cGtjf{tf{ cflb l/s8{ ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] y'k|f] nfU5 . y'k|f]af6 rflxg] s'g} ljifo jf ;fdu|L km]nf kfg{ ufx|f] x'G5 . gofF sfo{qmd agfpgsf nflu klxn] k|;f/0f ul/Psf] s'g} ;fdu|Lsf] s]xL 6'qmf rflxof] / dflg;sf] :d/0f zlQmdf dfq} e/ kl/of] eg] vf]h]sf] ;fdu|L t'?Gt}} km]nf kfg{;lsGg . ;a} ;fdu|Lsf] OG8]S; -;"rL_ / Sof6fnu sDKo'6/df /fv]sf] v08df ;DalGwt ljifosf] af/]df ;+lIfKt ;"rL / ljj/0f ;fy} ;f] ;fdu|L sxfF slt gDa/sf] 6]kdf 5 eGg] hfgsf/L ;d]t t'?Gt} yfxf kfpg;lsG5 . sDKo'6/af6} sfo{qmd pTkfbg M xfn} cfP/ l8lh6n k|ljlwn] /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbgdf gofF cfofd vf]lnlbPsf] 5 . s'/fsfgL, ;+uLt, ;fp08 Okm]S6, lh+un cflb /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf nflu rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|L sDKo'6/sf] Pp6f xf8{l8:sdf /fVg;lsg] ePsf] 5 . klxn]klxn] oL ;a} ;fdu|L 6]kx¿df e+8f/ u/]/ /fVg'kYof]{ . o:tf sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ klg 5g\ h;af6 Ps} kN6 !% hgf;Dd sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿n] a]Unfa]Un} sDKo'6/ 6ld{gn rnfP/ xf8{l8:sdf ePsf ;fdu|L /f]Hb} sfo{qmddf ld;fpg, sfo{qmd agfpg / ;Dkfbg ug{;S5g\ . tof/ ePsf] sfo{qmd xf8{l8:sdf /fv]kl5 olt ah] of] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug'{ eg]/ sDKo'6/nfO{ cfb]z lbg;lsG5 . /]l8of] :6'l8of]sf sd{rf/Lsf] ;lqmotflagf klg sfo{qmdx¿sf] >[+vnf qmlds ¿kdf k|;f/0f ug{ nufpg klg ;lsG5 . o:tf] vfnsf] sDKo'6/Ls[t pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf k/Dk/fut :6'l8of]sf sltko pks/0fx¿ cgfjZos x'G5g\ . ;fy} of] k|0ffnL sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf nflu clt ;Ifd 5 . t/, Jojxf/df, :6'l8of]sf ;a} k/Dk/fut pks/0fx¿ lgs6 eljiod} sfd gnfUg] jf x6fOg] ;+efjgf 5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Wjlg l/s8{ u/]/ sDKo'6/sf] xf8{l8:sdf ;fg]{ >Jo pks/0fx¿sf] sfd oyfjt /xg]5 . ;fy} :6'l8of]leq sfo{qmd clGtd ¿kdf pTkfbg ug]{ sfd sDKo'6/af6 u/] klg :6'l8of]aflx/ sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{sf nflu ;'?df j0f{g ul/Psf] l/df]6 dfOqmf]kmf]g ldS;/ ;:tf] / rnfpg ;lhnf] klg x'G5 . o;sf ;fy}, /fdf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df >f]tfx¿sf] ;xeflutf klxn] g} /]s8{ ul/g] sfo{qmddf dfq xf]Og, k|ToIf k|;f/0f sfo{qmddf a9L e/ k5{ eGg] la;{g' x'Fb}g . :6'l8of]leqaf6 ul/g] k|ToIf k|;f/0fsf nflu o:tf k/Dk/fut pks/0fx¿ clxn] klg clt pkof]uL 5g\ .


;fd'bflos /]l8of] / OG6/g]6 ljsf;sf nflu, vf; u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf OG6/g]6n] ljzfn ;+efjgf NofPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :jf:Yo, s[lif, jf jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;"rgf OG6/g]6af6 k|fKt ug{;lsG5 . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x¿, s[lif sfo{qmdsf cu'jfx¿ jf ;fdfGo ufpFn]x¿nfO{ OG6/g]6dfkm{t k|fljlws ljz]if1x¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/fP/ s'g} ;d:ofaf/] 5nkmn u/fpg;lsG5 . ljleGg ;d'bfox¿nfO{ Pscsf{;Fu ;Dkls{t u/fP/ pgLx¿nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ ljifox¿df jf ;d:of / ;dfwfgx¿sf af/]df cgnfOg 5nkmn jf jfbljjfb rnfpg;lsG5 . ufpFsf] uf]/]6f] / ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ M b'ef{Uojz, clxn];Dd clwsf+z ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿df OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr / o;n] pknAw u/fpg] ;"rgf / 1fg ;'ljwfef]uL yf]/} dflg;x¿sf nflu dfq} pknAw 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, clk|msfdf ;g\ !((* sf] cflv/;Dd !=% k|ltzteGbf yf]/} dflg;x¿;Dd OG6/g]6sf] kxF'r lyof] . OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug]{ Tof] cNk;+Vos hdftleq ufpFn] ljkGg hgtf slQ klg kb}{gg\ . ;d:ofnfO{ of] k|Zgdf 5f]6Øfpg;lsG5 M ufpFsf uf]/]6fx¿sf] bfofFafofF a:g] ljkGg ufpFn]x¿nfO{ s;/L ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ -OGkmd]{;g ;'k/xfOj]_ ;Fu hf]8g;lsG5 < ;fd'bflos /]l8of] sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6;Fu ld;fpg' ufpFn]x¿;dIf k'Ug] Pp6f pkfo xf] . /]l8of] :6];gdf OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf ePsf] sDKo'6/ 5 eg] sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿n] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿sf] cfd rf;f]sf ljifox¿sf] hfgsf/L OG6/g]6sf] ljzfn e08f/df vf]Hg;S5g\ . ;fy} OG6/g]6df pknAw ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df pgLx¿n] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] p7fPsf ljz]if k|Zg jf lh1f;fx¿sf] pQ/ lbg klg ;S5g\ . o:tf ;"rgfx¿ /]l8of]af6 k|;f/0f u/]/ OG6/g]6nfO{ s'g} klg 3/df k|efjsf/L 9+un] leq\ofpg ;lsG5 . sDKo'6/sf] s'/} 5f8f}F 6]lnkmf]g;d]t slxNo} hf]8g] sNkgf gu/]sf 3/x¿df ;d]t OG6/g]6sf] nfe k'¥ofpg;lsG5 . OG6/g]6 / sfo{qmd pTkfbg M sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf nflu OG6/g]6 lgSs} pkof]uL x'g;S5 . o;af6 /]l8of] :6];gn] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;"rgfsf] ljzfn e08f/ kfpg;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, w/}h;f] ;dfrf/bftf ;+:yfx¿ -Go'h Ph]G;L_ sf ;"rgf ;fdu|Lx¿ OG6/g]6df kfOG5g\ . To:t} ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿, u}/;/sf/L tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿, ljZjljBfnox¿ cflbsf ;"rgf kfpg;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy}, OG6/g]6af6 >Jo sfo{qmdx¿ klg ;fg{ -8fpg nf]8_ / /]l8of]af6 k'gM k|;f/0f ug{;lsG5 . oL sfo{qmdx¿sf ljifoj:t'leq :jf:Yo, lzIff, dlxnf clwsf/h:tf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ljifox¿ klg x'G5g\ . OG6/g]6 /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;f6f;f6 ug]{ rf}t/L klg xf] . jg jN8{, Unf]an /]l8of] ;le{; tyf P–OGkmf]hh:tf ;]jfx¿n] cfˆgf] j]a ;fO6df cGo pTkfbsx¿sf] /]l8of]df To:tf sfo{qmd /fVg lbG5g\ h'g sfo{qmd c? pTkfbsx¿n] klg pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . To:t} c? pTkfbsx¿n] /fv]sf sfo{qmdx¿ klg cGo pTkfbsx¿n] pkof]u ug{ / k|;f/ ug{;S5g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] c? OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] af/] hfgsf/L klg lbg] rfxgf x'g;S5 . To;sf] nflu /]l8of] :6];gn] jN8{jfO8j]a -8An'8An'8An'_ df cfˆg} j]a ;fO6 vf]n]/ /]l8of] ;+rfng ug]{ ;+:yf, o;sf sfo{qmdx¿, sd{rf/Lx¿ cflbsf] af/]df ;s];Dd lj:tf/k"j{ssf] hfgsf/L lbg;S5 .


u|fdL0f ax'p2]ZoLo 6]ln;]G6/ ufpFsf] ljsf;sf] nflu dfOqmf]lrK; / pku|xLo ;+rf/nfO{ cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ kl/sNkgf ;g\ !(*) sf] bzssf] ;'?lt/ g} ul/Psf] lyof] . To; a]nfb]lv kl/kSj x'Fb} cfPsf] Pp6f wf/0ff xf] u|fdL0f ax'p2]ZoLo 6]ln;]G6/, h;nfO{ …ufpFn] ;"rgf k;nÚ eg]/ klg lrlgG5 . o;sf] d"n l;4fGt ;"rgfsf] nflu ufpFn]x¿ hfg;Sg] Pp6f ynf] agfpg' hxfF l;Q}df jf s]xL z'Ns lt// ufpFn]x¿n] s[lif, :jf:Yo, kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf cGo ljsf; jf ;fdflhs ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf kfpg;S5g\ . o;sf] s]Gb|df ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g eof] eg] o;n] k"0f{tf kfpF5 / o;sf] cl:tTj klg ts{;+ut aG5 . o:tf] k"0f{ 6]ln;]G6/n] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jf lbg;S5 . o:tf] 6]ln;]G6/df, lgZro g} OG6/g]6 ;]jf klg x'G5 h;n] hfgsf/Lsf] e08f/ -8]6fa}Fs_ tyf ljz]if1x¿;dIf kx''Frsf] ;'ljwf lbg'sf ;fy} ;d'bfox¿nfO{ Pscfk;df hf]8g]h:tf, clwNnf] v08df pNn]v ul/Psf ;]jfx¿ k|bfg u5{ . o; afx]s, o;n] ;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]g / ˆofS; ;]jf, lel8of], cl8of]–leh'cn ;fdu|L / lstfa tyf k|sfzgx¿sf] k':tsfno v8f ug]{h:tf c? sfd klg ug{;S5 . ljZj a}+ssf] Pp6f sfo{qmdcGtu{t ef/tsf nflu k|:tfljt o:tf] Pp6f 9fFrfdf 6]ln;]G6/n] Sof;]6 / l/s8{x¿ a]Rg], lel8of] / cl8of]–leh'cn pks/0fx¿ ef8fdf nufpg] 8]:s6k klAnl;ª / kmf]6f]skL ;]jf lbg]h:tf sfdx¿ ug{;S5g\ . oL ;]jfx¿sf] p2]Zo 6]ln;]G6/nfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg' xf] . a+unfb]zdf u|fdL0f a}+sn] u/]sf] sfd lgSs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ufpFsf ljkGgx¿, vf; u/L dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;+rflnt sNkgfzLn n3'art -dfOqmf] qm]l86_ sfo{qmdsf] nflu k|Voft of] a}+sn] ;g\ !((^ df u|fdL0f 6]lnsd ;'? u¥of] . o;n] ;]n'n/ 6]lnkmf]g lsg]/ ;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|bfg ug{sf nflu dlxnfx¿nfO{ C0f lbG5 . ;fy} o;n] k|d'v 7"nf zx/x¿df OG6/g]6 sg]S;g klg pknAw u/fpF5 . a+unfb]zsf %),))) ufpFx¿df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'¥ofpg] / OG6/g]6 kx'Frsf] ;]jf km}nfpg] o;sf] of]hgf 5 . u|fdL0f ax'p2]ZoLo 6]ln;]G6/sf] af6f]df of] klxnf] sbd xf] . t/, a+unfb]zdf k|;f/0f ug]{ Psflwsf/ clxn] klg ;/sf/;Fu dfq 5 / ToxfF lgs6 eljiodf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] Ohfht kfpg] s'g} ;+s]t 5}g . l8lh6n k|ljlw sfo{qmd agfpg] / ljt/0f ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ xfn cfP/ l8lh6n k|ljlwn] la:tf/} km]/]sf] 5 . w]/} k|;f/sx¿n] sfo{qmd lgdf{0f tyf pTkfbgsf nflu l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf nufgL u/]sf 5g\ . ca k|;f/0fsf] sfdsf] >[+vnfdf 6«fG;ld;g;Ddsf] l:jr Pgfnuaf6 l8lh6n k4ltlt/ ;b}{5 . o;} aLr, l8lh6n k4ltsf] ljsf;n] /]l8of] k|;f/0f, b"/;+rf/ / sDKo'6/ pBf]unfO{ Ps}7fpFdf NofP/ To;sf] d]n jf PsLs/0fsf] -sGeh]{G;_ k|s[of ;'? u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;a} k|;f/sx¿nfO{ gofF tyf r'gf}ltk"0f{ Jofkfl/s jftfj/0flt/ 8f]¥ofpFb}5 . o;df pgLx¿n] :ki6 ¿kdf dlN6ldl8ofsf] e"ldsf vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . ljZj b"/;+rf/ ;+3 -cfO{6Lo'_ n] o;;DaGwdf Pp6f k|sfzg tof/ kfb}{5 . >Ln+sfdf ufpFn]x¿;dIf OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr


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;d'bfosf cfjZostfx¿ / ;fd'bflos /]l8of]af6 ;d'bfon] /fv]sf ck]Iffx¿nfO /fd|/L ljZn]if0f / k/fdz{ ug{;Sg] 5g\ .

• ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] :yfkgfsf nflu ug'{ kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ tof/L l7s;Fu ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g tyf ;d'bfon] ;';"lrt eP/ jf /fd|/L larf/ k'¥ofP/ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ jf o; sfddf cu'jfO ug{;Sg] 5g\ .

;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;]jf :yfkgf ug{sf nflu ;xL vfnsf] cg';Gwfg / of]hgf clt cfjZos x'G5 . of] k|lqmofsf] yfngL ljleGg ;|f]tx¿af6 ;"rgf a6'n]/ ug'{k5{ . t/ vf; ;"rgf t ;d'bfoaf6} a6'Ng'k5{ . of] cWofosf] k'5f/df rf}sf]; ^ df k|Zgx¿sf] ;"rL /flvPsf] 5, :6];g :yfkgf ug'{cl3 o;sf] hjfkm lbg' cfjZos 5 . ca ;'? x'g] v08df ltg} k|Zgx¿sf] JofVof 5 . of] v08n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgf ug{ rfxg] u|fdL0f hgtf, ;d"x jf ;+:yfx¿sf nflu lgb]{lzsfsf] sfd u5{ .


sfg"gL ;Gbe{ :jtGq /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ Ohfht lbg] af/]df /fli6«o k|;f/0f P]g lgod s] 5 egL yfxf kfpg' ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgf ug]{ lbzfdf klxnf] kfOnf xf] . olb gfkmf/lxt ;fd'bflos k|;f/0fsf] k|fjwfg g} 5}g eg] c? pkfo vf]Hg'kg]{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Jofkfl/s /]l8of]sf] Joj:yf klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;]jfdf nfu" x'g;S5 . s]xL b]zx¿df w]/} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] Jofkfl/s :6];gsf] nfO;]G; lnPsf 5g\ . Jofkfl/s :6];gx¿sf] d"n Wo]o g} gfkmf sdfpg] x'gfn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] Jofkfl/s /]l8of]sf] nfO;]G; lbP/ rnfpg' /fd|f] xf]Og . sxLFsxLF ;f+:s[lts /]l8of]nfO{ Ohfht lbg] sfg"g klg x'G5 . slxn]sflxF dflg;x¿ nfO;]G; glnOsg} /]l8of] :6];g vf]Ng yfN5g\ . t/, b08;hfo ef]Ug gk/f];\ eGg] larf/ ug'{k5{ . -sfg"gL kIfsf af/]df / Ohfhtsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg] hfgsf/Lsf nflu cWofo tLgdf x]g'{;\_ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]dfly clxn] klg /f]s nfu]sf] 7fpFsf nflu k|;f/0f pks/0f, 6«fG;ld;g, grflxg] c? ljsNkx¿ x'g;S5g\ . -df]8]nx¿sf] af/]df tn lbOPsf] v08 x]g'{;\_ .

;d'bfodf ug'{kg]{ k|f/lDes tof/L rf}sf]; ^ df pNn]lvt k|Zgx¿n] ;d'bfodf ug'{kg]{ sfdsf cfwf/ :ki6 kf5{g\ . oL cfwf/e"t sfdx¿cGtu{t ;d'bfosf] cj:yf, ljBdfg cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿df ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] s] / s;/L ;d'bfosf] lxt u5{ cflbaf/] ;d'bfoleq 5nkmn rnfOG5 . ;d'bfosf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx¿, wfld{s g]tfx¿ tyf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;dfhdf cu'jfO ug]{ t/ alnof] hgdt tof/ ug{;Sg] ;d'bfoleqsf cu'jfx¿ of] k/fdz{ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL u/fOg'k5{ eGg] s'/f :ki6} 5 . t/ /]l8of] :yfkgfdf ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfosf] a[xt k/fdz{ lng' klg plQs} h?/L x'G5 . . ls;fg, df5f df/]/ hLljsf rnfpg] af]6]÷dfemL, k;n], lzIfs, snfsf/ cflb ;d'bfosf ljleGg ju{ / If]q;Fu klg ;fd"lxs 5nkmn ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . w]/}h;f] u|fdL0f ;dfhdf k/Dk/fut lx;fan] pk]lIft dlxnf tyf o'jfx¿;Fu k/fdz{ ug'{ klg h?/L 5 . of] k|lqmofdf ;f+:s[lts, eflifs tyf s'g} klg lx;fan] cNk;+Vos ;d"xnfO{ kfvf kfg'{ x'Fb}g . ljBdfg cj:yf, kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf rfxgf / ;+efjgf, tyf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;+efljt e"ldsfsf ;+a+wdf dflg;x¿sf] wf/0ff :ki6 / ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ . k|fljlws pks/0f xf]Og ;fdflhs ;+sNk g} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] jf:tljs cfwf/ xf] . ;d'bfosf] cj:yfaf/] 5nkmn / cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿df kxF'r a9fpg] pkfox¿ vf]Hb}hfFbf kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf nflu ;d'bfoleq ;+rf/ g} klxnf] cfjZostf x'g;S5 eGg] ljrf/ :ki6 b]lvg] sltko cg'ejx¿n] b]vfPsf] 5 . s]xL 7fpFx¿sf] cg'ejaf6 s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ;d'bfosf] cj:yfaf/] 5nkmn / cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿df kxF'r a9fpg] pkfox¿ vf]Hg ;xeflutfTds sfo{zfnfx¿ cfof]hgf ubf{ kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf nflu ;d'bfoleqsf] ;+rf/ g} klxnf] cfjZostf x'g;S5 eGg] ljrf/ :jtM b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;a}eGbf pko'Qm ;+rf/ dfWod x'g;S5 eGg] s'/f :jefjtM :ki6 x'G5 .


k|f/lDes kl/0ffdx¿ M ;'?sf k/fdz{ k|lqmofx¿n] lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ :ki6 kfg'{{k5{ M • ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;+rfng ug]{ ljrf/k|lt pT;fxsf] :t/ / o;sf nflu

;+sNk÷jrgj4tfÙ • o;sf] ;du| p2]Zo, vf; u/L kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df s] x'g'k5{Ù • ;fdGotof o;sf] ;+rfng s;/L ul/g'k5{ .

oL ljifox¿df Jofks ;xdlt x'g;s]g eg] s]xL s'/fdf ;Demf}tf ug'{kg]{ x'G5, cyjf c? yk tyf Jofks 5nkmn rnfpg'k5{ . 5nkmn, k/fdz{ ub}{hfFbf rf}sf]; ^ df pQ/ vf]lhPsf ljifox¿af/] yk hfgsf/Lx¿ cfpgyfN5g\ . ;d'bfo aflx/sf t/ kl/of]hgf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] dflg;x¿;Fu klg ;Dks{ ug'{k5{ . ljleGg If]qdf sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿sf ;fy} ;d'bfodf k'Ug] ;/sf/L jf Jofkfl/s /]l8of] Rofgnx¿, ;d'bfosf] ljsf;sf] sfddf nfu]sf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, :jf:Yo, s[lif, lzIff cflb ;/sf/L ;]jf lbg] sd{rf/Lx¿ o:tf dflg;x¿sf] ;d"xdf k5{g\ . k/fdz{÷5nkmn rnfpg] tl/sf M nlIft ;d"x;Fu 5nkmn -kmf]s; u|'k l8:s;g – Pkm8LhL_ dflg;x¿sf] dt / ljrf/ cg';Gwfg ug]{÷a'‰g] ;a}eGbf alnof pkfox¿dWo] Pp6f pkfo xf] . oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] ;fd'bflos k/fdz{sf nflu of] k|ljlw ;kmntfk"j{s k|of]u ug{;lsG5 . d"n ¿kdf Pkm8LhLsf] pkof]u ahf/sf] vf]hLsf nflu ePtf klg xfn cfP/ ljsf;sf sfddf hgtfsf] dt, wf/0ff, ljrf/ / cfsf+Iffx¿af/] u'0ffTds ;"rgf rflxFbf o;sf] k|efjsf/L 9+un] pkof]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . Pkm8LhL s] xf] < Pkm8LhL cyf{t\ nlIft ;d"x 5nkmndf ^ b]lv !@ hgf dflg;x¿ ;xefuL x'G5g\ . tL dflg;x¿ lzIff, hLjg z}nL, / cfly{s x}l;otn] Ps} vfnsf x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] ;d:of klg Ps} vfnsf] x'G5 . ;d"xdf Ps b'O{ hgf dflg; c?eGbf hfGg];'Gg] b]lvP/ 5nkmndf c?sf] ljrf/nfO{ bafpg] cj:yf cfpg glbgsf nflu Ps} vfnsf dflg;x¿sf] ;d"x 5nkmn x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . ;d"xdf 5 hgfeGbf yf]/} dflg; x'g'x'Fb}g, gq tfTtftf] ax;, 5nkmn x'g;Qm}g / cy{k"0f{ ;femf ;xdltdf k'Ug klg ;lsFb}g . ;xefuLx¿ !@ hgfeGbf w]/} klg x'g'x'Fb}g . o;f] eof] eg] ;a} hgfn] af]Ng] df}sf kfpF5g\ / pk ;d"x u7g ug{ / pk ;d"xdf 5nkmn rnfpg klg kb}{g . oL ;fd'blos k/dz{x¿ cGtu{t a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿, sfvsf afnsnfO{ b"w v'jfpg' kg]{ cfdfx¿, jf ;fgf ls;fgx¿ h:tf ljleGg ;d"xx¿ kg{;S5g\ . ;xhstf{ M nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn ;+rfng ug]{ sfd ;xhstf{n] u5{ . tf]lsPsf] ljifodf ;d"xsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfk;df s'/f ug{ nufpg' ;xhstf{sf] d'Vo sfd xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu afnssf] :jf:Yo /Iff / ;'wf/ ug{ ev{/sf cfdfx¿sf nflu /]l8of]df s:tf] sfo{qmd pkof]uL x'g;S5 eGg]h:tf ljifodf 5nkmn rnfpg ;lsG5 . ;d"xsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ws gdfgL cfˆgf] ljrf/ kf]Vg nufpgsf nflu ;xhstf{n] ;fgf] x}l;otdf a;]/ cgf}krfl/s 9+un] 5nkmn rnfpF5 . p;n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfk;d} 5nkmn ug{


/ cfkm"k|lt l;w} nlIft gug{ k|]l/t ug{ ljz]if k|ljlwx¿ ckgfpF5 . ;xhstf{n] klxn] g} tof/ kl/Psf v'nf pQ/ cfpg] vfnsf k|Zgx¿ /fv]/ 5nkmnnfO{ 8f]¥ofpF5 . p;sf k|Zgx¿ o/L ;'? x'g;S5g\M æo;af/] tkfO{Fsf] ljrf/ s] 5 <Æ jf æxfdLn] s] ug'{k5{ h:tf] nfU5 tkfOF{nfO{ <Æ cyf{t\ æxf]Æ jf æxf]OgÆ eg]/dfq} hjfkm lbg gldNg] jf k+5fpg gldNg] vfnsf k|Zg ;f]Wg'k5{ . uxg ljZn]if0f ug{ pS;fpg] M ;xhstf{sf] csf]{ d'Vo sfd xf] 5nkmn eO/x]sf] ljifodf ulx/f] jf leqL txdf k'u]/ ljZn]if0f ug{ k|]l/t ug'{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, p;n] s'g} klg ;xefuLsf] ljrf/sf] cleJolQm jf egfOnfO{ To;sf] k5fl8 s] 5 egL kQf gnufOsg To;} 5f]8\g' x'Fb}g . ;d"xsf] ;b:on] o:tf] eGg;S5, h:t}, ædnfO{ ;fFlRrs} Tof] sfo{qmd dgk5{, d}n] slxNo} Tof] sfo{qmd 5f]8lbgÆ . cyjf ;d"x ;b:on] Tof] sfo{qmd p;nfO{ slQ klg dg kb}{g eg]/ cl3sf] egfOsf] l7s pN6f] s'/f eGg;S5 . b'a} cj:yfdf ;xhstf{n] ljgd|tfk"j{s t/ t'?Gt} o:tf] eGg'k5{, ætkfO{Fsf] s'/f /f]rs 5 . tkfO{FnfO{ lsg To:tf] nfU5 elglbg' x'GYof] ls <Æ jf:tjdf ljjflbt ljifodf ulx/f] ljZn]if0f ug{ pS;fpg / To;sf af/]df ;d"xsf] ljrf/ k"0f{ ¿kn] a'‰gsf nflu ælsgÆ eGg] k|Zg clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|]Ifs M nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn rln/xFbf ToxfF JoQm ePsf dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿nfO{ Ps hgf k|]Ifsn] r'krfk;Fu l6Kb} u/]sf] x'G5 . 5nkmn ;lsPkl5 k|]Ifsn] 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf k|lqmofx¿ / ToxfF JoQm ePsf d'Vod'Vo a'Fbfx¿ ;d"xnfO{ ;'gfpg' a]; x'G5 . p;n] l6k]sf ljrf/x¿ ;xL 9+un] l6lkPsf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ egL ;d"xaf6 ;'lglZrt ug'{ clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;n] km/flsnf] ;xdltdf k'Ug ;3fpF5 . nlIft ;d"x 5nkmnsf] k|efjsfl/tf M vf; u/L sd z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf dflg;x¿sf] ljrf/ a'‰g nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn lgs} k|efjsf/L x'G5 . cfˆg} ;dsIfLx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ul/g] / ;xhstf{n] ljNs'n} cgf}krfl/s jftfj/0f agfOlbg] x'gfn] ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] ;lhnf];Fu s'/fsfgL ug{;S5g\ . Ps kN6 ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] cfk;df s'/f ug{ yfn]kl5, pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] dl:tis / d'6'df ePsf jf:tljs / cfGtl/s s'/fx¿ k|ltlqmof, ljrf/ / dtsf] ¿kdf kf]vg yflnxfN5g\ . leqL ljrf/x¿ yfxf kfpgsf nflu PsPs hgf;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lng'eGbf nlIft ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{ a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5, lsgls cGtjf{tf{df cGtjf{tf{sf/n] ;f]w]sf] jf p;n] hfGg vf]h]sf s'/fdfq} pQ/bftfn] eG5 . csf]{lt/, ;fdfGo jf ldl>t ;d"xdf 5nkmn rnfpFbf To;df efu lng] s]xL dflg;x¿ cfkm"dfq} af]Ng] / c?nfO{ af]Ng glbg] l:ylt klg cfpg;S5 . To;df klg dlxnf tyf o'jfx¿ o:tf e]nfx¿df :jtGqtfk"j{s af]Ng ;+sf]r dfG5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfk|lt ;xhstf{ rgfvf] eP/ pgLx¿sf] tkm{af6 sfd ug'{k5{ . yf]/} af]Ng] jf gaf]Ng]x¿nfO{ cK7Øf/f] jf ;+sf]rdf gkf/L pgLx¿nfO{ af]Ng xf}:ofpg'k5{ . ;d'bfosf ljljw If]q;Fu nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn, To;nfO{ ykyfk ug{sf nflu ;d'bfodf hgdt tof/ kfg]{ g]tfx¿, :yfgLo sd{rf/Lx¿ tyf cGo To:t} vfnsf ;|f]tx¿;Fu cGtjf{tf{, s'/fsfgL cflb ldnfP/ vf]h]sf] ;"rgf kfpg;lsG5 h;sf] cfwf/df ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;]jfsf] of]hgf tof/ kfg{;lsG5 . t/, ;d'bfoleq / ljleGg lxt ufFl;Psf cGo kIfx¿;Fu k/fdz{ ug{sf nflu h'g tl/sf ckgfP klg xtf/df ug{' x'Fb}g . ;'?d} uNtL jf c;dembf/Lx¿ l7s ul/Pgg\ jf :ki6 kfl/Pgg\ eg] kl5 uP/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;+rfng ubf{ ltgn] k5Øfpg / b'Mv lbg;S5g\ .


;fy}, of]hgf th'{df ug]{ r/0fdf, / jf:tjdf ;Dk"0f{ r/0fdf, ljz]if :jfy{ ePsf ;d"xx¿sf n's]sf d'2f jf ljifox¿ x'g;S5 eGg] ;+efjgfk|lt rgfvf] x'g'k5{, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k o:tf ;d"xx¿n] cfˆgf] :jfy{ k"/f ug{sf nflu cGttM /]l8of] ;]jfs} ckx/0f ug{;S5g\ . dflg;x¿sf] Ifdtfdfly ljZjf; æljsf;;Fu rf;f] /fVg] ;a}sf nflu ;+rf/ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ k|lqmof xf] . of] k|lqmof xf], nIo xf]Og . lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu of] Pp6f ;fwg xf] . ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;+rf/sf] e"ldsf hgtfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs cj:yfaf/] ;r]t agfpg' / ltgsf ;fdflhs jf:tljstfx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ zlQm pgLx¿;Fu} 5 egL cg'ej u/fpg' xf] . dflg;x¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\, 1fg / ;+:s[ltdfly pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ 5 tyf cfˆgf] cj:yfsf] pgLx¿n] cfnf]rgf, d"Nof+sg ug{;S5g\ / To;af/] sfd ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] ljsf; ;+rf/sf] ljZjf; 5 . ;fdflhs ljifox¿df a'l4dfgLsf ;fy 5nkmn ug{] sfddf lg/If/x¿nufot ;a} dflg;sf] Ifdtfdfly ljZjf; klg o;leq k5{ .Æ P8 df]of]

eljiosf] /]l8of] :6];g æ/]l8of] :6];gn] s] u5{ / s;sf nflu eGg] klxn] lgwf] ug'{k5{ . of] d'ÝLe/sf dflg;x¿n] pkof]u ug{sf nflu xf] ls w]/};Fu s'/f ug{sf nflu ;d'bfosf] Ps lx:;fsf dflg;x¿n] dfq pkof]u ug{sf nflu xf] < of] l8:sf] jf /]l8of]df uLtsf /]s8{ ahfpg] l8:shsLx¿ -8Lh]_ n] Psflwsf/ ug{sf nflu xf] < jf o;sf] d'Vo sfd, ;du|df, k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jf, wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, cfwf/e"t lzIff, lszf]/fj:yfd} ue{wf/0f cflb ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;f]em} k|efj kfg]{ ljifox¿df lzlIft agfP/ ;du|df ;d'bfonfO{ ;an agfpg' xf] <Æ h]g] Oa|flxd / ld; P8D;, a'; /]l8of] *(=% PkmPd, -s]; :68L $ x]g'{;\ ._

nIo 3f]if0ffsf] dxTj M of]hgfj4 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] p2]Zosf af/]df ;'?sf] cj:yfd} ;+lIfKt tyf ;f/ule{t nIo 3f]if0ff -ld;g :6]6d]06_ tof/ ug{ yfNg' h?/L x'G5 . o;n] 5nkmnsf nflu cfwf/ lbG5 / k/fdz{sf] bf}/fgdf o;nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{;lsG5 . ;/f]sf/jfnf ljleGg kIfx¿aLr nIo 3f]if0ffdf ;xdlt ePkl5 ;femf ;dembf/Lsf nflu of] Pp6f cfwf/ aG5 / of] cfwf/dfly /]l8of] :6];gsf] ;+r/gf agfOG5 . o;sf] dtna nIo 3f]if0ff ckl/jt{gLo lznfn]v xf]Og . o;nfO{ cg'ejsf] cfwf/df ;'wfb}{ hfg' cjfZos x'G5 . t/ o;df s'g} klg kl/jt{g ubf{ ;d'bfosf] k/fdz{ k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ dfq ug'{k5{ . /]l8of] :6];g ;+rfng ePkl5 To;n] nIo 3f]if0ffsf] kfng slQsf] u5{ eGg] s'/f d'Vo ¿kdf o;sf] Joj:yfkg / lgb{]zg ug{ 5flgPsf dflg;x¿df e/k5{ . /]l8of] :6];gsf] nIo o;sf sfo{qmdx¿n] s;/L k"/f ub}{5 eGg] s'/fsf] d"Nof+sg ;d'bfoleqs} Pp6f ;ldltn] lgoldt ¿kdf ug'{k5{ .


nIo 3f]if0ff

æ/]l8of] :6];gsf] nIo -3f]if0ff_ df :6];gsf] nIo kl/eflift ul/Psf] x'G5 . cfˆgf] p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{sf nflu s'g lbzflt/ nfUg'k5{ eGg] of] Pp6f gS;f xf] . cfˆgf] ;kmntf gfKg] of] Pp6f cf}hf/ xf] . of] o:tf] hu xf] h;dfly ;a} ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ul/G5 . of] xfdLnfO{ ky k|bz{g ug]{ gIfq xf] . ===== ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd oxL nIon] :yfkgf u/]sf] l;4fGtdfly cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ .Æ

lan ;fOd]l/ª, cd]l/sL hg;]jL /]l8of] sfo{stf{, -!(&&_ .

wfld{s ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf ;d'bfosf wfld{s g]tfx¿sf] e"ldsfaf/] ljz]if ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ . w]/} ;d'bfox¿df pgLx¿n] /]l8of] ;]jf :yfkgf / ;+rfng u/fpg] sfddf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf5g\ . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ;xL ¿kdf u/fpg / /]l8of] :6];g hgtfsf] clwstd lxtsf] nflu ;+rfng xf]cf];\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu pgLx¿sf] jrgj4tf k|foM dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t/ ;a} wfld{s g]tfx¿ c?sf] k|efjaf6 k"/} d'Qm x'G5g\ jf pgLx¿df lglZrt ¿kdf /fhgLts :jfy{ x'Fb}g egL cg'dfg ug'{ x'Fb}g . o; sf/0f ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ug{ wfld{s ;+:yfx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg eP klg ltgLx¿nfO{ :jtM ;fem]bf/ agfpg'eGbf klxn] ltgLx¿sf] x}l;ot / sfd lgwf{l/t ug{ / wf/0ff a'‰g lj:t[t 5nkmn ug'{k5{ .

lkmlnlkG;df wfld{s ;+:yf / ;fd'bflos /]l8of]af/] l6Kk0fL æwfld{s ;+:yfx¿ /fhgLlts jf Jofkfl/s :jfy{/lxt dflgG5g\ . pgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f] OdfGbf/L;fy ;dlk{t wd{k|rf/sx¿ x'g\ . pgLx¿n] ul/ax¿sf] ;d:of /fd|/L a'em]sf x'G5g\ . t}klg, of] nfhdbf]{ s'/f xf] ls luhf{3/sf s]xL ;b:ox¿ v'nf ¿kdf cfˆgf JolQmut cgf}7f afgLx¿ / ;fdflhs k"jf{u|xx¿ b]vfpF5g\ . sxLFsxL pgLx¿n] ;d'bfodf /fhgLlts kIfkft klg u5{g\ .

Pp6f ;d'bfodf, hxfF xfdLn] jf:tjd} Pp6f /]l8of] :6];g v8f u¥of}F,;fd'bflos ldl8of kl/ifbsf] cWoIf kbdf Ps hgf kfb/Lsf] gfd /x]5 . b'ef{Uojz pgn] lg0f{o ug]{ sfddf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿sf] ;xeflutf u/fpg] s'/fdf slxNo} ?lr b]vfPsf /x]g5g\ . :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] lgotdfly pgL ljZjf; ub}gy] .

:6];gsf] Joj:yfkg pgL cfkm} uy]{ / cfˆgf gf]s/ rfs/ of] sfddf ;+nUg u/fpFy] . r'gfj k|rf/ ug]{] a]nfdf pgn] cfkm"n] hgtfn] ?rfPsf] 7fg]sf g]tfnfO{ ;dy{g u/] . /]l8of] :6];g pgsf] wfld{s ;+:yf ;lhn}l;t cfpghfg ;lsg] 7fpFdf ePsf] x'Fbf tL kfb/Ln] cfkm"n] ?rfPsf] pDd]b\jf/nfO{ dfly k'¥ofpg] / ljkIfLnfO{ xf]Rofpg] sfo{qmdx¿ k|;f/0f u/] .Æ

n'O{ tflaª, o'g]:sf] / 8flg8fn] lkmlnlkG;df ;+rfng u/]sf] tfDa'nL kl/of]hgfsf k|jGws, -!((&_ .


:yfgLo lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf :yfgLo ljBfnox¿sf ;+rfns÷sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df ljz]if ?lr x'g;S5 / o;sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;3fpg ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, pgLx¿n] /]l8of]nfO{ cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf cleefjsx¿sf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg] pkfosf] ¿kdf lng;S5g\ . o;sf ;fy} ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿n] :jo+;]jL k|;f/s eP/ sfd ug{;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] k|foM cfˆgf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ u[xsfo{ -xf]djs{_ ug{ ;Demfpg] / ;3fpg] b}lgs sfo{qmd k|;fl/t ug{;S5g\ . s'g}s'g} ;d'bfox¿df, xKtfdf Ps lbg /]l8of] :6];g rnfpg] sfd ljBfnosf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ lbOG5 .

/fhgLlts1x¿sf] ;+nUgtf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df /fhgLlt1 tyf g]tfx¿sf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df, jf pgLx¿nfO{ o;df e"ldsf lbg' x'G5 / eGg] ljleGg vfnsf ljrf/ b]lvG5g\ . -Ps hgf cg'ejL ;fd'bflos k|;f/ssf] ljrf/ hfGgsf nflu rf}sf]; % x]g'{;\ ._ rf}sf]; % M ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df /fhgLlt1x¿sf] ;+nUgtf æafO; aif{;Dd k|;f/0f kqsfl/tf u/]kl5 /fhgLt1x¿k|lt d ;fdfGotofM z+sfn' ag]sf] 5' . /fhgLlts g]tfn] efif0f u/]sf] ;'Gbf p;sf] lbdfusf] k5fl8 s] xf]nf egL kQf nufpg] sf]lz; u5'{ , t/ Tof] yfxf kfpg d k|foM c;dy{ x'G5' . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] kl/of]hgfdf /fhgLlts g]tfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] ls pgLx¿nfO{ k"/} a]jf:tf ug]{ eGg] k|Zg p7Øf] . xfd|f] bndf y'k|} 5nkmn, ;fy} Jofj;flos ;dfhzf:qLx¿;Fu k/fdz{ u/]kl5 /]l8of] :6];g ;+rfngdf /fhgLlts g]tfx¿n] efu lng'k5{ eGg] lgisif{ lg:Sof] . h] eP klg /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ ;dfhsf k+5fpg gldNg] tTj x'g\ . ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df pgLx¿ k|efjsf/L lx:;f x'g;S5g\ . cj;/jfbL g]tfx¿n] ;d'bfodf k'Ug] dfWodnfO{ cfˆgf] ef]6 a9fpg / ;fj{hlgs k|z+;f kfpg] cj;/sf ¿kdf t'?Gt} a'lemxfN5g\ . t}klg pgLx¿nfO{ k"/} kfvf nfP/ kl/of]hgf rnfpg ;lsFb}g . xfd|f] pkfo /fhgLlt1x¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ o'lQm;+ut ;Gbe{df ldnfP/ /fVg' xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb bnLo /fhgLltug]{ g]tfx¿ ;fd'bflos ldl8of kl/ifbdf ;fd]n x'g rfx] eg] ;a} 7"nf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g'k5{ . s'g} /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ kl/of]hgfaf6 6f9} a:g] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf JoQm ug{;S5g\ eg] s]xLn] ;|f]t / >d h'6fpg ;3fpg ;S5g\ . t/, kl/of]hgfaf6 6f9} a:g] gLlt cfkm}n] lng]x¿dWo] klg s]xL bnsf dflg;x¿ :6];gsf dxTjk"0f{ kbx¿df a;]sf x'g;S5g\ — ;fob st} pbf/ enf]stf{sf] ¿kdf, st} j'l4hLjLsf] ¿kdf jf st} k|e'Tj hdfpg] :6];g Dofg]h/sf] ¿kdf . o;/L p;sf] JolQmTjsf] lj:tfl/t ¿k / :jfy{n] :6];gsf ;+j]bgzLn lg0f{o ug]{ s'/fdf k|efj kfg{;S5 .


s]xL /fhgLlts g]tfx¿sf 3f]if0ffx¿df ;d"xsf nflu zt{/lxt rf;f] JoQm ePsf] x'g;S5 . o:tf] rf;f]leq :6];gsf] sfddf x:tIf]k gug]{ v'nf k|lt1f klg x'g;S5 . t/, yf]/}n] dfq} cfˆgf] jrg k"/f u5{g\ . s]xLn] cfkm"n] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf u/]sf] k|lt1f kfng u/]sf] :jf+u kfg{ klg ;S5g\ . vf; u/L kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkgn] cfˆgf] pkl:ylt hgfpFbf pgLx¿n] o;f] ug]{ u5{g\ . t/ rt'/ g]tfx¿n] ghflgFbf] jf uf]Ko 9+un] x:tIf]k ug{;S5g\ . …d'vdf dx x'g]sf] k'R5/df vLn x'G5Ú eGg] egfO k|foM ;To x'G5 . of] s'/f s'g} b'i6 /fhgLlts g]tfdf dfq} nfu" geP/ ;d'bfosf af]nSs8 ;b:ox¿df klg nfu" x'G5 . t/ d s] :jLsf/ u5'{ eg] oL d]/f ;fdfGo ljrf/ x'g\ / lgZro klg o;sf ckjfbx¿ 5g\ . /fhgLlts rfnx¿sf] hjfkm sfo{qmd lgdf{tfx¿ / k|;f/sx¿n] s;/L lbG5g\ eGg] s'/f pgLx¿sf] g}lts hu / pgLx¿n] kfPsf] tflndn] lg0f{o u5{ .Æ

n'O{ tflaª, o'g]:sf] / 8flg8fn] lkmlnlkG;df ;+rfng u/]sf] tfDa'nL kl/of]hgfsf k|jGws

;d'bfodf /]l8of] :6];g /fVg] 7fpFsf] 5gf}6 ;d'bfodf s'g 7fpFdf /]l8of] :6];gsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] lg0f{o ubf{ k|fljlws tyf ;fdflhs s'/fx¿df ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ . k|ljlws s;L

P06]gf / 6«fG;ld6/sf] l:ylt

• cfFvfn] b]lvg] /]vfdf km}lng] PkmPd /]l8of] t/+usf] :jefj ePsf]n] P06]gf ;s];Dd cUnf] 7fpfdf jf sDtLdf klg #) ld6/ cUnf] df:6÷6fj/dfly x'g'k5{ . ;fy} cUnf] ejgn] 5]lsPsf] x'g'x'Fb}g .

• 6«fG;ld6/ / P06]gf lah'nLsf] xfO6]G;g nfOgsf] glhs x'g'xFb}g . • lah'nL÷zlQmsf] ;|f]t pknAw x'g'k5{ . • 6«fG;ld6/ / P06]gf cfk;df ;s];Dd glhs x'g'k5{ . #) ld6/eGbf 6f9f x'g'xF'b}g .

:6'l8of]l;t 6«fG;ld6/ / P06]gfsf] l:ylt

• 6«fG;ld6/ / P06]gfb]lv :6'l8of] Ps xhf/ ld6/ 6f9f x'g;S5 . t/ To;nfO{ s]ann] hf]8g'k5{ h;nfO{ s]a'n nfOg elgG5 . o;sf] ljsNkdf :6'l8of]af6 6«fG;ld6/;Dd eLPrPkm k|0ffnLaf6 ;Dks{ u/]/ sfo{qmd k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 .

:6'l8of]sf]] l:ylt

• :6'l8of]df lah'nLsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . • of] lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsg] xNnf jf Wjlgsf] ;|f]teGbf k/ x'g'k5{ .


;fdflhs s;L

• :6'l8of] dfgj a:tLsf] s]Gb|sf] ;s];Dd glhs} x'g'k5{ . • ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ ;lhn};Fu hfg;Sg] 7fpFdf x'g'k5{ . • 3/ axfn ltg'{ gkg]{ jf ;s];Dd yf]/} lt/] x'g] u/L ldnfpg'k5{ . • o;df s'g} :jfy{ ufFl;Psf] x'g'x'Fb}g . • u'08fubL{ rf]/L cflbaf6 ;'/lIft x'g'k5{ .

df]8n 5fGg] w]/}h;f] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] cfˆg} k|;f/0f ;'ljwf / lk|mSj]G;L xf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\, t/ k|rlnt sfg"g jf cfly{s ;|ftsf] cefjsf sf/0fn] of] s'/f ;Fw} jf ;a} 7fpFdf ;Dej xF'b}g . cfˆg} :6];g / lk|mSj]G;L gePsf] cj:yfdf o;/L sfd rnfpg ;lsG5 M

• cfˆg] If]qdf k|;f/0f ug]{ ;/sf/L jf Jofkfl/s :6];gx¿;Fu k|;f/0f ;do lsGg] Ù • eO/x]sf] lk|mSj]G;L ls/fofdf lng], t/ o:tf] pkfo ;fdfGotof ;x/L If]qdfdfq ;Lldt

x'g]u5{ . • 6«fG;ld6/ /fv]/ k|;f/0f ug'{sf] ;§f nfp8l:ks/af6 k|;f/0f ug]{ ;fd'blos /]l8of] k|0ffnL

h8fg ug]{ . o:tf ;fd'bflos k|;f/0f k|0ffnLdf cUnf] ?v, vDaf jf 3/sf] 5fgfdf /fv]sf] nfp8l:ks/nfO{ tf/n] :6'l8of];Fu hf]l8G5 / :6'l8of]af6 pTkflbt sfo{qmdnfO{ nfp8l:ks/af6 ;d'bfon] ;'Gg] u/L k|;f/0f ul/G5 .

h'g;'s} df]8]n k|of]u u/] klg ;'?df k|ltxKtf ;Lldt ;do;Dd k|;f/0f ug]{ / lj:tf/} ;do / sfo{qmd a9fpFb} n}hfg' a]; x'G5 . o;/L, of]hgf agfpg / k|;f/0fsf] tof/L l7sl;t ug{ kof{Kt ;do kfOG5 . cg'ej a6'Nb} uPkl5 clg sfo{qmd pTkfbs / c? sd{rf/Lx¿ cfcfˆgf] sfd / e"ldsfk|lt cEo:t x'Fb} uP/kl5 k|;f/0f ;do a9fpg ;lsG5 . xKtfsf] Ps lbg ;KtfxfGt cyf{t\ zlgaf/sf] lbgdf dfq k|;f/0f ug'{ Pp6f /fd|f] sfo{gLlt x'g;S5 . of] lbg w]/} hgfsf] km';{t x'g] x'gfn] :jo+;]js eP/ sfd ug{ vf]Hg]x¿ kfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . t/, >f]tfx¿nfO{ sfo{qmd k|;f/0f xKtfsf] cflv/L lbgdf dfq x'G5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ / ;DemfO/fVg'k5{ . xf6ahf/, d]nf, wfld{s tyf ;fj{hlgs :yn / sfo{qmx¿df ;"rgf lbP/, dfOlsª u/]/, kf]:6/ k+Kn]6 6fF;]/ of] hfgsf/L x/]s xKtf lbg'k5{ . nfp8l:ks/ k|0ffnL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;'?jft k|foM nfp8l:ks/sf] k|of]u u/]/ x'G5 / k|lts"n lgod sfg"gsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ s]xL /]l8of] ToxL k|0ffnLdf rln/xG5g\ . of] k|0ffnLsf b'O6f a]kmfObf 5g\ . klxnf], o;sf] Wjlgsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] x'Fb}g . bf];|f], rfx] klg grfx] klg dflg;x¿ ;'Gg afWo x'G5g\ . o;n] ;d'bfodf tgfj l;h{gf u5{ .


;dofGt/ k|;f/0f æ/]l8of] :6];g ;fdfGotM lbglbg} ;+rfng ul/g'k5{ eGg] 7flgG5 . t/ of] k/Dk/fut ;+rf/sf] ts{ dfq} xf] . u|fdL0f ;d'bfodf b}lgs sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{sf nflu rflxt k"0f{sflng sd{rf/L / ;||f]t ;fwgsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;Lldt cjlwsf] lgoldt /]l8of] ;]jf ;+rfng ug{' k||efjsf/L x'G5 . Oltxf;df klg j}slNks ;+rf/sf] ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts sfo{qmd lg/Gt/ rn]sf] b]lvFb}g . sfo{qmdx¿sf] aLraLrdf lgoldt la/fd eof] eg] sfo{qmdk|lt >f]tfsf] lgi7f / cfsif{0f a9\5 . o;n] a9L ;fGble{s / pkof]uL sfo{qmd agfpgsf nflu k|;f/sx¿nfO{ kof{Kt ;do lbG5 .Æ

o'g]:sf] kl/of]hgf ;+rfns 8An' holj/fsf] egfOdf cfwfl/t -!(((_ .

:6];gsf] kx'Fr æ/]l8of] :6];g slt k/;Dd ;'lgG5 eGbf klg sxfF ;'lgG5 eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . 6f9f;Dd k|;f/0f ug{;Sg] 6«fG;ld6/ ePsf] /]l8of] :6];g kftnf] hg3gTj ePsf] Onfsfdf a]; x'G5 eg] afSnf] hg3gTj ePsf] If]qdf l:yt /]l8of]sf] 6«fG;ld6/ w]/} k/;Dd k'Ugg;Sg] eP klg x'G5 .Æ

h]g] Oa|flxd / ld; P8D;, /]l8of] afO{ a'; /]l8of], ;fpy clk|msf, -s]; :68L $ x]g'{;\ ._

6«fG;ld6/sf] Ifdtf 7"nf] ef}uf]lns If]q ;d]6\g] 9fFrfdf k|;f/0f ubf{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;+rfngnfO{ hl6n agfpF5 / h'g ;d'bfon] ;]jf ug{ eg]/ /]l8of] ;+rfng ul/Psf] xf] Tof] nlIft ;d'bfodf s]lGb|t eP/ k|;f/0f ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :jo+;]jLx¿sf] 7"nf] hdftdf e/ kg]{ ePtf klg 7"nf] If]qnfO{ nlIft u/L k|;f/0f ubf{ sfdsf] af]em a9\5 / ;+efNg ufx|f] x'G5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df klg …;fgf] g} ;'Gb/ x'G5Ú . Pp6} zlQmzfnL 6«fG;ld6/n] w/} ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L k|;f/0f ug'{eGbf ;fgf;fgf zlQmsf w]/} 6«fG;ld6/x¿ /fv]/ a]Unfa]Un} ;d'bfox¿sf] nflu a]Unfa]Un} k|;f/0f ug'{ a]; x'G5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf @) jf6 Ifdtfsf] 6«fG;ld6/ kof{Kt x'g;S5, t/ PlDKnkmfo/ /fv]/ 6«fG;ld6/sf] Ifdtf !)) jf6 k'¥ofpg' kg]{ cj:yf klg cfpg;S5 . c? :6];g;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{ 7"nf] ;x/df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] 6«fG;ld6/ #)) b]lv %)) jf6;Ddsf] x'g;S5 . k|;f/0f k|0ffnLsf] 9fFrfn] %))) b]lv @%))) ;+efljt >f]tf ;+Vof ePsf] ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]6\g ;sf];\ egL ;'lglZrt ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . ;d'bfo /]l8of]sf] ;kmntfsf nflu o;n] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿af6 ljleGg k|sf/sf ;xof]ux¿ lng;Sg' k5{ . To;}n] %))) eGbf yf]/} >f]tf eP eg] /]l8of]sf] lbuf]kgsf] nflu rflxg] >f]tfx¿sf] ljljwtf / ljljw vfnsf ;xof]u kfpg;Qm}g . @%))) eGbf w]/} >f]tf x'g'sf] dtna xf] /]l8of] cj}olQms x'ghfG5 . cyf{t\ sfo{qmd pTkfbs / k|;f/ssf] cfFvfdf sfo{qmdn] nIf u/]sf >f]tfsf] cg'xf/ x/fpF5 / eL8 afsL /xG5 . ;fy} 7"nf]


>f]tf ;d"xnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ c;+ej x'G5 . kl/0fd:j¿k /]l8of] ;]jfsf] ;fd'bflos rl/q x/fpF5 .

:jfldTj / Joj:yfkg :jfldTj / Joj:yfkg cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f x'g\ / o;df lgs} ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ;dli7df ;d'bfo g} /]l8of]sf] dflns x'G5 tfklg Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf To;nfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf nflu u'7L, ;ldlt jf ;+3h:tf s'g} lgsfo rflxG5, h;n] ;d'bfosf] lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ ;fy} /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgfsf] nflu k"/f ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL k|lqmofx¿ k"/f u5{ . st}st} ;fd'bflos ldl8of ;xsf/L u7g ug]{ ;+ejgf klg x'G5 . ;xsf/Ln] ;d'bfosf k|To]s ;b:on] ;]o/ lsGg] Joj:yf ug{;S5 . Joj:yfkgsf] ;+j+wdf, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ;du|df ;d'bfo cfkm}n] o;sf] Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0f u5{ . t/ :ki6} 5 ls ;Fw} k"/} ;d'bfo of] sfddf nfUg;Qm}g . o;sf/0f ;d'bfosf ljleGg If]q, lx:;fsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L Ps k|sf/sf] Joj:ykg ;ldlt agfpg' kg]{x'G5 . w]/}h;f] 7fpFdf Joj:yfkgsf] sfd ug{ ;fd'bflos ;+rf/ ;ldlt u7g ul/G5 . o;sf] gfd h] eP klg o;sf ;b:ox¿n] pgLx¿ ;du|df ;d'bfok|lt / ljz]if u/L cfkm"n] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ If]qk|lt bfloTjaf]w ug'{k5{ . /]l8of] :6];g ;+rfng ug]{ / o;sf sfo{qmd agfpg] ;DaGwdf pgLx¿n] lng] lg0f{o k|hftflGqs / kf/bzL{ x'g'k5{ .

sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ;do tflnsf lgwf{/0f -k|f]u|fldª_ sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ;do lgwf{/0f;DaGwL gLltut s'/fx¿ csf]{ cWofodf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . t/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] of]hgf agfpg] hf];'s}n] klg /]l8of]n] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug]{ ;dosf] af/]df, vf; u/L ;s];Dd w]/} ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr / ;xeflutf s;/L h'6fpg] eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu, klxn] g} ljrf/ u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] sfo{qmd ;'? ug{sf nflu Pp6f o'lQm ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿n] pgLx¿n] ;'Gg] c? /]l8of] :6];gsf s'gs'g sfo{qmd dg k/fpF5g\ / lsg dg k/fpF5g\ egL a'‰g' pkof]uL x'G5 . o:tf] u'0ffTds ;"rgf kfpgsf nflu nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn -Pkm8LhL_ Pp6f /fd|f] pkfo x'g;S5 .

sd{rf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ tna lbg;Sg] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] sd} x'G5g\ . ;DkGg eof] eg] :6];g Dofg]h/n] ;Dd tna kfpF5 . w]/}h;f] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gx¿ sfo{qmd pTkfbs, ;+jfbbftf, :6'l8of] k|fljlwssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ :jo+;]jsx¿dfly Jofks ¿kdf lge{/ x'G5g\ . t/ :jo+;]jsaf6 sfd u/fpg'sf] p2]Zo ;:tf] >ddf ;|f]tljxLg /]l8of] :6];g rnfpg' dfq} xf]Og . o;sf] ljk/Lt, :jo+;]jLx¿n] ;femf lxtsf] nflu ;b\efjgf, k|ltj4tf / ;]jfefj l;h{gf u/]/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ ljz]if tyf ;sf/fTds klxrfg k|bfg u5{g\ . k|hftflGqs af6f]af6 ;d'bfodf kl/jt{g / ljsf; Nofpgsf nflu ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;di7Ldf oxL rl/q / klxrfg x'g' h?/L x'G5 .


lbuf]kg cfo cfh{g clwsf+z ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;fd'bflos /]l8of] aflx/sf /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o bftfsf] ;xfotfaf6 :yfkgf ul/g] x'gfn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgf / ;+j4{g ug]{ of]hgf agfpg] hf];'s}n] klg /]l8of] ;'? eP/ ;+rfng x'g yfn]kl5 s;/L o;sf] ;]jfnfO{ lbuf] agfpg] eGg] s'/f ;'?b]lv g} dgdf /fVg'k5{ . /]l8of] ;+rfng vr{ h'6fpg] cg]s pkfox¿ 5g\ . s]xL pkofx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

• Jofkfl/s lj1fkg, d'n'ssf] k|rlnt lgod sfg"gn] /f]Sb}g eg]Ù • sfo{qmd k|fof]hg, o;nfO{ klg lgod sfg"gn] 5]Sg;S5Ù • cg'bfg, bfg, rGbf, ;xof]uÙ • /]l8of]af6 JolQmut ;"rgf k|;f/0f ubf{ lnOg] z'Ns, h:t} z'esfdgf, ;dj]bgf, sf]xL

x/fPsf] jf e]l§Psf] cflbÙ • >f]tfx¿n] lbg] ;b:otf z'Ns .

lj1fkgsf] af/]df M gfkmf/lxt ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gsf nflu xfn;fn} sfg"g nfu" ug]{ w]/} b]zx¿df Jofkfl/s ;+rf/ dfWodx¿ olt zlQmzfnL / k|efjsf/L 5g\ ls ltgLx¿ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿nfO{ lj1fkgaf6 a+lrt ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ / o;/L cfˆgf] nf]enfUbf] cfDbfgLsf] If]q u'Dgaf6 hf]ufPsf 5g\ . t/, cfDbfgL u'd] klg o;af6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] 5lj / ljZj;gLotf a95 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] d"n dd{ g} hg ;]jL k|;f/0f ePsf] x'gfn] of] Jofkfl/s :jfy{x¿ / k|efjx¿af6 :jtGq agfpg] k|of; ug'{k5{ . lj1fkg k|;f/0f ug{ 5'6 ePsf] 7fpFdf klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;]jfsf] ljlzi6tfnfO{ sfod ug{ s:tf] vfnsf] lj1fkg :jLsfo{ x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ . ;fdfGotof :yfgLo pTkfbg / ;]jf k|bfg ug]{x¿sf] lj1fkg :jLsfo{ x'g;S5 . ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx/n] pTkfbg ug]{ xNsf k]o kbfy{x¿ tyf r'/f]6, ;"tL{ / /S;Lh:tf :jf:YonfO{ gf]S;fg ug]{ dfn;fdfgsf] lj1fkg k|;fl/t ug'{ x'Fb}g . :jfy{sf] 6Ss/ M k|fof]lht sfo{qmdleq klg :jfy{sf] n8fOF x'g;S5 . vf; u/L k|fof]hsx¿ Jofkfl/s ;+:yf eP eg] o:tf] x'G5 . csf]{lt/, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿, egf}F dlxnf, ls;fg, jf df5f dfg]{ dfemLx¿, cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . o:t} u/L ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿ / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ug]{ k|fof]hg klg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t/, aflx/L ;+:yfx¿dflysf] lge{/tf bL3{sfnLg b[li6n] ;Fw} hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 . lbuf]kg cGttf]uTjf ;d'bfo :jo+s} lhDd]bf/L xf] eGg] a'‰g'k5{ . :6];g Dofg]h/ / p;sf] sfo{qmd pTkfbs, ;+jfbbftf / k|fljlwsx¿sf] ;d"xsf] sfd cfˆgf >f]tfx¿nfO{ o:tf] cfgGb lbg], pkof]uL /


dxTjk"0f{ ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ xf] h'g ;]jf kfpgsf nflu >f]tfx¿ z'Ns ltg{, a]uf/L ug{ jf cfly{s jf ef}lts ;xof]u lbg OR5's x'G5g\ . sd{rf/L /fVg] lbuf]kg k};f p7fpg] s'/f;Fu dfq} ;+a+lwt x'Fb}g . sd{rf/Lsf] lbuf]kg klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df sfd ug]{ clwsf+z hgzlQm :jo+;]jL x'G5 . k'?if :jo+;]jsx¿ k|foM a]/f]huf/ x'G5g\ / k};f kfOg] sfdsf] vf]hLdf x'G5g\ . o;/L, sd{rf/L km]l/O/xg' lgoldt rf;f]sf] s'/f x'G5 . tflndn] dflg;nfO{ hflu/sf] ;Gtf]if / j[lQ ljsf;sf] ;+efjjgf a9fpg] x'gfn] of] Pp6f cfsif{0f x'g;S5 . -;fd'bflos /]l8fof]df :jo+;]jf sfo{sf] nflu ;ftf}F cWofodf tflndaf/] x]g'{xf]nf ._ dlxnf sd{rf/L eof] eg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] x]/km]/ sd x'G5 lsgls dlxnfx¿df ;d'bfoaflx/ uP/ sfd vfHg] k|j[lQ sd x'G5 . o'g]:sf] / 8flg8fn] ;xof]u u/]sf] lkmlnlkG;sf] tfDa'nL kl/of]hgfdf Pp6f gofF ljrf/ pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . :6];gsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu hLjsf]kfh{gsf ultljlwx¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ yf]/}yf]/} C0f lbP/ pgLx¿sf] hLjg u'hf/f ug{sf nflu Jofkfl/s ultljlw ;'? ug{ nfufpg] / pgLx¿n] /]l8of] :6];gdf cf+lzs ;do :jo+;]jLsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{{] l;4fGtdf of] of]hgf ag]sf] lyof] . s'g}s'g} :6];gdf of] of]hgfn] sfd u¥of] eg] sltko :6];gdf of] l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ufx|f] eof] . C0f ;DklQ aGof] M sd{rf/L egf{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf lkmlnlkG;sf] Pp6f 36gf ælqml:kg ls;fgsf 5f]/f lyP, k9fO 5f8]sf / a]/f]huf/ lyP . dflg;x¿ p;nfO{ k|foM lkGgL eg]/ lrGy] . pgL k|foM 5/l5d]sdf e§L j/k/ 3'ld/x]sf b]lvGy] . pgL ;Fw} dft]/ 3/ k'Uy] . pgsf] hLjg z}nL / hF8Øfxf afgLn] ubf{ ljjfxsf nflu s;}n] klg pgnfO{ of]Uo j/ 7fGb}gy] . g t s;}n] pgnfO{ /fd|f]÷¿kjfg g} 7fGYof] . lkGgLsf] Pp6fdfq u'0f s] lyof] eg] pgL lu6f/ ahfpg l;kfn' lyP . /]l8of] :6];gsf nflu :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg] s'/fsf] 3f]if0ff x'Fbf bvf{:t lbg]df lkGgL klg lyP . tflnddf tLg xKtfsf] h?/L kf7Øqmd -qm\of; sf];{_ k"/f ug{sf nflu pd]b\jf/n] k"/f ;do lbg'kg]{ Pp6f ;t{ lyof] . pgL a]/f]huf/ ePsf x'gfn] of] ;t{ pgn] k"/f u/] . lkGgL lgSs} dxTjfsf+IfL Pj+ lh1f;' k|lzIffyL{ lyP . pgL ;dlk{t :jo+;]jL k|;f/s ag] . dflg;x¿ pgsf] :j/ dgk/fpFy] . jf:tjdf pgL;Fu /]l8of]sf] nflu rflxg] v'aL lyof] . clg pgLleq n's]sf] /fd|f] u'0f aflx/ cfof] . pgsf] cg'xf/nfO{ ;+s]t ub}{ pgsf ;fyLx¿n] pgnfO{ luHofpFb} eGy], æ/]l8of]df ltd|f] :j/ ;'Gbf ltdL t ;fFRr}sf] dflg;h:tf] ;'lgG5f} .Æ ;fyLx¿sf] Jo+UonfO{ pgL uj{o'Qm d':sfgsf ;fy u|x0f uy]{ . lkGgLsf] lax] x'g nfu]sf] ;'g]/ ;a}hgf 5Ss} k/] . To;dfly klg pgL;Fu lax] ug{ ?rfpg] dlxnf Tof] 6fk's} ;a}eGbf ldng;f/ / xFl;nL lzlIfsfx¿dWo] Pp6L x'g\ eGg] yfxf kfP/ emg\ cfZro{sf] ;Ldf /x]g .


lkGgLsf] af/]df yfxf kfP/ d lgSs} v'zL ePF . ;dfhdf kl/ToQm / lau|]sf] Ps hgf dflg;nfO{ /]l8of]n] ;d'bfodf ;a}eGbf k|z+l;t / Kof/f] dflg;df ablnlbPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 d}n] g/fd|f] va/ kfPF M pgn] lkmlnlkG;sf] k|d'v If]qdf -d]gNof08_ Pp6f lgdf{0f kl/of]hgfdf sfd vf]Hgsf nflu tna gkfOg] sfd 5f8]5g\ . pgsL kTgL ue{jtL ePsL x'Fbf a]/f]huf/ eP/ a:g klg ldNb}gYof] . t/ /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ gf]S;fg eP klg ;d'bfonfO{ nfe eof] . xfdLn] C0fnfO{ ;DklQdf abn]sf lyof}F .Æ

n'O{ tflaª, o'g]:sf] / 8flg8fn] lkmlnlkG;df ;+rfng u/]sf] tfDa'nL kl/of]hgfsf k|jGws -!(((_

sf6'{g lrq SofK;g M ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;d'bfosf k|d'v ;/f]sf/sf s'/f / ;d:ofx¿ OdfGbf/L tyf lgikIftf;fy k|:t't ug]{ ck]Iff ul/G5 . t/ k|fof]hs tyf bftfx¿n] /]l8of]nfO{ To;sf] ;+sNk / p2]Zoaf6 ljd'v t'Nofpg jf sfo{qmd;DaGwL o;sf lg0f{ox¿dfly cg'lrt k|efj kfg{;S5g\ . lbuf]kgsf] af/]df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf Joj:yfks;Fu s'/fsfgL

of] xft]lstfasf] tof/L ug]{ a]nfdf o;sf n]vsx¿n] sf]nlDaofsf] ;a}eGbf ljkGg If]qsf] Pp6f ;kmn ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gsf Joj:yfks;Fu 6]lnkmf]gdf s'/fsfgL u/]sf lyP . /]l8of]sf] ljz]iftf / ;+rfngaf/] nfdf] s'/fsfgLsf] cGTolt/ n]vsx¿n] ;f]w], æ/]l8of]nfO{ s;/L lbuf] agfpg' ePsf] 5 < of] s;/L afFr]sf] 5 <Æ

k|Zg ;'g]/ tL Joj:ylksf dlxnf lbn vf]n]/ xfFl;g\ / /dfpFb} hjfkm lbOg\, ærdTsf/af6, jf Pskl5 csf]{ rdTsf/af6 ÛÆ

/]l8of] :6];g ;'? ubf{ log} Joj:yflksfn] Pp6f rt'/ pkfo ckgfPsL lyOg\ . pgn] Pp6f ef]hsf] cfof]hgf ul/g\ / kfx'gfx¿nfO{ cfkm";Fu ePsf cfkm"nfO{ dgkg]{ uLt, ;+uLtsf] 6]k Sof;]6 Nofpg cg'/f]w ul/g\ . ef]hdf tL 6]kx¿ ahfOP . To;kl5 pgn] kfx'gfx¿nfO{ tL 6]kdf ePsf uLt, ;+uLt pgsf] 6]kdf ;fg{sf] nflu dflug\ . o;/L pgn] /]l8of] :6];gsf] nf]slk|o uLt, ;+uLtsf] ;+sng÷e08f/ tof/ kfg]{ sfd yflng\ .

;fd'bflos /]l8of]dfly lj1fkg k|;f/0fdf /f]s nufOFbf æxfdL gfkmf sdfpFb}gf}F, t/ xfdLn] 6f6 kN6gsf nflu sfd u/]sf] klg xf]Og .Æ


:yfkgfsf nflu aflx/L ;xof]usf] vf]hL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] :yfkgfsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf oGq pks/0fx¿ lsGg / sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg rflxg] nufgLsf nflu k|foM /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ jf låkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿af6 ;xof]u h'6fpF5g\ . aflx/L ;+:yfx¿af6 ;xof]usf] dfu ug{sf nflu k|:tfljt /]l8of] :6];gsf] nIo 3f]if0ffkq Pp6f k|d'v cfwf/ xf] . bftf ;+:yfnfO{ k|:tfljt /]l8of] :6];gdf nufgL ug{ k|]l/t ug{sf nflu dfukq;Fu /]l8of] :6];gaf/] dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L kq ;+nUg ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . t/, clt emlsemsfp lsl;dn] dfu kqx¿ k|:t't ug'{ x'Fb}g, o:tf] eof] eg] unt 5fk kg{;S5 eGg] s'/f larf/ ug'{k5{ . bftfx¿n] ;lhn};Fu ;xotf lbFb}gg\ . k|:tfljt /]l8of] :6];gsf] k|:tfjnfO{ ltgLx¿n] Wofgk"j{s 5fglag u5{g\ . ltgLx¿n] rf}sf]; ^ df p7fOPsf ;jfnx¿sf] hjfkm s;/L lbOPsf] 5 egL x]g{ vf]H5g\ . ;fy} ltgLx¿n] lglZrt ¿kdf cfkm}n] :ynut 5fglag u5{g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgf ug{, clt hl6n sfd geP klg lgSs} tof/L / s8f d]xgt ug{'k5{ eGg] s'/f clxn];Dd :ki6 eO;s]sf] x'g'k5{ . of] k|of; ;kmn kfg{' 5 eg] s'g} klg sfd k"0f{ ¿kdf ug'{k5{, sfdrnfp u/]/ jf emf/f6/fOaf6 x'Fb}g . rf}sf]; ^ M ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] of]hgf agfpFbf larf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ d'Vo s'/fx¿ M != sfg"g

• gfkmf/lxt ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu jt{dfg sfg"gL l:ylt s] 5 < • sfg"gdf o;sf] k|fjwfg 5 eg] o;sf] nflu Ohfht kfpg s]s] ;t{x¿ kfng ug'{k5{ /

lgj]bg lbFbf s]s] s'/f rflxG5 < • Ohfht z'Ns ltg{ ;lsg] vfnsf] 5 ls 5}g, Ohfht kfpg slt ;do nfU5, / Ohfht

kq gljs/0fsf ;t{x¿ s]s] 5g\ < • Ohfht glnOsg 6«fG;ld6/ lsGg / h8fg ug{;lsG5, jf b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0f÷;+rf/

dGqfnosf] k"j{ :jLs[lt rflxG5 < • sfg"gdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] k|fjwfg 5}g eg] c? s] pkfo 5 < pbfx/0fsf nflu, gfkmf

gsdfpg] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu klg Jofkfl/s /]l8of]nfO{ nfu" x'g] ;t{x¿ g} nfu" x'G5g\ ls < ;f+:s[lts÷z}lIfs :6];gnfO{ Ohfht lbg] k|fjwfg 5 ls <

• olb pko'Qm vfnsf] /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgf ug{ ;+ej geP To;sf] ;§fdf ;fd'bflos nfp8l:ks/ k|0ffnLsf] pkof]u ug{;lsG5 ls <

@= s:tf] 7fpdfF /]l8of] :6];g rNg;S5 < M

• /]l8of] :6];gsf] of]hgf ul/Psf] ;d'bfosf] a:tLsf] 9fFrf !) b]lv !% lsnf]ld6/ Jof;fw{ -s]Gb|b]lv 5]pm;Ddsf] b"/L_ ePsf], tyf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ wfGg;Sg] vfnsf] hg;+Vof ePsf], egf}F kfFrb]lv @% xhf/ hg;+Vofsf], 5 <

• e"efusf] ;tx ;Dd k/]sf] cyf{t\ sd Ifdtfsf], b[Zo /]vfdf kg]{ PkmPd k|;f/0fsf nflu pko'Qm 5, ls xf]Frf] kxf8L e"efudf cjl:yt 5 <


• ;d'bfodf d"nwf/sf Jofkfl/s jf ;/sf/L /]l8of] s'gs'g :6];g ;'lgG5 < w]/} :6];g ;'lgG5g\ eg] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;]jfnfO{ l6sfpm agfpg ufx|f] x'G5 . o;sf] ljsNkdf k|:tfljt ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;]jfnfO{ ;3fpg] jf Tof];Fu ;DaGw /fVg;Sg] d"nwf/sf] s'g} ;+rf/ dfWod 5 ls <

• :YffgLo ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/ kflnsf, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf cflb :yfgLo lgsfox¿af6 s:tf] ;xof]u jf dbt kfpg;lsG5 jf ltgnfO{ s;/L kl/rfng ug{;lsG5 <

• :6];g /fVgsf nflu /f]lhPsf] 7fpF a:tLsf] s]Gb|df / ;d'bfosf] ;lhnf] kx'Frleq 5 < #= ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k|j4{sx¿sf] u'0f / Ifdtf M

• ;fd'bflos /]l8of] kl/of]hgfnfO{ cufl8 ;fg]{ / k|j4{g ug{ vf]Hg] dflg;x¿sf] ljZj;gLotfsf] :t/ / klxn]sf] cg'ej s] 5 <

• kl/of]hgfsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;lhn};Fu :jLsf/ u5{g\ < • ;fd'bflos /]l8of] lbuf] ¿kdf ;+rfng ug{sf nflu rflxg] dfgjLo tyf cfly{s ;|f]t /

;fwg h'6fpg÷ pgLx¿sf] s] Ifdtf 5 < • pgLx¿ slQsf] k|hftflGqs tl/sfn] lg0f{o u5{g\ < • pgLx¿nfO{ ;d'bfon] OdfGbf/ / kf/bzL{ Jojxf/ ePsf ljZj;gLo / lgikIf sfo{stf{sf]

¿kdf u|x0f u5{g\ < • ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu k|ltlglwTjo'Qm ;fd'bflos /]l8of] kl/ifb -h:t} lgb]{zsx¿sf]

;ldlt, af]8{ ckm l8/]S6;{_, jf ;xsf/L ;+:yf u7g ug{ s]s] afwf / cj;/ 5g\ < $= p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug]{ / nIo 3f]if0ff tof/ kfg]{ ;Gbe{

• ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] cj:ynfO{ s;/L a'em]sf] 5 / kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf] vfFrf] slQsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] 5 < jt{dfg l:yltk|lt dflg;x¿ c;Gt'i6 5g\ < olb 5g\ eg] kl/jt{g /fd|f] xf] / o;sf] ;+efjgf 5 eg]/ pgLx¿n] slt;Dd a'em]sf 5g\ <

• ljsf;nfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;3fpg] u/L ;f]rfO / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu k|d'v afwf Jojwfgx¿ s]s] 5g\ <

• ;d'bfodf s'g} klg lg0f{o ubf{ s:tf] k|lqmof ckgfOG5 < ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ lg0f{o ug{sf nflu 5nkmn ug]{ k|hftflGqs rf}tf/Lsf] ¿kdf v'nf ubf{ o;n] ;d'bfosf] lg0f{o ug]{ k|rlnt tl/sfdf s] c;/ kfg{;S5 <

• ;d'bfodf hgdt tof/ ug]{ cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s cu'jfx¿ sf]sf] x'g\ < k|:tfljt ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;DaGwdf :ki6 jf v'n]/ g]t[Tj lng] jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf g]t[Tj ug]{ sf]xL 5g\ ls <

• ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cfˆgf] 3f]lift p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf nflu To;sf] JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf lj/f]w ug]{, afwf c8rg v8f ug]{ ;+efjgf slQsf] 5 <

• ;d'bfodf kl/jt{g / ljsf; Nofpgsf nflu ;d'bflos /]l8of]n] lsg / s;/L dbt ug{;S5 < vf; u/L, ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfng ug{ / c;n zf;gsf nflu ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf a9fpg o;n] s] k|efj kfg{;S5 <


%= k|fljlws kIf • :6'l8of] / 6«fG;ld6/sf nflu rflxg] lah'nLsf] ;|f]t s] 5 < • ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]6\g slt Ifdtfsf] 6«fG;ld6/ rflxG5 < • P06]gfnfO{ hldgb]lv sDtLdf klg #) ld6/ dfly /fVg ;lsG5 < P06]gfnfO{ x'/L atf;n]

9Ng glbg rf/}lt/af6 tf/ jf l;qmLn] alnof]l;t afFWg] / r6Øfªaf6 hf]ufpg s08S6/ /fVg;lsG5 <

• P06]gf / 6«fG;ld6/nfO{ Pscsf{sf] glhs} #) ld6/eGbf sd b"/Ldf /fVg;lsG5 < • 6«fG;ld6/n] ˆofFSg] /]l8of] t/+usf] k|efjnfO{ :6'l8of]sf pks/0fx¿;Dd k'Ug glbgsf

nflu :6'l8of]nfO{ 6«fG;ld6/af6 kof{Kt dfqfdf 6f9f /fVg;lsG5 < • :6'l8of] /fVgsf] nflu 5flgPsf] 7fpF ;s];Dd ;d'bfosf] dfemdf / ;lhnf] kx'Frleq

x'g'sf ;fy} lgoGq0feGbf aflx/sf] xNnfvf]/ / :jfy{ lglxt tTjx¿x¿af6 d'Qm 5 < ^= :jfldTj / Joj:yfkg M

• s:tf] vfnsf] :jldTjsf] 9fFrfsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 < • Joj:yfkg / sfo{qmd lgdf{0f÷pTkfbgdf ;d'bfonfO{ s;/L ;+nUg u/fpg] < • ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu ag]sf] of]hgfn] k|:tfljt ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] Joj:yfkg /

;+rngdf dlxnf, o'jf tyf hghflt, cflbjf;L / eflifs cNk;+Vos cflb k/Dk/fut ¿kdf hf]]lvddf kg{;Sg] / kfvfk/]sf ;d"xx¿nfO{ slt;Dd ;d]6\5 <

&= ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;]jfsf nflu sfo{qmd lgdf{0f M

• k|f/lDes dfu{lgb]{zsf nflu xfn dflg;x?n] s] sfo{qmd ;'Gg] u5{g\, tLdWo] s'g sfo{qmd ;a}eGbf a9L ?rfpF5g\ / lsg ?rfpF5g\ egL kQf nufpg'k5{ .

• sfo{qmd >f]tfx¿sf] rfxgf / cfjZostfcg';f/sf] xf];\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;d'bfoaf6 lg/Gt/ k/fdz{ / k|ltlqmof kfpg s:tf] ;+oGq agfpg jf Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 <

• sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿n] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿sf] rfxgfsf] ;Ddfg ug{] s'/f lgwf] ug{ s:tf] ljz]if pkfo ckgfpg' knf{ <

• /]l8of] ;]jfsf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ s'g} ljz]if pko'Qm jf cg'ko'Qm sfo{qmd–¿k/]vf -k|f]u|fd kmDof{6_ 5 ls <

• k|;f/0f ug{sf nflu cfˆgf] sfo{qmd cfkm}n] agfpg] JolQm jf ;d"xx¿nfO{ kQf nufpg] / pgLx¿nfO{ pT;flxt / dbt ug]{ s:tf] ;+/rgf jf ;+oGq tof/ kfg{;lsG5 <

*= sd{rf/L egf{ / c? ;|f]tx¿ M

• :6];g ;+rfngsf nflu rflxg] dfgj ;+;fwg / ef}lts ;fdu|Lsf] ;|f]t h'6fpg;Sg] ?lr / pT;fx kof{Kt dfqfdf 5 ls 5}g <

• /]l8of] :6];gsf] b}lgs Joj:yfkg sfdsf] lhDdf s;n] lng;s5 < • :6];gsf] k|:tfljt Joj:yfks ;d'bfosf ;a} If]q, lx:;f, ju{sf nflu :jLsfo{ 5 <

pgL;Fu Joj:yfkg ug]{ cfjZos ;Lk / dflg;x¿;Fu k|ToIf e]6]/ k|efjkfg]{ ;+rf/ ;Lk 5 <

• :6];g ;+rfngdf :jo+;]jsx¿sf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g]5 <


• ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] :yfkgfsf] ;'?sf] vr{ s'g ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 h'6fpg;lsG5 < • bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;+rfng ug{sf nflu s:tf] ;|f]t ;fwg h'6fpg' jf

kl/rfng ug'{knf{ <


cWofo ^ M sfo{qmd;DaGwL gLltx¿ of] cWofodf sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ;do tflnsf agfpg, pko'Qm ;do /f]Hg, tyf sfo{qmd pTkfbg -k|:t'sstf{ / k|bz{gstf{sf] ¿kdf_ / d"Nof+sgdf >f]tfx¿sf] ;xeflutfsf] rfxgf / dxTjdfly hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . oxfF ;d'bfosf] ;dfrf/nfO{ kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf] lg/Gt/ k|lqmofsf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . kqsf/n] kfng ug'{kg]{ g}lts dfkb08 pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;a} sfo{qmd ;do tflnsf agfpFbf ;Gt'ngsf] cfjZostfdfly hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . kl5Nnf v08x¿df wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts 36gfx¿, :yfgLo r'gfjsf] k|;f/0f, tyf z}lIfs k|;f/0faf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . cWofosf] cGTodf >f]tf ;j]{If0fsf] dxTj / ;j]{If0f ug]{ tl/sfsf] ¿k/]vf lbOPsf] 5 . of] cWofo kl9;s]kl5 kf7sx¿ lgDglnlvt sfd ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M

• ;d'bfo / o;sf ljleGg lx:;fx¿sf] ;a} txdf cTolws ;xdflutf h'6fpg] vfnsf] sfo{qmd ;do lgwf{/0f ug]{ gLlt / ;+rfng k|lqmof to ug{;Sg] 5g\Ù

• >f]tfx¿sf] cfjZostf / rfxgf k"/fug]{ vfnsf] sfo{qmd ;do tflnsf agfpg;Sg] ;+oGq :yfkgf ug{;Sg] 5g\Ù

• ;dfrf/ ;+sng / l/kf]l6{ª ubf{ tyf sfo{qmd agfpFbf ljrf/sf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug{sf nflu cfjZos g}lts dfGotfx¿ a'‰g]5g\Ù

• :yfgLo lgjf{rgsf] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿af/] ;r]t x'g]5g\ / ;dfrf/nfO{ lgikIf / j:t'ut 9+un] k|:t't ug{ l;Sg] 5g\Ù

• /]l8of]nfO{ z}lIfs dfWodsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ / o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg s] ug'{k5{ egL a'‰g] 5g\ .

;xeflutfTds sfo{qmdx¿ s'g} klg ;kmn /]l8of] :6];gn] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿sf] rfxgf, ?lr, :jfb / OR5fnfO{ k"/f ug{;Sg' k5{ . c? /]l8of] sfo{qmdeGbf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] sfo{qmd s] s'/fdf km/s x'G5 eg] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿nfO{ v'zL kfg'{, /dfOnf] ug'{ / clnslt 1fgu'gsf s'/f l;sfpgsf ;fy} logn] cfkm"n] ;]jf ug{ p2]Zo lnPsf] ;d'bfodf kl/jt{g Nofpg, ;fdflhs pGglt ug{, / hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{ ;xhstf{sf] sfd ug{] k|of; u5{g\ .

of] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ >f]tfx¿sf] 7"nf] ;+Vof rflxG5, ;fy} pgLx¿sf] dg lht]/ /]l8of]k|lt pgLx¿nfO{ lgi7fjfg agfpg'k5{ . t/ >f]tfx¿sf] dg lhTg] ;jfndf c? vfnsf] k|;f/0fsf] t'ngfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cfˆg} vfnsf] kmfObf 5 . o;sf] >f]tf ju{ t'ngfTds ¿kn] ;fgf] x'G5 / Tof] ju{sf ljz]if cfjZostfx¿, lxtx¿ / ?lrx¿nfO{ k"/f ug]{ ;fGble{s ljz]iftfx¿ ;fd'bflos /]l8of];Fu x'G5 . t/, /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf] ;do tflnsf agfpFbf, To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog


ubf{ / d"Nof+sg ubf{ >f]tfx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ ;+nUg / ;xefuL agfP/ dfq} >f]tf ju{;Fusf] ;fGble{stfsf] jf+l5t :t/df k'Ug;lsG5 .

sfo{qmd ;do tflnsfsf] ¿k/]vf

sfo{qmd ;do tflnsf lgwf{/0fsf] sfd :6];gsf] ;a}eGbf ;+j]bgzLn / r'gf}ltk"0f{ sfdx¿leq k5{ . /]l8of] :6];g ;'? ubf{ jf sfo{qmd ;do tflnsf kl/jt{g ubf{ of] sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . a]nfa]nfdf ul/g] d"Nof+sgaf6 k|foM sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ;do tflnsf km]g'{kg]{ x'G5 .

sfo{qmd th'{df ubf{ k/fdz{ ug]{ / lbdfu 3f]6\g] ;qdf nfdf] ;do vr{ x'G5 . sfo{qmdsf] hf]8bf/ k|:t'lt, 9fFrf, ljifoj:t', / ;}4flGts dfGotfx¿af/] lg0f{o ubf{ rt'/ sfo{qmd Joj:yfksn] cfˆgf] ljrf/ yf]kg'{sf] ;§f ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf v]Nb} ;xeflutfTds tl/sfn] ;a}sf] ljrf/ a'‰5 . ;xefuL ePsf] sf0fn] sd{rf/Lx¿ klg sfo{qmd sfof{Googdf pT;flxt x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf ;xeflutfn] :6];gnfO{ ;fFlRrs} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] agfpF5 . n'O; tflaª, k|f]u|fldª l6K; km/ c sDo'lg6L /]l8of] :6];g, o'g]:sf], 8flg8f tfDa'nL kl/of]hgf -

dlgnf, !((*_ . ;do pknAwtf tflnsf k|;f/0f ;do SofK;gM /]l8of] ;|f]tfx¿dWo] s'g nlIft ;d"xn] s'g a]nf /]l8of] a9L ;'G5 cyf{t\ nlIft ;d"xnfO{ /]l8of] ;'Gg pknAw ;do of] u|fkmlrqn] b]vfpF5 . of] kl/slNkt lrqeGbf ljleGg 7fpFsf] ;do pknAwtf clnslt km/s kg{;S5 . vf; ;d"xsf] nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ;do lgwf{/0f ubf{ sfo{qmd k|:tf]tfx¿n], cf}krfl/s cg';Gwfg gu/] klg, nlIft ;d"xsf] cfgLafgL yfxf kfpg'k5{ .

cfjZostf / rfxgf lglZrt ug{] sfddf ;xeflutf

dlxnf, k'?if, o'jf, ls;fg, ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf ;b:ox¿, cflb >f]tfx¿sf d'Vod'Vo ju{x¿sf cfjZostf / rfxgfx¿ a'em]/ lg0f{odf k'Ugsf nflu k/fdz{ k|lqmof k"/f ug'{k5{ . o;df kfng ug'{kg]{ d'Vo a'Fbfx¿ oL x'g\ M

• >f]tfx¿sf] cfjZostfÙ

• >f]tfx¿sf] rfxgf÷/f]hfOÙ

• >f]tfx¿sf] ;'Gg] afgL -cyf{t\ s'g a]nf pgLx¿n] /]l8of] ahfpF5g\_ .

sfo{qmdsf] ljifoj:t', 9fFrf, / ljleGg ju{sf] >f]tfnfO{ s'g ;dodf sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug'{ ;a}eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] s'/fx¿ dflysf ;"rgfx¿s} cfwf/df lg0f{o ul/G5 .


sfo{qmd pTkfbgdf ;xeflutf

sfo{qmd agfpFbf pTkfbg ubf{ JolQm tyf ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;xefuL aGgsf nflu pT;flxt ug{ x/]s pkfo ckgfpg'k5{ . of] sfddf, ;d'bfodf sfd ul//x]sf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf jf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf ;+nUg sd{rf/L klg ;d"xleq kg{;S5g\ . :6];gsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k|d'v e"ldsf pgLx¿nfO{ pT;flxt ug'{sf ;fy} sfo{qmd pTkfbsnfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u / ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw u/fpg' xf] .

lkmlnlkG;df o'g]:sf] / 8flg8fn] ;xof]u u/]sf] tfDa'nL kl/of]hgfn] a/f+Uofg ;f lxDkfkfljb cyf{t\ ;fdfGo cy{df …/]l8of]df ufpFÚ gfds /dfOnf] vfnsf] sfo{qmd ;+/rgf jf 9fFrf -k|f]u|fd kmDof{6_ tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . of] sfo{qmd x/]s ;ftf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k|;f/0f If]qleqsf a]Nufa]Un} ufpFdf kfn}kfnf] tof/ kfl/G5 .

;f/df, of] j}ljWo k|bz{g -e]/fO6L zf]_ xf] h;df ufpFn]x¿n] ufos, ;+uLtsf/, xf:o snfsf/, slj, cGtjf{tf{sf/ / cGtjf{tf{ ul/g] kfq, 5nkmn ;d"xsf ;b:o, cflb ljleGg ¿kdf cu'jfO u5{g\ . w]/}h;f] sfo{qmddf :yfgLo ;+:s[lt / dgf]/+hg x'G5 tfklg o;n] ;fGble{s ljifox¿dfly / ;DalGwt ufpFsf af/]df :yfgLo g]tfx¿;Fu ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf 5nkmn ug]{, tL g]tfx¿sf] egfO / wf/0ff :ki6 kfg{ nufpg] cj;/ klg lbG5 . k|oM o;n] s'g} ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ax;sf] yfngL u/fpF5 .

lkmlnlkG;sf ufpFx¿df klg 6]k /]s8{/df uLt ahfpg] / Tof] ;Fu;Fu} ToxfF pkl:yt dflg; jf snfsf/n] klg ufpg] sf/fcf]s] k4lt k|rlnt 5 . o;n] aflx/ ul/g] l/sl8{ªsf nflu :6'l8of]sf] sfd u5{ . o;sf] k|of]un] ufpFn]x¿df ;+efljt 8/, ;+sf]r 36fpF5 .

of] sfo{qmd ;fdfGotf l/s8{ ul/Psf] kl;{ kN6 ahfOG5 . sfo{qmd agfpg] ufpFn]x¿;Fu o;cl3 s'/f ug]{ jf dfOqmf]kmf]gsf] cufl8 uLt ufpg] s'g} cg'ej geP of] sfo{qmd cToGt} nf]slk|o 5 .

sfo{qmd k|:tf]tf jf snfsf/sf] ¿kdf JolQm / ;d"xx¿sf] ;xeflutf

…/]l8of]df ufpFÚ h:tf] sfo{qmd ;+/rgfn] ;fdfGo dflg;x¿nfO{ klg dfOqmf]kmf]gsf] cufl8 k|:t't x'g] / ;Lk b]vfpg] cj;/ lbG5 eGg] s'/f :ki6} 5 . t/ o:tf] sfo{qmd ;+/rgf geP kg ;fdfGo dflg;x¿ ;+nUg / ;xefuL ePsf] sfo{qmd agfpg] k|of; ug{' / ;3fpg' h?/L 5 . o;sf ljleGg ¿k jf cfsf/ x'g;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu sljtf, xf:oJo+Uo jf 7§f eGg nufP/, cyjf ;fdfGo cGtjf{tf{ u/]/, jf 6]a'n jl/kl/ a;]/ s'/fsfgL ub{{}, jf ;d'bfo;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifox¿df dflg;x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ljrf/ kf]Vg nufpg] vfnsf] 5nkmn rnfP/ klg ;xefuL agfpg;lsG5 . dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xefuL aGg lgDTofpg] vfnsf] sfo{qmd ;+/rgf /]l8of] :6];gsf] lgoldt k|;f/0f ug'{k5{ .

dflg;x¿ /]l8of] :6];gdf h'g;'s} a]nf klg cfpg hfg;s'g\ . :6];gsf sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu lgM;+sf]r s'/fsfgL ug{ ;s'g\ . cfkm" klg ;xefuL eP/ sfo{qmd agfpgsf nflu s:tf] sfo{qmd agfpg] eGg] ljrf/ / sfo{qmd agfpg]af/] 5nkmn ug{;s'g\ . o;/L /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ ;d'bfosf ultljlwx¿sf] s]Gb|laGb' agfpg x/]s k|sf/sf] k|of; ug{'k5{ .

sfo{qmd ;do tflnsf lgwf{/0fsf] d"Nofsgdf ;xeflutf

;fd'bflos /]l8of]df >f]tfx¿n] y'k|} lr7Lkq k7fpF5g\, kmf]gsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] 7fpFdf kmf]g klg u5{g\ . o:tf lr7L / kmf]gx¿af6 /]l8of]sf] sfo{qmdaf/] >f]tfx¿sf] wf/0ff, k|ltlqmof yfxf kfOG5 . :6];gsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu of] lgSs} pkof]uL x'G5 . o; sf/0f /]l8of] pb\3f]ifs jf


k|:t'tstf{n] >f]tfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] l6Kk0fL jf ;'emfj;lxt lr7L k7fpg jf kmf]g ug{ k|]l/t ul//xgk5{ .

t/, of] lgoldt sfd afx]s, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿sf] ljleGg ju{sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xefuL agfP/ sfo{qmd ;do tflnsfaf/] cfjlws d"Nof+sg ug'{k5{ . xfn k|;f/0f eO/x]sf sfo{qmdx¿ s:tf 5g\, ;d'bfosf] hLjgdf ltgsf] k|efj s] 5, tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ s;/L ;'wfg{ ;lsG5 eGg] pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ a'‰gsf nflu dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn -PkmhL8L_ lgSs} /fd|f] pkfo xf] .

>f]tfx¿;Fu ldn]/ klg PsPs j6f sfo{qmdsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lsG5 . sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"Nof+sg b'O{ cfwf/e"t b[li6sf]0fn] ul/G5 M

• k|fljlws u'0f:t/ ;lxt sfo{qmdsf] cf}krfl/s agfj6 -Wjlg k|efjsf] pkof]u, pb\3f]ifs / c? ;xefuLx¿sf] sfo{s'zntf, cgfjZos aflx/L Wjlgsf] lgoGq0f, cflb_ .

• sfo{qmdsf] ljifoj:t', lgDglnlvt ;Gbe{df M

o ;"rgfsf ;|f]tx¿ — ltgLx¿sf] 5gf}6 /fd|/L ul/Psf] lyof], tL ;|f]t ljZjfl;nf lyP < / s] tL kof{Kt lyP <

o k|f;+lustf — sfo{qmdsf ljifo jf ljrf/x¿ >f]tfsf ljz]if cj:yf / cfjZostf cg's"n lyP <

o ;fdlostf — sfo{qmdsf ljifox¿ jf:tljs / ljBdfg cj:yfnfO{ ;d]6\g] b[li6n] ;fGble{s lyP <

o cleg]tf / clego — ef}lts jf ;z/L/ cleg]tf -dflg;x¿_ / cef}lts cleg]tfx¿ -;+3;+:yfx¿_ b'a}n] sfo{qmddf cfˆgf] e"ldsf ;xL 9+un] v]n] <

o ;+rf/ ljlw — sfo{qmd PstkmL{ lyof] ls ;xeflutfTds < >f]tfx¿n] o;sf] cfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f u/] ls <

o ;Gb]z k|:t'lt — d"n ;Gb]z :ki6 eof] ls ePg < ts{, efj'stf / agfj6L s'/fx¿aLr /fd|f] ;Gt'ng lyof] < ljifoj:t';Fu sfo{qmd ;+/rgf ;'xfpFbf] eof] ls ePg <

;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] Joj:yfks / pgsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;'?b]lv g} s] s'/f a'‰g' cfjZos 5 eg] sfo{qmd ;do tflnsf lgwf{/0f ug'{ Pp6f ultzLn jf lg/Gt/ rNg] k|lqmof xf] . >f]tfx¿sf] cfjZostf / rfxgf k"/f ug{ sfo{qmd ;do tflnsfnfO{ ;'wfg'{ / ;+zf]wg ug'{k5{ . of] k|lqmofnfO{ >f]tfx¿sf] k|ltlqmof -lkm8Aofs_ / d"Nof+sgn] lg/Gt/ 8f]¥ofO/xg'k5{ . sfo{qmd ;do tflnsfnfO{ oyfl:yltdf /flvof] / h] s'/f k|;f/0f ul/of] To;df >f]tfx¿ ;Gt'i6 5g\ egL cg'dfg ul/of] eg] >f]tfx¿n] rfF8} g} /]l8of] ;'Gg 5f8\5g\ .

kqsf/x¿sf] cfr/0fsf ;DaGwdf ;}4flGts 3f]if0ff

of] 3f]if0ff ;g\ !(%$ clk|n @%–@* df k|mfG;sf]af]8f]{df ;DkGg OG6/g];gn km]8/];g ckm hg{ln:6sf] bf];|f] ljZj ;Dd]ngn] :jLs[t u/]sf lyof] . !(*^ h'g @–^ df x]lN;+uf]/df ePsf] ;f] km]8/];gsf] !* cf}F ljZj;Dd]ngn] o;sf] ;+Zff]wg u/]sf] lyof] . of] cGt/f{li6«o 3f]if0ffnfO{


;dfrf/ / ;"rgf a6'Ng], k7fpg], km}nfpg / To;dfly l6Kk0fL ug]{ tyf 36gfx¿sf] JofVof ug]{ sfddf nfu]sf kqsf/x¿sf nflu Jofj;flos :t/Lo cfr/0fsf] ¿kdf pb\3f]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!. ;Tok|lt lgi7f÷;Ddfg / hgtfsf] ;TotYo yfxf kfpg] clwsf/k|lt ;Ddfg ug'{ kqsf/x¿sf] klxnf] st{Jo xf] .

@. of] st{Jo k"/f ubf{ kqsf/x¿n] OdfGbf/Lk"j{s ;dfrf/ ;+sng / k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ l;4fGtnfO{ xd];f /Iff ug'{k5{ .

#. kqsf/x¿n] cfkm"n] hfg]sf] ;|f]taf6 kfPsf tYox¿sf] cfwf/df dfq ;dfrf/ ;+k|]if0f ug'{k5{ . kqsf/x¿n] cfjZos÷dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf n'sfpg' jf bafpg' x'Fb}g, tyf s'g} clen]v jf tYonfO{ unt cy{ nfUg] u/L k|:t't ug'{ jf a+Uofpg' x'Fb}g .

$. kqsf/x¿n] ;dfrf/, kmf]6f] tyf clen]vx¿ xfl;n ug{sf nflu plrt pkfo dfq k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

%. s'g} klg k|sflzt ;fdu|L s;}nfO{ xfgL x'g] u/L unt ePsf] yfxf kfOof] eg] To;nfO{ ;Rofpg kqsf/x¿n] ;s];Dd ;a} k|of; ug'{k5{ .

^. kqsf/x¿n] ;|f]tsf] uf]Kotf sfod /fVg] jfrf u/]/ ;dfrf/ k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] ;|f]tsf] uf]Kotf sfod /fVg] k]zfut st{Jo kfng ug'{k5{ .

&. cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿n] ug]{ e]befjsf] vt/gfs kl/0ffdaf/] kqsf/x¿ ;r]t x'g'k5{ . hflte]b, ln+ue]b, n}+lus wf/0ffut e]befj, eflifs e]befj, wfld{s e]befj, /fhgLlts jf ;}4flGts e]befj nufot ljleGg vfnsf e]befjx¿nfO{ k|>o lbg] sfdaf6 k+l5g kqsf/x¿n] ;Dk"0f{ k|of; ug'{k5{ .

*. kqsf/x¿n] lgDnlnlvt sfdnfO{ u+eL/ Jofj;flos ck/fw dfGg'k5{ M csf{sf] s[lt, ljrf/, efj jf zAb cfˆgf] egL k|sflzt ug'{ cyf{t\ s[lt rf]/L ug'{Ù s'lgton] jf l/;n] unt JofVof ug'{Ù em"7f] cleof]u nufpg'Ù lgGbf ug'{Ù dfgxfgL, a]OHotL ug'{, cfwf/xLg cf/f]k nufpg' tyf s'g} ;dfrf/ k|sflzt u5'{ jf n'sfpF5' egL s'g} klg vfnsf] 3';, pkxf/, ;x'lnot :jLsf/ ug'{ .

(. cfkm"nfO{ kqsf/ x'F egL uj{ ug]{ kqsf/x¿n] dfly pNn]lvt s'/fx¿ kng ug'{ cfˆgf] st{Jo dfGg'k5{ . x/]s b]zdf k|rlnt sfg"gleq /x]/ kqsf/x¿n] cfˆgf] k]zfut ljifodf cfˆgf ;xwdL{x¿sf] lg0f{odfq :jLsf/ ug'{k5{ . kqsfl/tf Joj;fo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf x/]s k|sf/sf] ;/sf/L x:tIf]knfO{ c:jLsf/ ug'{k5{ .

;d'bfosf] ;dfrf/

7"nf Joj;flos jf ;/sf/L /]l8of] :6];gx¿;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ zlQm lbg] k|d'v tTj ;fd'bflos ;dfrf/ g} xf] . t/, s] s'/f la;{g' x'Fb}g eg] d"nwf/sf ;+rf/sf] ljk/Lt ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] lbg] ;dfrf/ s'g} 36gfsf] PSnf] ;dfrf/ jf 36gf geO{ ;d'bfonfO{ cufl8 a9fpg / ljsf; ug{ ;3fpg] ultljlwsf] lg/Gt/ / eljiosf] Pp6f lx:;f x'G5 . o;}n] ;d'bfosf] hLjg ;Fu ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;dfrf/ lgoldt ¿kn] k|;f/0f ug'{ eg]sf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] hLjgdf /Qm ;+rf/ ug'{h:t} xf] . sfo{qmd ;do tflnsfsf] gLlt agfpFbf / :6];g ;+rfnt ubf{ ;d'bfosf] ;dfrf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L Wofg lbg'k5{ .


:yfgLo ;dfrf/ a6'Ng' ;Fw} ;lhnf] x'Fb}g . vf; u/L :6];gsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfjthfjt ug{] ;fwg gxF'bf :yfgLo ;dfrf/ a6'Ng ufx|f] x'G5 . o:tf]df ufpFdf km}lnPsf :jo+;]jLx¿, h;nfO{ nf]slk|o l/kf]6{/ jf ufpFn] ;Dafbbftf eGg ;lsG5, af6 6]lnkmf]g, ;]n'n/ jf df]afOn kmf]g, jf eLPrPkm /]l8of] ;]6af6 ;dfrf/ kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm x'g ;S5 .

t}klg, c? 7"nf ;dfrf/ ;ldltx¿df h:t} ;d'bfosf] ;dfrf/ a6'Ng] sfddf klg kqsfl/tf cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kfngf ug'{ plQs} cjZos 5 . jf:tjdf, oL cfr/0fx¿ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df emg w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df >f]tf / /]l8of]aLr 3lgi7 gftf x'g] x'gfn] tyf ;d'bfosf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf >f]tf;Fu cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw x'g] x'gfn] klg olb unt jf s'g} kIfnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] ;dfrf/, jf s'g} 36gf jf ljifosf] unt JofVof u/L ;dfrf/ k|;f/ eof] eg] 7"nf ;+rf/ dfWodx¿df sd ;/f]sf/ ePsf >f]tfnfO{ eGbf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf >f]tfnfO{ a9L xfgL k'Ug;S5 .

o;/L, ;d'bfosf] ;dfrf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] sfo{qmd gLlt agfpFbf kqsfl/tfsf g}lts kIfx¿ /fd|f]l;t a'em]sf kqsf/x¿af6 u/fpg' k5{ . o;leq OdfGbf/L, lgikIftf / j:t'lgi7tf, tyf ;dfrf/ k7fpg' cl3 ;|f]tsf] j}wtf hfFRg]h:tf kIfx¿ k5{g\ . a]nfa]nfdf ulNt x'g' c:jfefljs xf]Og, t/ o:tf] eof] eg], tTsfn} ulNt :jLsf/ u/]/ To;sf] e'n;'wf/ k|;fl/t ug'{ k5{ . -csf]{ cWofodf cfrf/ ;+lxtf klg x]g'{;\ . _

sltko ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] If]qLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;dfrf/ klg ;d]6]/ ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g k|:t't u5{g\ . tL ;dfrf/x¿sf] ;|f]t k|foM d"nwf/sf ;+rf/ dfWodx¿, cvaf/, /]l8of] 6]lnlehg x'g] u5{ . ;/sf/L jf Jofkfl/s /]l8of] :6];g;Fu ln+s u/]/ ltgn] k|;f/0f ug]{ ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g ;d'bfodf k'gM k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g}s'g} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;dfrf/df k|;fl/t s'g} ljifoj:t'nfO{ lnP/ >f]tfx¿aLr 6]lnkmf]gaf6 jf :6'l8of]df b'O{ tLg hgf >f]tfx¿nfO{ af]nfP/ 5nkmn rnfpg] u5{g\ .

aflx/sf ;dfrf/sf] nflu h'g pkfo ckgfP klg ;du|df ;d'bfosf >f]tfx¿sf] nflu sfd nfUg] / ltgn] ;'Gg;Sg] u/L tL ;dfrf/af/] l6Kk0fL jf k|ltlqmof k|;fl/t ug]{ gLlt x'g'k5{ .

ljrf/sf] ;Gt'ng

cfk;df af‰g] ljrf/x¿nfO{ k|hftflGqs 9+un] ;xdlt u/fO{ ;dfwfgdf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] lgikIf 5nkmn / jfbljjfb ;+rfng ug'{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] d"n p2]Zo xf] . o;sf] nflu /]l8of] :6];gdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿ / ltgsf] Jojxf/ g} cfwf/e"t s'/f xf] . -sd{rf/L eGgfn] :jo+;]jsx¿ klg k5{g\_

o;}n] /]l8of] :6];gsf sd{rf/Lx¿ lgZro klg lgikIf b]lvg'k5{ . pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} JolQmut ljrf/ jf b[li6sf]0f x'g'x'Fb}g eGg] cfzo xf]Og, t/ s'g} 5nkmn ;+rfng ug{ k]|l/t ubf{ jf sfo{qmd k|;f/ ubf{ s'g} klg xfntdf pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ljrf/n] k|efljt kfg'{ x'Fb}g . sd{rf/Ln] sfo{qmd k|;f/ ubf{ / ;fdfGo ;fdflhs ;Dks{ ubf{ p;df s'g} k"jf{u|x gb]lvof]; eGg] s'/fdf :6];g Dofg]h/ ;ts{ x'g'k5{ . s'g} ljrf/k|lt s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] s8f lj/f]w 5 / p;n] of] s'/f aflx/ eGb} lxF8Øf] eg] ToxL ljifodf sfo{qmd k|;fl/t ubf{ lgikIf b]lvg ufx|f] x'G5 . ;fy}, >f]tfx¿af6 :6];gsf s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] k"jf{u|xL ljrf/ jf s'g} ;"rgfnfO{ tf]8df]8 u/]sf] l;sfot cfof] eg] :6];g Dofg]h/n] of] s'/fnfO{ u+eL/ ¿kdf lng'k5{ / lgu/fgL ug'{k5{ .


ljrf/sf] ;Gt'ng sfod /fVgsf nflu ljleGg ljrf/x¿ k|;f/0f ug{ a/fa/L cj;/ / ;do lbg'k5{ . o;sf] nflu Joj:yfkgn] 7f]; gLlt lgod agfpgk5{ .

/]l8of]sf] ;kmntf / lbuf]kgsf nflu /]l8of] / o;df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jfsf] ljZj;gLotf / OdfGbf/L clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] s'/f la;{g' x'Fb}g .

wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts 36gfx¿

;d'bfodf x'g] wfld{s sfo{qmdx¿ ;f+:s[lts 36gf klg x'G5g\ . /]l8of] :6];gsf sfo{qmdx¿n] oL 36gfx¿ klg kof{Kt dfqfdf ;d]6\g'k5{ . ax'wfld{s ;d'bfodf ;a} ljleGg wfld{s ;+:yfx¿ / If]qx¿n] /]l8of] :6];gdf plrt kxF'r kfpg\ eGg s'/f :6];gn] ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljleGg wd{sf cu'jfx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] Pp6f ;ldlt agfP/ ljleGg wfld{s sfo{qmd k|;f/ ug{ / sfo{qmd ;do tflnsf lgwf{/0f ug{ Pp6f ;xdltdf k'Ug ;lsG5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df wfld{s sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug'{sf] d"n p2]Zo ;d'bfodf wfld{s d]nldnfk sfod ug'{ xf] . csf]{ wdf{jnDaLsf] wfld{s ljZjf;nfO{ abgfd ug]{ sfd s'g} klg xfntdf x'glbg' x'Fb}g .

:yfgLo r'gfjsf] k|;f/0f

s'g}s'g} b]zsf] sfg"n] g} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ s'g} klg vfnsf] /fhgLlts cleofgdf nfUg :ki6 /f]s nufPsf] x'G5 . s]xL b]zn] lgjf{rgsf] lglZrt ;dodf dfq s8f lgolGqt cj:yfdf /x]/ /fhgLlts cleofg ;+rng ug]{ 5'6 lbG5g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf Joj:yfkgn] r'gfj cleofgsf] ;Gbe{df ag]sf ljz]if lgod sfg"gx¿sf] /fd|/L cWoog ug'{k5{ .

olb ;fd'bflos /]l8of] /fhgLlts cleofgdf nfu]sf] 5 eg] s'g} klg /fhgLlts bn jf pDd]b\jf/n] o;af6 cg'lrt kmfObf gp7fpg\ jf ltgn] cg'lrt gf]S;fg ef]Ug gk/f];\ eGg] s'/f lgSs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . sfg"g;Ddt 9+un] btf{ ePsf /fhgLlts bn / pDd]b\jf/x¿n] ;dfg cj;/ / a/fa/L ;do kfpg] kf/bzL{ Joj:yf agfpg'k5{ . cj;/ / ;dosf] ;dfgtfsf] cjwf/0ffn] k|;f/0f ;dosf] cjlw, k|:t'ltsf] u'0f:t/, / k|;f/0f ul/g] ;do / lbgsf] s'g} nfe 5 ls eGg] s'/f ;d]6\g'k5{ . olb ;DalGwt kIfx¿aLr ;xdlt x'g g;s] uf]nf k|yf jf cGo s'g} tl/sf k|of]u ug{;lsG5 .

dtbftfx¿nfO{ s'g} lbzflt/ 8f]¥ofpg] p2]Zon] z'Ns lt/]/ jf k|fof]hg u/]/ k|;f/0f ul/g] /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf s'g} klg sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ul/G5 eg] To:tf] sfo{qmdaf/] ;'?df, lgoldt cGt/df / km]l/ cGTodf ;xL 9+un] klxrfg ul/g'k5{ . -;ftf}F cWofodf cfrf/ ;+lxtfdf /fhgLlts k|;f/0f v08 x]g'{;\ ._

;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug{ r'gfjsf] c;n cfr/0f ;'lglZrt ug{;S5 . o;/L, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] dxTjk"0f{ k|hftflGqs k|lqmofnfO{ ;3fpg ;S5 .

z}lIfs k|;f/0f

-/]l8of]df :s'n_


;g !(^) / &) sf] bzsdf, ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿n] u|fdL0f k|;f/0fsf nflu Jofks ¿kdf a9fO/x]sf] a]nfdf /]l8of]n] pknAw u/fpg] z}lIfs ;+efjgfx¿dfly w]/} hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . sf]nlDaofdf /]l8of] ;'tft]Ghfn] of] /0fgLltsf] cu'jfO u/]sf] lyof] . . t/, z}lIfs dfWodsf] ¿kdf /]l8of] PSn}nfO{ pkof]u ug'{ Tolt k|efjsf/L gx'g] s'/f cg'ejn] b]vfof] . o;nfO{ k"0f{ Kofs]h agfpgsf nflu 5flkPsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf ;fy} cGtJo{lQm ;Dks{h:tf c? ;+rf/ dfWodx¿n] ;3fpg' kg]{ /x]5 .

;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cfˆgf] sfo{qmd ;do tflnsfsf] s]xL efu z}lIfs k|;f/0f x'g;Sg] s'/f lg0f{o ug'{ a]; x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ls;fgx¿sf nflu s[lif k|ljlw jf cfdfx¿sf] nflu afnaRrfsf] :ofxf/ jf ef]hgsf] ljifodf sfo{qmd agfpg;lsG5 . /]l8of]n] o:tf] sfo{qmd k|;f/ ug]{ gLlt nfu" u¥of] eg] /fd|f] kl/0ffdsf] nflu ;xL k|f}9 lzIff ljlwsf] cfwf/df sfo{qmd tof/ kfl/g'k5{ . o;sf] nflu ;'?df /]l8of]df k|;f/0f ul/g] z}lIfs ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] kl/l:ylt, cfjZostf / Ifdtf cg¿k 9fNg'k5{ . >f]tf k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ kl5;Dd cNemfO/fVg / pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu pgLx¿sf] gfd btf{ ug]{ jf egf{ ug]{ s'g} pkfo lgsfNg' k5{ ;fy} pgLx¿sf] d]xgtnfO{ dfGotf lbg] vfnsf] k'/:sf/sf] klg Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu z}lIfs k|;f/0f lgSs} pkof]uL sfd x'g;S5 . t/ o;nfO{ ljrf/ k'¥ofP/, of]hgf agfP/ tyf ;+a+lwt ;]jf lbg] lgsfox¿, h:t} :jf:Yo ;]jf, s[lif ;]jf cflb;Fu ldn]/ nfu" ug'{k5{ . k|f}9 lzIff ljz]if1x¿sf] ;Nnfx / ;xof]un] ;kmn sfo{qmd agfpg ;3fpF5 .

;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] z}lIfs sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug]{ lgwf] u/] klg gu/] klg o;leq of] cGtlg{lxt x'G5 . o;sf] gLltn] lzIffnfO{ Jofks cy{df lng'k5{, tyf hgtfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g ;3fpg] ;Gbe{df lng'k5{, h'g s'/f ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cfwf/e"t p2]Zo g} xf] . of] b[li6n], l/kf]6{, cGtjf{tf{, ;d"x 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/, dgf]/+hg, gf6s cflb ljljw 9fFrfdf eP klg z}lIfs ljifoj:t' xd];f ljBdfg x'G5 .

/]l8of]df :s'n — lu/f08'?sf]§] ;fd'bflos /]l8of], >Ln+sf

æ/]l8of]df :s'n Pp6f sfo{d"ns of]hgf lyof] . o;sf] k|fylds p2]Zo o:tf] sfd l;sfpg] lzIff lbg' lyof] h;n] sfd ug{lt/ 8f]¥ofcf];\ . o;n] Tof] If]qdf sfd ug]{ ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ ldn]/ sfd ug]{ ;dlGjt pkfo tof/ kf¥of] . o:tf] pkfon] xfd|f >f]tfx¿n] /]l8of] / ;+rf/sf c? dfWodx¿af6 kfPsf lzIffnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{] af6f] tof/ ug]{5 eGg] xfd|f] ljZjf; lyof] .

s[lif sfo{qmd agfpg] lhDdf lnPsf] sfo{qmd pTkfbsn] Tof] If]qsf] s[lif sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿ / /]l8of]df :s'n sfo{qmdsf] s[lif sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg ag]sf] ;ldlt;Fu ldn]/ s[lif Sofn]08/ agfpg] / cfufdL df};ddf v]taf/Ldf lgoldt sfd / ltgsf] k|fljlws ljifoj:t'x¿ :ki6 kfg]{ sfd u¥of] .

;fGble{s ljifoj:t' jf hfgsf/L ;lxtsf] s[lif Sofn]08/ tof/ u/L /]l8of]df :s'n sfo{qmddf gfd btf{ u/]sf !!% hgf s[ifsx¿nfO{ afFl8of] . oL s[ifsx¿nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;'Gg / Sofn]08/sf kl5Nnf vfnL kfgfx¿df l6kf]6 ug{ elgof] .


x/]s sfo{qmd ;lsg] a]nfdf Pp6f k|Zg ;f]lwGYof] . ls;fgx¿n] Tof] k|Zgsf] hjfkm n]v]/ x'nfsaf6 k7fpFy] jf /]l8of] :6];gdf cfPsf] a]nfdf a'emfpFy] . sfo{qmddf ;/b/ @)) b]lv @%) ;Dd lr7L cfpFYof] . tLdWo] 3]/} sfo{qmddf btf{ gePsf ls;fgx¿af6 cfpFYof] .

;xL pQ/af/] To;kl5sf] sfo{qmddf 5nkmn ul/GYof] / ;xL pQ/nfO{ gDa/ lbOGYof] .

Pp6f df};dsf] sfo{qmd @–# dlxgf;Dd rNYof] . sfo{qmdsf] cflv/df pQL0ff{+s kfPsf ls;fgx¿nfO{ /]l8of]df :s'n k'/:sf/ lbOGYof] .Æ

Pd=h]=cf/=8]le8, dxfj]nL sDo'lg6L /]l8of] M c lkmN8 k|f]8Ø';;{ gf]6a's, OlG:66Ø'6 ckm 8]EnKd]06 sDo'lgs];g, nfu'gf -lkmlnlkG;, !((#_ .

>f]tf ;j]{If0f

h'g ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gdf >f]tfx¿n] lr7L k7fP/, 6]lnkmf]g u/]/, :6'l8of]df cfP/ JoQm ug]{ ljrf/÷k|ltlqmof JoQm u5{g\ tyf dfly elgPem}F cfˆgf] sfo{qmdsf af/]df ;xeflutfTds d"Nof+sg u/fpF5g\ ltgn] cfˆgf] sfo{qmdsf] af/]df u'0ffTds ;"rgf kfpF5g\ . t/, /]l8of] :6];gsf] sfd / To;sf] cj:yf yfxfaf/] k"0f{ :j¿k hfGgsf nflu oltdfq kof{Kt gx'g;s5 . tn n]lvPsf h:tf k|Zgx¿sf] ljZjfl;nf] hjfkm kfpgsf nflu :jtGq aflx/L ;j]{If0f 6f]nLsf] cfjZostf x'G5 M

• cfˆgf >f]tfx¿sf] dfemdf /]l8of] :6];g ljZj;gLo 5 <

• /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ ;"rgfsf] ljZj;gLo ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 <

• ;d'bfosf] b[li6df /]l8of] :6];gf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5lj / :t/ s] 5 <

• ;"rgf / ljsf;] ;fdu|Lsf nflu ;d'bfo slt;Dd :6];gdfly e/ k5{g\ <

• >f]tfx¿n] cfkm"n] kfPsf ;"rgf s] u5{g\ < s] pgLx¿n] o;s]f pkof]u u5{g\ < ;Fefn]/ /fV5g\ < c?nfO{ lbG5g\ < jf yk ;"rgf vf]H5g\ <

• ;d'bfodf /]l8of]sf] s;tf] k|efj 5 < s'g kl/jt{gnfO{ /]l8of]n] ubf{ ePsf] eGg;lsG5 <

o;afx]s, slt hgfn] /]l8of] ;'G5g\ / slt a]nf ;'G5g\ , c? /]l8of] :6];gsf >f]tfx¿sf] t'ngfdf, s'g sfo{qmd slt hgfn] ;'G5 cflb s]xL ;+VofTds tYof+sx¿ klg rflxg;S5 . oL ;"rgfx¿n] >f]tfx¿nfO{ pknAw c? ;+rf/ Rofgnx¿sf] t'ngfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] l:yltsf] lrq :ki6 kfg{;3fpF5g\ .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf tYof+sx¿ kfpg k|foM ufx|f] x'G5 . k|foM 7"nf Jofkfl/s :6];gsf] >f]tf ;j]{If0f ug{ ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf sDkgLx¿ klg x'G5g\ . /]l8of]df ahfOg] lj1fkgsf] b/ >f]tf ;+Vofdf lge{/ x'g] x'gfn] >f]tf ;j]{If0f ug{ 7]Ssf lbg] /]l8of] :6];gsf] >f]tf ;+VofnfO{ a9fpg] tL sDkgLx¿sf] :jfefljs k|j[lQ x'G5 . ;fy} oL sDkgLx¿sf] cg'ej d'Vo ¿kdf ;x/L If]qdf x'G5 .

;j]{If0f ug]{ ;a}eGbf k|rlnt tl/sf xf] >f]tfx¿sf] Pp6f gd'gf jf :ofDkn lng' / To;leq kg]{ >f]tfx¿af6 k|Zgsf] pQ/ x'nfsaf6 jf s'/fsfgL÷cGtjf{tf{ u/]/ lng' . gd'gf 5fGg] klg ljz]if k|ljlwx¿ 5g\ . gd'gfsf] cfwf/df cfPsf] kl/0ffdsf] ;/b/ lgsfn]/ k"/} ;d'bfosf] lrq tof/ kfl/G5 .


>f]tfx¿sf] /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;'Gg] afgL yfxf kfpg ul/g] ;j]{If0fsf nflu /]l8of] :6];g cfkm}n] s]xL k|ljlwx¿ k|of]u ug{;S5 . >f]tfx¿nfO{ s'g} k|ltof]lutfdf efu lngsf nflu gfd k7fpg lgDTofpg] jf s'g} ;fd'bflos sfd jf cleofgsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ cfXjfg ug]{ Pp6f pkfo x'g;S5 . To:tf] cfXjfg jf 3f]if0ff lbgel/ k|;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmddf lgoldt lj/fddf 8f]xf]¥ofOG5 / >f]tfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] s'gs'g a]nf Tof] cfXjfg ;'g] eg]/ ;f]lwG5 .

w]/}h;f] b]zx¿df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu ;j]{If0f ubf{ Jofkfl/s ldl8of cg';Gwfg sDkgLx¿nfO{ gsfg{;S5g\ . o;sf] nflu s'g} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿, jf :jo+;]jsx¿sf] dbt lng ;lsG5 . ;j]{ ug]{ dflg;x¿ ;d'bfon] glrg]sf] x'g'k5{ lsgls ;j]{ ug]{ jf cGtjf{tf{ lng] dflg; ;d'bfodf kl/lrt eof] eg] hjfkm lbg] dflg;n] cK7Øf/f] dfGg / ;xL hjfkm glbg;S5 . o;/L aflx/sf dflg;n] ;d'bfosf] ljrf/ a'‰g'kbf{ csf]{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;xof]u lng' a]; x'G5 . of] cg'ejaf6 pgLx¿n] klg s]xL l;S5g\ .

Joj:yf ug{ hlt ufx|f] ePtf klg a]nfa]nfdf aflx/af6 ;j]{If0f u/fP/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] s;/L / s:tf] sfd ul//x]5 / >f]tfx¿n] o;af6 s:tf] kmfObf kfO/x]sf 5g\ egL a'‰g' cfjZos x'G5 .


cWofo & M ;fd'bflos k|;f/s of] cWofodf ;fd'bflos k|;f/ssf] nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] Pp6f ;'wfl/Psf] gd'gf lbOPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gn] o;nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} pkof]u ug{;S5 jf :yfgLo ljz]if cfjZostf jf kl/l:ylt cg'¿k ;'wfg{;S5 . o;leq ljleGg v08x¿ 5g\ h;df sfo{qmd pTkfbg / g}lts cfrf/af/], ldn]/ sfd ubf{ / :6'l8of]df sfd ubf{ ;d"xdf ul/g] Jojxf/af/], pks/0fx¿sf] :ofxf/ ;Def/af/] tyf ;d'bfodf ;fdfGo b}lgs hLjgdf k|;f/ssf] cfr/0f / Jojxf/af/] 5nkmn ul/Psf 5g\ . s]xL v08df cfly{s Jojxf/;DaGwL s'/fx¿ / To;nfO{ ;+rfng ug]{ tl/sf lj:t[t ¿kdf lbOPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts k|;f/0f, lj1fkg tyf k|fof]lht sfo{qmdsf nflu plrt gLlt / Jojxf/ klg ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos k|;f/sx¿sf] 5gf}6 / tflndsf] v08df 5gf}6sf cfwf/x¿, cfjZos tflndsf] ljifoj:t' / >]0fL, tyf tflndsf ljleGg gd"gfx¿sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . :ynut, b]zleq / ;d'b|kf/sf tflndx¿sf] a]nLla:tf/ lbOPsf] 5 eg] cGTodf tflndsf] nflu cfly{s ;xof]uaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . kf7sn] oL ck]Iffx¿ k"/f ug{;S5g\ M

• ;fd'bflos k|;f/ssf] nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] cfjZostf lsg < o;df s]s] ljifo x'G5g\ egL a'‰g]5g\Ù

• oxfF lbOPsf] gd'gfsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf h:tfsf] t:t} jf :yfgLo kl/l:yltcg';f/ ;'wf/]/ nfu" ug{;S5g\Ù

• ;fd'bflos k|;f/ssf nflu rflxg] ljleGg vfnsf tflndx¿ / tL tflndsf ljifoj:t'x¿af/] l;Sg]5g\ tyf tflnd ;+rfng ug{sf nflu ;fdfGo of]hgf agfpg] lgb]{lzsf kfpg] 5g\ .

cfrf/ ;+lxtf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;kmntfsf nflu h'g :t/sf] sfo{s'zntf, OdfGbf/L / :jR5÷;sf/fTds 5ljsf] vfFrf] k5{ To;sf nflu o;df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] -:jo+;]js ;d]t_ cfr/0f cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug]{ s]xL b]zsf /fli6«o k|;f/0f sfg"gx¿df k|;f/sx/n] kfng ug'{kg]{ cfrf/ ;+lxtf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fy}, lkmlnlkG;df o'g]:sf]÷8]lg8fsf] ;xof]udf ;+rflnt tfDa'nL kl/of]hgfsf] klg cfˆg} cfrf/ ;+lxtf 5 . -tfDa'nL kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg, ;fd'bflos k|;f/ssf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf, o'g]:sf]÷8]lg8f tfDa'nL kl/of]hgf -dlgnf !((*_ . clwsf+z cfrf/ ;+lxtfx¿sf] ;fdfGo p2]Zo / wf/0ff k|foM ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5, t}klg, s'g} b]zsf] ljz]if kl/l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cfrf/ ;+lxtfdf ljz]if s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df lj1fkg k|;f/ ug{ kfOg] 7fpFx¿df, jf /fhgLlts


cleofgx¿df ;+nUg x'g kfOg] cj:yfdf oL sfdx¿ ug{ plrt g}lts cfrf/ Jojxf/sf a'Fbfx¿ cfrf/ ;+lxtfdf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ . o; sf/0f b]zel/sf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k|;f/sx¿sf] ;+3 agfP/ ;j{;Ddltaf6 cfˆgf] kl/l:ylt ;'xfpFbf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf tof/ kfg'{ pQd pkfo xf] . ;f/df, cfrf/ ;+lxtf ;/sf/ jf /fHon] kfng ug{ nufpg] jfWosf/L P]g sfg"g xf]Og . of] t cfkm}n] kfng ug]{ :jcg'zf;gsf/L x'g'k5{ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;d]6\g] ;d'bfonfO{ klg s:tf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf nfu" ul/Fb}5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . tn plNnlvt cfrf/ ;+lxtfdf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿af6 a6'lnPsf s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z 5g\ , t/ of] tfDa'nLsf] 9fFrfdf ag]sf] 5 . of] Pp6f gd'gfdfq} xf] . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] o;nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} jf OR5fg';f/ ;'wf/]/ nfu" ug{;S5g\ .

gd'gf cfrf/ ;+lxtf k|;f/0fsf] tof/L / k|;f/0f ubf{ ;fdfGo s'/fx¿

• gofF ljrf/, gofF ;"rgf / gofF b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ug{ sfo{qmdsf nflu /fd|f] tof/L ug'{k5{ . • k|;f/sx¿n] ljZjfl;nf] ;|f]tx¿af6 ;"rgf lng'k5{ / k|;f/0f ug'{cl3 sfo{qmdnfO{ /fd|/L

ldnfpg'k5{ . • ;dfrf/, dgf]/+hg / hg;]jL sfo{qmdx¿aLr /fd|f] ;+t'ng sfod ug'{k5{ . • sfo{qmd ;do tflnsf agfpFbf ;d'bfodf ePsf ljleGg ax';+Vos / cNk;+Vos

lx:;fx¿sf] a]Unfa]Un} lxtx¿ plrt tl/sfn] k"/f x'g] u/L ;+t'lnt agfpg'k5{ . cg';Gwfg

• k|;f/sx¿n] ;lqmotf;fy / lgoldt ¿kn] gofF, /f]rs / ;s];Dd ;a} s'/f / kIf ;d]6\g] Jofks ;"rgf vf]lh/xg'k5{ . ;a}eGbf nugzLn / lh1f;' cg';Gwfgstf{ g} cGttM c?x¿sf] nflu ;"rgfsf] ;a}eGbf a9L ljZj;gLo ;|f]t aG5 .

lzi6tf / ;'?lr

• clzi6, cdof{lbt, cZnLn, kmf]xf]/L jf hgtfsf] g}ltstfnfO{ wSsf nfUg] jf ;d'bfosf] s'g} klg lx:;fsf] wfld{s cf:yfdf rf]6 k'Ug] sfo{qmdx¿ k|;f/0f ug'{ x'Fb}g .

• sfo{qmdx¿n] ;d'bfosf ljleGg lx:;fx¿aLr ;';DaGw a9fpg'k5{, tyf k6Ss} k"jf{u|xL x''g' x'Fb}g .

• jj{/tf, lx+;f, cGofo, nfu"kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;g tyf cZnLntf;Fu ;DalGwt dgfl;a dflkmssf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ lgSs} ljrf/ k'¥ofP/ tyf ;+j]bgzLn eP/ k|:t't ul/g'k5{ . tyf o:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ plrt ;Gbe{df / cfjZos ePsf] cj:yfdfdfq pkof]u ul/g'k5{, lagf sf/0f jf grflxg] 7fpFdf pkof]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . olb To:tf sfo{qmd s]6fs]6Ln] ;'Gg] ;Defjgf 5 eg] ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .


• >f]tfx¿n], vf; u/L s]6fs]6L / o'jfx¿n] /]l8of] pb\3f]ifsx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] cfbz{ agfpg] u5{g\ eGg] s'/f k|;f/sx¿n] la;{g'x'Fb}g . o; sf/0f To;}cg'¿k cfr/0f ug'{k5{ .

uf]kgLotfsf] ;Ddfg

• dflg;x¿sf] JolQmut hLjg / lghL dfldnfsf af/]df k|;f/sx¿n] ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . ;d'bfosf] ?lr jf hfGg kfpg] clwsf/ 5 eGb}df s;}sf] lghL hLjgdf x:tIf]k ug{ kfOFb}g . t/ s]xL ckjfb klg 5g\ h;df plrt ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu JolQmsf] uf]kgLotfsf] xs vf]l;g;S5 .

• æckm b l/s8{Æ cyf{t\ pNn]v gug]{ eg]/ cGtjf{tf{df elgPsf s'/f jf lbOPsf hfgsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;+jfbbftfx¿n] uf]Ko g} /fVg'k5{ .

;sf/fTds tyf /rgfTds ;f]rsf] rfxgf

• cfˆgf] sfo{qmddf xNnf, ukm, nf+5gf, cfnf]rgf, emu8f, 3'dfp/f] k|rf/nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ df]x b[9tf;fy TofUg'k5{ .

• ;fj{hlgs lxt vt/fdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf / s'g} ljjfbsf ljifodf 5nkmn k|;f/0f ubf{ ;DalGwt ljifosf ;a} kIfsf] ljrf/, egfO cfcf];\ cyf{t\ ;a} kIfsf] pkl:ylt jf k|ltlglwTj xf];\ eGg] s'/fdf k|;f/sx¿n] ;a} pkfo ckgfpg'k5{ .

• emu8f x'g] jf /fo aflemg] s'/fdf clNemP/ a:g'eGbf k|;f/sn] /f]rs / pkof]uL ;"rgfx¿df hf]8 lbg'k5{ .

• s'g} ;d:ofsf] af/]df 5nkmn ubf{ To;af/] b'vdgfp ug'{eGbf ;d:of ;'Nemfpg s] ug'{k5{, s;n] ug'{k5{h:tf ;sf/fTds kIfdf 5nkmn rnfpg'k5{ .

;+rfngsf] qmddf cfrf/ Jojxf/ ;d"x–;xof]u

• ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df sfd ug]{ ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿ -:jo+;]js;d]t_ Pp6} ;d"x jf l6dsf lx:;fx'g\ / To;} c'g;f/ sfd / Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ . o;sf] dtna, c? s'/fx¿sf ;fy}, s'g} klg sf/0fn] ufx|f] ;fFu'/f] jf cK7Øf/f]df k/]sf ;xsdL{x¿nfO{ dbt ug'{ / ;"rgf, ;Dks{ ;"q, / cfjZos ;fdu|L vfFrf] ePsf ;xsdL{x¿nfO{ pknAw u/fP/ ;xof]u ug'{ xf] .

• pgLx¿n] d"Nof+sg / 5nkmndf efu lng'k5{ / cfˆgf ;xsdL{x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] sfdsf] d"Nof+sg / cfnf]rgf ug{ k|]l/t ug'{k5{ .

• d"Nof+sg ubf{ ePsf cfnf]rgfx¿ :jLsf/ ug{ / To;}cg';f/ ;'wfg{ pgLx¿ tTk/ x'g'k5{ .

• :6];gsf] k|;f/0f tflnsfdf k/]sf c? sfo{qmdx¿sf] af/]df pb\wf]if0f u/]/ ;f] sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg k|;f/sx¿ tTk/ x'g'k5{ . cyf{t\ Ps hgf k|;f/sn] csf]{ k|;f/ssf] sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'k5{ .

• l/s8{af6 xf]Og ;f]em} dfOqmf]kmf]gaf6 sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ubf{ k|;f/sn] cfˆgf] sfo{qmdkl5 k|;f/0f ul/g] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f gx'Fbf;Dd kv]{/ a:g'k5{ . lsgls csf]{ k|;f/s cfpg l9nf x'g;S5 . s'g} klg sfo{qmdnfO{ To;nfO{ ;+rfng ug]{ JolQmlagf cnkq kf/]/ 5f]8\g' x'Fb}g .


Joj:yfkgsf] ;Ddfg • sd{rf/Lx¿n] :6];g Joj:yfkgsf] ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ / To;n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|zf;lgs tyf

;+rfng k|lqmof kfng ug'{k5{ . • s'g} sd{rf/L jf sd{rf/Lx¿ / Joj:yfkgaLr s'g} ljifodf c;xdlt ePdf ;a}eGbf

klxn] :6];g Dofg]h/;Fu o;af/] 5nkmn ug'{k5{ . Tof] txdf ;d:of g;'lNemP To;nfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;dIf n}hfg'k5{ . o;sf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g'k5{ . ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ 5nkmnx¿df b'a} kIfn] Pscsf{sf] dof{bf /fVg'k5{ / k|hftflGqs k|lqmof ckgfpg'k5{ . ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfd sfjf{xLdf /]l8of] :6];g / o;n] ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ;d'bfosf] lxtnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ /fVg'k5{ .

;dolgi7f / ljZj;gLotf

• h;sf] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f x'g nfu]sf] 5 pgLx¿ ;dod} :6];gdf cfOk'Ug'k5{ . cfkm"nfO{ tof/ kfg{, ;fdu|L / pks/0f l7s7fs ug{, :6];g Dofg]h/;Fu ;/;Nnfx ug{ jf cGtjf{tf{sf nflu s'g} kfx'gfnfO{ af]nfOPsf] 5 eg] pm;Fu 5nkmn ug{ / p;nfO{ tof/ kfg{ nfUg] ;dosf] lx;fa /fv]/ kof{Kt ;do cufj} :6];gdf cfpg'k5{ . sDtLdf klg !) ldg]6 cufl8 :6];gdf cfpg}k5{, ;s];Dd Tof]eGbf rfF8} :6];gdf cfOk'Ug}kg]{ lgod a;fNg' a]; x'G5 .

• olb s;}n] cfkm"n] klxn] g} lgwf{/0f u/] cg';f/ sfo{qmd ug{ g;Sg] eP p;n] sDtLdf Ps lbg cufj} :6];g Dofg]h/nfO{ va/ ug'{k5{ tf ls :6];g Dofg]h/n] p;sf] ;§fdf csf]{ dflg; vf]Hg / l7s;Fu tof/L ug{ ;sf];\ .

:6'l8of] kl/;/df kfng ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f

• :6];g kl/;/leq s;}nfO{ klg lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ lnP/ cfpg lbg' x'Fb}g rfx] Tof] JolQm k|x/L jf ;}lgs g} lsg gxf];\ .

• :6];g kl/;/leq dfbs kbfy{ jf nfu" kbfy{ vfg' :6];gs} ;Ddfg / OHhtdf wSsfsf] ¿kdf lnOg'k5{ . o:t} dfbs kbfy{ vfP/ dflQP/ jf nfu]sf] cj:yf :6];g kl/;/df k:g' klg :6];gs} ul/dfdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg' xf] eGg] dfGg'k5{ .

• k|;f/sx¿n] s'g} kfx'gf jf gft]bf/nfO{ :6'l8of]df af]nfpg'eGbf klxn] :6];gleq kfng ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/, vf; u/L ;fdfg 5'g] rnfpg] gug]{ / gaf]Ng] s'/f, /fd|/L a'emfpg'k5{ .

• kfx'gfx¿n] k|;f/sx¿sf] Wofg lvRg], sfddf afwf k'¥ofpg], :6];gsf] pks/0f / ;DklQdf xft xfNg], ;fgfltgf ;fdfg n'sfpg ug'{'x'Fb}g .

• s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ :6];gdf NofpFbf pgLx¿;Fu pgLx¿sf] cfdfaf jf c? lhDd]jf/ dflg; x'g'k5{ .

pQ/bfloTj æx/]s ;'cj;/;Fu lhDd]jf/Lx¿ klg ufFl;Ph:t} /]l8of] pkof]u ug]{ cj;/;Fu klg ;+:yfk|lt / To;eGbf a9L ;dfhk|lt lhDd]jf/Lx¿ ufFl;Psf x'G5g\ . /]l8of] :6];g / cfˆgf ;xsdL{x¿sf] ;Ddfg a9fpg' ;+rf/sf] zlQmsf] pkof]u ug]{ ;a}sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . lgikIf, OdfGbf/Lk"0f{ / ;To ;+rf/sf] lglDt ;d'bfo h'g JolQmdfly e/ k5{ p;sf] nflu /]l8of] ;d'bfosf] ;]jf ug]{ ;fwg xf]


. of] cfˆgf] :jfy{ k"/f ug]{ cf}hf/ xf]Og . s'g} k|;f/sn] cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] lxt ub}{5 ls cfˆgf] lxt ub}{5 egL kQf nufpg' ufx|f] 5}g . Æ

tfDa'nL kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg, ;fd'blos k|;f/ssf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf, o'g]:sf]÷8]lg8f tfDa'nL kl/of]hgf -dlgnf !((*_

…3[0ff km}nfpg] /]l8of]Ú M r]tfpgL o'g]:sf]sf k"j{ dxflgb]{zs Pdfbfpm dxftf/ PDafpmn] eg]sf lyP M æ/]l8of] lgSs} zlQmzfnL x'g;Sg] x'gfn] slxn]sflxF of] cfkm"n] ;]jf ug]{ ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] nflu lg0ff{os klg aGg;S5 . ?jf08fsf] Pp6f /]l8of] :6];g /]l8of] ldn] sf]lnG;n] Tof] b]zdf b'Mvb kl/0ffd Nofpg] sfddf cfk/flws 9+un] of]ubfg lbof] . dfgjclwsf/ xggnfO{ /f]Sg, rfx] tL ;fgfltgf g} lsg gx'g\, ;fd'bflos ;+rf/sdL{x¿ / dfgj clwsf/jfbLx¿ dfgj clwsf/sf o:tf ;+efljt sfdx¿nfO{ /f]Sg Pp6f hgtfsf] ;+rf/ a8fkq tof/ kf/]/ cGt/f{li6«o ;r]tg sfo{qmd ug]{ k|of;df 5g\ .Æ c? s'/fx¿sf ;fy} ;f] a8fkqdf æcGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/sf dfkb08x¿n] tf]s]sf] cj:yfdf, jf k|hftflGqs ;dfhsf] /Iff ug{, jf s;}sf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ /Iffh:tf c;n / jfWosf/L sf/0fx¿ ePdf dfq} s;}nfO{ ;"rgfdf kx'Fraf6 a+lrt ug{ ;lsg]5 .Æ egL :ki6 ul/g]5 . jf:tljs ;+s6 k/]df dfq 5'6 lbg;lsG5 æjf:tjd} s'g} ;+s6 k/]sf] eP dfq} /]l8of] pb\3f]ifsnfO{ lagf k"j{;"rgf cg'kl:yt x'g] 5'6 lbg;lsG5 . pgsf] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:osf] d[To' ePsf] eP jf Hj/f]n] l;ls:t eP/ kl/jf/sf] ;b:onfO{ c:ktfn k'¥ofpg' k/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ o:tf] ;+s6sf] cj:yf dfGg'k5{ .Æ

tfDa'nL kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg, ;fd'blos k|;f/ssf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf, o'g]:sf]÷8]lg8f tfDa'nL kl/of]hgf -dlgnf !((*_

:6'l8of]sf] ;fdfgsf] lxkmfht

• :6];gsf x/]s sd{rf/L :6];gsf pks/0f, dfn;fdfg / ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ sfddf ;xefuL x'g'k5{ .

• :6'l8of]leqsf pks/0fx¿ ;f] pks/0f rnfpg] tflnd / clwsf/ kfPsf of]Uo JolQmn] dfq rnfpg'k5{ .

• k|of]udf gePsf ;a} pks/0fnfO{ aGb -l:jr ckm_ u/]/ /fVg'k5{ . ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfkm"n]] s'g} pks/0f k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 To;nfo{ ;kmf u/]/, lasf]{ aGb u/]/, vf]ndf /fv]/ e08f/df l7s 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ .

• s'g} klg pks/0f jf To;sf] lx:;f :6];g Dofg]h/ jf pgn] lhDdf lbPsf] JolQmsf] cg'dltlagf :6];g kl/;/eGbf aflx/ n}hfg' x'Fb}g . o:tf] cg'dlt lnlvt ¿kdf x'g' a]; x'G5 .

• :6'l8of] kl/;/aflx/ nluPsf] pks/0f sfd ;lsgf;fy t'?Gt} kmsf{pg'k5{ .


• pks/0fsf] pkof]u ug]{ / ;fk6L n}hfg] af/]df a]Un} Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . pkof]ustf{sf] vftf / ;fk6L n}hfg]sf] vftf /fVg'k5{ .

• k|;f/sn] cfkm"n] k|of]u ul//x]sf] s'g} pks/0fn] l7sl;t sfd u/]g, x/fof] jf gf]S;fg eof] jf laU¥of] eg] s'g a]nf / s'g kl/l:yltdf x/fof] eGg] v'nfP/ t'?Gt} :6];g Dofg]h/ jf clwsf/k|fKt JolQmnfO{ To;sf] l/kf]6{ ug'{k5{ .

• dfly pNn]v ul/Psf a'Fbfx¿sf] cfwf/df :6];g Dofg]h/n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] Joj:yfkg ;ldltl;t ldn]/ :6];gsf pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf lgod agfpg'k5{ / ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ o;sf] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ .

:6];gaflx/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfr/0f

• ;fd'bflos k|;f/sx¿ ;'wf/s tyf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf jfxs x'g\ . ;fdflhs / kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf pgLx¿sf] cfrf/ Jojxf/ tyf ;d'bfodf pgLx¿sf] b}lgs hLjg pgLx¿n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] ¿kdf ;d'bfonfO{ b]vfpg] 5lj / x}l;ot;Fu ldNg] x'g'k5{ .

• s'g} klg sd{rf/L s'g} ck/fw jf u}/sfg"gL sfddf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOof] eg] p;nfO{ :jtM avf{:t ug'{k5{ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] Joj:yfkg;Fu o:tf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ avf{:t jf lgnDag ug]{ sfg"gL clwsf/ x'g'k5{ . To:tf] JolQmnfO{ /fVbf :6];gsf] OHht / 5ljk|lt k"jf{u|x x'G5 eGg] nfu]df tTsfn sfjf{xL ug'{k5{ .

• s'g} klg sd{rf/Ln] uf]Ko egL juL{s/0f u/]sf] ;"rgf vf]Ng' jf aflx/ n}hfg' x'Fb}g . sf]if ;+sng, lj1fkg jf k|of]hg

• Joj:yfkgn] clwsf/ lbPsf] JolQmn] dfq} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu sf]if ;+sng ug{ , ;xof]u lng, s'g} vf; sfo{qmdsf] k|fof]hg :jLsf/ ug{ jf s'g} k|sf/sf] cfly{s ;xof]u lng;S5 . o:tf] clwsf/ lnlvt ¿kdf lbOPsf] x'g'k5{ .

• s'g} klg /]l8of] :6];gn] cj}w ;|f]taf6 ;xof]u /sd :jLsf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g . cyjf, h'jf v]nfpg]x¿, t:s/x¿, nfu" kbfy{ cf];f/k;f/sf] wGbf ug]{x¿, ;"tL{hGo kbfy{ / dfbs kbfy{ pTkfbsx¿ jf To:tf pTkfbsx¿nfO{ sRrfkbfy{ cfk"lt{ ug]{x¿ h:tf ;d'bfo, ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ g} gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ tyf jftfj/0f gi6 ug]{{ jf k|b"if0f ug]{ cflb ;|f]tx¿af6 ;xof]u lng'x'Fb}g .

• /]l8of] :6];gsf] ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtfdfly kl5 uP/ k|efj kfg]{ u/L /fhgLlts bnx¿ jf c? :jfy{lglxt ;d"xx¿;Fu cfly{s ;xof]u lng'x'Fb}g .

cfly{s ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkg

• ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] Ps hgf sf]iffWoIf dgf]gLt u/]/ pgn] /]l8of]sf] cfly{s ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt ¿kn] ;+rfng / e'QmfgL ug{sf nflu a}Fsdf vftf vf]Ng'k5{ . s'g a}Fsdf vftf vf]Ng] eGg] lg0f{o /]l8of] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;Nnfx lnP/ ug'{k5{ .

• a}Fs vftfaf6 /sd lgsfNg b'O{ hgfsf] x:tfIf/ rflxg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . • ;a} /sd, cg'bfg, cfDbfgL, ;+sng / c? vfnsf cfDbfgLx¿ clwsf/o'Qm sf]iffWoIfnfO{

;s];Dd rfF8f] a'emfpg'k5{ . t/, sd{rf/Ln] a'lemlnPkl5 @$ 306feGbf l9nf] ug'{x'Fb}g .


s'g} sd{rf/Ln] w]/} lbg;Dd /sd a'emfPg eg] To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ k};f lxgfldgf u/]sf] dfg]/ cg'zf;gsf] sfjf{xL ug'{k5{ .

• sf]iffWoIfn] ;a} cfDbfgL / e'QmfgL÷vr{sf] clen]v /fVg'k5{ . :6];g Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] s'g} ;b:o jf clwsf/k|fKt JolQmn] vf]h]sf] s'g} klg a]nf hfFRgsf] nflu pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .

• sf]iffWoIfnfO{ cfDbfgL a'emfP/ To;sf] /l;b clen]vdf pNn]v u/]kl5 dfq} of] vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} klg sd{rf/L o;/L cfDbfgLdf pNn]v gePsf] /sd vr{ ug{ x'Fb}g . pgLx¿n] u/]sf] j}wflgs vr{df ;d]t cfDbfgL gafFw]sf] /sdaf6 ;f]wegf{ ug'{x'Fb}g .

• :6];g Dofg]h/;Fu Pp6f ;fgf] gubL sf]if x'g'k5{ . of] sf]ifdf k"j{lgwf{l/t /sdeGbf yf]/} x'g]lalQs} sf]iffWoIfn] /sd yKg'k5{ . ;fgf] gubL sf]ifaf6 ePsf] vr{ / o;df ylkPsf] /sdsf] k"/f clen]v /fVg'k5{ .

• ;d'bfonfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf a]nfa]nfdf /]l8of] :6];gsf] cfly{s l:yltsf] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . ;d'bfo;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] af/]df h'g a]nf klg ;f]Wg] clwsf/ x'G5 .

/fhgLlts k|;f/0f -Ohfht ePsf 7fpFdf_

• /fhgLlt÷r'gfjL cleofgsf] a]nfdf /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf] ;DaGwdf /fli6«o k|;f/0f P]gdf ePsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] Joj:yfkgn] lj:tf/ Pj+ uxgtf;fy a'‰g'k5{ / To;nfO{ s8fOsf;fy kfng ug'{k5{ .

• k|;f/sx¿n] s'g} bn jf pDd]b\jf/nfO{ cg'lrt nfe jf xfgL k'¥ofpg' x'Fb}g . • j}wflgs ¿kn] btf{ ePsf bn / pDd]b\jf/x¿nfO{ ;dfg ;do / ;dfg cj;/ lbg'k5{ .

oxfF ;dfgsf] tfTko{ k|;f/0fsf] nDafO, k|;f/0fsf] u'0f:t/, s'g} lbg jf ;dodf k|;f/ ubf{ x'g] ;Defljt kmfObf a'‰g'k5{ .

• olb ;dfgtfsf nflu ;xdlt x'g ;s]g eg] uf]nf y't]/ jf o:t} s'g} tl/sf ckgfpg;lsG5 .

• tYout ;dfrf/dfq k|;fl/t ug{ tyf s'g} klg bn jf pDd]b\jf/sf] kIf jf ljkIfdf s'g} k|sf/sf] k"jf{u|x cfpg glbgsf nflu ;dfrf/ / c? ;"rgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ /fd|/L ;Dkfbg ug'{k5{ .

• ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] s'g} sd{rf/L / Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:on] ;d]t s'g} klg /fhgLlts bn;Fu ;+nUg x'g' cufj} jf ;+nUg x'g] 3f]if0ff ubf{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df cfkm"n] ;Defn]sf] kb / lhDdf kl/Tofu u'g{k5{, ;fy} k|;f/ssf] ¿kdf /]l8of]sf] lgoldt ultljlwaf6 k+l5g'k5{ .

lj1fkg / k|fof]hg -Ohfht ePsf 7fpFdf_

• ljBdfg sfg"gcGtu{t Ohfht ePsf] v08df lj1fkg k|;f/0f ug'{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nIo / p2]Zo;Fu ldN5 ls ldNb}g egL Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lg0f{o ug'{k5{ .

• olb lj1fkg :jsf/ ug]{ lg0f{o ePdf Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] h;sf] k|rf/ ul/G5 p;sf] Jokfl/s lxt s] x'G5 eGg] cfwf/ tof/ kfg'{k5{ .

• ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cjl:yt If]qleqsf Jofkfl/s ;]jf jf pTkfbssf ;dfrf/, dfn;fdfg / ;]jfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg'k5{ .


• vf; u/L :jf:Yo jf cfr/0fdf xfgL ug]{h:tf -h:t} r'/f]6 ;"tL{ / /S;L_ JolQm, ;d'bfo jf ;dfhnfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] j:t' pTkfbg ug]{x¿sf] lj1fkg lng' x'Fb}g . g t ljkGgx¿sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s lxtnfO{ afwf k'¥ofpg] vfnsf ;fdfgx¿sf] lj1fkg g} lng'x'G5 . -pbfx/0fsf nflu kf}li6stf ljxLg vfg]s'/f jf h+s km'8, sfa{go'Qm k]okbfy{, tyf kf}li6stfsf] b[li6n] sd;n t/ dxFuf] vfg] s'/fx¿ ._

• k|fof]hgsf] ;DaGwdf hxfF k|fof]lhs sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug{ 5'6 5 ToxfF sfo{qmd k|fof]hg ug]{x¿ jf lj1fkg lbg]x¿sf] :jfy{ / /]l8of] :6];gsf] kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf p2]Zox¿aLr 6Ss/ gk/f];\ eGg] ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ .

/]s8{ sDkgLx¿;Fu ;ts{tf æ;fd'bflos :6];gx¿n] lbgel/ uLt ahfP/ a:g ;S5g\ . ;d'bfonfO{ rflxg] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug'{sf] ;§f uLtsf] /]s8{ ahfpg ;+uLt pBf]u÷sDkgLx¿n] ;lhnf] kfl/lbPsf 5g\ . dflg;x¿n] gofF uLt ;'Gg kfpg] Ps d'Vo ;fwg /]l8of] g} ePsf] x'gfn] ;+uLt sDkgLx¿n] /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ l;Q}df uLt ;+uLtsf /]s8{ lbg'sf] dtna :6];gnfO{ /]s8{ a]Rg] dfWod agfpg' xf] . blIf0f clk|msfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;'? ePkl5 uLt ;+uLtsf] /]s8{sf] laqmL cgf}7f]l;t a9Øf] . /]l8of] :6];gsf] klxrfg agfpg k|;f/ ul/g] uLtsf] ;"rL tof/ kfg]{ lhDd]jf/L lnPsf JolQmnfO{ /]s8{ sDkgLx¿n] lbg] pkxf/x¿ / grfx]/ klg pgLx¿af/] lnOg] rf;f] csf]{ ;d:of xf] .Æ h]g] Oa|flxd / ld; P8D;, a'; /]l8of] %*=% PkmPd, blIf0f clk|sf, -s]; :68L $ x]g';\_ . /fhgLlts bnx¿ / pDd]b\jf/x¿sf] lj1fkg bnLo /fhgLlts k|;f/0feGbf leGg, r'gfj cleofgsf] a]ndf x'g] /fhgLlts :jfy{sf lj1fkgn] ljz]if ;d:of v8f u5{ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] oL tLg j6f ;+efljt lg0f{ox¿dWo] Pp6f lg0f{o lng'k5{M

• bnLo /fhgLlts k|;f/0fdf h:t} /fhgLlts lj1fkgstf{x¿sf nflu klg ;dfg ;do / ;dfg cj;/sf] l;4fGt ckgfpg]Ù

• x/]s /fhgLlts bnnfO{ lsGg rfx]hlt / lsGg;Sg];Dd k|;f/0f ;do lsGg] :jtGqtf lbg]Ù

• /fhgLlts bn / pDd]b\jf/x¿af6 lj1fkg :jLsf/ gug]{ . s'g}s'g} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] Jofkfl/s lj1fkgsf] eGbf /fhgLlts lj1fkgsf] w]/} z'Ns lnG5g\ . lj1fkg ug{ rfxg] / k};f ltg{;Sg] h'g;'s} /fhgLlts bnnfO{ rfx]/ xf];\ ls grfx]/ k|;f/0f ;do a]r]/ lbuf]kgsf] ;d:ofn] u|:t /]l8of]sf w]/} ;d:of ;'Nemfpg' Pp6f cfsfif{0f xf] . tyflk, ;fdflhs k|ult Nofpg;Sg] sdhf]/ j}slNks bnx¿sf] lj?4 klxn]b]lv g} alnof /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ emg alnof] aGg ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;3fpg x'G5 ls x'Gg eGg] s'/f z+sf:kb 5 . g}lts b[li6n] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ckgfpg' jf cfosf] ;|f]t v]/ hfg] eP klg s'g} klg /fhgLlts lj1fkg :jLsf/ gug'{ a]; xf] .


rf}sf];df lj1fkgsf] cfDbfgL / hg;fwf/0fsf] lxtaLr ;+efljt :yfy{sf] åGåsf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿

• s]6fs]6Lsf nflu af]tndf VjfOg] tof/L b"wsf] lj1fkg u/]/ k};f sdfpg] ls cfdfsf] b"w Vjfpg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

• v]taf/Ldf ls/f lgoGq0f ug{ sL6gfzssf] lj1fkg u/]/ cfDbfgL a9fpg] ls PsLs[t sL6 Joj:yfkg k|0fnLnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .

• af]tnaGb cGt/f{li6«o pTkfbg sfa{go'Qm k]osf] lj1fkg u/]/ cfDbfgL ug]{ ls :yfgLo ¿kdf pTkflbt kmnkm"nsf] /;o'Qm k]onfO{ a9fpg ;3fpg] <

• Jofkfl/s l8n/sf] s[lif sfo{qmd jf ltgsf] kmfd{sf] pTkfbgnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd k|fof]hg ug]{ ls ls;fgx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] pTkfbgsf] /fd|f] df]n lbnfpg ;3fpg] <

• :yfgLo ¿kdf ;+rflnt vfgL sDkgLsf] k|fof]hg ug]{ ls To;af6 x'g] gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo k|efj 36fpg] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug]{ <

Jofkfl/s /]l8of]sf] b[li6sf]0f Osj]8f]/df 5f]6f] cjlwd} lgjf{rgx¿sf] >[+vnf rn]kl5 s'PGsf l:yt Jofkfl/s :6];gsf] dflnsn] cfwf 7§f ub}{ eg], æof] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] xfdLdWo] cfwfnfO{ 6f6 kN6gaf6 hf]ufof] .Æ

a|'; lu/f8{, /]l8of] rfu'cf?sf]{ -s]; :68L % x]g'{';\_

;fd'bflos k|;f/sx¿sf] 5gf}6 s]xL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df o:tf sd{rf/L x'G5g\ h;sf] 5gf}6 cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] lxt / pGgltk|lt pgLx¿sf] jrgj4tf tyf ;fdflhs k|ultsf nflu /]l8of]nfO{ Pp6f ;fwgsf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ pgLx¿sf] ?lrsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] x'G5 . s]xL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;+rf/ jf kqsfl/tfsf] If]qdf s]xL cg'ej / tflnd kfPsf, t/ ;d'bfoaflx/sf ;d]tnfO{ lnG5g\ . aflx/af6 lnOPsf o:tf dflg;x¿ ;d'bfoleqsf ;fdfGo ;b:ox¿eGbf w]/} lzlIft tyf l;kfn' klg x'g;S5g\ t}klg, ;d'bfosf] nflu pgLx¿ ckl/lrt x'g] x'gfn] ;d'bfonfO{ lrGg / ;d'bfon] s;/L sfd u5{ egL ga'‰bf ;Dd pgL?nfO{ ;'?df ufx|f] x'G5 . ;d'bfoleqaf6 dflg;x¿nfO{ 5fGbf pgLx¿sf] jrgj4tfsf ;fy} s]xL cfwf/x¿ nfu" ug'{ pkof]uL x'G5 . pgLx¿ ;d'bfod} a;f]af; ug]{ x'g'k5{ /} tTsfn} ;d'bfoaf6 a;fO ;/]/ hfg] OR5f gePsf] x'g'k5{ . pgLx¿df df}lvs jf af]n]/ ;+rf/ ug]{ /fd|f] ;Lk x'g'k5{ . pgLx¿df c;n g}lts rl/q / g]t[Tj ug{;Sg] Ifdtf x'g'k5{ . pgLx¿ ;d'bfoleqsf] s'g} hflt, hghflt tyf wfld{s ;d'bfosf] / /fhgLlts ;+nUgtf ePsf] x'g'k5{ . ;'?sf] tflnd cjlwsf nflu / :jo+;]js eP/ sfd ug{ pgLx¿;Fu kof{Kt ;do x'g'k5{ . sd{rf/Ldf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;+Vofdf ;Gt'ng ldnfpg' h?/L x'G5 . w]/}h;f] d'n'sdf ;fdfGotof tflnd lbFbf d'Vo ¿kdf k'?ifx¿ g} cufl8 ;5{g\ . t/ dlxnfx¿nfO{ klg ;Gt'ng ldnfP/ ;xefuL u/fP/ tflnd ;+rfng ug'{k5{ . n}+lus ;dtfsf cfwf/e"t ljifox¿afx]s clwsf+z


;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf >f]tfx¿df dlxnfsf] ;+Vof lgSs} w]/} x'G5 . pgLx¿nfO{ ;"rgfx¿ rflxG5 / of] sfd c? dlxnfx¿n] /fd|f]l;t k"/f u5{g\ . /]l8of] k|;f/sx¿df dlxnfx¿ eP eg] ;d'bfosf ljleGg sfd tyf ljifox¿df dlxnfx¿n] ;dtfo'Qm tyf ;Ddfghgs e"ldsf a9fpg c?nfO{ ;3fpF5 / ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df dbt x'G5 . dlxnfx¿ sfdsf] vf]hLdf aflx/ sd} hfg] x'gfn] dlxnf sd{rf/L eP eg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lbuf]kg klg a9\5 . /]l8of] k|;f/sx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg] blIf0f clk|msfsf] Pp6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gn] sDtLdf cfwf ;xefuL dlxnf ePgg\ eg] tflnd g} rnfpFb}g . -s]; :68L $ x]g'{;\ ._ ;f+:s[lts sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ s'g}s'g} b]zdf t'?Gt} of] lgod nfu" ug'{ ufx|f] x'g;S5 . t/, ;a} 7fpFdf oxL nIo x'g'k5{ .

;fd'bflos k|;f/sx¿sf] tflnd ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gx¿ k|foM o:tf dflg;x¿nfO{ tflnd lbG5g\ h;n] slxNo} /]l8of] :6'l8of]leq kfOnf 6]s]sf] x'Fb}g, dfOqmf]kmf]g ;dft]sf] x'Fb}g, / ;+rf/sf] ;+;f/ jf kqsfl/tfdf slxNo} nfu]sf] x'Fb}g . o:tf dflg;nfO{ tflnd lbFbf w]/} r'gf}ltx¿ emNg]k5{ , t/ cg'ejn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] of] sfd ;f]r]h:tf] ufx|f] x'Fb}g . tflndsf] ljifoj:t' k|;f/0fsf nflu w]/} k|sf/sf ;Lkx¿ rflxG5g\ . :6];gsf sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu ;fd"lxs ¿kn] d'Votof tLg k|sf/sf ;Lk x'g'k5{ M k|fljlws M pks/0fsf] k|of]u / ;fdfGo d/dtsf] sfd . sfo{qmd pTkfbg M /]l8of] s'/fsfgL÷5nkmn, :j/ ;Dkfbg, l:qmK6 n]vg, cGtjf{tf{ ;+rfng, ;dfrf/ ;+sng / k|]if0f, DoflUhg k|f]u|fd pTkfg, /]l8of] :k6 pTkfbg, lh+un / hg;]jL lj1fkgx¿, ;d"bfodf ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{qmd pTkfbg, cfwf/e"t ;+rf/ l;4fGt / Jojxf/ cflb . Joj:yfkg / ;+rfng M Joj:yfkg ;Lknufot ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;du| ¿kdf ;+rfng, dfs]{l6ª, >f]tf ;j]{If0f ljlw, /]l8of] ;+a+wL sfg"g / g}lts cfrf/ . o;sf ;fy} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df sfd ug]{ x/]s JolQm k|rlnt cfrf/ ;+lxtf;Fu ;'kl/lrt x'g'k5{ . tflndsf k|sf/ / r/0fx¿ k|;f/sx¿nfO{ rflxg] tflndx¿ df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf b'O{ v08df k5{g\ M

• k|;f/sx¿nfO{ sfd ug{sf] nflu rflxg] Go"gtd of]Uotf xfl;n ug{sf nflu kl/rofTds tflndÙ


• sfo{qmd pTkfbs, pb\3f]ifs, ;+jfbbftf, :6'l8of] k|fljlws cflb dWo Pp6f jf w]/} e"ldsf v]Ngsf nflu k"0f{ of]Uotf xfl;n gu/];Dd pgLx¿sf] ;Lk kl/dfh{gu ug]{ tflnd . w]/}h;f] ;fgf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gx¿df oLdWo] s'g} of ;a} sfd ug{ hfGg'k5{ .

kl/rofTds tflnd of] tflndn] tLg k|sf/sf cwfe"t ljifoj:t'x¿ ;d]6\g'k5{ M

• ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] l;4fGt / cjwf/0ff . ;dfrf/, dgf]/+hg, lzIff / vf; u/L ;fdflhs kl/jt{g / ljsf;df o;sf] e"ldsfÙ

• ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu ag]sf] cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf d'Vod'Vo s'/fx¿Ù • k|;f/0f pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]u÷;+rfng / sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ .

s'g}s'g} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gn] ;d'bfod} tLg ;ftfsf] ;3g kl/rofTds tflnd ;+rfng u/]/ of] cfwf/e"t tflnd lbG5g\ . kf7Øqmddf ;}4flGtseGbf Jofjxfl/s tflndsf] ;+Vof w]/} x'g'k5{ . jf:tjdf k|;f/sx¿nfO{ lbOg] ;a} vfnsf tflnddf of] s'/f nfu" x'G5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;]jf yfNg] a]nfdf rnfOg] kl/rofTds tflndsf nflu k|lzIfs tyf cfly{s ;xof]u h'6fpg kSs} klg aflx/L ;xfotfsf] vfFrf] x'G5 . k|lzIfsx¿ b]zleq} /fd|f]l;t rn]sf ;':yflkt ;fd'bflos /]l8of]af6 jf hg;]jL k|;f/0f :6];gaf6 Nofpg;lsG5 . kl/rofTds tflndnfO{ sd{rf/L 5fGg] k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf klg pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . rflxg] sd{rf/L ;+VofeGbf w]/} hgfnfO{ tflnd lbg] / tflnd ;lsPkl5 tLdWo]af6 ;a}eGbf /fd|f k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ /f]Hg' a]; x'G5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgf e} rNg yfn]kl5 gofF dflg;x¿nfO{ bIf sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu} sfd ug{ nufP/ cfwf/e"t tflnd lbg;lsG5 . pgLx¿ sfd ub}{ l;Sg;S5g\ . ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ a]nfa]nfdf sIff rnfP/ ;}4flGts 1fg, cfrf/ ;+lxtf / ;fd'bflos /]l8of];DjGwL c? cjwf/0ffTds hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . ;Lk kl/dfh{g ;d'bflos k|;f/sx¿n] l;Sg slxNo} 5f8g' x''Fb}g . of] lg/Gt/ rNg] k|lqmof xf] . h:tf];'s} l;kfn' k|;f/sn] klg c? dflg;af6, k':ts k9]/ jf pgLx¿n] agfPsf] sfo{qmdaf/] ;d'bfodf ePsf] l6sfl6Kk0fLaf6 s]xL g s]xL gofF s'/f l;Sg;S5g\ . o;afx]s, gofFgofF k|ljlw / pks/0fx¿ cfO/xG5g\ . tL k|ljlw / pks/0faf/] klg l;Sg 5f8\g' x'Fb}g . sfd ub}{ l;Sb} hfFbf s]xL xb;Dd ;Lk kl/dfh{g :jefjtM x'G5 . t/ oltn] k'Ub}g . k|;f/sx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;3fpg w]/} pkfo ckgfpg;lsG5 . sfo{:yndf jf b]zleq} cf}krfl/s tflnd M /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o k|lzIfsx¿nfO{ 8fs]/ k|;f/0f / sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf] ljifodf 5f]6f] tflnd sfo{zfnf rnfpg;lsG5 .


ljleGg ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gaf6 k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ;xefuL agfpg;lsof] eg] of] vfnsf] tflnd clt k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;n] ljleGg ;d'bflos /]l8of]x¿aLr eljiodf ;Dks{ ug]{ ;DaGw ufF:g], Pscfk;df ;xof]u ug]{ / cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ af6f] agfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu Pp6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] sfo{qmd / sfdsf] d"Nof+sg csf]{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf sd{rf/Lx¿af6 u/fpg' lgSs} pkof]uL x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] aflx/L b[li6sf]0f cd"No x'g;S5 . ;fy} pgLx¿n] of] cg'ejaf6 l;Sg kfpF5g\ . c? /]l8of] :6];g;Fu tflnddf ;+nUgtf M k|foM csf]{ w]/} cg'ejL ;fd'bflos /]l8of] jf hg;]jL /]l8of] :6];gdf s]xL ;dosf nflu sd{rf/LnfO{ l;Sg k7fpg] ;+efjgf x'g;S5 . blIf0f clk|msfh:tf s]xL gfd rn]sf b]zdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df cu'jfO ug]{ :6];g c? gofF sd cg'ejL :6];gx¿sf nflu k|lzIf0f s]Gb| ag]sf] 5 . o;sf w]/} kmfObf 5g\ . vf; u/L o;df vr{ sd nfU5 / cg'ej afF8r'F8 ug{kfOG5 . ;kmn ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gdf uP/ tflnd lnFbf k|lzIffyL{x¿n] s'g} ;d:of s;/L ;'NemOof] / sfo{qmd agfpFbf / k|;f/0f ubf{ s:tfs:tf gofF / /rgfTds ljrf/x¿ ckgOP eGg] s'/fx¿ l;Sg;S5g\ . Jofkfl/s /]l8of];fu ;+nUg x'Fbf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ . ltgLx¿sf] l;4fGt ;fd'bflos /]l8of]eGbf olt km/s x'G5 ls k|lzIffyL{n] sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf k|fljlws kIfsf s]xL s'/f l;s] klg p;n] /]l8of]nfO{ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ s'/faf/] s]xL klg l;Sb}g . ljb]zdf 5fqj[lQ M ;+;f/sf gfd rn]sf k|;f/0f ;+:yfx¿dWo] w]/}n] cfˆgf] b]zdf tflnd ;+rfng u5{g\ . tLdWo] /]l8of] g]8/Nof08, aLaL;L / 8r]j]n]x¿ x'g\ . ;/sf/ / ljsf;] lgsfox¿n] slxn]sfxLF ;fd'bflos k|;f/sx¿nfO{ tL :6];gx¿df lbnfpg lng 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg vf]H5g\ . /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf] kIfdf o;n] k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ lgZrog} cd"No l;sfO / cg'ejsf] cj;/ lbG5 . t/ o;sf s]xL a]kmfObfx¿ 5g\ hf] csf]{ v08df v'nfOPsf] 5 . tflnd sfo{:yndf, b]zleq} ls ljb]zdf < dflysf k|To]s vfnsf tflndsf kmfObf / a]kmfObfx¿ 5g\ . sfo{:yndf tflnd M ;d'bfodf /]l8of] ePsf] 7fpF ;a}eGbf jf:tljss tflnd :yn xf] . oxfF k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] ;d"xn] pks/0fx¿;Fu / hgtf;Fu / pgLx¿n] kl5 sfd ug'{ kg]{ 7fpFsf] jftfj/0fdf a;]/ sfd u5{g\ . o;n] ofqf vr{ / k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] a:g] vfg] vr{ klg hf]ufpF5 . o:tf] vfnsf] tflndsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] a]kmfObf s] x'g;S5 eg] k|lzIffyL{x¿ o;nfO{ 7"nf] zx/ jf /fhwfgL jf ljb]zdf lbOg] tflndsf] bfFhf]df bf];|f] bhf{sf] tflnd 7fGg;S5g\ . eljiodf oxL sfddf nfu]/ j[lQ ljsf; ug{ rfxg] k|lzIfyL{x¿ o:tf] tflnd lng sd k|]l/t x'g';S5g\ . b]zleq tflnd M k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] gh/df csf]{ /]l8of] :6];gdf uP/ lng] tflndh:t} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g ePsf] 7fpFeGbf aflx/ ul/g] tflndsf] OHht dfly x'G5 . o;sf] csf]{ kmfObf ;Dks{, ;DaGw / cfbfgk|bfg xf] hf] eljiodf Pp6} If]qdf sfd ug]{ Joj;foLx¿aLr a9g;S5 . ljb]zdf tflnd M of] ;a}eGbf OHhtbf/ / vlr{nf] tflnd xf] . o;n] k|lzIffyL{sf] j[lQljsf; eP/ p;n] sfd ug]{ ;d'bfosf] /]l8of]eGbf dfly x'G5 . kmn:j¿k p;n] aflx/sf] :6];gdf sfd


kfpg;S5 . sd{rf/Lsf] :yfloTjsf] nflu of] a]kmfObf xf] . c? a]kmfObfx¿ klg 5g\ . ljb]zdf p;n] h'g k|ljlw / oGqpks/0f tyf sfd ug]{ kl/l:ylt b]V5 To:tf] k|ljlw / jftfj/0f ;fdfGo ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df gePkl5 pm c;Gt'i6 x'g;S5 . kmn:j¿k pm d"nwf/sf /]l8of] :6];g jf Jofkfl/s /]l8of] :6];gdf sfd ug{ hfg;S5 . cGttM ljb]zsf] tflnd k|fljlws b[li6n] hlt;'s} pkof]uL eP klg k|lzIffyL{sf] ;fdfGo ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{eGbf aflx/ jf ;+:s[lt gldNg] kl/j]zdf x'g] x'gfn] o;sf] sfof{Gjog kIf sdhf]/ x'G5 . k|fljlws tflndaf/] dfl6{g Pnf8{sf] egfO æd]/f] ljrf/df ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;+rfngdf k|fljlwssf] sfd a]Un} xf] egL g5'6Øfpg] / :6];g Dofg]h/ / sfo{qmd k|;f/sx¿sf] sfd;DaGwL tflndsf] ljifoj:t'df ;Lldt dfqfdf k|fljlws tflnd ;dfj]z ul/of] eg] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] eljio /fd|f] x'G5 .Æ dfl6{g Pnf8{, 6]Sg]nf]lhof P8fK6f8f, OG6]/]l8of], v08 (, c+s !, !((&, cdfs{, -df]G6«]n, !((&_

/]l8of] ;u/dfyf, g]kfnsf] tflnd cg'ej b'O{ k|sf/sf tflnd ;+rfng ul/Psf lyP M klxnf], km/flsnf] cjwf/0ff / k|ljlwdf s]lGb|t lyof] . o;n] ;kmntf;fy ;fdfGo ;Lk clej[l4 u¥of] / dflg;x¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cjwf/0ff;Fu kl/lrt u/fof] . bf];|f]df :6];gsf ljz]if cfjZostfx¿ / Tof];Fu ;DalGwt ;fGble{s ljifox¿, sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug]]{ / gofF sfo{qmd agfpg] ljifox¿ lyP . klxnf] vfnsf] tflnd ;dfGotM cGt/f{li6«o k|;f/sx¿sf tflnd s]Gb|x¿h:tf] ljb]zL ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 rnfOPsf] lyof] . hgzlQm klxrfg ug{ / tof/ kfg{ of] tflnd pkof]uL eof] . g]kfndf ;+rf/sdL{x¿sf] cfˆg} /fd|f] ;|f]t ePtf klg oL cGt/f{li6«o k|;f/sx¿sf] ljz]if1tf cToGt} pkof]uL aGof] . bf];|f] vfnsf] tflndf :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwg pkof]u ul/of] . tflndsf] k7Øqmd agfpFbf / ;+rfng ubf{ :6];gsf] cfaZostf / k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ldnfP/ ;}4flGtseGbf klg Jofjxfl/s pkfox¿ pkgfpFb} tyf sfd ul//x]sfx¿nfO{ g} l;sfpg] ;f]r ckgfP/ tflnd lbof] . :6];gsf] ;du| ljsf; / ljBdfg tyf pknAw k|ljlwsf] b[li6n] of] tflnd pko'Qm ;flst eof] . tflnd :6];gsf sd{rf/Lx¿ / :yfgLo ¿kdf sfd ul//x]sf cGt/f{li6«o k|ljlws ;Nnfxsf/x¿af6 ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o;n] gofF sd{rf/Lx¿eGbf klg :6];gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿dfly Wofg lbPsf] lyof] . tflndsf] nflu ;xof]u ;fd'bflos k|;f/sx¿nfO{ tflnd lbgsf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u lbg] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿ 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;] lgsfo jf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] :6];g :yfkgf ug{sf nflu oGqpks/0fsf] ;xof]u lbFbf k|foM tflnd sfo{{qmd klg ToxL kl/of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotM


o:tf] tflnddf k|f/lDes r/0fdf sDtLdf klg kl/rofTds tflnd /flvPsf] x'G5 . t/, w]/} ;dosf] nflu of]hgf ag]sf] eP To;df ;Lk kl/dfh{g tflndx¿ klg ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿ tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;fd'bflos k|;f/sx¿nfO{ 5fqj[lQ klg lbg;S5g\ . s'g} 5fqj[lQ ljb]zdf uP/ k9gsf nflu klg x'g;S5 . t/, w]/}h;f] b]zleq} x'g] tflndsf] nflu x'G5 . cyjf, P;fOgd]G6 cyf{t\ s'g} vf; sfd ug{sf] nflu klg 5fqj[lQ lbOg;S5 . o:tf] P;fOgd]G6 tflnd cg'ejs} lx:;fsf] ¿kdf x'G5 . b]zleq ;+rflng s'g} vf; ljsf; of]hgf klg tflndsf] csf]{ ;|f]t x'g;S5 . h:t}, egf}F jftfj/0f ;+/If0f jf :jf:Yo;+a+wL s'g} of]hgfn] /]l8of]sf] ;xof]u vf]Hg;S5 . ltgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] of]hgfsf] nIf;Fu ldNg] / ;s];Dd /fd|f] sfo{qmd agfpgsf nflu k|;f/sx¿ jf sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿nfO{ tflnd lbnfpg ;xof]u ug{;S5g\ . s'g} b]zdf ;xfotfsf] ;|f]t jf ;xfotf lbg] tl/sf h:tf] eP klg :6];gsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ s:tf] tflnd rflxG5 eGg] af/]df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] Joj:yfkg xd];f ;hu x'g'k5{ . Psflt/ of]Uotf a9\bf sfd jf k]zfk|lt ;Gt'li6 a9g'sf ;fy} sd{rf/Lsf] bIftf klg a95 eg] csf]{lt/ w]/} sd{rf/L lgoldt hflu/] geO{ :jo+;]jssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ 7fpFdf sd{rf/Lx¿ x]/km]/ x'g' nueu lglZrt x'G5 . o; sf/0f Joj:yfkg kIfn] ;§fegf{ eP/ cfpg] jf gofF sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ /fd|;Fu lgoldt ¿kdf tflnd lbg] s'/fsf nflu tof/ x'g'k5{ . }æw]/}h;f] dflg;x¿sf] ljrf/df /]l8of] JolQmut cyf{t\ Ps hgfn] csf]{;Fu s'/f ug]{ dfWod xf] . o:tf] dfWod hf] cfdhgtfsf] aLrdf a:g] glrg]sf PSnfPSn} JolQmx¿;Dd k'U5 . of] wf/0ff plxn] xjfOhxfhaf6 v;fn]/ afFl8g] krf{sf] af/]df ul/Psf] ;+rf/ cg';Gwfgdf k|ltljlDat x'G5 . of] sfd d"n ¿kdf ;dfg :jefj jf u'0f ePsf] hg;d"xdf ;"rgf …;+qmd0fÚ ug'{ h:t} xf] . t}klg, /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf] csf]{ 5]pdf x/]s /]l8of] ;]6sf] cufl8 ;fdfGotofM b'O{ jf tLg hgf JolQmx¿dfq} a;]sf x'G5g\ . clg 7"nf] >f]tf;d"xsf k|To]s JolQmnfO{ a]Unfa]Un} ;Daf]wg ug]{ cyf{t\ cGtJo{lQm ;+rf/ ug]{ k|fs[lts k|ltefo'Qm :j/x¿n] slxn]sfxLF xfd|f sfgx¿nfO{ cfslif{t u5{g\ . tL :j/x¿ /fhgLlts g]tfx¿sf], wfld{s g]tfx¿sf], s'g} JolQm ljz]iflt/ nlIft, ;+uLtsf] /]s8{ ahfpg] l8:s hsLsf jf bIf ;dfrf/ jfrssf] klg x'g;S5 . pgLx¿sf] af]nLdf o:tf] :jfefljs jf k|fs[lts cfsif{0f x'G5 ls ltgn] >f]tfx¿sf] Wofg tflg/xG5 . pgLx¿sf] s'/fdf ljZjf; gug]{x¿nfO{ klg ;'lg/xg dg nfUg] hfb"u/L cfsif{0f x'G5 . pgLx¿ b[9 ljZjf;sf] cGt:s/0faf6 af]N5g\ / >f]tfx¿sf] cGtd{gsf] k|Zg, z+sf / bf]dgnfO{ emSemsfpFb} cfkm"lt/ cfslif{t u5{g\ . cfd;+rf/sf k/Dk/fut lgodx¿nfO{ xfFs lbg] x'gfn] oL pb\3f]ifs jf k|;f/sx¿ ;kmn ePsf x'g\ egL s;}s;}n] eGg;S5 . pgLx¿n] n]v]sf s'/f -l:qmK6_ k9\b}gg\, To;sf] cy{ k9\5g\ . l:qmK6nfO{ pgLx¿n] ;Gb]zsf] uxg efj jf dxTj ;Demfpg] ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf dfq} k|of]u u5{g\ . pgLx¿sf nflu dfOqmf]kmf]g pgLx¿ / cfd>f]tf ;d"xdfem a;]sf JolQmx¿sf] aLrdf ;Dks{ u/fOlbg] dfWoddfq} xf] .


pgLx¿ dfOqmf]kmf]g;Fu s'/f ub}{gg\ . dfOqmf]kmf]gdfkm{t dflg;x¿;Fu s'/f u5{g\ . pgLx¿n] ;+rf/ dfWodnfO{ aLrsf] dfWod ePtf klg dflg;x¿;Dd k'Ug pkof]u u5{g\ . of] g} cGtJo{lQm ;+rf/dfWdsf] ljz]ifrf xf] hf] lxFhf] cfh x/fPsf] b]lvG5 .Æ

sfnf]{; P= cgf{N8f]


cWofo * M 36gf cWoog ca ;'? x'g] v08df Plzofsf b'O{ b]z -lkmlnlkG; / g]kfn_, clk|msfsf b'O{ b]z -3fgf / blIf0f clk|msf_ / Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf] Pp6f b]z -OSj]8/_ df ;+rflnt ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gsf kfFr j6f 36gf cWoogx¿ 5g\ . logsf n]vsx¿ ;a} cfˆgf /]l8of] :6];g;Fu 3lgi7 ¿kn] ;DalGwt 5g\ . :6];gsf] :yfkgf s;/L eof], cfOnfu]sf ;d:ofx¿ s;/L ;'NemfOP, tyf kl/0ffd s] eof] eGg] af/]df pgLx¿n] /f]rs cGtb{[li6 k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o; sf/0f ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df nfu]sf jf eljiodf nfUg rfxg]x¿sf nflu oL 36gf jf/] cWoogx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . 36gf cWoogx¿sf] ;Dkfbg of] k':tssf] d"n c+zsf n]vsx¿af6 ul/Psf] lyof] . ;Dkfbg ubf{ df}lns ;+/rgfnfO{ sfod /fVb} jfWotfk"j{s ltgnfO{ lgSs} 5f]6\ofpg' k/]sf] lyof] . cfzf 5, dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿ h:tfsf] t:t} 5g\ . JolQmut ;+:d/0f jf cg'ejx¿nfO{ 36gf cWoogaf6 lgsfn]/ of] lstfasf d"n efudf /flvPsf 5g\ .

lkmlnlkG; M ;d'bfodf, ;d'bfosf nflu, ;d'bfosf af/]df / ;d'bfoåf/f /]l8of]

n'O{ Pg= tflaª cf]n'6f+uf, /]l8of] :6];gsf] nflu cg'ko'Qm ;d'bfo < ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf ldG8fgfcf] k|fGtsf] cf]n'6f+uf 6fk' ;+3if{/t d';ndfg / O;fO{x¿sf] o'4e"ld h:t} lyof] . o:t} Pp6f 36gfdf zx/sf s]Gb|x¿ Wj:t ePsf lyP . t/, /QmfDo ;+3if{ ePsf] b'O{ bzskl5 d';ndfg / O;fO{x¿ cxn] zflGtk"j{s al;/x]sf 5g\ . w]/}h;f] cNk;+Vos d';ndfgx¿ 6fk'sf] pQ/k"jL{ / blIf0fL efudf a;]sf 5g\ . 6fk'sf] hg3gTj kftnf] 5 . hg;+Vof nueu #%,))) 5 / of] tLg j6f zx/df s]lGb|t 5 . klxn]sf] bfFhf]df clxn] 6fk'df zflGt b]lvPtf klg ljutsf] cl:y/tf / vt/f k'Vof}{nL ;DklQsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . oxFfsf 3/x¿ ;:tf xNsf ;fdu|Lx¿af6 ag]sf 5g\ . 6fk'df :yfoL ¿kn] a;f]af; ug{ sf]xL OR5's 5}g h:tf] b]lvG5 . 6fk'sf] Ps 5]pmb]lv csf]{ 5]pm;Dd ag]sf] !* lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] ;8s df};d cg';f/ slxn] lxnfDo t slxn] w'nfDo x'G5 . o;sf] pkof]u ug]{ rf/ kf+u|] uf8Lx¿sf] ;+Vof yf]/} 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;8ssf] w]/}h;f] pkof]u e}F;L uf8f, l/S;f, 3f]8f / k}bn ofqLx¿n] u5{g\ . cf]n'6f+ufsf clwsf+z lgjf;Lx¿ cl;+lrt v]tL / IfdtfeGbf a9L df5f dfgf{n] l/lQg nfu]sf hnIf]qaf6 x'g] pTkfbgaf6 u'hf/f u5{g\ . s]xL Jofkf/Lx¿ 6fk'df a:g] clwsf+z ul/ax¿n] pTkfbg ug{ / lsGg;Sg] dfn;fdfgsf] lsga]r u5{g\ . 6fk'df wfld{s ld;g/Lx¿n] rnfPsf b'O6f xfO:s'n 5g\ . dfa'x] / tfn';fgsf pQ/L zx/x¿sf] nflu ;+rflnt :s"ndf #)) ljBfyL{ k9\5g\ . csf]{ :s"n 6fk'sf] blIf0fL 5]pmdf a;]sf] ;'af–lgkf zx/df l:yt 5 . o;df klg ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof ;Lldt 5 . oLafx]s csf]{ s'g} :s'n jf


Jofj;flos ljBfno 5}g . cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ jl/kl/sf 7"nf 6fk'sf zx/x¿df ePsf :s'nx¿df k9\g k7fpg;Sg] afa'cfdfsf] ;+Vof yf]/} 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, sfg"g kfng, ;'/Iff cflb ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿ clt yf]/} 5g\ . 6fk'df s'g} a}+s 5}g . ;+rf/ ;'ljwf ;fx|} sdhf]/ 5 . /]l8of] 6«fG;ld6/ / l/l;e/ Ps} ;]6df ePsf eLPrPkm 6«fG;l;e/sf] ;+Vof w]/}5 . hfDaf]cf+uf zx/af6 8'+ufdf * 3+6f ofqf u/]kl5 dfq} k'lug] of]] ;'b"/ 6fk'df /]l8of] :6];g rnfPsf] b]v]/ aflx/af6 3'Dg cfpg] ofqLx¿ 5Ss k5{g\ . ;g\ !((# df tfDa'nL kl/of]hgfn] k|:tfj /fVbf åLkaf;Lx¿ cfkm}nfO{ ljZjf; lyPg . /]l8of] :6];gsf] k"0f{ lgoGq0f kl/of]hgfn] pgLx¿nfO{ g} lbg] k|:tfj /fVbf pgLx¿ emg ;z+lst ePsf lyP . cf]n'6f+uf, tfDa'nL /]l8of] :6];gsf] nflu clt pko'Qm 7fpF ldG8fgfcf] k|fGtdf klxnf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g /fVg] l;kmfl/; ;'?df :yfgLo Sofyf]lns g]tfx¿n] u/]sf lyP . of] cf]n'6f+ufsf] nflu geP/ Olknsf] nflu lyof] . Olknn] tfDa'nLsf] nflu rflxg] ;t{x¿ k"/f u/]g, lsg eg] of] clt ;DkGg lyof] / cfly{s pGgltsf] s]Gb| alg;s]sf] lyof] . tfDa'nLn] o:tf] 7fpF vf]lh/x]sf] lyof] hf] ;"rgfsf] kx'Frsf] b[li6n] ljkGg, cfly{s ¿kn] bogLo xf];\, PkmPd l;Ugn k|;f/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ dflg;x¿ xf]pg\ / hxfF ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] clwstd kl/0ffd b]vfcf];\ . $) lsnf]ld6/ k/ ;d'b|df /x]sf] cf]n'6f+ufn] oL ;a} ;t{x¿ k"/f uy]{ . lgZro g} of] 6fk' ljkGg / c?af6 cnUu lyof] . t'ngfTds ¿kn] of] ;Dd lyof], yf]/} Ifdtfsf] PkmPd l;Ugn k|;f/ ug{ ;d:of lyPg . t}klg Pp6f s'/fsf] sdL lyof] . ;xof]u ug]{ :yfgLo ;+:yf lyPg . o:tf] ;+:yf tof/ kfg'{kg]{ lyof] . ;'?sf] ofqf / klxnf] a}7s klxnf] k/fdz{ a}7s eLPrPkm /]l8of]sf] d2taf6 Sofyf]lns sGe]G6df xtf/df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df b; hgfeGbf yf]/} g]tfx¿n] efu lnPsf lyP . tLdWo] pk gu/k|d'v ;lxt w]/}h;f] gu/kflnsfsf clws[tx¿, rr{sf kfb/L / c? lyP . ltgLx¿n] kl/of]hgfsf] af/]df z+sf JoQm u/] . dlxgf lbgcl3 dfq} dlgnfaf6 sf]xL cfP/ gf6ssf] tflnd lbg] eGg] axfgfdf k};f a6'n]/ nu]sf] 36gflt/ pgLx¿n] cf}+NofP . Tof] dflg; k};f lnP/ uPkl5 km]l/ kms]{sf] lyPg . k|:tfljt /]l8of] kl/of]hgfsf] cjlwdf cf]n'6f+ufaf6 s'g} dflg;, pks/0f jf /sd aflx/ k7fOg] 5}g eg]/ d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ jrg lbg'k¥of] . To;f] eP ltd|f] jf:tljs p2]Zo s] xf] t < pgLx¿n] d;Fu ;fw] . ltdLn] pks/0f a]Rg nfu]sf] xf] ls < /]l8of] ;]6 a]Rg] xf] ls < olb ltdL ;fFRr} o'g]:sf]af6 cfPsf xf} eg] lsg xfd|f] nflu :s'n agfpFb}gf} < ;fdfg sxfF 5 < tfDa'nLn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgf ug{ d2t ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 eg]/ xfdLn] :yfgLo dflg;x¿nfO{ eg]kl5 o:tf k|Zgx¿ km6fkm6 cfP . t}klg, of] ;'ljwf pkof]u ug]{ / o;sf] ;+rfng ug]{ ;+efjgfn] ;d'bfosf g]tfx¿nfO{ nf]Eofof] . gu/kflnsfn] ;"rgf k|;f/ ug{


pkof]u ug{;SYof] . hg;]jfsf] nflu /]l8of] :6];g ;lhnf] ;fwg x'g;SYof] . o'jfx¿n] o;nfO{ cfkm"n] ærfx]sf] uLt ;'Gg / c?nfO{ ;'gfpgÆ pkof]u ug{;Sy] . 8]9 306f nfdf] a}7sdf sldsh:tf] lrqx¿af6 kl/of]hgfsf] af/]df a'emfpg] sf]lz; ul/Psf] tfDa'nL k'l:tsf x]g{÷k9\g lbOof] / /]l8of]sf] cjwf/0ffaf/] yk 5nkmn ul/of]] . :yfgLo dflg;x¿sf] ?lr hufpg xfdL ;kmn eof}F . ;fy}, xfdLn] Tof] 7fpFsf] /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs ultljlwsf s]xL :ki6 ljz]iftfx¿af/] hfgsf/L kfof}F . xfd|f] lgotsf] ljZj;gLotfaf/] k|Zg ;f]Wg] dflg;x¿af6 d lrlGtt eOg . Pp6f ljkGg ;d'bfonfO{ l;Q}df s]xL s'/f lbg nfUbf pgLx¿ ;ts{ / z+sfn' x'g' c:jfefljs klg lyPg . csf]{ a}7s a:g'eGbf klxn] klxnf] a}7sdf h'gh'g ;d'bfo jf If]qsf] pkl:ylt jf k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 tL k|To]s ;d'bfo jf If]qsf ;s];Dd w]/} dflg;x¿;Fu o; ljifodf ;Nnfx ug]{ lg0f{o eof] . o;df pgLx¿n] cfcfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] b[li6sf]0f / efjgfx¿nfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ k|:tfj klg k]z ug{;Sy] . of] aLrsf] cGtl/d cjlwn] pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf dtbftfx¿ jf ;dy{sx¿;Fu ;/;Nnfx ug]{ ;do lbGYof] . pgLx¿n] xfd|f] jf:tljs kl/ro jf cflwsfl/stf tyf p2]Zoaf/] hfFRg] cj;/ klg kfpFy] . s]xL ;ftfkl5 ePsf] bf];|f] a}7sdf kRrL;j6f hlt vf;vf; If]qsf cu'jfx¿n] efu lnP . lzIfsx¿, ls;fgx¿, dfemLx¿, dlxnfx¿, ljleGg wfld{s ;d"xsf dflg;x¿, l/S;f rfnsx¿, df]6/;fOsn rfnsx¿ e]nf eP . k|ltåGåL /fhgLlts bnx¿ klg pkl:yt lyP . crDd s] eof] eg] kl/of]hgf af/] klxn] p7fOPsf z+sf ;a} ljnfO;s]sf lyP . w]/} g]tfx¿n] /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgfsf] :jfut ub}{ ;'emfj÷;dfwfgx¿ lbP . To;kl5 ePsf a}7sx¿df kl/of]hgfsf s'/fx¿ Jojl:yt ug{sf] nflu cu'jfx¿sf] Pp6f d"n ;d"x u7g ul/of] . pkl:ytx¿dWo]af6 Pp6f tby{ ;ldlt agfOof] . cu'jfx¿n] sfd ug]{ clws[tx¿sf] ;"lr tof/ kf/] . cf]n'6f+uf åLkaf;Lx¿sf] ;+rf/ ljsf; ;+:yfkgfsf] ¿kdf oL ;a}sf] btf{ ul/of] . gu/kflnsfsL ;lqmo dlxnf kfif{b d]l/od cf/fgf;n] o;sf] cWoIftf ul/g\ . ;+:yfkgfn] u/]sf klxnf lg0f{ox¿ dWo] Pp6f lg0f{o :6];g /fVg] 7fpFsf] af/]df lyof] . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] /fhgLlts bnx¿ / wfld{s ;d"xx¿sf] lgoGq0feGbf aflx/ x'g'k5{ eGg] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df :yfgLo g]tfx¿n] :6];g O;fO{x¿sf] sGe]G6df /flvg' x'Fb}g eGg] lg0f{o u/] . gu/kflnsfnfO{ /fhgLlts ¿kdf x]l/g] x'gfn] gu/kflnsf ejgdf klg :6];g x'g'x'Fb}g eGg] lg0f{o eof] . s'g} ;t{ aGb]h g/fvL :6];g /fVg lbPdf dfq} gu/kflnsfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] k|:tfj :jLsf/ ug]{ ;xdlt eof] . s'g} bfgbftJo jf ;xof]u :jLsf/ ug{, ;Demf}tf ug{, sd{rf/Lx¿ lgo'lQm ug{ / :6];gsf] k|zf;g rnfpgsf nflu ;+:yfkgfnfO{ Pp6f a]Un} Goflos PsfOsf] cfjZostf eof] . o;sf/0f ;+:yfkgfnfO{ ;]So'l/6L P08 PS:r]+h sld;gdf btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] . rfF8}g} ;+:yfkgfsf ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 Pp6f gofF ;d"x k|s6 eof] . /]l8of]sf] af/]df / ;+rfngsf] ;+aGwdf lg0f{o ug{sf nflu cf}krfl/s ¿kn] btf{ ul/Psf] ;+:yf afx]s Pp6f ;fd'bflos ;+rf/ kl/ifb aGg;S5 egL tfDa'nL k'l:tsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] s'/f cf}FNofOof] . pgLx¿sf] ts{ s] lyof] eg] ;+:yfkgfsf ;b:ox¿n] sfd u/] klg gu/] klg pgLx¿ :yfoL ;b:o x'g\ . kl/ifbsf ;b:ox¿n] /fd|f] sfd u/]gg\ eg] jif}{lkR5] km]g{;lsG5 . ctM !! ;b:oLo ;fd'bflos ;+rf/


kl/ifb klg u7g ul/of] . o;sf] cWoIfdf g]kf]lnog Paf]s 5flgP . pgL Jofkf/Lsf ;fy} lgj[Q k|x/L klg lyP . rfF8} g} Paf]s / cfgf{;sf ;dy{sx¿sf] u'6aGbL eP/ kl/ifb / ;+:yfkgfaLr k|ltålGåtf b]vf k¥of] . tL b'a} hgf a]Unfa]Un} /fhgLlts ;d"xsf x'g\ eg]/ lrlgGy] . of] åGån] b'a} g]tfx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf ldn]/ sfd ug{ nufpg'sf] ;§f ljefhg u5{ eGg] s'/f tfDa'nL kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkgn] a'‰of] . g]t[TjnfO{ ldnfpg lgSs} w]/} ;do / d]xgt nfUof] . :yfg rog / :yfkgf kl/of]hgfsf] ;'?sf] r/0fdf ;'af–lgkfsf s]xL g]tfx¿n] pgLx¿sf] blIf0fL ;x/df :6];g /fVg'k5{ egL dt tof/ kfg{ vf]h]sf] -naL u/]sf]_ :ki6 b]lvof] . tLg j6f ;x/x¿dWo] ;'af–lgkfsf] hg;+Vof ;a}eGbf w]/} 5 eGg] pgLx¿sf] ts{ lyof] . tfDa'nL kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkgn] :6'l8of] /fVg] 7fpF s:tf] x'g'k5{ eGg] dfgs cfwf/ pknAw u/fof] . cfwf/x¿df ;xefuLx¿ / ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿sf] kx'Fr, sd 3/axfn / d/dt ;+Def/ vr{, /]l8of] l;Ugn k|;f/ ug]{ ;'ljwfh:tf k|fljlws s'/f, lah'nLsf] pknAwtf, PG6]gf /fVgsf nflu cUnf] 7fpFsf] lgs6tf, ;fy} s'g} vf; ;d"xn] Psflwsf/ ug{ jf x}sd hdfpg g;Sg] / c? ;d"xnfO{ ;xefuL x'g xtf]T;flxt ug]{ 7fpF x'g gx'g] cflb s'/fx¿ lyP . :6];g sxfF /fVg] eGg] af/]df nfdf] / lbSs} kfg]{ ljjfb rNof] . ;xefuLx¿dWo] dfa'x] / tfn';fgaf6 cfPsf dflg;x¿sf] ax'dt ePsf] x'gfn] pgLx¿s} s'/f dfGo eof] . :6];g 6fk'sf] pQ/L efudf /flvg] eof] . dfa'x]df @) af6sf] 6«fG;ld6/ /flvof] eg] k"/f 6fk' ;d]l6g] eof] . ;'af–lgkfsf nflu kl5 cltl/Qm :6];g ljrf/ ug{;lsg] lgwf] eof] . Sofyf]lns rr{sf cu'jfx¿nfO{ ;'?df ;Dks{ JolQm agfOPsf] x'gfn] dfa'x]sf] lu/hf3/sf kfb/L g} ;f] 6fk'df xfd|f] d'Vo cf>obftf eP . c:yfoL kl/of]hgf :ynsf] ¿kdf sGe]G6nfO{ k|of]u ug{ pgn] :jLs[lt lbP . lu/hf3/sf kfb/L / kl5 pgsf pQ/flwsf/Ln] slQ klg a8Kkg gb]vfOsg jf k|efj gkfl/sg kl/of]hgfdf ;lqmo e"ldsf v]n] . kfb/Lx¿sf] ;+nUgtfn] kl/of]hgfsf] :yfg / OHht a9Øf] . /fhgLlts p2]Zon] of] kl/of]hgf cfPsf] eGg] e|d d]6\g ;3fof] . /]l8of] :6];g !((# sf] h'gb]lv ;+rfng eof] . o;sf] c:yfoL :6'l8of] sGe]G6df /flvPsf] lyof] . Sofyf]lns rr{;Fu glhssf s]xL g]tfx¿n] /]l8of] :6'l8of] :yfoL ¿kd} sGe]G6f /flvg] cfzf u/]sf lyP . c?x¿n] s]xL ;fj{hlgs ljifox¿df rr{sf] :ki6 ¿kn] a]Un} ljrf/ ePsf] sf/0f b]vfP/ sGe]G6df :yfoL ¿kn] :6'l8of] /fVg] s'/fsf] lj/f]w uy]{ . pgLx¿sf] egfOdf, of] cj:yfdf csf]{ kIfsf wfld{s g]tfx¿n] k|;f/0fdf efu glng;S5g\ . u/dfu/d 5nkmnkl5 /]l8of] :6];g c:yfoL ¿kn] Sofyf]lns rr{df rnfpg] lg0f{o eof] . t/, kl5 uP/ of] …t6:yÚ / :yfoL :yndf k'g:yf{kgf ul/g] eof] . oGqpks/0f h8fg


kl/of]hgfsf O+lhlgo/ /f]dL sf/afNnf] cfkm}n] pGqpks/0fx¿ h8fg u/] . pgn] /]l8of]af/] kl/lrt u/fP/ tflnd lbPsf kfFr hgfhlt :yfgLo k|fljlwsx¿n] pgnfO{ ;3fP . o;df h8fg ePsf oGqpks/0fx¿ d'Vo ¿kdf cWofo $ sf] rf}sf];df n]lvPcg';f/sf lyP . /]l8of] :6];g …;fd'bflos /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;do lgwf{/0f / pTkfbgÚ ljifodf x'g nfu]sf] tflndsf] nflu k/LIf0f k|;f/0fsf] ¿kdf ;+rfng eO/x]sf] lyof] . o;n] em08} !) lsnf]ld6/sf] c4{Jof;sf] If]q cf]u6\g ;SYof] . o;sf] l;Ugn ;'af–lgkf ;x/df cln sd ;'lgPtf klg 6fk'sf] ;a} s'gfsfKrfdf k'UYof] . :6];gnfO{ gofF 7fpFdf /fv]/ PG6gf cUnf] agfP/ !)) lkm6 dfly /fv]kl5 /]l8of] cem} k/;Dd ;'lgg;S5 eg]/ O+lhlgo/n] cfZjf;g lbP . åLkaf;Lx¿nfO{ k|;f/s aGg] tflnd kGw| hgfhlt :jo+;]jL k|;f/sx¿nfO{ tLg ;ftf;Dd tflnd lbg] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . k|lzIffyL{x¿ /f]Hg] cfwf/x¿sf] af/]df kl/ifb, ;+:yfkgf / tfDa'nLsf] aLrdf ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . lgj]bsx¿dWo]af6 :jo+;]jLx¿ 5fGg] sfd :yfgLo g]tfx¿, ;+:yfkgf / kl/ifbn] ug]{ eof] . ;Dej eP;Dd dlxnf / k'?if, hghftLo ;d"xx¿, wfld{s ;d'bfox¿ tyf /fhgLlts bnx¿df ;+nUg dflg;x¿sf] ;Gt'ng ldnfOg] ;xdlt eof] . tflndsf nflu lgj]bg lbPsf #% hgfdWo] !% hgfdfq} 5flgP . 5gf}6df gk/]sf tLg hgfn] tflnd lng gkfP klg ko{j]Ifssf] ¿kdf a:g vf]h] . ;xefuLx¿df ls;fg, dfemL, dlxnf, d';ndfg / o'jfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] lyof] . k|fylds ljBfnosf b'O{ hgf lzIfs, Ps hgf c4{;}lgs l;kfxL / lgjf{rg k+lhsflwsf/L klg ;d"xdf lyP . tflndsf ;xefuLx¿dWo] b'O{ hgfnfO{ ;ft lsnf]ld6/ 6f9faf6 lbglbg} lxF8]/ tflnd :yndf cfpg'kYof]{ . k/LIf0f k|;f/0f ug{ slxn]sfxLF pgLx¿ laxfg % ah] /]l8of] :6];gdf cfOk'Ug'kYof]{ . afsL ;a} k|flzIffyL{x¿ klg sDtLdf s]xL lsnf]ld6/ lxF8]/ cfpg'kYof]{ . lkmlnlkG; ljZjljBfnosf] ljsf; ;+rf/ ;+:yfsf k|lzIfsn] tflndsf] cu'jfO u/]sf lyP . pgL n; afgf];, nfu'gfsf] /]l8of] 8Lh]PnaL;Fu sfd u5{g\ . pgnfO{ kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;3fPsf lyP . k|jrg, Jofjxfl/s sfd, d"Nof+sg / jf:tljs k|;f/0f ljlwaf6 tflnd lbOPsf] lyof] . tflndsf ljifox¿ lyP M /]l8of] s'/fsfgLÙ :j/÷WjgL, clego, ;DkfbgÙ l:qmK6 n]vgÙ ;dfrf/ ;+sng, n]vg tyf ;+k|]if0fÙ Dofu]lhg k|f]u|fd pTkfbgÙ /]l8of] :k6, lh+un pTkfbgÙ hg;]jL lj1fkgÙ ;d'bfodf ;xeflutfTds tl/sfn] sfo{qmd pTkfbgÙ /]l8of];+a+wL P]gsfg"g / g}lts cfrf/ Jojxf/Ù ;+rf/sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / Jojxf/Ù tyf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu k|f]u|fldª cyf{t sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ;do tflnsf lg3f{/0f . tflndnfO{ Jojxfl/s jgfpg Ps lbg kfuflbofg zx/df rln/x]sf] /]l8of] :6];gdf cWoog e|d0f u/fOof] . k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ sfo{qmdsf] kmDof{6 /f]Hg / k|;f/0f cjlw lgwf] ug]{ ;fy} cfˆgf g]tf 5fGg] cj;/ lbOPsf] lyof] . :6];g Dofg]h/ 5flgPsf efn 6f]6f] ;fdf]G6] Tof] If]qsf] c4{;}lgs PsfOsf] ;b:o ePsf] x'gfn] of] /f]hfO cg'ko'Qm b]lvGYof] . tfDa'nL Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6df Pp6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;+rng ug{ Ps hgf l;kfxL pko'Qm x'g;S5 eGg] nfu]g . t/ 6f]6f] ;xL 5gf]6 /x]5 eGg] ;fljt eof] . p;Fu ;Gt'lnt ;fdflhs wf/0ff / g]t[Tj ug{;Sg] v'aL lyof] . pm ;dlk{t :jo+;]js l;4 eof] .


:6'l8of] lgdf{0f ;d'bfodf /]l8of] :6];gsf] cGtlg{lxt Ifdtf / dxTj a'em]/ dfa'x]sf] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] pko'Qm :6'l8of] agfpgsf nflu ;+:yfkgnfO{ $)) ju{ld6/ 38]/L hUuf lbof] . :6'l8of] ejg agfpgsf nflu /sd ;+sng ug{ sfo{qmd yflnof] . /]l8of] k|;f/0f ;'? eO;s]sf] x'gfn] dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ljZjf; lbnfpg ;lhnf] eof] . ;'?df ælk;f]—lk;f]Æ -Ps hgfn] Ps :yfgLo d'b|f Ps k];f]_ cleofg rnfOof] . w/} dflg;x¿ Ps k];f] xf]Og kfFr b; k];f] lbg tTk/ lyP . k};f p7fpg lrÝf klg vf]lnof] . :yfgLo afl;Gbf / aflx/af6 3'Dg, x]g{ cfpg]x¿ ;fy} glhs}sf zx/x¿sf afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ klg l6s6 a]lrof] . @) l6s6sf] Pp6f 7]nL agfOPsf] lyof] / k|To]s l6s6sf] bfd !)) k];f] -;f9] tLg cd]l/sL 8n/_ /flvPsf] lyof] . k'/:sf/df Pp6f ufO{, rfdn el/Psf af]/fx¿, / 3/df ag]sf ;fdfgx¿ /flvPsf lyP . ;+:yfkgsf nflu w]/} /sd ;+sng ug]{ cfzfsf afah'b k'ugk'u %),))) k];f] -!%)) cd]l/sL 8n/_ dfq} p7Øf] . k|fGtLo ;/sf/ / tfDa'nL kl/of]hgfsf] ;xof]uaf6 !(($ dO{ dlxgfdf @% ju{ld6/sf] :6'l8of] ejg / !)) ld6/ cUnf] PG6]gf 6fj/ v8f eof] . a+unf z}nLsf] s+lqm6sf] ejg agfpg l;sdL{, :jo+;]jL sd{rf/Lx¿sf ;fy} :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] klg d2t u/] . ejgleq af/ nufP/ pb\3f]ifs sIf, k|fljlws sIf / :jfut / sfd ug]{ If]q 5'6ØfOof] . xfjf v]Ng] 7fpF gePsf] x'Fbf pb\3f]ifssf] sf]7f lbpF;f], vf; u/L udL{ ofddf lgSs} tfTYof] . o; sf/0f Ps hgf /fhgLlts g]tfn] xfjf lr:ofpg] oGq -Po/ slG8;g o'lg6_ NofOlbg] jrg lbP . t/, Tof] jrg k"/f x'g b'O{ jif{eGbf w]/} ;do nfUof] . /]l8of] :6];gsf] ejgn] :6'l8of]sf] nflu gofF 7fpF lbg'sf ;fy} /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ :jtGq x}l;ot klg k|bfg u¥of] . o;n] kl/of]hgfdf ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf] k|df0fsf] sfd klg u¥of] . cem o;n] x/]s cf]n'6f+ufaf;Lx¿nfO{ /]l8of] :6];g cfˆg} xf] egL :jfldTjsf] bfaL ug{;Sg] clwsf/ lbof] . kl5 uP/, dfa'x]sf] k|;f/0f /fd|/L g;'lgg] ;'af–lgkfsf s]xL efudf k|;f/0f k'¥ofpg @) jf6sf] Pp6f l/n] :6];g v8f ug'{k¥of] . t/ of] :6];gn] ;'af–lgkfsf afl;Gbfx¿sf] rfxgf k"/f ug{ a]nfa]nfdf gfr3/ jf /fqL Snax¿df ahfOg] Kn]o/ / /]s8{/ pkof]u u/]/ cfˆg} sfo{qmd pTkfbg uYof]{ . o;sf] 6«fG;ld6/ :yfgLo o'jf g]tfsf] 3/df /flvPsf] lyof] . /]l8of]df /d]sf] åLk Pp6f cgf}7f] s'/f s] kQf nfUof] eg] 6fk'sf] ul/aLsf] afah'b w]/} dfl;x¿;Fu ;fgf] u}/Jofj;flos÷;f]lvg eLPrPkm 6«fG;l/l;e/ ;]6x¿ lyP . cfn'6f+uf :6];gn] ;d]6g] If]qleq ;o j6fhlt o:tf 6«fG;l/l;e/ ;]6x¿ lyP . o:tf] ;]6nfO{ rNtLsf] af]nLdf cfOsd elgGYof] . s]xL cfOsdx¿ ;/sf/n] af/f+u] -If]q jf Onfsf_ sf g]tfx¿nfO{ afF8]sf] lyof] . t/ cgf}7};Fu w]/} ;]6x¿ lghL lyP . tLdWo] w]/}sf] ;xL vfnsf] Ohfhtkq lyPg / ltgLx¿ sxfFaf6 NofOPsf


lyP eGg] c:ki6 lyof] . s]xL rf]/L k}7f/L ul/Psf lyP eg] s]xL ;f]If]qdf ;lqmo ljb|f]xL jf k[ystfjbLx¿sf lyP . ltgLx¿ ;/sf/L Ohfhtaf6 jf u}/sfg"gL tl/sfn] 6fk'df lelqPsf ePtf klg ltgsf] pkof]u /fd|f] sfddf ul/of] . 6f]6f] ;fdf]G6]n] /]l8of] >f]tf Sna u7g ug]{ sfddf o;sf] pkof]u ug]{ df}sf 5f]k] . >f]tf Sna u7g ug{ 8flsPsf] klxnf] e]nfdf %) hgfeGbf w]/}n] efu lnP . o;df kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] r'gfj ul/of] . /]l8of] Snasf ;b:ox¿n] k|;f/0fdf s;/L ;xefuL x'g;S5g\ eGg] ljifodf d}n] !((% df b'O{ lbg] sfo{zfnf ;+rfng u/]F . clxn] cfP/ ;dfrf/ ;+sns, ;"rgf bftf, tyf /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf lgoldt ;xefuLsf] ¿kdf cfOsd wgLx¿sf] 7"nf] g]6js{ ag]sf] 5 . -tfDa'nLn] /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ eLPrPkm ;]6 pknAw u/fPsf] 5_ . :6];gnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf lbg] jf s;}sf] gfddf uLt ahfpg] kmfdf{O; ug]{, z'esfdgf lbg] h:tf ;fdfGo ;fdflhs sfddf /]l8of] :6];gdf ;Dks{ ug{ eLPrPkm ;]6 wgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ;]6 5/l5d]ssf hf];'s}nfO{ klg pkof]u ug{ lbG5g\ . o;/L pgLx¿n] cfd gful/sx¿sf] kx'Fr /]l8of] :6];g;Dd k'¥ofpg] Ifdtf a9fO lbPsf 5g\ . /]l8of] :6];gn] o:tf] lgoldt / ;lqmo cGtlq{mofsf nflu s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ¿kdf ;]jf u/]sf] 5 . 7"nf ;x/sf /]l8of]n] 6]lnkmf]gnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ >f]tfx¿nfO{ /]l8of];Fu s'/f ug{ k|]l/t u/]em}F eLPrPkm 6«fG;l/l;e/ pkof]u u/]/ of] /]l8of] :6];gn] åLksf ;}of}F dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xefuL aGg k|]l/t u/]sf] 5 . ;d'bfosf ;a} If]qsf ljleGg vfnsf dflg;x¿nfO{ /]l8of]dfkm{t k|]dfnfkb]lv /fhgLlt jf cy{tGq;Ddsf s'/f nufot JolQmut / ;d'bfosf] ;d:ofaf/] 5nkmn ug{ eLPrPkm 6«fG;l/l;e/n] d2t u/]sf] 5 . cf]n'6f+ufsf] cfjfh sfo{qmd lgdf{0f tyf k|;f/0f l6+uf]u ;f cf]n'6f+uf cyf{t\ cf]n'6f+ufsf] cfjfh lbglbg} ljxfg % ah]b]lv & ah];Dd, lbpF;f] !! ah]b]lv ! ah];Dd / ;fFem ^ ah]b]lv * ah];Dd aLraLrdf k|;f/0f ul/G5 . :6];gn] d'Vo ¿kdf ;dfrf/ / hg;/f]sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ rnfpF5 . k|d'v jf kl/lrt JolQmTjn] sfo{qmd ;+rfng u5{ . c? pTkfbs jf sfo{qmd lgdf{tf tyf l/kf]6{/x¿n] lkmr/, ;dfrf/, /dfOnf / pkof]uL hfgsf/L tyf lgoldt sfo{qmdx¿ rnfpF5g\ . w]/}h;f] ;dfrf/ / hg;/f]sf/sf s'/fx¿ eLPrPkm 6«fG;l/l;e/ ePsf :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿af6 cfpF5g\ . tfTtftf] ;"rgf, ;dfrf/ / åLkaf;Lx¿sf] lxt ug]{ hg;]jL s'/fx¿ Nofpg] sfddf :jo+;]js l/kf]6{/x¿sf] d'Vo e"ldsf x'G5 . km]/L;]jf cyf{t\ lgoldt ofqL cf];fg]{ 8'Fuf l9nf ePsf] jf ofqf :ylut ePsf] ;dfrf/Ù kmnkm"nsf a]gf{, ;'Fu'/sf kf7fkf7L kfOg] jf ls;fgnfO{ v]tLkftLsf nflu rflxg] ;fdfgsf] hfgsf/LÙ s[lif;+a+wL a}7sÙ x/fPsf] ;fdfgsf] hfgsf/L tyf lj/fdLnfO{ ;xfotfh:tf s'/fx¿sf nflu l/kf]6{/x¿nfO{ h; lbg'k5{ . Pp6f nf]slk|o sfo{qmd xf,] ;fKtflxt af/f+Uufofg ;f sfxf+lugfg . of] lkmr/ sfo{qmd ufpFdf sf/fcf]s] jf uLt ahfpg] oGqpks/0f pkof]u u/]/ tof/ kfl/G5 . o;/L, /]l8of];+awL s'g} tflnd slQ klg gkfPsf ;fdfGo dflg;x¿n] klg cfˆgf] l5d]sdf sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u5{g\ .


6]k ul/Psf o:tf sfo{qmdx¿df uLt, ;fd"lxs 5nkmn, cGtjf{tf{, 3/]n' pkof]uL s'/fx¿, sljtf, cflb x'G5g\ . sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo dgf]/+hg ePtf klg ;d'bfosf ;d:ofaf/] v'nf 5nkmn ul/G5 . 6]k ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿ t'?Gt} k|;f/0f ug{ :6];gdf k7fOG5 . lg:;+sf]r JoQm ul/Psf ljrf/ / cfnf]rgfn] g]tfx¿ / ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ ;r]t agfpF5 . clg pgLx¿n] hgtfsf] ljrf/k|lt cfˆgf] k|ltlqmof hgfpg] cj;/ klg kfpF5g\ . Jofkfl/s /]l8of]n] >f]tfx¿nfO{ /dfOnf dgf]/+hgsf s'/f ;'Gg] afgL a;fn]sf x'gfn] pgLx¿n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gn] klg ;+uLt sfo{qmd ;'gfcf];\ eGg] dfu u5{g\ . o; sf/0f ;fFemsf] sfo{qmdsf] s]xL ;do kmdf{o;L uLt jf s;}sf] gfddf uLt ;dk{0f -8]l8s]6_ u/L ahfOg] uLtsf] sfo{qmdsf] nflu 5'6ØfOG5 . o:tf] sfo{qmdsf] aLraLrdf hLjgf]kof]uL ljrf/x¿, /f]rs s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/G5 . ;ftfel/ n8fOFemu8f, lj/f]w k|bz{g h'n'; cflb sfo{qmd k|;f/ u/]kl5 ;KtfxfGtdf wfld{s sfo{qmdn] 7fpF kfpF5 . cfOtaf/sf] lbg ax';+Vos Sofyf]lns ;d'bfosf nflu cfOtaf/] e]nfsf] sfo{qmd k|ToIf k|;f/0f ul/G5 . o:t} d';ndfg jf k|f]6]:6]G6 cflb wfld{s g]tfx/sf] sfo{qmd klg k|;f/ ul/G5 . tfDa'nLsf c? /]l8of]n] em}F sfo{qmdsf] af/]df sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|:tfj /fV5g\ / ;fd'bflos ;+rf/ kl/ifbn] :jLs[t u5{ . :jo+;]js sd{rf/L lbglbg} sfo{qmd ;+rfng÷pb\3f]if0f ug]{ 5 hgf lgoldt sd{rf/L 5g\ eg] cf+lzs ¿kdf jf a]nfa]nfdf ;do / ;fdu|L lbg] Ps bh{ghlt dflg;x¿ 5g\ . :6];g Dofg]h/nufot ;a} ;+rfnsx¿ :jo+;]js jf cj}tlgs 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf c? g} ;fwgx¿ 5g\ . h:t} s;}sf] df5f dfg]{, s;}sf] k9fpg], s;}sf] v]tLkftL, s;}sf] k;n 5 . sf]xL gu/kflnsfdf sfd u5{g\ . k|d'v ;+rfnsx¿n] :6'l8of]df hfgcfpgsf nflu clnslt oftfoft vr{ kfpF5g\ . sfo{qmd pTkfbg / pks/0f ;+rfng ;+ef/sf] tflnd kfPsf ;ft hgf :jo+;]jL k|fljlwsx¿ ;ftfdf Ps lbg kfn}kfnf] :6];gdf cfpF5g\ . tLdWo] Ps hgf Ohfhtkq k|fKt /]l8of] ;+rf/ ck/]6/ x'g\ . c? s'g} lah'nL ld:qL -On]lS6«l;og_ s'g} On]S6«f]lgs ;fdfg d/dt ug]{ Joj;fodf 5g\ . ;d'bfoaf6 :6];gnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf k|fKt x'g] ;xof]uaf6 :6];gdf lgoldt ¿kdf cfpg] pb\3f]ifs / k|fljlwsx¿nfO{ clnslt kfl/>lds lbOG5 . o; afx]s w]/}h;f] pb\3f]ifsx¿ / k|fljlwsx¿n] hLljsf]kfh{g C0f kfpF5g\ . of] C0fsf] /sd tfDa'nLn] lbG5 / cf]n'6f+uf åLkaf;Lx¿sf] ;+rf/ ljsf; ;+:yfkgfn] Joj:yfkg u5{ . of] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo pgLx¿n] em08} kfFr xhf/ k];f];Dd -!@) cd]l/sL 8n/_ nufgL x'g] pgLx¿n] /f]h]sf] Joj;fo ug{ ;3fpg' xf] . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ;fgf] Joj;fo u/]/ hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ ;3fpgsf nflu lkmlnlkG; ljZjljBfnosf] n3' pBf]u ;+:yfaf6 Ps hgf ljz]if1 cfP/ pgLx¿nfO{ pBdzLntf / ;fgf kl/of]hgf ljifodf tflnd lbPsf lyP . C0f lng] clwsf+z :jo+;]jsx¿n] o:tf] Joj;fo ug{ rfxG5g\ h;sf] af/]df pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|/L yfxf xf];\ / pgLx¿sf] l:ylt ;'xfpFbf] xf];\ . h:t} xfF; kfNg], rfdnsf] Jofkf/ ug]{, s';L{sf] u2f agfpg], 3/fo;L ldl;g d/dt ug]{, df5f kfNg], ;'Fu'/ kfNg] cflb . sd{rf/L hLljsf]kfh{g kl/of]hgfaf6 C0f lng]x¿dWo] ;}s8f gAa] hgfn] cfˆgf] Joj;fodf ;kmn eP/ C0f lt/]sf 5g\ .


;fd'bflos ;+rf/ kl/ifbsf ;b:onufot /]l8of] kl/of]hgfsf afsL ;xefuLx¿ ljz'4 ¿kn] :jo+;]js eP/ sfd u5{g\ . jf:tjdf clwsf+z tfDa'nL /]l8of]df sfdug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿n] s'g} kfl/>lds jf eQf kfpFb}gg\ . cf]n'6f+ufsf] ;kgf æcf]n'6f+uf lkmlnlkG;df ;a}eGbf /fd|f] 6fk' aGg]5 ÛÆ 6f]6f] efn ;fdf]G6]n] /]l8of]af6 hlxn] jQmJo lbP klg pgsf] :j/df lgSs} 7"nf] cfzf emlNsG5 . t/, s]xL åLkaf;Lx¿sf nflu cf]n'6f+ufn] cfly{s tyf ef}uf]lns k|lts"ntfaf6 d'lQm kfpg' eg]sf] cem} klg Pp6f ;kgf xf] . t/, cfˆgf] d2t cfkm} ug]{ kl/of]hgfx¿ tyf lg/Gt/sf] nugzLntfn] s;/L åLkaf;Lx¿nfO{ k|;f/0fdf cufl8 n}hfg;S5 eGg] 5nkmndf 6f]6f]sf] cfTdljZjf; 5rlNsG5 . cf]n'6f+uf of] If]qsf] ;a}eGbf ljsl;t 6fk' aGg] ;Defjgf cem} klg yf/} x'g;S5, t/ d 6f]6f]sf] :jfy{/lxt ;dk{0f / cys k|of;sf] k|z+;s x'F .

/]l8of] ;u/dfyf M g]kfnsf] cg'ej Oofg lk|+un

/fhgLlts tyf sfg"gL ;Gbe{ ;g\ !(() df g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Joj:yf bnljxLg /fhtGqaf6 ;+;bLo 9fFrfsf] Joj:yfdf km]l/of] . gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;dfj]z ul/of], h;df hgtfn] ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf s'g} klg ljifodf ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5 ;f]xL cg'¿k gLlt / Jofaxfl/s lgb]{lzsfsf] ¿kdf ;g\ !((@ df /fli6«o ;+rf/ gLltÙ ;g !((# df /fli6«o k|;f/0f P]gÙ / !((% df /fli6«o k|;f/0f lgodfjnL cfof] . !((% eGbf klxn], /]l8of] k|;f/0f !(%! df :yflkt ;/sf/L k|;f/0f lgsfo /]l8of] g]kfnsf] Psnf}6L If]q lyof] . !(*$ df o'g]:sf] / hd{gLsf] ;xof]uaf6 :jtGq /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgf ug]{ k|of; c:jLs[t ePsf] lyof] . !(() kl5 klg k|;f/0fdf ;/sf/L Psflwsf/nfO{ v's'nf] kfg]{ s'/fdf ;/sf/n] l9nfO{ u¥of] . klxnf] lgj]bg lbPsf] rf/ jif{kl5 !((& df g]kfnsf] klxnf] :jtGq, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t hg;]jL k|;f/0f ;+:yf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] Ohfht kfof] . g]kfnsf] ;+rf/ kl/j]z g]kfnsf] kxf8L agfj6 On]S6«f]lgs ldl8of / 5fkf dfWodsf] k|;f/sf] nflu cg'ko'Qm 5 . Jofks ul/aL, lg/If/tf -vf; u/L dlxnfx¿df_ tyf ljh'nLsf] clt sd ;'ljwfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;a} vfnsf ldl8ofdf kx'Fr ;Lldt 5 . !(() df k|hftflGqs Joj:yf gcfP;Dd On]S6«f]lgs dfWodx¿ – /]l8of] g]kfn, g]kfn 6]lnlehg -!(*$ df :yflkt_ – / 5fkf dfWod – b'O6f b}lgs cvaf/x¿ – ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf lyof] . sfo{qmd / ljifoj:t'x¿, vf; u/L sf7df8f}Fdf tof/ kfl/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ ufpFdf a:g] em08} *) k|ltzt hgtfsf nflu c;fGble{s 7flgG5 . lghL cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿sf] ;+Vof a9]sf] 5 t/ ltgsf sdL sdhf]/L jf ;Lldttfx¿ klg pxL x'g\ .


/]l8of] k|;f/0f ;/sf/L lgoGq0faf6 d'Qm ePkl5 g]kfndf Jofkfl/s /]l8of]sf] yfngL eof] . ;'?df /]l8of] g]kfnn] cfˆgf]] /fli6«o k|;f/0fnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u x'g] lx;fan] PkmPd k|;f/0f yfNof] . of] PkmPd o'jf tyf ;DkGg zx/af;Lx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L vf; u/L kk ;+uLt ;'gfpg] kfFr j6f Jofkfl/s ;+rfnsx¿nfO{ 7]Ssfdf lbOof] . /fli6«o ldl8ofsf ;Lldttf / sdLsdhf]/Lx¿ tyf gofF PkmPd k|;f/0fsf] c:jb]zLo÷la/fgf] rl/qnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ logsf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf w]/} kqsf/x¿, :jtGq ;+rf/ ;+:yfx¿, tyf ljsf;] lgsfox¿n] b]zel/ ;fgf, ;d'bfodf cflwl/t, hg;]jL /]l8of] rnfpg] kl/sNkgf u/] . /]l8of] ;u/dfyf of] kl/sNkgf ;fsf/ kfg]{ lbzflt/ klxnf] k|of; xf] . k|;f/0f Ohfhtsf] nflu nfdf] ;+3if{ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] k|;f/0f ug]{ Ohfht lngsf nflu h'g ;+3if{ ug'{k¥of] Tof] nfdf] / sl7g lyof] . of] cleofgdf nfUg] d'Vo ;+:yf g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x -g]jfk;_ lyof] / kl5 gofF k|hftGqnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ b]zsf] ;+rf/ k|0ffnLdf gofFgofF sfd ug{ ;dlk{t c? ;+:yfx¿ ;fd]n eP . pgLx¿sf] /0fgLlt :yfgLo PkmPd /]l8of] lyof] eg] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf pgLx¿sf] nIf aGof] . cl:y/ /fhgLlts jftfj/0f, gofF s'/f cfF6\gg;Sg] /fhgLlts g]tfx¿, kl/jt{g g?rfpg] / /]l8of] g]kfnsf] Psflwsf/o'Qm pkl:yltnfO{ abNg gvf]Hg] sd{rf/LtGq o;sf d'Vo afws lyP . of] ;+3if{df /fli6«o dxTjsf JolQmx¿, Jofj;flos ;+u7gx¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;/sf/L cvaf/nufot 5fkfdfWodx¿, ljb]zL b"tfaf;x¿, / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox¿ klg pq] . of] ;+3if{sf cjlwdf rf/ j6f ;/sf/ km]l/P . x/]s k6s ;/sf/ km]l/Fbf ;dy{sx¿ tof/ kfg]{ -nlaOª_ / dgfpg] sfd km]l/ yfNg'kYof]{ . !((# df blIf0f Plzofdf ;fd'bflos k|;f/0fsf] ljifodf sf7df8f}Fdf cGt/f{li6«o uf]i7L eof] . tTsfnLg ;+rf/ dGqL uf]i7Lsf k|d'v cltly lyP . pgL ;sf/fTds ¿kn] k|efljt eP, / g]jfk;;Fu o;;+a+wL P]g sfg"g / lgodfjnLaf/] 5nkmn ug{ tTk/ eP . To;}tfsf ;/sf/ 9Nof] / pgLkl5 cfpg] dGqL Tolt ;sf/fTds lyPgg\ . o;;+aGwdf l:ylt :ki6 kfb}{ / :yfgLo ;d'bfo / ljb]zL lgof]ux¿nfO{ cg'/f]w ub}{ g]jfk;n] Pp6f v'nfkq n]Vof] . of] /0fgLltn] sfd u¥of] . t/ dGqLn] ;sf/fTds eP/ sfd ug{ gEofpFb} km]l/ ;/sf/ 9Nof] . Psflt/ Ohfhtsf] nflu ;+3if{ cufl8 a9b} uof] eg] csf]{lt/ /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgf ug]{ tof/L klg eO/x]sf] lyof] . g]jfk;sf ;|f]t;fwgx¿, / /]l8of] sfo{qmd agfpg] cg'ejnfO{ pkof]u ub}{ tyf o'g]:sf] / c? ;+:yfx¿sf] cfly{s ;xof]uaf6 tflnd / oGqpks/0f hDdf ug]{ sfd eof] . !((^ sf] cflv/Llt/ /]l8of] :6];gsf nflu dha"t cfwf/ tof/ eof] . nfO;]G;dfq} lyPg . o;sf] kIfdf P]g sfg"g ePtf klg Ohfht kfOPsf] lyPg . !((& sf] ;'?lt/ of] ;+3if{ cGt/f{li6«o ldl8ofdf k'¥ofOof] . :6];g;Fu tflnd kfPsf sd{rf/L lyP, oGqpks/0fx¿ klg lyP . t/, kfFr jif{sf] ;+3if{ / lgod sfg"g kfng ub}{ Ohfht kfpg


k|tLIff ubf{ klg nfO;]G; kfOPg . o;sf k|d'v JolQmx¿ Ps jif{ h]n / y'k|} hl/jfgfsf] vt/f em]Ng tof/ x'Fb} ljgf Ohfht k|;f/0f ug{ tlD;P . !((& sf] ck|}nsf] ;'?df g]jfk;n] cfkmgf] oGqpks/0fsf] k/LIf0f ug{] lgx'Fn] c:yfoL Ohfht kfpg cg'/f]w u¥of] . pgLx¿n] o;sf] df}g hjfkm kfP . h]xf];\, sfg"gL k/fdz{cg';f/ rNb}} g]jfk;n] kfFr lbg] k/LIf0f k|;f/0f yfNg] lgwf] u¥of] . s;n] k|;f/0f u¥of] eg]/ ;/sf/ cndlnof] . t];|f] lbg /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf sfo{qmd lgb]{zsn] ljrf/k"js{ ;+alGwt clws[tnfO{ cfkm}n] geg];Dd ;/sf/nfO{ yfx} ePg . s]xL 306f glaTb} s;sf] Ohfht lnP/ k|;f/0f u/]sf] egL ;+rf/ dGqfnosf] lr7L cfof] . ;f] k|;f/0f u}/sfg"gL xf] egL pNn]v ub}{ ;/sf/n] s8f sfjf{{xL ug]{ r]tfjgL lbof] . oL 36gfx¿sf] ;dfrf/ aGof] . :yfgLo / cGt/f{li6«o ldl8ofx¿n] of] le8Gtsf] ;dfrf/ k|rf/ u/] . b'O6} ;/sf/L cvaf/x¿n] ;d]t cfˆgf] d'vk[i7df ;xfg'e"ltk"0f{ ;dfrf/ 5fk] . sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] ;xof]u:j¿k lgz'Ns ;]jf lbPkl5 g]jfk;n] cbfnt u'xfg]{ tof/L u/of] . ljjfbf:kb k/LIf0f k|;f/0fsf] qmddf :6];gn] Ohfht kfP klg gkfP klg @) dO{ !((& sf] lbg zf+ltsf b"t eujfg a'4sf] hGdlbgb]lv lgoldt / ;Dk"0f{ k|;f/0f yfNg] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . olb ;/sf/n] :6];gsf] lj/f]wdf sfg"gL sfjf{xL u¥of] eg] cfufdL :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf ;/sf/sf] lj?4 ldl8ofsf] ;xof]u lnOg] 5 eg]/ ;/sf/nfO{ ;"lrt ul/of] . tLg lbgkl5, lgj]bg lbPsf] ;f9] rf/ jif{kl5 cGttM nfO;]G; kfOof] . nfO;]G; x:tfGt/0f ub}{ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] eg] ætkfO{Fx¿n] n8fOF lhTg'eof] .Æ o;sf] hjfkmdf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf sfo{qmd lgb]{zsn] eg], æl9n} eP klg tkfO{x¿n] sfg"gsf] kfngf ug'{eof] .Æ Tolt nfdf] ;dokl5 cfPsf] nfO;]G; !$ j6f zt{x¿ / aGb]hx¿ ufFl;P/ cfPsf lyP, h;df oL s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z lyP M Jofkfl/s sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug{ kfOg] 5}g, /fhgLlts l6Kk0fL jf /fhgLlts 36gfsf] ;dfrf/ k|;f/ ug{ kfOg] 5}g, lbgsf] b'O{ 306fdfq} k|;f/0f ug{kfOg] 5, x/]s xKtf dGqfnodf ;fKtflxs k|ltj]bg a'emfpg' kg]{ 5 . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] jfrf u/]cg';f/ @@ dO{ !((& b]lv k|;f/0f ;'? u¥of], blIf0f Plzofs} klxnf] :jtGq /]l8of] . ;+:yfut :yfkgf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfO{ xfFSg] zlQm g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x xf] . o;n] jftfj/0f, ljsf; / dfgjclwsf/sf ljifodf ljleGg ldl8ofdfkm{t sfd u5{ . ;g\ c;Lsf] b;ssf] cGTolt/ g]jfk;n] jftfj/0f / ljsf; ljifodf ;fKtflxs /]l8of] sfo{qmd tof/ kf/]/ /]l8of] g]kfndfkm{t k|;f/0f ug{ yfn]sf] lyof] . !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?lt/ of]] gofF 7fpFdf ;bf{ /]l8of] :6'l8of]sf] nflu 7fpF /flvPsf] lyof] . t/, oGq pks/0f em08} s]xL klg lyPg . sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug]{ w]/}h;f] sfd /]l8of] g]kfns} :6'l8of]df ul/GYof] . ;g\ !((# df blIf0f Plzofdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o uf]i7L sf7df8f}Fdf ePkl5 o'g]:sf] ld;gn] g]kfndf g]jfk; / To;};Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] ;+:yfsf kqsf/x¿nfO{ /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbg;+a+wL Ps xKt] cfwf/e"t ;Lk l;sfpg] tflnd lbof] . ;fx|} yf]/} pks/0fx¿af6 tflnd rnfOPtf klg of] tflnd ;Lk l;sfpg / /]l8of] :6];gsf] wf/0ff a'emfpg / a9fpg ;kmn eof] .


cGt/f{li6«o uf]i7L / o'g]:sf] ld;g b'a}n] c? ;+rf/;+a+wL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ klg tfg]/ tyf /]l8of]sf] nflu cl3Nnf] jif{ lbOPsf] lgj]bgdf ;+nUg k|:tfjgfeGbf w]/} a]nLla:tf/k"j{ssf] k|:tfjgf tof/ kf/]/ /]l8of] kl/of]hgfsf nflu :yfgLo / cGt/f{li6«o ;dy{gnfO{ dha"t agfof] . /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] nflu !(($ df oGqpks/0f cfpg yfNof] . klxnf] k6s g]jfk; cfˆg} :6'l8of]df sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{ ;dy{ eof] . nfO;]G; geP klg /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] sfo{qmd pTkfbg ub}{ uof] . !((& sf] ;'?df k|;f/0f pks/0f cfOk'u]kl5 :6];gn] cfˆgf] ultljlw k|fljlws ¿kn] a9L pko'Qm / PsfGt 7fpFdf Ps hgf k|d'v sfo{stf{sf] 3/df ;f¥of] . Ohfht kfPkl5 ;/sf/;Fu ;DaGw Ohfht k|fKt ug{ cg]sf}F b'Mvsi6 eP klg To;kl5sf] cf}krfl/s ;DaGw cx:tIf]ksf/L / pTkfbgzLn /x]sf] 5 . !((* lt/ ;+rf/ dGqL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]k|lt ;+j]bgzLn eP, / 6'+uf] nfpg afsL /x]sf lgj]bgx¿ ;b/ eP . /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] sfo{qmd cjlw lbgsf] !# 306f k'¥ofOof], To;kl5 @$ 3+6f . o;n] Jofkfl/s lj1fkg klg k|;f/ ug{ kfpg] eof] . aLaL;Lsf] g]kfnL ;]jf / c+u|]hLsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;]jf k'gM k|;f/0f ug{ kfof] . ;fy} b]zsf] s'g} klg efuaf6 3'DtL :6];gdfkm{t -df]]afOn_ k|;f/0f ug{ kfpg] Ohfht kfof] . tflnd / gofF lgo'lQm tflnd / gofF lgo'lQmnfO{ PsLs[t ul/Psf] 5 . s'g cy{df eg] gofF sd{rf/L 5fGbf tflnd cjlwdf u/]sf] sfd / km]nf]l;ksf] cfwf/ lnOG5 . clxn]sf w]/}h;f] sd{rf/Lx¿ kqsfl/tfsf] k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf 5g\ . !((# df o'g]:sf]sf] ;xof]udf ePsf] tflndkl5 !(($ / !((% df yk tflnd / km]nf];Lkx¿sf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . oL sfd k"/f ug{ g]jfk; / g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6n] o'g]:sf], kfg; -n08g_, 8flgsd, / jN8{Eo' OG6/g];gn kmfp08];g;Fu ldn]/ sfd u/] . km]nf]l;kn] k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ s'g} vf; ljifodf /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{] cj;/ lbof] . o;/L, tflnd÷km]nf]l;k, sfo{qmd pTkfbg / sd{rf/L rogdf PsLs[t of]hgfaf6 sfd ul/of] . cf]l8P -a]nfot_ / 8r]j]n] -hd{gL_ sf] ;xof]udf ;g\ !((^ / !((& df yk tflndx¿ eP . cf]l8PnfO{ ;fd'bflos jgsf] ljifodf sfo{qmd rflxGYof] . /]l8of] / ;xof]ubftfaLrsf] ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdcGtu{t cGtjf{tf{ lng] ;Lk, s'g} ljifodf cfwfl/t /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbg, sfo{qmd ;+sng / lgdf{0f ljifox¿ lyP . 8r]j]n]n] /]l8of] ;u/dfyf / c? PkmPd :6];gsf sd cg'ejL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf ljifodf tflnd lbg ;3fof] . cS6f]j/ !((& df g]kfndf sfo{/t 8]lg; kqsf/x¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu ;fgf] ;d"xdf, ;3g, sfdd} tflnd -cg b ha_ sf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . tLg xKt] of] tflndn] k|lzIffyL{x¿df Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf ;a} s'/f ug{] ;LknfO{ ltvf¥of] . cl3Nnf tflndx¿eGbf of] tflnd JolQm s]lGb|t lyof] / o;df af]n]/ jf lgb{]zg lbP/, sfd ug{ lbP/ / c?sf] sfdsf] ;dLIff u/]/ l;sfpg] ljlw ckgfOPsf] lyof] .


5 dlxgfkl5 o:t} csf]{ t/ w]/} dlxnfx¿ ;fd]n ul/Psf] tflnd bz hgf gjlgo'Qm sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf ;fy} csf]{ ;d"x, kfg; km]nf]l;k ;d"xnfO{ PrcfO{eL÷P8;af/] sfo{qmd agfpg tflnd lbOPsf] lyof] . csf]{ ;xof]u /]l8of] g]b/Nof08af6 cfof] . To;n] !((* df Ps hgfnfO{ xNof08 l:yt pgLx¿sf] tflnd s]Gb|df rf/ dlxgf a;]/ l;Sg] km]nf]l;k pknAw u/fof] . Sofgf8fsf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ;]G6/ km/ OG6/g];gn :6l8h P08 sf]ck/];gn] Pshgf ;Nnfxsf/ k7fP/ ;xof]u u¥of] . eljiosf tflnd / lgo'lQm :6];gn] :jo+;]jsx¿sf nflu Jojl:yt tflnd nfu" ug{ afsL g} 5 . t/, !((( sf] nflu agfPsf] of]hgfdf o;nfO{ k|fyldstf qmddf /fv]sf] 5 . 8r]j]n]n] Og–xfp; / cg–b–ha tflnd lbg ;3fpg] jrg lbPsf] 5 . aflx/L ;xof]u kfP klg gkfP klg :yfgLo cfjZostfcg';f/sf tflndx¿ lgoldt ¿kn] rln/xg] 5g\ . /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfO{ g]kfn / o; If]qsf c? d'n'sx¿sf] nflu tflnd ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{ o;sf] 3f]lift p2]Zo g} 5 . ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf /]l8of] :6];g rf/ j6f g]kfnL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ — g]jfk;, lxdfn P;f]l;P;g, jN8{Eo' g]kfn / g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6, — sf] cf}krfl/s ;fem]bf/L eP klg /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] ;f+u7lgs 5ftf g]jfk; xf] . :6];gsf] g]t[Tj g]jfk;n] ljlwjt lgo'Qm u/]sf] ;ft ;b:oLo :jzfl;t af]8{ cfkm 8fO/]S6;{n] u5{ . af]8{df rf/} j6f ;fem]bf/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'G5 . sfo{qmd tyf ultljlwx¿sf] ;dLIff ug{, of]hgf agfpg, gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{ / :6];gnfO{ ;fdfGo lgb]{zg lbg x/]s dlxgf af]8{sf] a}7s a:5 . :6];g Dofg]h/ ÷ sfo{qmd lgb]{zs /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] k|d'v x'G5 . pm ;b:o÷ ;lrjsf] x}l;otn] af]8{ ckm 8fO/]S6;{df x'G5 . pm b}lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] nflu pQ/bfoL x'G5 . sd{rf/L /]l8of] ;u/dfyfdf b/aGbL o; k|sf/ 5 M :6];g Dofg]h/÷sfo{qmd lgb]{zsÙ ^ hgf k"0f{sflns sfo{qmd lgdf{tfÙ @ hgf k|fljwsÙ Do'lhs nfOa|]l/ogÙ OlGhlgo/ -sfd k/]sf] a]nfdf cfpg]_Ù n]vfkfnÙ / Ps hgf :6];g ;xfos . o;afx]s @^ hgf :jo+;]jsx¿ 5g\ hf] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f, pTkfbg / ;+rfngdf lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] s]xLnfO{ s]xL vr{ ldgfxf jf clnslt kfl/>lds lbOG5 . dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] cgf}krfl/s gLlt ;+:yfleq dlxnfx¿sf] Ifdtf / cfTdljZjf; a9fpg', dlxnfx¿nfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ug'{, / k|;f/0fsf] dfWodn] dlxnfx¿sf] e"ldsfaf/] ;f]rfO abNg k|efjsf/L sfd ug'{ xf] . t/, of] gLltsf] afah'b g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts k"jf{u|xn] ubf{ dlxnfx¿sf]


;xuflutf sd 5, t} klg xfn s]xL ;'wfl/Psf] 5 . sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿dWo] kfFr efusf] Ps efu / :jo+;]jsx¿dWo] dlxnfsf] ;+Vof Ps ltxfO 5 . >f]tfx¿ w]/}h;f] >f]tfx¿n] lr7L k7fP/, kmf]g u/]/ / :6'l8of]d} cfP/ k|ltlqmof ljrf/ JoQm ug]{ u5{g\ . o;af6 >f]tfx¿sf] s]xL :jefj÷ k|s[lt jf lrq yfxf kfpg;lsG5 . >f]tfx¿dWo] gLlt lgdf{0f jf lg0f{o txsf lzlIfsx¿ ;fy} ;fdfGo k;n]x¿ klg 5g\ . >f]tfx¿ sf7df8f}F pkTosfleqsf ufpFdf dfq} xf]Og /fhwfgLsf] zxl/of kl/jf/x¿df klg 5g\ . pd]/ / ;f]rfOsf] lx;fan] s] b]lvG5 eg] clwsf+z >f]tfx¿sf] pd]/ @% jif{eGbf dfly 5 / pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifodf ?lr ePsf jf :yfgLo ;+uLt / ;+:s[lt ?rfpg]x¿ 5g\ . /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf s]xL sfo{qmdx¿ vf; >f]tfju{ h:t} afnaflnsf tyf cfdfafa', tfdfª ;d'bfo / 3/]n' sfdsfhL dlxnfx¿nfO{ nlIft ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] af/]df Pp6f wf/0ff s] alg;s]sf] 5 eg] of] u+eL/ / dxTjk"0f{ s'/f k|;f/0f ug]{ /]l8of] xf] / o;sf ;a} sfo{qmd k"0f{tof g]kfnL / hglxtdf x'G5g\ cyf{t\ of] lrGtg dgg ug]{x¿sf] /]l8of] xf] . ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr / ;xuflutf ;+;f/sf c? efudf ePsf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] t'ngfdf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ;Lldt 5 . sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf d'Vo cfwf/x¿ tnaL kqsf/x¿ x'g\ . sfo{qmdx¿ lglZrt ¿kdf of]hgf, ;+u7g / lgb]{zg u/L tof/ kfl/G5g\ . /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] w]/} s'/fdf cfkm"nfO{ ;fd'bfloseGbf hg;]jL k|;f/sÙ tyf v'nf ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf] ;+jfxssf] ljk/Lt lhDd]jf/ ;fj{hlgs k|jQmf Pj+ ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf x]5{ . h] eP klg, /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf sfo{qmdx¿dfkm{t ;}s8f}F xf]Og xhf/f}F dflg;x¿n] ;fj{hlgs d+rdf cfˆgf] cfjfh / ljrf/ k'¥ofO;s]sf 5g\ . lbglbg} of] :6];gn] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿nfO{ ;8sdf / cfdhgtfsf] b}lgs hLjg;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df k'¥ofpg] u5{ . b}lgs k|;f/0f ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ljifosf] klqsf sfo{qmddf klg cfdhgtf ;xefuL x'g] b'O{j6f cj;/ 5g\ M klxnf], >f]tfx¿n] kmf]gaf6 JoQm u/]sf ljrf/x¿ cfG;l/ª ldl;gdf /]s8{ ul/G5 / l6Kk0fLsf] ¿kdf klqsf sfo{qmddf ;'gfOG5 . csf]{, eS; kk sfo{qmddf sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿n] af6f]df lxFl8/x]sf dflg;x¿;Fu s'g} vf; ljifodf s'/f u/]/ pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ /]s8{ u5{g\ / klqsf sfo{qmddf ;'gfpF5g\ . æca d]/f] kfnf]Æ sfo{qmddf ;d'bfosf ljleGg If]qsf dflg;x¿n] pgLx¿n] rfx]sf] ljifodf ljrf/ kf]V5g\ . of] sfo{qmd klxn] g} /]s8{ ul/G5 / ;Dkfbg gu/L k|;f/ ul/G5 . clxn] ;Dd of] sfo{qmddf ljleGg k[i7e"ld ePsf / ljleGg Joj;fosf dflg;x¿n] o;df efu lnO;s]sf 5g\ . 6]lnkmf]g nfOgnfO{ :6'l8of];Fu hf]8g] xfOla|8 k|0ffnLsf] cefjn] ubf{ cGtlqm{ofTds kmf]g–Og sfo{qmd rnfpg l9nf ePsf 5 . /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] !((( d} of] sfo{qmd ;'? ug]{ ck]Iff u/]sf] lyof] .


:yfgLo ;d"xx¿;Fu ldn]/ sfo{qmd ;xpTkfbg ug]{ sfddf ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr x'G5 . /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] k|fljlws tyf pTkfbg ;xof]u lnP/ ;d'bfoleqsf ;d"xx¿ tyf :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;fKtflxs÷dfl;s sfo{qmd tof/ kf5{g\ . sfo{qmdsf] of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t xf] . ;fy} o;n] ;d'bfosf ljleGg lx:;fx¿;Fu ;DaGw klg a9fpF5 . k|fljlws kIf rf/}lt/ kxf8n] 3]l/Psf], em08} ;dtn k/]sf] nueu @% lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] / #) lsnf]ld6/ rf}8fOdf km}lnPsf] sf7df8f}F pkTosf PkmPd k|;f/0fsf nflu gd'gfsf] 7fpF xf] . P]ltxfl;s, cfly{s / /fhgLlts /fhwfgL tyf b]zsf] s]Gb| ePsf] of] pkTosfdf !% b]lv @) nfv dflg;x¿ a:5g\ . !((& ck|}ndf k/LIf0f k|;f/0f ul/Fbf oxLF ag]sf] PG6]gf k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . Ps dlxgfkl5 cf}krfl/s k|;f/0f yfNg'eGbf klxn] ul/Psf] of] k|;f/0f xf]Frf] 7fpFaf6 ul/Psf] lyof] . /]l8of] /fd|/L ;'lgg] u/fpg cyf{t\ /fd|f] l/;]K;gsf nflu :6];gn] !((( sf] gj]Da/df cln cUnf] 7fpF vf]Hg yfNof] . w]/} k/LIf0fx¿kl5 5flgPsf] cUnf] l9:sf]sf] 5]pdf /x]sf] clxn]sf] 7fpFaf6 sf7df8f}F zx/ k"/} b]lvG5 / em08} k"/} pkTosf oxfFaf6 b[Zo/]vfdf -nfOg ckm ;fO6_ k5{ . oxfF Pp6f 3/ axfndf lnP/ :6''l8of] agfOPsf] 5 . 3/sf] 5fgfd} PG6]gf /flvPsf] 5 . cf}krfl/s ¿kn] k|;f/0f yfn]b]lv :6];gn] b}lgs sfo{qmd k|;f/ ul//x]sf] 5 . !((* sf] ;'?df %)) jf6sf] Pnf8{ df]8]nsf] 6«fG;ld6/ ghn];Dd o;sf] sfo{qmd 7fpF ;fg]{ qmddf klg /f]lsPg . o'g]:sf]dfkm{t rLgdf ag]sf] @) jf6sf] 6«fG;ld6/ / lkmlnlkG;sf] tfDa'nL kl/of]hgfaf6 !)) jf6sf] PlDKnkmfo/ gcfOk'u];Dd, $) lbg, of] :6];g aGb ePsf] lyof] . ;fgfltgf pks/0f / 6Ø'g/÷l8sf]8/;lxtsf] :of6]nfO6 l8;nfO{ 5f8]/ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfdf ePsf ;a} d'Vo oGqpks/0fx¿ ;'?df h] lyP clxn] klg ToxL g} 5g\ . k|;f/0f :6'l8of]sf] :t/ a9fpg' / l8lh6n pks/0fo'Qm pTkfbg ;'ljwf÷;+/rgf :yfkgf ug'{ casf] k|fyldstf xf] . sfo{qmd lgdf{0f tyf k|;f/0f ;do lgwf{/0f -k|f]u|fldª_ ;'?b]lv /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] >f]tfx¿sf nflu ljljw ljifo / dgf]/+hg, ;fdflhs ljifodf 5nkmn / ;+uLt, ;fy} g]kfnsf] /]l8of] dfWoddf klxn] g;'lgPsf :j/ / ljrf/x¿sf] ljljwtf k:sg] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . ;'?df Ohfht lbFbf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfO{ b'O{ 306fsf] nflu k|;f/0f ug{ lbOPsf] lyof] . o;sf] nflu ljxfg & b]lv ( ah]sf] ;do o;n] /f]Hof] . b'O{ 306fsf] g]kfnL ;+uLt, b'n{e nf]s uLtx¿sf] ;+sngb]lv ;d;fdlos nf]slk|o uLt, ;+uLt tyf aLraLrdf 5f]6f ;Gb]zx¿ / :6];gsf ;"rgfx¿ k|;f/ ub}{ pkTosfsf >f]tfx¿dfem o;n] cfkm"nfO{ kl/lrt u/fof] . hgrf;f] M ldl8ofnfO{ a9L hgpQ/bfoL / a9L ax'nafbL ;dfh l;h{gf ug]{ /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] nIfcg';f/ hg ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿sf] k|;f/0f o;sf] cfTdf xf] . km]nf]l;kx¿ lbP/ o;n] ;'?df jftfj/0fLo cj:yf, b]zsf ljleGg If]qsf ;f+:s[lts tyf ;fdflhs kIf, PrcfO{eL÷P8;, ;fd'bflos jg, vfg]kfgL, g]kfndf k|hftGq cflb ljifodf sfo{qmdx¿sf] >[+vnf tof/ kf¥of] .


!((& sf] z/bb]lv /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] xfd|f] vfN8f] zLif{s b}lgs /]l8of] Dofulhg sfo{qmd rnfO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] ljleGg tfhf ljifox¿ ;d]6\5 / ;dfhsf] lj:t[t If]qaf6 ljleGg ;d'bfo / ju{sf dflg;x¿sf] cfjfh ;'gfpF5 . o;n] ;d]6]sf s]xL ljifox¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M 6]S;L 8«fOe/x¿n] ld6/df ug{] u8a8LÙ rf]/ / kfs]6df/Ù j]Zofj[lQÙ P8;, s'i7/f]u, Ifo/f]uÙ pkTosfdf a9bf] jfo' tyf hn k|b"if0fÙ afn>dÙ ue{ktgÙ tyf ablnFbf] n}+lus e"ldsf . o;sf ;fy} ;fKtflxs 8anL sfo{qmddf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf ljsf;sf ljifodf 5nkmn rnfOG5 . cfd;+rf/ dfWod tyf ;fj{hlgs e]63f6, s'/fsfgL / 5nkmn ug]{ k/Dk/fut g]kfnL dfWod / :yfgsf] d]n 8anL clxn] /]l8of]sf] cfw'lgs dfWod ag]sf] 5 . xfn;fn} /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] ;kmf /]l8of] -jftfj/0f cleofg_sfo{qmd yfn]sf] 5 . ;ftfdf kfFr lbg o;n] zx/sf ljleGg efusf] jfo" k|b"if0f k/LIf0fsf] glthf k|;f/ u5{ . xKtfdf Ps lbg ;a} glthfnfO{ s]nfP/ 5nkmn sfo{qmd k|;f/ ul/G5 . ;+uLt / ;+:s[lt M kk ;+uLt ahfpg] Jofkfl/s /]l8of]sf] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] :ki6 ljsNk pknAw u/fpF5 . o;n] em08} k"0f{ dfqfdf g]kfnL k/Dk/fut, nf]s tyf cfw'lgs ;+uLt tyf aflx/af6 NofOPsf s]xL df}lns ;+uLtx¿ k|;f/ u5{ . o;n] ;+uLtdf dfq ;dlk{t Pp6f b}lgs / rf/j6f ;fKtflxs sfo{qmd k|:t't u5{ . tfdfª ;d'bfosf] Pp6f ;d"xn] klg tfdfª ;+uLt ;lxt b'a} efiffdf sfo{qmd ;xpTkfbg u5{ . :6];g;Fu ;+uLtx¿sf] /x/nfUbf] ;+u|x 5, h;df w]/} ;+Vofdf b'n{e l/s8{x¿ / cflwsfl/s /fli6«o, ;f+:s[lts tyf P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf ;fdu|Lx¿ 5g\ . of] ;+u|x lgMz'Ns k|fKt ePsf] xf] . cfwfhlt /]l8of] g]kfnsf] ;+sngaf6 skL u/]/ NofOPsf x'g\ f afsL cfwfhlt bftfx¿n] lbPsf x'g\ . g]kfndf df}lvs nf]s ;+rf/sf] nfdf] k/+k/f 5 . %) jif{hlt cl3;Dd ;dfrf/sf] Pp6f ;|f]t snfsf/x¿ lyP . pgLx¿n] vf; cj;/ jf ljifosf nflu ljz]if ¿kn] /lrPsf uLtx¿sf] dfWodaf6 s'g} 36gfsf] ;dfrf/ ufpF a:tLx¿df km}nfpFy], ufpFn]x¿sf] dgf]/+hg uy]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ lzlIft agfpFy] . /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] oL k/Dk/fx¿nfO{ b}lgs >[+vnfdfkm{t pkof]u u¥of] . :6];gn] ufpFaf6 ;+uLt 6f]nL af]nfP/ pgLx¿sf] ;+uLt /]s8{ ug{ yfNof] . pgLx¿n] ;d;fdlos ljifodf k/Dk/fut 9+un] /rgf u/]/ ufPsf !) j6f uLtx¿ /]s8{ u/fP . sf7df8f}Fdf pgLx¿n] zx/sf] eofjx kIf, k|b"if0fsf] af/]df Pp6f gofF uLt /]s8{ u/fP . ;xpTkfbg M ljleGg lxt÷?lrsf] nflu sfd ug]{ :yfgLo ;d"xx¿n] vf; >f]tf ;d"xsf nflu vf; zLif{sdf sfo{qmd agfpF5g\ . sfo{qmdsf] ;DkfbsLo bfloTj ;fdfGotof ;d'bfosf] ;d"xdfly x'G5 . /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] k|fljlws ;xof]u / k|;f/0f ;do pknAw u/fpF5 . /]l8of]sf] k|;f/0f tflnsf k"/f ug{ ;3fpg'sf ;fy} oL sfo{qmdx¿ ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f klg x'g\ . afn sfo{qmd M /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] o'lg;]kmåf/f k|fof]lht !) ldg]6sf] z}lIfs ;f]k ck]/f z}nLsf] >[+vnf agfpg nufP/ k|;f/ u¥of] . o;df ?v afh] / ;'ufsf] aRrfnfO{ kfq agfOPsf] lyof] . pgLx¿n] ?vd'lg v]Ng cfpg] s]6fs]6Lx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL u5{g\ / pgLx¿sf s'/f ;'G5g\ . of]


sfo{qmd ;'k|l;4 g]kfnL xf:oJo+Uo snfsf/x¿n] agfPsf lyP . of] >[+vnf s]6fs]6L cfkm}n] :6'l8of]leq agfPsf] @) ldg]6sf] syf, sljtf / 5nkmn sfo{qmd;Fu} k|;f/ ul/GYof] . df]afOn /]l8of] M ;8sdf !((* df /]l8of] ;u/dfyfn] cfˆgf] lk|mSj]G;L PkmPd !)@=$ k|of]u u/]/ g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efuaf6 3'DtL /]l8of] k|;f/0f ug]{ Ohfht kfof] . o;sf] p2]Zo /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] k|;f/0f pkTosf aflx/ km}nfpg' xf]Og, clkt' u|fdL0f tyf ;fgf;fgf ;d'box¿df a:g] *) k|ltzt g]kfnLx¿dfem :yfgLo /]l8of] cjwf/0ff k'¥ofpg' xf] . !((( df ;fgf] :6'l8of], 6«fG;ld6/ / ;xhstf{x¿sf] 6f]nL ;lxtsf] uf8L ufpFn] ;d'bfox¿df k'u]/ ufpFn]x¿n] cfˆg} /]l8of] :6];g ;+rfng ug{ ?lr n]pg eGg] p2]Zon] cfwf/e"t tflnd lbg / /]l8of]af/] e|d x6fpg yfNof] . /]l8of] ;u/dfyfnfO{ xd];f g]kfndf Jofks ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t /]l8of] ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ k|f/De ljGb"sf] ¿kdf x]l/g] ul/Psf] 5 . jf:tjdf o;sf] ult a9\g yfln;s]sf] 5 . sf7df8fF} pkTosfaflx/ w]/} ;d'bfox¿ cfˆgf] /]l8of] :yfkgf ug]{ lbzfdf cufl8 al9;s]sf 5g\ . ;xof]u / vr{ k"/} ;+/rgf / ;'ljwf :yfkgf ug{, ;'?sf] ;+rfng vr{, tflnd / km]nf]l;ksf] vr{ cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]uaf6 h'6]sf] lyof] . o'g]:sf]n] em08} ^% xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] . of]] /sd dWo] cwfhlt oGqpks/0fdf nfu]sf] lyof] . 8flg8fn] bf];|f] jif{sf] ;+rfng vr{ pknAw u/fof] . ;fy} ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] s;}n] km]nf]l;k, s;}n] tflnd cflb pknAw u/fPsf] s'/f dfly pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 . cfTdlge{/tf k|fyldstf xf] . k|;f/0fsf] b'O{ jif{kl5 /]l8of] ;u/dfyf :yfgLo ¿kdf cflh{t cfDbfgLdf rNg yfn]sf] lyof] . :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;fem]bf/L ug'{ lbuf]kgdf k'Ug] d'Vo /0fgLlt xf] . ltgLx¿n] sfo{qmd k|fof]hssf ¿kdf / ;xpTkfbssf ¿kdf ;xof]u u5{g\ . xfn} Jofkfl/s lj1fkg k|;f/0fdf nfu]sf] /f]s x6fOPsf] x'gfn] klg cfDbfgLsf] ;+efjgf a9]sf] 5 . !((( df o;sf] dfl;s ;+rfng vr{ @,&%) 8n/ lyof] . o;dWo] !,#)) 8n/ tnadf hfGYof] . cfDbfgL !,)&% 8n/ c8sn ul/Psf] lyof] hf] d'Vo ¿kdf ;xpTkfbsx¿ / k|fof]hsx¿af6 x'GYof] . gk'u !,^&% 8n/ 8flg8faf6 ;+rfng cg'bfgsf] ¿kdf k|fKt x'GYof] . cfwf/e"t tflnd / k|;f/0fsf] tof/Lsf] af/]df k"0f{ hfgsf/L kfpg sfnf]{; P= cgf{N8f] / s]n lnG8/sf] O:6ØflAn:d]G6 ckm sDo'lg6L /]l8of] -g]kfn, cfO{kLkL;L – #@# – PgO{kL )! 6]lSgsn l/kf]6{_, o'g]:sf] -k]l/;, !(($_ x]g'{;\ . æ;u/dfyf dfp06 Pe/]:6sf] k'/fgf] g]kfnL gfd xf] . o;sf] cfn+sfl/s cy{ xf] …:ju{sf] zL/Ú . /]l8of] ;u/dfyf klg o:t} aGg rfxG5 — :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f, lzIff, ;fdflhs sNof0f tyf ;d'bfosf] ljsf;sf ljifodf /]l8of] t/+udfkm{t ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg u/L ;fd'bflos lrGtgnfO{ km}nfpg] af}l4s ;|f]t .Æ

— sfnf]{; P= cgf{N8f]


3fgfsf] /]l8of] cfbf – 8fª\d]sf hgtfsfnflu j/bfg

Pn]S; / ljNgf Sjfd]{g kl/ro / pTklQ /]l8of] cfbf k"jL{ 3fgfsf] ufpFn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] xf] . :6];gn] !((* km]a|'c/L ! b]lv k|;f/0f ;'? u/]sf] xf] . o;n] lg/If/ ax'n >f]tfx¿sf] dfemdf eQm ;dy{sx¿ kfPsf] 5 . :6];gsf] k|f/Desf] ;"q vf]Hb} hfFbf ;g\ !(%) / ^) sf] bzsdf k'luG5 . To; a]nf ;+:yfksx¿n] o:tf] k|;f/0f ;'? u/]sf lyP M nfOa]l/ofsf] df]g/f]leofdf :yflkt ;fgf] /]l8of] :6];g hf] ;d'b|n] aufP/ nu]sf] lyof] . csf]{ lkmlnlkG;d} ;a}eGbf klxnf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] 8Lh]8\h]cf], hf] clxn] klg Sj]hf]gsf] OGkmfgf cfwf/af6 ;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . !(*@ df ;+:yfksx¿dWo]sf Ps hgf clk|msfdf klxnf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;'? ug{ sf/s aGgk'u] . s]lgofsf] n]s leS6f]l/ofsf] lsgf/fdf vf]lnPsf] clezKt xf]df a] :6];g :jtGq ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] j}/L dxfåLkdf yflnPsf] Pp6f b':;fxl;s k|of;sf] cg'ej lyof] . jf:tjdf Tof]eGbf klxn] !(&$ df 3fgfdf ;/sf/L Psflwsf/ ePsf] k|;f/0f ;'? u/]/ :jtGq ;"rgf k|0ffnLk|ltsf] j}/efjnfO{ d]6g\ vf]lhPsf] lyof] . dxTjk"0f{ cf]xf]bfdf a;]sf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu ePsf] lghL s'/fsfgLaf6 pT;flxt eP/ /]l8of] cfbfsf ;+:yksx¿n] cf}krfl/s lgj]bg lbP . Tof] lgj]bg :jLs[t ePsf] eP of] clk|msfsf] klxnf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gsf] ¿kdf xf]df a] :6];geGbf cufl8 x'g] lyof] . lgj]bg c:jLs[t eof] . sfg"gL ;Gbe{ of] 36gf ePkl5 3fgfdf :jtGq ldl8of ;'? x'g em08} b'O{ bzs nfUof] . !((@ df ;+j}wflgs ;/sf/sf] k'g:yf{kgf eof] / of];Fu} ;+rf/df gofF kl/b[Zosf] ;Defjgf b]vfk¥of] . hgj/L !((# b]lv nfu" ePsf] gofF ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v 5 M ælghL k|]; jf ldl8ofsf] :yfkgf ug{ s'g} afwf cj/f]w x'g] 5}g, vf; u/L cvaf/, klqsf jf cfd;+rf/ jf ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf jf ;+rfng ug{' cl3 s;}nfO{ klg Ohfht lng'kg]{ sfg"gsf] cfjZostf x'g] 5}g .Æ t/ !((% df 3fgf lk|mSj]G;L /lh:6«];g P08 sG6«f]n af]8{ -hLPkmcf/;LaL_ n] lghL k|;f/0f :6];g ;+rfngsf nflu lgj]bg lbg] lgb]{lzsf hf/L u/]kl5 dfq} lghL k|;f/0f :yfkgf ug]{ k|lqmof ;'? eof] . lk|mSj]G;L afF8kmfF8 /]l8of] cfbfsf] lk|mSj]G;Lsf] nflu o;sf] cflwsfl/s ;+:yf 3fgf ;fd'bflos k|;f/0f ;]jfn] !& dfr{ !((% df lgj]bg btf{ u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] ;+:yf gfkmf gsdfpg] sDkgLsf] ¿kdf klxn] g} btf{ eO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ /]l8of] cfbfsf] lgj]bg !^ ck|}n !((^ df dfq} :jLs[t eof] .


of] l9nfOsf] Pp6f ;sf/fTds sfd s] eof] eg] of] aLrsf] ;dodf k|;f/0f sDkgLx¿n] lk|mSj]G;L lbFbf lnOg] z'Nsdf 7"nf] s6f}tL u/fP . ;'?df of] z'Ns ;a} :6];gsf nflu !#,))) cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/ lyof] . /]l8of] cfbfn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ¿kdf o;sf] b;f}F efudfq} ltg'{ k¥of] . # d] !((^ df o;n] ^ jif{sf] nflu PkmPd (#=& lk|mSj]G;L kfof] . kl5 of] lk|mSj]G;L km]/]/ (#=# ul/of] . o;sf] sf/0f kl5 atfOg] 5 . /]l8of] cfbf ;'? ubf{ ljrf/ ul/Psf k|d'v s'/fx¿ hLPkmcf/;LaLnfO{ lbOPsf] /]l8of] cfbfsf] lgj]bgdf lbOPsf ;"rgfx¿df lgDglnlvt a'Fbfx¿cg';f/ :6];gsf] klxrfgsf ljz]iftfx¿ emNsfOPsf lyP M p2]Zo M/]l8of] cfbfsf] ljz]if klxrfg hgfpg] k|d'v s'/fx¿ o;sf] 3f]lift nIfdf cGtlg{lxt 5 . :6];gsf :jo+;]jsx¿ / ;d'bfosf c? ;b:ox¿n] JoQm u/]sf p2]Zox¿ tyf ck]Ifx¿af6 o;n] d"t{¿k lnPsf] xf] . 3f]lift nIfdf lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z 5g\ M

• hLjgsf] x/]s If]qdf 8fª\d]sfsf hgtfsf ljsf;sf cfsf+Iffx¿ / p2]Zox¿nfO{ ;3fpg'Ù • x/]]s ljifo / ;Gbe{df / x/]s txdf cfjfhljxLgx¿nfO{ cfjfh lbg'Ù • /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;Gbe{df 8fª\d] ;+:s[ltsf] ;d[l4nfO{ lbuf] agfpg'Ù • oL ;a}df ;';"lrt 5nkmn / ;'ljrfl/t sfo{ ug{ k|]l/t, clej4{g / ;xof]u ug'{ .

k|;f/0f If]q / nlIft >f]tf M /]l8of] cfbfsf] d'Vo >f]tfx¿ 8fª\d] efiff af]lng] 3fgfsf rf/ j6f lhNnfdf a:5g\ . oL lhNnfx¿ /fhwfgL cfqmfb]lv !)) lsnf]ld6/leq b]zsf] k"jL{ efudf 5g\ . oLdWo] w]/} 7fpFdf kfOksf] kfgL, lah'nLh:tf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ls t cefj 5 ls xfn;fn} oL k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ ePsf 5g\ . /]l8of]n] ;d]6\g] hg;+Vof ^) xhf/ cg'dfg ul/G5 / oLdWo] ^) k|ltzt lg/If/ 5g\ . ul/aL JofKt 5 . efiff M /]l8of] cfbf cfˆgf >f]tfx¿sf] efiff, 8fª\d] efiffdf dfq k|;f/ u5{ . 8fª\d] efiffcGtu{t cfbf, u'Anf, Snf], lgGuf] / ;] kfFr j6f cfk;df a'lemg] efiffx¿ k5{g\ . oL efiff af]Ng]x¿aLr :ki6 ¿kn] leGg ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\ . t/ ltgLx¿sf] eflifs d]n tyf /fli6«o ax;df pgLx¿ clxn];Dd eflifs b[li6n] klg kfvf kg]{ sf/0fn] ubf{ pgLx¿aLr Ps vfnsf] Pstf ag]sf] 5 . clxn] cfP/ z}lIfs tyf wfld{s ;+:yfx¿n] æ:t/Lo 8fª\d]Æ cyf{t\ ljleGg efiffx¿df Ps¿ktf NofP/ ;a}n] a'‰g;Sg] efiff agfpg] k|of; ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/ ljleGg df}lns tyf :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] af]lnrfnLsf] 8fª\d] efiff k|of]u ug]{ /]l8of] cfbfsf] gLlt 5 . :yfg – cfwf/ If]q M /]l8of] :6];g k"jL{ 8fª\d] lhNnfsf] cfbfdf 5 . ;}4flGts lx;fan], :6];g /]l8of] k|;f/0fn] ;d]6\g] If]qleq s'g} klg 7fpFdf x'g;SYof] . t/ ;+:yfksx¿dWo] Ps hgf cfbfsf] :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf 5f]/f lyP . o;sf] dtna xf]] :6];g rnfpgsf nflu :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xof]u / :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lhnf] agfpgsf nflu rflxg] ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f aGg' . ef]N6f gbLsf] k'R5f/lt/ km}lnPsf] If]qdf Ps csf]{;Fu hf]l8Psf b'O6f zx/ 5g\ h;nfO{ 7"nf] cfbf / cfbf kmf]x elgG5 . tL zx/sf rf/}lt/ o:tf ufpFx¿ 5g\ hxfF k'u]kl5 af6f] 6'+luG5 . o;n] ubf{ :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ ;d'bfosf] ulx/f] aGwgsf] efjgfn] afF3]sf] 5 . of] If]qsf clwsf+; dflg;x¿ v]tLkftL / df5f dfg]{ Joj;fodf 5g\ .


jf:tljs cfsf/ M jl/kl/sf] ;d'bfo ;lhnf];Fu cfpg ;s'g eGg] p2]Zon] :6];g ejgsf] 7fpF /f]lhPsf] lyof] . of] ejg /fli6«o /fhdfu{sf] d'Vo ;xfos dfu{df 7"nf] cfbf / cfbf kmf]x hf]l8g] 7fpFdf 6f9}af6 b]lvG5 . gfd M /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf] gfd /]l8of] cfbf xf] . of] :6];g cfbfsf lgaf;Lx¿sf] nflu dfq} geP/ 8fª\d] efiff af]Ng] ;a} ;d'bfox¿sf] nflu xf] tfklg :6];g /flvPsf] 7fpFsf] gfdaf6 /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf] gfd /flvPsf] xf] . o;}n] of] /]l8of]sf] gfd …8fª\d] /]l8of]Ú /fVg'kg]{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . t/, o;sf] gfd /]l8of] cfbf g} sfod 5 lsgls Psflt/ o;n] 7f]; /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu ;an ;f+:s[lts cfwf/nfO{ alnof] agfpF5 eg] csf]{lt/ o;n] ts{xLg cGw hfltjfbsf] lj?4df klg sfd u5{ . ejg M /]l8of] cfbfsf] ejg o;sf] p2]Zo;Fu ldNg] u/L l8hfOg u/L agfOPsf] lyof] . o;df Pp6f k|;f/0f :6'l8of] sf]7f, b'O6f sfo{qmd pTkfbg :6'l8of] / ;Fu} lgoGq0f sf]7f, b'O6f sfof{no sf]7f / ljleGg sfdsf nflu s]xL ;fgf;fgf sf]7fx¿ 5g\ . agLagfp 3/ lsg]/ jf ef8fdf lnP/ To;nfO{ /]l8of] :6];gsf] nflu cg's"n agfpg' eGbf gofF 3/ agfpg' vr{sf] lx;fan] a]; x'g] 7x/ ePkl5 of] ejg agfpg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ejgsf] l8hfOg agfpFbf Jofj;flos k|;f/0f ;+rfngsf tTjx¿;Fu ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gsf ljz]if cfjZostfx¿, vf; u/L u|fdL0f hgtfsf] ;xh kx'Fr / u|fdL0f If]qdf sfd ug]{ jf:tljstfnfO{ ldnfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, k|;f/0f :6'l8of]nfO{ uf]Ko /fVg'sf] ;§f af6f]af6} b]Vg;lsG5 . :6];gdf cfpg] hf];'s}n] klg pb\3f]ifsnfO{ sfd ul//x]sf] b]Vg;S5 . af6f] lxF8g]n] klg p;nfO{ clejfbg ug{ / enfs';f/L ug{;S5 . o;sf] sf]7fsf] l;lnª :yfgLo lgufnf] jf gs{6 a'g]/ agfOPsf] dfGb|f] æ;f;fÆ n] 5f]lkPsf] 5 . o;n] :6'l8of]leq cfjfh k|ltWjlgt x'gglbg ;Gtf]ifhgs sfd ug'{sf ;fy} :6'l8of]nfO{ zLtntf / :yfgLokg lbPsf] 5 . oGqpks/0fsf] 5gf}6 M of] :6];gsf nflu 5flgPsf oGqpks/0fx¿n] :6];gsf] b'O{ k|sf/sf] ljz]iftf emNsfpF5 M ufpFn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t t/ Jofj;flos ¿kn] k"0f{ k|;f/0f ;]jf . tL pks/0fx¿ k|fljlws b[li6n] ltgsf] d"Nocg';f/ pTs[i6 /f]hfO x'g\ . ltgsf] sfo{Ifdtf pRr:t/sf] 5 / sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{ ;lhnf] 5 . ltgnfO{ rnfpFbf lah'nLsf] vr{ w]/} x'Fb}g / d/dt ;Def/ w]/} ug'{ klg kb}{g . 6«fG;ld6/ M nlIft If]qdf k|;f/0f k'¥ofpg #%) jf6sf] ldnf8{ 6«fG;ld6/n] lgSs} /fd|f] sfd u/]sf] 5 . t/, rfF8} g} o;nfO{ hu]8fsf] ¿kdf /flvg] 5 . o;sf] abnfdf ! lsnf]jf6sf] 6«fG;ld6/ h8fg ul/g] 5 h;n] :6];gn] k|;f/ u/]sf] /]l8of] t/+u glhssf zx/L If]qx¿df klg k'Ug]5 hxfF 8fª\d] efiff af]Ng]x¿sf] ;+Vof lgSs} 5 . o;/L /]l8of]sf] Jofkfl/s ;+efJotf / Ifdtf a9g] 5 . PG6]gf 6fj/ M PG6]gf /flvPsf] 6fj/ :6];g ejgsf] 5]pd} 5 . of] !%) lkm6 cUnf] 5 . o;cl3 ag]sf] !)) lkm6 cUnf] 6fj/n] sfd glbPkl5 To;nfO{ lauf/]/ To;s} ;fdfgaf6 of] 6fj/ agfOPsf] xf] . hxfhsf] kfn tfGg] Joj;foLx¿n] cfˆgf] ar]sf] ;dodf o;nfO{ v8f u/]sf lyP .


:6'l8of]sf] pks/0f M tLg j6fdWo] b'O6f :6'l8of] pks/0fx¿n] k"/} el/k"0f{ 5g\ . t];|f] :6'l8of] klg rfF8} g} k"/} pks/0fo'Qm x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . k|;f/0f ug]{ :6'l8of]sf pks/0fdf k|f]km];gn sDKofS6 l8:s Kn]o/, ldgL l8:s / Sof;]6 /]s8{/÷Kn]o/ / !@ Rofgnsf] cl8of] ldS;/ k|To]ssf] b'O{ ;]6 5g\ . sfo{qmd pTkfbg :6'l8of]df klg ltg} pks/0fx¿ 5g\, t/ tL cb{ Jofj;flos :t/sf -;]dL k|f]km];gn_ 5g\ . oL pks/0fx¿sf] d]n / sfo{s'zntf laNs'n ;Gtf]ifhgs 5g\ . lkmN8 l/sl8{ª pks/0f M /]l8of] cfbfn] lkmN8 l/sl8{ª pks/0fx¿nfO{ lgSs} dxTj lbG5 lsg ls o;n] ;d'bfodf pTkfbg ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿dfly a9L hf]8 lbG5 . xfn of] ;Fu rf/ j6f ldgL l8:s l/s8{/ / b'O6f k|f]km];gn / Pp6f ;]dL k|f]km];gn cl8of] Sof;]6 l/s8{/ 5g\ . ldgL l8:s l/s8{/x¿ w]/} xfO6]s eP eg]/ ;'?df lj/f]w eP klg af]Sg ;lhnf], l/sl8{ªsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f], rnfpg ;lhnf], gem'lSsg], ;Dkfbg ug]{ ;'ljwf ePsf], l/rfh{ ug{ ldNg] a]6«L o;leq} x'g] x'gfn] clxn] sd{rf/Lx¿ o;}nfO{ ?rfpF5g\ . ldgL l8:s dxFuf] kg]{ x'gfn] To;sf] pkof]u df:6/ jf d'Vo pks/0fsf] ¿kdf ul/G5 . w]/}h;f] sfo{qmdx¿ cl8of] Sof;]6df 8a ul/G5 . ;xof]u M bL3{sfnLg lbuf]kgnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/, ;'?df oGqpks/0fx¿sf] nflu dfq} ;xof]u dfUg] lg0f{o ul/of] . hUuf / ejg ;+:yfksx¿sf] ;Lldt ;|f]t;fwgaf6 h'6fOof] . efjgfTds sf/0fn] ubf{ /]l8of] cfbfn] oGqpks/0fsf nflu o'g]:sf]nfO{ u'xf¥of], lsgls ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df o'g]:sf]nfO{ cu'jf dflgG5 . o'g]:sf]n] klg cg'/f]w :jLsf/ u¥of] . t/ rflxg]eGbf cfwf /sddfq} lbg;Sof] . oGqpks/0fsf] nflu gk'u /sd, Pp6f :6'l8of]sf] nfluafx]s, g]b/Nof08sf] :6d efg clk|msf kmfp08];g / jN8{ P;f]l;P;g km/ lqml:rog sDo'lgs];gn] k'¥ofOlbof] . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;+rfng ug{ rflxg] k|d'v s'/fx¿ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;+rfng ug{sf nflu rflxg] ufF7L s'/fx¿ oL x'g\ M sfo{qmd M /]l8of] cfbfn] ljxfg % ah]b]lv /ftL !) ah];Dd, !& 306f k|;f/0f u5{ . sfo{qmdnfO{ df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf lgDglnlvt >]0fLdf afF8\g;lsG5 M ;dfrf/ / tfhf ljifo, ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;, :yfgLo ;+:s[lt tyf wfld{s, o'jf ?lr tyf cGo ;fdfGo ?lrsf ljifo . k|To]s sfo{qmdnfO{ ljsf;sf] ;+efljt cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf lng] :6];gsf] ;du| b[li6sf]0f g} sfo{qmd lgdf{0f tyf k|;f/0fsf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt xf] . ;dfrf/sf d'Vo sfo{qmdx¿df !% ldg]6sf] b}lgs tLg j6f ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g / b}lgs !!) ldg]6sf] Go'h Dofulhg sfo{qmd k5{g\ . ;dfrf/ a'n]l6gx¿df :yfgLo ;dfrf/, vf; u/L :6];gsf :jo+;]js ;Djfbbftfx¿n] k7fPsf ;dfrf/ lbg hf]8 lbOG5 . xf6 ahf/ nfUg] lbgx¿df !) ldg]6sf] ahf/ efpm / ahf/sf] cj:yfsf] l/kf]6{ k|;f/ ul/G5 . ljz]if u/L ljsf;d"ns p2]Zon] agfOPsf sfo{qmdx¿df cfwfcfwf 3+6fsf] xKtfdf rf/ j6f sfo{qmd rf/ k|sf/sf k];f ug]{x¿, ls;fg -dlxnf tyf k'?if_, df5f dfg]{ dfemL, df5f Jofkf/L -h:t} df5f a]Rg]x¿ hf] df5f ;]Sg]÷;'sfpg] sfd klg u5{g\_ / 8«fOe/x¿sf nflu agfOg] sfo{qmdx¿ k5{g\ . ;fy}, :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f, ;fIf/tf tyf ljsf;sf sfo{qmd klg o;df k5{g\ . oL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdx¿ lkmN8d} pTkfbg / l/sl8{ª ul/G5g\ . ltgLx¿ ;xefuLx¿sf] rf;f] / lxt÷?lrdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . ltgdf rfvnfUbf 5nkmnx¿, cGtjf{tf{x¿ / sfd ubf{ ufOg] uLt jf cGo ;+uLtx¿ :jtM k5{g\ .


k];fut ;fy} ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdx¿df æGof/f] sfl:6ªÆ sf] l;4fGt ckgfOG5 / tL sfo{qmdx¿ ;fdfGo ?lrsf sfo{qmdx¿sf aLrdf nlIft ;d'bfosf ;a}eGbf w]/} dflg;n] /]l8of] ;'Gg] a]nfdf ahfOG5g\ . c? klg k];]j/ sfo{qmdx¿ agfOFb} 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, sfnLu9÷sdL{÷x:tsnfsdL{x¿, Jofkf/L, lzIfsx¿sf] nflu sfo{qmd aGb}5 . /]l8of] ;'Gg;lsg] If]qsf ;a} k];fsf dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf nflu /]l8of]df s]xL g s]xL sfo{qmd 5 eGg] cg'e"lt u?g\ eGg] o;sf] p2]Zo xf] . ;dfrf/ / ljsf;d"ns sfo{qmdsf ;fy} :6];gn] c? >]0fLsf cfwfcfwf 306fsf em08} tL; j6f sfo{qmd agfpF5 . :yfgLo ;+:s[ltsf] ;DaGwdf agfOg] o;sf sfo{qmdx¿df syf ;'gfpg], k/Dk/ut vfg]s'/fsf] kl/sf/, 8fª\d] efiffsf] lstfa k9]/ ;'gfpg], ;+:s[ltsf ljljw kIfdfly 5nkmn, tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿n] :6'l8of]df jf lkmN8df l/s8{ ul/Psf k/Dk/fut uLt tyf ;+uLtsf] b}lgs cfwf 306fsf] sfo{qmd k5{g\ . jftfj/0fsf] af/]df ljsf;d"ns Pp6f sfo{qmd ofqf j0f{gsf] z}nLdf agfOPsf] 5, h;df sfo{qmd pTkfbs x/]s xKtf ufpFufpFdf hfG5g\ / ToxfF ePsf pNn]vgLo, /f]rs s'/fx¿sf] ;hLj j0f{g u5{g\, clg oxL d];f]df jftfj/0fLo ;d:oflt/ cf}FNofpF5g\ . o;df ljifoj:t'nfO{ /f]rs tyf glkg]{ lsl;dn] k|:t't ul/P klg eGg vf]h]sf] s'/f jf ;Gb]z dd{:yndf k'U5 / k|efj kf5{ . Ps lbg Pp6f ufpFdf k'Ubf sfo{qmd lgdf{tfn] xNnf / xtf/f] b]Vg'k¥of] . ufpFn]n] pgnfO{ lrg]5g\ . kfsf dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf 3/sf s]6fs]6LnfO{ s'rf] lng bf}8fP / a9fg{ nufP . of] 36gf ufpFn]x¿n] sfo{qmd ;'G5g\ eGg] km'Sof{pg] k|df0f xf] tfklg :6];gsf] clGtd p2]Zo sfo{qmddfkm{t lbuf] ;fd'bflos sfddf ;lqmo agfpg' xf] . o;sf] nflu hgtf;Fu ePsf] 1fg / ;"rgf tyf :yfgLo txdf Tof] 1fgsf] pkof]usf s'/fx¿nfO{ cfsif{s / ;fGble{s 9+un] k|:t't ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . sd{rf/L M /]l8of] cfbfdf %) hgf :jo+;]jL sd{rf/L 5g\ . !$ hgf k"0f{sflns 5g\ . aL; hgf sd{rf/L lkmN8d} a;]/ sfd u5{g\ . pgLx¿ sfo{qmdaf/] ;/;Nnfx / l/s8{ ul/Psf sfo{qmd ;Dkfbg cflb sfd ug{ ;ftfdf Ps kN6 :6];gdf cfpF5g\ . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pd]/ @) b]lv %) jif{;Dd 5 . pgLx¿df ls;fg, lzIfs, xhfd, 8sdL{, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, Jofkf/L, :s'n 5f8]sf / lj:tfl/t sfo{qmdsf sfo{stf{x¿ 5g\ . em08} Ps ltxfO sd{rf/L dlxnf 5g\ . cfwfhlt :jo+;]jsx¿ :6];gaflx/ k"0f{sflns sfd u5{g\ . afsL sf]xL ljleGg sfddf nfu]sf 5g\ / sf]xL a]/f]huf/ 5g\ . ;|f]t h'6]kl5 d'Vod'Vo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ kfl/>lds lbg] ljrf/ ul/g]5 . :6];gsf ;+:yfksx¿n] :jo+;]jL÷cj}tlgs ¿kdf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] x}l;otn] sfd u5{g\ . sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd M /]l8of] cfbf;Fu ;+nUg x'g'cl3 s'g} klg sd{rf/L;Fu k|;f/0f;+a+wL cg'ej jf tflnd lyPg . gfOh]l/ofsf] sfb'gfdf uP/ kfFr hgfn] /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbg;+a+wL 5f]6f] tflnd lng'afx]s c? ;a} sd{rf/Ln] /]l8of] cfbfn] cfof]hgf u/]sf tflndx¿dfkm{t ;a} tflnd lnPsf lyP . o;sf b'O6f sf/0f lyP M klxnf], k/Dk/fut tflnd sfo{qmdx¿n] ljsf;sf l;4fGt / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k4ltdfly hf]8 lbFb}gg\ . bf];|f], k/Dk/fut tflnd lng]x¿;Fu o:tf of]Uotfx¿ x'g'k5{ hf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu sfd nfUb}g jf c;fGble{s x'G5g\ . /]l8of] cfbfdf :jo+;]js eP/ sfd ug{] d'Vo cfwf/ ;/n / lgDglnlvt 5g\ M ;d'bfok|lt ;+sNk, :jo+;]js eP/ sfd ug]{ OR5f, / 8fª\d] / c+u|]hL af]Ng;Sg] . w]/}h;f] k|lzIfsx¿ 8fª\d] efiff af]Ng ghfGg] x'gfn] k|lzIffyL{x¿n] c+u|]hL af]Ng;Sg] ;t{ /flvPsf] xf] .


;a} cf}krfl/s tflndx¿ ;xeflutfTds sfof{zfnfsf] >[+vnfdfkm{t\\ cfof]hgf ul/Psf lyP . o;df ;xeflutfTds cg';Gwfgsf cf}hf/x¿, cfwf/e"t sfo{qmd pTkfbg, ;dfrf/ pTkfbg, tyf pb\3f]if0f ;Lkx¿ ;dfj]z lyP . /]l8of] cfbfsf p2]Zox¿nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ k|lzIfsx¿af6 o;sf] ljsf;sf l;4fGt / cfjZos Jofj;flos cjwf/0ffaf6 sfo{zfnf ;'? ul/of] / pgLx¿n] Jofjxfl/s ¿kn] sfd ub}{ l;sfpg] ljlw ckgfP . ljleGg 9fFrfdf cfof]hgf ul/g] tflndx¿ :6];gsf] lg/Gt/ rNg] / :yfoL ultljlw x'g\ . Joj:yfkg M ;ft hgf jl/i7 :jo+;]jLx¿sf] ;ldltn] :6];gsf] Joj:yfkgsf] w]/}h;f] sfd u5{ . o;n] :6];gsf ;a} kIfsf gLltx¿ agfpg], nfu" ug]{ / cg'udg ug]{ sfd ug'{sf ;fy} :6];gsf] a}+s vftf klg ;+rfng u5{ . ;+of]hs -sf]cl8{g]6/_ :6];gsf] dfGotfk|fKt k|d'v xf] . t/ p;n] lgoldt ¿kn] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs;Fu ;Nnfx u/]/ jf pmdfkm{t sfd u5{ . ;ldltn] cfk;df tyf :jo+;]jsx¿;Fu k/fdz{ u/]/ lg0f{o u5{ . x/]s dlxgfdf x'g] d"Nof+sg sfo{zfnfdfkm{t ;fd"lxs efjgf / hf]z hufpg] tyf cfTdd"Nof+sg ug]{ sfd ul/G5 . o:tf sfo{zfnfx¿df ;+a+lwt If]qsf c:yfgLo ;dfrf/bftfx¿nfO{ 5f8]/ c? ;a} :jo+;]jsx¿n] efu lnG5g\ . ;d'bfosf] ;xof]u, kx'Fr / ;xeflutf M /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht lng'cl3 nlIft ;d'bfodf ;+a+lwt k/Dk/fut g]tfx¿ / ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/]/ /]l8of] cfbf :yfkgf ug]{ cgf}krfl/s ;xdlt lnOPsf] lyof] . o;n] lk|mSj]G;L kfPkl5 klxnf] sfd o;sf nflu ;d'bfosf] ;dy{g / ;xof]u h'6fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg'{ lyof] . :6];gsf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] If]qdf of] sfd s]lGb|t ul/of] hxfFaf6 o;sf] nflu d'Vo ;|f]t;fwg h'6fpg' lyof] . of] k|lqmofleq :jo+;]jsx¿sf] egf{ / tflnd klg lyof] . h'nfO{ !((^ df oL :jo+;]jsx¿n] ;fd'bflos ;j]{If0f u/] . o;sf] p2]Zo ljsf;d"ns, :yfgLo efiffsf] :6];gsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg' / sfo{qmd lgdf{0f tyf k|;f/0fsf] ;+DaGwdf ;d'bfosf] ljrf/ hfGg' lyof] . of] ;j]{If0fdf $@ ufpFsf !,@)) hgf pQ/bftfx¿n] /]l8of] :6];g /fVg]af/] efj'stfn] el/Psf], em08} Pp6} wf/0ff / ;dy{g JoQm u/] . ;fd'bflos a}7sx¿df JoQm ul/Psf /f]rs l6Kk0fLx¿ o:tf lyP M æxf] cfbfdf PkmPdn] d2t x'g]5 . xfdLn] /]l8of]df s'g} s'/f eO/x]sf ;'g]sf 5}gf}F . s;}n] /]l8of]sf] lj/f]w u¥of] eg] p;nfO{ h]ndf xfNg'k5{ . klxn] xfdLn] of] cj;/ kfPgf}F . clxn] cfPsf] of] df}sf 5f8\g' x'Fb}g . ca xfdL ;a}n] cfˆgf] :j/ ;'Gg;S5f}F . ca xfdLn] cfˆg} dft[efiffdf ;'Gg;S5f}F . of] x'g} k5{ clxn] g} x'g'k5{ .Æ :6];gsf] af/]df ;d'bfosf] pT;fxhgs k|ltlqmof sfo{qmd pTkfbg / k|;f/0f tyf ;+rfngdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf] ¿kdf cem} lbuf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos ;xuflutfsf nflu csf]{ Pp6f cj;/ lbg lbpF;f] / ;fFemsf] ;dfrf/kl5 kfFrkfFr ldg]6 l6Kk0fLsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . of] ;dodf >f]tfx¿n] h'g;'s} ljifodf cfkmgf] ljrf/ l/s8{ u/fpg;S5g\ . t/ ;t{ s] 5 eg] To:tf] egfO em'6f, xfgLsf/s / s;}nfO{ a]Oht ug]{ x'g' x'Fb}g . Pp6f l6Kk0fLdf df5f a]Rg] dlxnfx¿sf] ;+u7g ;+nUg lyof] . k/Dk/fcg';f/ df5f dfg]{ sfd k'?ifx¿n]dfq} u5{g\ . dlxnfx¿n] k'?ifx¿ / cfˆgf nf]Ug]x¿;Fu df5f lsg]/ ;]S5g\÷;'sfpF5g\ / a]R5g\ . k'?ifx¿n] cfˆgf] df]ndf df5f a]R5g\ . dlxnfx¿n] u|fxsx¿nfO{ df5f a]Rbf cfPsf] gfkmf cfkm}n] /fV5g\ / 3/sf] sfddf vr{ u5{g\ .


df5f a]Rg] dlxnfx¿sf] ;d"xsL g]tfn] cfkmgf] l6Kk0fLdf /]l8of] cfbfsf] ahf/ efpsf] l/kf]6{sf] lgSs} s8f cfnf]rgf ul/g\ . ;fy} cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf s]xL ;b:onfO{ ltgsf kltn] lk6\g] u/]sf]df lj/f]w k|s6 ul/g\ . o:tf] lsg eof] eg] /]l8of]n] df5fsf] ahf/ efpm ;'gfpg yfn]kl5 df5f a]Rg] dlxnfsf kltx¿n] l/;fpFb} ltgsf kTgLx¿n] w]/} bfddf df5f a]R5g\ / cfkm"nfO{ yf]/} k};f lbP/ 7lu/x]sf 5g\ eGg] bfaL u/] 5g\ . kmn:j¿k /]l8of] cfbfn] cfˆgf] sfo{qmddf s] s'/f k|:t't u¥of] eg] /]l8of]df k|;f/ ul/g] df5fsf] ahf/ efpmn] df5fsf] efpm lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfddf ;+nUg !@ j6f ljleGg k|lqmofx¿sf] d"No / ;donfO{ hgfpF5 . cyf{t\ df5f lsg]sf] / a]r]sf] cjlwsf] aLrdf ylkPsf] d"No hgfpF5 . of] k|:t'ltn] ;dembf/L / ;Ddfg a9fof] / l:yltnfO{ zfGt kf¥of] . >f]tf k|ltlqmof M cfjZos ;|f]tsf] cefjn] ubf{ /]l8of] cfbfn] ljlwjt >f]tf ;j]{If0f ug{;s]sf] 5}g . t}klg sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{qmd l/s8{ ug{ lkmN8df hfFbf >f]tfx¿;Fusf] s'/fsfgLaf6, lr7Lkqsf] cf]O/f] / :6];gdf cfpg]x¿af6 k|ltlqmofx¿ lg/Gt/ cfO/xG5g\ . /]l8of] cfbfnfO{ æ8fªd] ;d'bfosf] nflu a/bfgÆ eg]/ k|ltlqmof lbg] sfddf lg/Gt/tf 5 . ljleGg ;|f]taf6 cfPsf lr7L / l6Kk0fLx¿df lgs} ldlxg / la:tf/k"j{s sfo{qmdsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;af6 >f]tfx¿n] sfo{qmdsf] ljifoj:t'dfly lgSs} d]xgt;fy Wofg lbG5g eGg] hgfpF5 . w]/}n] /rgfTds cfnf]rgf u5{g\ / c? sfo{qmdsf nflu ;'emfj lbG5g\ . ;fKtflxs kqf]Q/ sfo{qmddf ;s];Dd w]/} lr7Lsf] hjfkm lbOG5 . lkmN8af6 k|fKt l/kf]6{x¿n] s] ;+s]t u5{g\ eg] zx/ / ufpFsf k"/} lx:;f s'g} g s'g} lglZrt sfo{qmd ;'Gg /f]lsG5g\ . h:t} ;8sdf ufpg] cflbjf;L h;n] :yfgLo nf]ssyf jf nf]s 36gf uLt ufpF5, tyf gLlt syfx¿sf] uLt /r]/ ufpg] dflg;sf] >[+vnfj4 /]l8of] sfo{qmd . w]/} hgfsf] lglDt of] :6];g aflx/L ;+;f/sf] af/]df hfGg] Psdfq ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 5 . ;d'bfosf] hLjgdf sltko s'/fdf o;n] lg0ff{ossf] e"ldsf klg v]ln/x]sf] 5 . s'g} s'/fsf] ;Totf k|dfl0ft ug]{ / emu8f ldnfpg] sfddf o;sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . ;+rfng vr{ M /]l8of] cfbfn] cfˆgf] ;+rfng vr{ h'6fOlbgsf nflu cg'bfg jf ;xof]u dfu]sf] 5}g . of] k"/} vr{ Jofkfl/s lj1fkg / ;:tf ;fdflhs lj1fkg -h:t} ;dj]bgf ;Gb]z_ af6 x'g] cfDbfgLaf6 rnfpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . clxn]sf] vr{ eg]sf] vf; u/L lah'nL, kfgL, kmf]]g cflb ;]jfx¿, ;fdfgx¿ / :6];gsf] uf8L gePsf] a]nfdf oftfoft eQf xf] hf] jf:tljs vr{cg';f/ lbOG5 . ;+rfng ePsf] nueu Ps jif{kl5 ;fy} ;a} sd{rf/L a]tnaL :jo+;]js x'Fbf klg :6];gsf] cfDbfgL s'n ;+rfng vr{sf] cfwfhlt dfq} 5 . :6];gsf] :yfkgf ug{ c? w]/} sfd ug'{ k/]sf]n] Jofkf/ k|j4{gdf k|of{Kt Wofg lbg g;Sg' o;sf] Pp6f d'Vo sf/0f xf] . hf]8bf/ dfs]{l6ª u/]/ bf];|f] jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf :6];gsf] cfDbfgL vr{ a/fa/L x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;d:of / cK7of/fx¿ ;d:ofx¿ M ejg agfpg rflxg] ;fdfg cfpg l9nf eof], t}klg of] !# dlxgfdf tof/ eof] . k|;f/0f lk|mSj]G;L ;a}eGbf ufx|f] ;d:of eof] . !((& df /]l8of] cfbfsf] ;kmn k/LIf0f k|;f/0fkl5 gfOh]l/ofsf] nfuf];df Pp6f zlQmzfnL PkmPd :6];g ToxL lk|mSj]G;Ldf ;'? eof] . o;n] /]l8of] cfbfsf] k|;f/0fnfO{ /f]Sof] / !((& sf] lqm;d;b]lv k"0f{ ¿kdf k|;f/0f ug]{ o;sf] of]hgfnfO{


c;+ej agfOlbof] . /]l8of] cfbfn] gofF lk|mSj]G;Lsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg'k¥of] . !((* sf] hgj/Lsf] dWolt/ (#=# d]ufxh{ :jLs[t eof] . ! km]a|'c/L;Dd k|;f/0f :ylut ug'{k¥of] . ;f]x| lbgkl5 /]l8of] cfbf lah'nLsf] s8f /f;lgªn] cfZro{rlst eof] . s]xL ;dosf] nflu o;n] aflx/af6 ;fk6 NofPsf] h]g/]6/af6 lah'nL lgsfn]/ sfd rnfpg sf]lz; u¥of] . klxn] Pp6f u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 / kl5 :yfgLo ;/sf/L ljefuaf6 h]g/]6/ NofOof] t/ k"0f{ ¿kdf :6];g rnfpg b'a}n] kof{Kt lah'nL lbg g;s]sf]n] sfd nfu]g . sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ;do 36fP/ lbgsf] !) 3+6f ul/of] . t/ >f]tfx¿n] cw}o{ eP/ :yfgLo ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿;dIf h]g/]6/ pknAw u/fpg] dfu u/] . /]l8of] cfbfn] cg'/f]w gul/sg} 8fªd] k"jL{ lhNnf ;efn] :6];gnfO{ o;sf] ;fd'bflos ;]jfsf] dxTjnfO{ :jLsfb}{ Pp6f h]g/]6/ ;xof]u :j¿k lbof] . clxn] /]l8of] :6];gn] lah'nL aGb x'Fbf klg g/f]lsOsg sfd ul//xG5 . cK7Øf/fx¿ M :jo+;]jsx¿sf] ljzfn 8ˆkmfsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{kbf{ ljz]if ;d:ofx¿ cfOnfU5g\ . oL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ 5nkmn, s'/fsfgL, ;Nnfx, ;'emfj, tyf cfTdcfnf]rgf / d"Nof+sgåf/f ;dfwfg ul/G5 . t}klg, tnaL sd{rf/Lx¿df klg cfjZos u'0f / ;Lk x'Fb}g . ;fy}, ;xeflutfTds ljsf; cEof; l;sfpg] k|lzIfsx¿sf] cefj 5 . /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbg tyf ;fGble{s :yfgLo efiff ;Lksf] cefj 5 . csf]{ cK7Øf/f] ljsf;] ;]jfx¿ ;fx|} sdhf]/ 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] /]l8of] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ / l7s;Fu cg'udg ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . o; kl/l:yltdf, sfdsf] dxTjn] ubf{ ltgnfO{ 5f]8\g jf :ylut ug{ klg g;lsg] x'gfn] :6];gn] tL ;]jfx¿sf] pkof]u ug{ / ltgnfO{ ;3fpg kl//x]sf] 5 . oL ;a} cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]tdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg' w]/} dflg;x¿ k"0f{sflns ¿kdf sfd nfUg'k5{ . To:tf dflg; clxn] 5}gg\ . ahf/sf] lj1fkg ;+efJotfsf] pkof]u ug{sf nflu :6];gn] clxn];Dd dfs{]l6ª /0fgLlt agfPsf] 5}g . /]l8of] k|;f/0fn] ;d]6\g] If]qleqsf ;fgf;fgf pBdL tyf Jofkf/Lx¿dfem ælj1fkg ;+:s[ltÆ sf] afgL a;fNg afsL g} 5 . lj1fkg o:tf] sfd xf] hf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] p2]Zosf] k|lts"n x'g] s'g} ;Demf}tf gu/Lsg ul/g'k5{ . d'Vo >f]tf klxnf] jif{sf] ;+rfng cg'ejn] j}wflgstfsf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ kf7 l;sfof] . ;d'bfonfO{ pgLx¿sf] b}lgs hLjgdf /]l8of]n] dxTjk"0f{ / ljsf;] e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 eGg] l;sfof] . :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] k|;f/0f :6];g ;+rfng / ;+ef/ ug{;S5g\ eGg] l;sfof] . clg :6];g cfkm}nfO{ o;n] dxTjk"0f{ tyf k|z+;gLo ;]jf k|bfg u5{ eGg] l;sfof] . o;af6 l;lsPsf d'Vo kf7x¿ x'g\ M lbuf]kgsf nflu Jofkfl/s kIfnfO{ ;'?b]lv g} ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ /x]5 . :6];g v8f ug{ / ;+rfng ug{ olt w]/} af]em k¥of] ls :6];gsf ;]jfx¿sf] ljqmL ug{ s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ nufOPg . of] s'/f ljz]if ¿kn] ca h?/L ePsf] 5 . /]l8of] cfbfsf pknlAwx¿n] cfkm\g} ult lnO;s]sf] 5 . :6];gsf Ifdtfx¿ /ftf/ft a9]sf 5g\ . ;d'bfosf] k|ltlqmof olt pT;fxhgs 5 ls slxNo}


glrtfPsf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jfx¿ a9fpg :6];g;Fu cg'/f]w ul/G5 . cfjZos ;|f]tx¿ pknAw 5g\ . ltgnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ :6];g cufl8 ;g'{k5{ . clGtd kf7 clnslt ;Demfpg] vfnsf] 5 . s'g} klg ljrf/nfO{ cl3 a9fpg ef}lts ;|f]tx¿, 1fg / ;Lk;Fu} ljZjf; / kf/:kl/s e/f];f tyf Pstf rflxG5, h'g s'/f /]l8of] cfbfsf :jo+;]jsx¿n] kof{Kt dfqfdf b]vfPsf 5g\ . :6];gnfO{ eGbf /fhgLlts bnLo sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf]df ;xsdL{ :jo+;]jssf] cfnf]rgf ub}{ Ps hgf :jo+;]jsn] eg]sf lyP, æbnLo /fhgLlt rf/ jif{sf] nflu xf], t/ /]l8of] cfbf ;Fw}sf nflu xf] .Æ Pn]S; Sjfd]{gn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] clej4{g ug{ o'g]:sf]df w]/} jif{;Dd sfd u/]sf lyP . ;]jflgj[Q ePkl5 pgL / pgsL kTgL /]l8of] cfbf ;+rfng ug{ cfkmgf] u[x ;d'bfodf kms]{ .

blIf0f clk|msfsf] a'; /]l8of] PkmPd *(=% — ljut, jt{dfg, / eljio

h]g Oa|flxd / Pd= P8d; ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;Gbe{ jiff}F{;Dd blIf0f clk|msfsf] tTsfnLg /+ue]bL ;/sf/sf] ;fpy clk|msg a|f]8sfl:6ª skf]{/];gsf] -P;PaL;L_ Psflwsf/ sfod /x]kl5 æ/]l8of] t/+unfO{ :jtGq agfpg] ;+wif{Æ sf] lht eof] . P; PaL;Lsf] k'g{;+/rgf ul/of] / !((# df Pp6f :jtGq k|;f/0f k|flws/0f – OlG8k]G8]G6 a|f]8sfl:6ª cyl/6L -cfO{aLP_ sf] :yfkgf eof] . klxnf] Ohfhtkq !((% df lbOPsf] lyof] eg] clxn] blIf0f clk|msfdf *% j6f :jtGq /]l8of] :6];gx¿ 5g\ /, ;fd'bflos /]l8of] oxfF :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . -blIf0f clk|msfsf] /]l8of];DaGwL sfg"g la:tf/k"j{s hfGgsf nflu t];|f] cWofo x]g'{xf]nf ._ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] pkl:yltn] blIf0f clk|msfsf] k|;f/0fsf] cg'xf/} km]l/Psf] 5 . o;n] c;+Vo :jo+;]js tyf ;fd'bflos sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ egf{ u/]sf] 5 / pgLx¿ cfcfˆgf /]l8of] :6];gx¿df ;lqmo ¿kn] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} of] If]qn] lj1fksx¿nfO{ cfslif{t u/]sf] 5 . sltko :6];gx¿n] k|;f/0f ;dosf] ljqmL / ljz]if cj;/÷sfo{qmd÷;df/f]x÷d]nfx¿sf] k|j4{g u/]/ cfDbfgL ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/, o;/L cfly{s cfTdlge{/tf xfl;n ug]{ sltko :6];gx¿ Ps k|sf/n] ;kmntfsf lzsf/ klg ag]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ ljsf;] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]eGbf Jofkfl/s If]qsf] :6];gsf] ¿kdf x]l/g yfn]sf] 5 . yf]/} ;dod} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] If]qn] afFRg;Sg] pNn]vgLo ;fdYo{ b]vfPsf] 5 . t/, ljsf; ug{] sfd lg/Gt/ hf/L /fVg], tflnd rnfO/xg] /, ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, cfTdge{/tfsf] nflu sfd ug'{kg]{ vfFrf] t :ki6} 5 . laut s]xL jif{b]lv bftfx¿n], vf; u/L k|;f/0f oGqpks/0f lbg] sfddf, /fd|f];Fu ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . s]xL :6];gx¿n] b}lgs ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZos /sd klg kfpF5g\ . /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgf u/]/ ;'?df ;+rfng ug{ Pp6f e/kbf]{ ljsNksf] ¿kdf bftfx¿sf] ;xof]u kfOg] s'/f clxn];Dd :ki6 5 . cfTdlge{/tfsf] lbzfdf w]/} :6];gx¿n] c? ;+efljt cfo;|f]t klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ . lj1fkgafx]s, ;b:otf z'Ns tyf ;fd'bflos sf]if :yfkgf k|d'v ;|f]tx¿ x'g;S5g\ .


k|f/De !(*) sf] bzssf] cGTolt/ j}slNks >Jo ;+rf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df ?lr /fVg] dflg;x¿sf] ;fgf] ;d"xn] Pp6f ;+:yf :yfkgf u/] . pgLx¿n] ;"rgf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrfdf Sof;]6df /]s8{ uy{], Tof] Sof;]6sf] w]/} k|lt÷yfg agfpFy] / s]k6fpg jl/kl/ afF8y] . Tof] ;+:yfnfO{ Sof;]6 -Sof;]6 Ph's];g 6«:6_ elgGYof] . ;fN6 l/e/df o;sf] ;fgf] sfof{no lyof] . ;fIf/tf, :jf:Yo lj1fg÷;/;kmfO, :jf:Yo tyf ;fGble{s /fhgLlts ljifoh:tf ljifox¿df ljkGgx¿nfO{ lzlIft agfpg' o;sf] p2]Zo lyof] . z}lIfs tyf ;anLs/0fsf] bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ sfddf /]l8of] k|;f/0f Pp6f cleGg lx:;f x'g]5 eGg] s'/f kl/of]hgfsf cu'jfx¿nfO{ ;fgf] ¿kdf sfd ;'? u/]b]lv g} yfxf lyof] . sf:6n] of] wf/0ff / o;sf] ;+efJotfaf/] 5nkmn rnfpg yfNof] / cGttM s]k6fpgsf] l7s aflx/ cjl:yt o'lgel;{6L ckm j]:6g{ s]kdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;'ljwf :yflkt ug]{ k|:tfj /fVof] . t/, w]/} 5nkmn kl5 o'lgjl;{6L SofDk; pko'Qm :yfg x'g;Qm}g eGg] :ki6 eof] . of]7fpF ;du| ¿kdf sfnf] j0f{sf ;d'bfosf] kx'Frb]lv w]/} 6f9f lyof] . jf:tjdf of] ljZjljBfno sfnf / uf]/fx¿sf] ;dfudaf6 hGd]sf æc:j]tÆ -sn8{_ eg]/ hftLo cfwf/df lrlgg] j0f{;+s/x¿sf nflu !(^) df agfOPsf] lyof] . of] sn]h zx/b]lv 6f9f / afSnf] a'6Øfg / emf8Lx¿n] 3]l/Psf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ a'; sn]h eGg yflnPsf] lyof] . clg o;sf] rd]gf3/df /x]sf] /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ a'; /]l8of] eg]/ lrlgGYof] . sfnfGt/df, sf:6 lj36g eof] / Pp6f dxTjfsf+IfL ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleofgsf] ¿kdf k'gu{7g eof] . SofDk;sf] df}lns÷k'/fgf] gfdnfO{ sfod /fVb} a'; /]l8of]sf] hGd eof] . :jo+;]jL ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf !((@ df u7g ePsf] of] ;+:yfsf] :jfldTj / ;+rfng o;sf ;b:ox¿sf] xftdf lyof] / ;d'bfonfO{ k|;f/0fdf k'¥ofpg] sfddf of] s]lGb|t lyof] . o;sf] p2]Zo sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿nfO{ k|;f/s aGg] cj;/ lbg' lyof] . of] k|of;nfO{ hf/L /fVg k};f rflxGYof] . w]/} bftfx¿sxfF wfpg] sfd eof] / cGTodf k|;f/0f;DaGwL tflnddf ;+nUg hd{g kmfp08];g k|m]8l/s Oa6{ l:6km6'ªn] -PkmO{P;_ ;xof]u lbof] . PkmO{P;sf] ;xof]usf] va/ km}lnof] . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cjwf/0ff pT;fxhgs lyof] . rf/}lt/af6 tflndsf nflu lgj]bgsf] af9L cfpg yfNof] . a'; /]l8of]n] rfF8} g} cfkm"nfO{ blIf0f clkm|sfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] :yfkgfsf] nflu k|d'v k|lzIfs / cleofgstf{sf] ¿kdf :yflkt u¥of] . k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht kfpg ;/sf/nfO{ bafj lbFb} / ev{/ v'Ng nfu]sf b]ze/sf :6];gx¿nfO{ tflnd lbFb} yf]/} ;dod} a'; /]l8of]n] cfkm"nfO{ / ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cjwf/0ff b'a}nfO{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ zlQmsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u¥of] . cj1f k|;f/0f Ohfhtsf nflu lbOPsf w]/} lgj]bgx¿ c:jLs[t ePkl5 a'; /]l8of]n] u}/sfg"gL tl/sfn] k|;f/0f ug]{ lgwf] u¥of] . d] !((# df ;lqmotfjfbL :jo+;]jsx¿sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] u}/sfg"gL ¿kn] NofOPsf] 6«fG;ld6/nufot :6];gsf pks/0fx¿ Pp6f sf]7fdf h8fg u/] / k|;f/0f ug]{ tof/L u/] . Pp6f k|]]; lj1lKt afFl8of], / Pp6f 5f]6f] sfo{qmd ;do tflnsfsf] th'{df ul/of],


clg Pp6f uLt /lrof] . s]xL k/LIf0f k"/f u/]kl5 a'; /]l8of] tof/ eof] . aLraLrdf n3' gf6s, s'/fsfgL, 5f]6f sljtf / xf:oJo+Uo sfo{qmdx¿ lbFb} a'; /]l8of]sf] k|;f/0f ;'? eof] . clwsf/Lx¿n] :6];g :yndf xdnf u/]/ oGqpks/0f hkmt gu/];Dd, rf/ 306f, k|;f/0f hf/L /Xof] . a'; /]l8of]sf d'Vo b'O{ hgf ;b:ox¿dfly tLg j6f cleof]u nfUof] M u}/sfg"gL k|;f/0f u/]sf]Ù u}/sfg"gL ¿kdf k|;f/0f pks/0fx¿ /fv]sf]Ù / Gofo÷sfg"g ;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf afwf k'¥ofPsf] . cbfntdf d'2f nlDaFb} uof] . t/ a'; /]l8of]sf ;b:ox¿n] ;'Gg / ;'gfpg kfpg] clwsf/sf] nflu h]n hfg] vt/f lnPsf] s'/f b]ze/sf / cGt/f{li6«o ldq tyf ;dy{sx¿n] a'em]sf lyP . ljZjel/af6 JolQmut ¿kdf / ;+:yfx¿af6 7"nf] bafj k/]kl5 cf7 dlxgfkl5 ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lnof] . tflnd / ;lqmotf To;kl5sf b'O{ jif{df b]zleq 7"nf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g eof] / klxnf] k|hftflGqs r'gfjsf] tof/L ;'?eof] . o;aLr a'; /]l8of]n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k|;f/0f u/fpg] k|of; hf/L /fVof] . o;n] /fli6«o:t/df tflnd lqmofsnfk hf]8tf]8sf ;fy ;+rfng ul//Xof] . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k|;f/sx¿sf] ljZj ;+u7g cdfs{sf] ;b:o aGg] of] klxnf] blIf0f clk|msL b]z eof] . blIf0f clk|msfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] nflu cleofg rnfpg] sfd o;n] hf/L /fVof] . !((# sf] ;'?df PkmO{P;n] k|fylds txsf] tflnd ;+rfng ug{ k"0f{ ;';lHht :6'l8of] lbP/ ;xof]u u¥of] . of] jf:tjd} crDdnfUbf] b[Zo lyof] . a'; /]l8of] ;fFlRrs} /]l8of] :6];gh:tf] b]lvg yfn]sf] lyof] . af]8{df Ps hgf k"0f{sflns k|lzIfs NofOof] . tflnd kf7Øqmddf oL ljifox¿ lyP M ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] kl/roÙ lkmr/ / 8So'd]G6«L sfo{qmd pTkfbgÙ dlxnf / k|ljlwÙ tyf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] Joj:yfkg . tflnd ultljlwsf] d"n Wo]o k|lzIfsx¿ tof/ kfg'{ lyof] . ;xefuLx¿ cfcfˆgf] :6];gdf kms]{kl5 :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof] . rfF8} g} c? ;+:yfx¿ klg o;df ;+nUg eP / 8r]j]n], /]l8of] k|mfG; OG6/g];gn, o'P;cfO{P;, / Sofg]l8ofg a|f]8sfl:6ª skf]{/];g;Fu ;fem]bf/L / cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ;Demf}tfx¿ eP . OlG:6Ro'6 km/ P8efG;d]06 ckm hgf{lnhd / ldl8of 6«]lgª ;]G6/nufotsf /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿n] klg /]l8of] ljifodf tflnd lbg yfn] . o;/L lj:tf/} cfwf/e"t /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbg tyf Joj:yfkg ;Lksf nflu ;|f]t :yflkt eof] . /]l8of] tflnd, g]6 jls{ª, / nlaOªaf6 cfhsf] blIf0f clk|msfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cfGbf]ngsf] aLp /f]lkFb} lyof] . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k|j4{g ug]{ sfd cem cl3 a9fpg ;/sf/nfO{ dgfpg / of] If]qsf] ;dGjo / dfu{ lgb]{zg ug{sf nflu !(($ df g];gn sDo'lg6L /]l8of] kmf]/d -Pg;Lcf/Pkm_ sf] :yfkgf ul/of] . ;'?df o;n] a'; /]l8of]sf] sfof{noaf6 sfd u¥of] eg] kl5 ;xof]u /sd h'6fP/ ufp6]+ªdf cfˆg} sfof{no vf]Nof] . !(($ sf] cflv/;Dddf Ol08d]08]G6 a|f]8sfl:6ª cyl/6L -cfO{aLP_ ;dIf k|;f/0f Ohfhtsf nflu Ps ;oeGbf w]/} lgj]bg kl/;s]sf] lyof] . cflv/df Ohfht k|fKt eof]


!((% sf] h'gdf, Sof;]6n] hgtfsf] nflu k|;f/0f u/fO5f8\g] ;+sNk u/]sf] 7Ls ;ft jif{kl5, a'; /]l8of]n] k|;f/0f Ohfht kfof] . t/ cfO{aLPn] pQ/flwsf/sf] ¿kdf kfPsf] cyf{t\ klxn] g} ag]sf] lk|mSj]G;L of]hgfcGtu{t /x]/ sfd ug'{ kYof]{ / ;f] of]hgfn] lgj]bgsf] af9LnfO{ y]Ug ;Qm}gYof] . ;fy} s]k6fpgsf] cK7f/f] 6]a'n dfpG6]gsf] sl7gfOn] ubf{ cfO{aLPn] a'; /]l8of]nfO{ Pp6f lk|mSj]G;L ;L–ˆNof6 gfds ;fd'bflos :6];g;Fu cfwfcfwf afF8]/ pkof]u ug]{ Ohfht lbof] . of] s'/f Tolt k"0f{ geP klg ;a} hgf v'zL eP . a'; /]l8of]n] b}lgs lbpF;f] @ ah]b]lv /ftL @ ah];Dd / ;L–ˆNof6n] ljxfg @ ah]b]lv lbpF;f] @ ah];Dd k|;f/0f ug]{ Ohfht kfof] . k|;f/0fsf] tof/L Ohfht k|fKt ug]{ nIf k"/f eof], ca k|;f/0f ;'? ug{ afsL lyof] . To; a]nf;Dd a'; /]l8of]df tLg hgf k"0f{sflns sd{rf/L, tflnd kfPsf pT;fxL :jo+;]jsx¿sf] hdft, / ;';lHht tflnd :6'l8of] lyof] . ca ;kmn sfo{qmd k|;f/0f sfo{tflnsf agfpg], dfs]{l6ª ug]{ / /]l8of] ;+rngsf nflu ;xof]u ;+sng ug{] sfd afsL lyof] . h'nfO{ !((% df a'; /]l8of]n] cfˆgf] eljiosf] sfo{qmdaf/] ;dLIff÷d"Nof+sg ug{, of]hgf agfpg / Pp6f ;femf b[li6sf]0f tof/ kfg{ /0fgLlts sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf u¥of] . a'; /]l8of]sf] ;b:ox¿sf] ;+Vof a9]/ !))) k'u]sf] lyof] / !)) hgfhlt ;lqmo / tflndk|fKt :jo+;]jsx¿ lyP . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ ;3fpg / ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;]jfdf ;xefuL x'g cgluGtL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ pT;'s lyP . dgf]/+hg / lzIffnufotsf sfo{qmd ;do tflnsfsf] af/]df ;b:ox¿;Fu 5nkmn ul/of] . ;+:s[lt, efiff / :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿sf OR5f cfsf+Iffx¿ OdfGbf/L / uj{sf ;fy k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L sfo{qmd agfOg'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf lgSs} hf]8 lbOof] . :6];gsf] k|;f/0f efiffsf] ¿kdf :jefjtM s]k6fpgsf tLg j6f k|d'v efiffx¿, ;f];f, c+u|]hL / clk|msfg, :jLs[t eP . of] gf/f jf d"n jfSodf ;a}sf] ;xdlt eof] M ætkfO{Fsf], d]/f] xf], xfd|f] /]l8of]Æ . sfo{qmd tflnsfdf ;xdlt ePkl5 tyf k|;f/0f ug{ cf7 xKtf afsL 5Fbf :jo+;]jsx¿ tfhuL tflnd lng, sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ;do tflnsf agfpg / c? tof/L ug{] sfddf h'6] . ;f]/f]; cf]kg ;f];fO6L kmfp08];gn] cTofw'lgs k|;f/0f ;'ljwfsf nflu ;xof]u u¥of] . cflv/df ! ;]K6Da/ !((% sf] lbg a'; /]l8of]n] lbpF;f] @ ah] k|;f/0fsf] z'ef/+e u¥of] . of] lbg /fli6«o dlxnf lbj; xf] . :6];gn] b]zsf] ljsf;df dlxnfnfO{ lbPsf] dxTjsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf larf/ k'¥ofP/} Tof] lbgnfO{ /]l8of] k|;f/0f cf/De ug]{ lbgsf] ¿kdf /f]h]sf] lyof] . xfn;fn} a'; /]l8of] ;fN6 l/e/d} gofF / ljzfn kl/;/df ;/]sf] 5 . ejgsf] b'O{ tnfdf u/]/ #)) ju{ ld6/sf] If]q klxn]sf] 7fpFeGbf b'O{ u'gf w]/} 5 . kl/;/leq eJo Pgfnu tflnd, pTkfbg / k|;f/0f ;'ljwf 5 . k|ljlwsf] b[li6n] ;fob b]zsf] ;a}eGbf kl/is[t ;fd'bflos :6];g xf] of] .


Wjlg Joj:yfkg / ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf a'; /]l8of] d"ntM u'l7of/x¿sf] dgf]lgt af]8{ / sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] g]t[Tjdf :jo+;]jL ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . k|;f/0f ;'? ePkl5 cfTdlge{/tfsf] l:yltdf k'Ugsf nflu ;+u7gsf] gofF 9fFrf agfpg'k5{ eGg] lg0f{o eof] . af]8{n] gfkmf/lxt sDkgL v8f ug]{ lgwf] u¥of] . ca o;n] :6];g ;+rfng ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . of] 9fFrfn] ubf{ sfo{qmd k|fof]hg u/fpg / Jofkfl/s ;d'bfoaf6 ;xof]u kfpg ;3fPsf] 5 lsgls sDkgLsf] ;+u7gfTds cfwf/ alnof] x'G5 . sfg"gL k|fjwfgcg';f/ sDkgLsf] hfoh]yf / ;+rfngsf] lhDdf ;ft ;b:oLo lgb]{zs d08n -af]8{ ckm 8fO/]s6;{_ n] lng'k5{ . a'; /]l8of]sf gjlgo'Qm 8fO/]S6/x¿ bIf / :6];g k|lt k"0f{¿kdf ;dlk{t 5g\ . pgLx¿dWo] sf]xL ;xof]u h'6fpg, sf]xL sfo{qmd lgdf{0f tyf ;do tflnsf agfpg, sf]xL dfs]{l6ªdf t sf]xL sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] sfd u5{g\ . af]8{df s]k6fpgsf pkNnf] txsf ;kmn Joj;foLx¿ 5g\ . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf a'; /]l8of]sf] d'6' xf] . :6];gsf] Psdfq p2]Zo ;d'bfosf] ;]jf ug'{ xf] eGg] s'/f ;'?b]lv g} :ki6 kfl/Psf] lyof] . ;d'bfosf hf];'s}n] klg o;sf] ;b:otf / tflnd lng;Sy] . o;sf] k|;f/0f, pTkfbg / tflnddfkm{t :6];gn] cfˆgf nlIft ;d'bfo;Fu ;DaGw sfod u5{ . o;sf ;fy} oL ;d'bfox¿df ul/g] aflx/L k|;f/0f tyf :jo+;]]jsx¿sf] cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{ / km}nfpg], h;sf] ;+Vof %)) gfl3;s]sf] 5, sfd klg a''; /]l8of]n] ;'?b]lv g} lnPsf] cjwf/0ffsf] lx:;f xf] . ;b:ox¿ ;d'bfosf ;a} If]qsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ ljleGg ?lr÷lxt, ;+:s[lt tyf efiffaf6 cfPsf 5g\ . tL leq ljBfyL{, PSnL cfdf, ckf+u, k'?if ;dln+uL ;dy{s, a]/f]huf/ tyf gofF ;]jf lgj[Q JolQmx¿ k5{g . k|zf;g / cfly{s ljifob]lv sfo{qmdsf] ljifoj:t' / tflnd;+aGwL cfjZostf;Dd ;a} s'/fdf ;b:ox¿sf] k|ToIf kxF'r x'G5 . gLlt;+a+wL lg0f{o tyf sfo{zfnfx¿ dlxgfdf Ps kN6 cfof]hgf ul/G5 / :6];g rnfpg] af/]df cfˆgf] /fo;'emfj lbg ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ lgDTofOG5 . o;/L ;d'bfosf] :jfldTj / lgoGq0f ;'lglZrt ul/G5 . sfo{qmdsf] ;fdfGo ¿k/]vf k|;f/0fdf klxrfg ug{ jf h;n] klg lrGg;Sg] :j/ / e"ldsf lbg' r'gf}ltk"0f{ sfd xf] . uLt ;+uLt sfo{qmd lxkxk, /]uL, cf/ P08 aL, hfh, An'h, / h+unh:tf ck/Dk/fut ;+uLtsf ;fy} nf]slk|o ;+uLtdf a9L s]lGb|t x'G5 . ;+uLt sfo{qmddf k|foM k|ltof]lutf, kmf]g–sn–Og, cGtjf{tf{, luu ufO8, Do'lhs rf6{ tyf xf:oJo+Uo;d]t ;dfj]z x'G5 . :yfgLo snfsf/ / clegostf{x¿sf ;fy} Jofkfl/s /]l8of]df pknAw gx'g] gofF z}nLsf] ;+uLtsf] k|j4{g ug'{ klg Pp6f p2]Zo xf] . Psflt/ ;+uLt dxTjk"0f{ c+u xf] eg] ;d'bfonfO{ Jo:t /fVg] / lzlIft t'Nofpg' klg /]l8of]sf] k|ltj4tf xf] . ctM o;n] ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{, cfnf]rgfTds ljrf/ ;'gfpg] jfbljjfb rnfpg ;3fpg] vfnsf 5nkmn / lkmr/ sfo{qmd klg rnfpF5 . lkmr/ tyf 6s ;f] sfo{qmdx¿df /]l8of] a';n] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ Pp6f k|;f/0fsf] d+r jf rf}tf/L pknAw


u/fpF5, hxfF ;b:ox¿n] /]l8of]nfO{ ;fFrf] ljsf;sf] p2]Zodf 8f]¥ofpF5g\ . xfn} o;n] z/0ffyL{x¿sf] knfogsf] af/]df hgtfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] z/0ffyL{x¿n] g} rnfPsf] z/0ffyL{ sfo{qmd k|;f/ u/]sf] lyof] . s]xL vf;vf; lgoldt sfo{qmdx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M AofsRof6 cyf{t\ sG8fkl/ M ljleGg ;fd'bflos ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿n] pgLx¿n] s] e"ldsf v]N5g\ jf s] sfd u5{g\, clg ;d'bfon] pgLx¿sf] ;]jf s;/L kfpg;S5g\ eGg] s'/f atfpF5g\ . of] sfo{qmd k|;f/ eO/x]sf] a]nfdf x'g] 5nkmn / aflx/af6÷kmf]gaf6 ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] ;d'bfonfO{ ;3fpg;Sg] ljleGg ;+:yfx¿sf] af/]df pgLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] sfd kof{Kt dfqfdf ePsf] 5}g . anfTsf/sf l;sf/x¿, :jf:Yo, afnaflnsfsf] ;]jf, j[4x¿sf] eQf cflb ;]jfx¿ o;cGtu{t k5{g\ . ;fd'bflos sfg"g M of] sfo{qmd j]:6 s]k6fpg ljZjljBfnosf rf}yf] tyf kfFrf}F jif{sf sfg"gsf ljBfyL{x¿n] tof/ kf5{g\ . o;df ljleGg ljifodf ;fdfGo hgtfn] k|foM ghfg]sf jf ltgnfO{ gatfOPsf tYout ;"rgfx¿ lbOG5 . dfgjclwsf/sf clt ;/n s'/fx¿h:tf ;/n sfg"gsf ljifox¿ klg of] sfo{qmddf lbOG5 . of] sfo{qmdsf] kmf]g Og v08n] of] sfo{qmd cToGt nf]slk|o 5 eGg] s'/f ;flat u5{ . ;fy} s'g} ljifodf lnlvt cg'/f]w k9fpg klg pT;flxt ul/G5 . Ple|8] lkk'n cyf{t b}lgs hg;/f]sf/sf s'/f M b}lgs tLg 306f rNg] of] sfo{qmd ;+uLt Dofulhg kmDof{6 -9fFrf_ df 5 . uLt ;+uLtsf] aLraLrdf hg;]jfsf ;"rgf, lj1fkgx¿ -kLP;P_, ;"rgf÷;dfrf/ a'n]l6gx¿, ;"rgfkf6Lsf ;dfrf/x¿, k|ltof]lutfx¿, / ;]jf cfjZostfx¿af/] ;"rgf k|;f/ ul/G5 . ;d'bfodf o;sf] 7"nf] dxTj 5 . of] dfq} o'jfx¿sf] o:tf] sfo{qmd xf] h;n] s]k6fpgsf ;f];f efiff af]Ng] hgtfsf] eflifsf÷eflif ljz]iftf / JolQmTj emNsfpF5 . 6Lcf/;L l/kf]6{ M 6«'y P08 l/slG;lnP;g sld;g -6Lcf/;L_ sf] :yfkgf blIf0f clk|msfdf aiff}F;Dd rn]sf] j0f{e]bL l;4fGt / Jojxf/sf] kL8faf6 d'lQm kfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu ePsf] lyof] . a'; /]l8of] kGw| kGw| lbgdf sld;gsf ;b:onfO{ af]nfpFYof] .:6];gsf] ;dfrf/ l/kf]6{ sfo{qmddf sld:g/n] Tof] ;ftfel/ 6Lcf/;Ln] u/]sf sfdsf] af/]df JofVof uYof]{ . o;df ePsf] 5nkmndf sld:g/n] u/fPsf] ;'g'jfO sfo{qmddf 5'6]sf dl;gf s'/fx¿ k|:t't ul/GYof] / sld:g/sf] sfdsf] af/]df :ki6 kfl/GYof] . ljleGg sfo{qmddf >f]tfx¿nfO{ yk hfgsf/L lbg cfjZos / pko'Qm 7fg]sf ljifox¿df pgLx¿n] kmf]g u/]/ :6];gsf kfx'gf sld:g/;Fu k|:g ;f]Wy] . 6ØfS;L 6s M zx/df ldgLa; 6ØfS;Ldfq} oftfotsf] e/kbf]{ ;fwg xf] . t/, 6ØfS;Ljfnfx¿sf] a9bf] xfgyfk÷k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ cfk;df uf]nL xfGg] cj:yf;Dd k'u]sf] 5 . o:tf]df ofqLx¿nfO{ klg uf]nL nfU5 / dfl/G5g\ . a'; /]l8of] / ;]n cfon sDkgL ldn]/ 6ØfS;L 6s sfo{qmd agfP . o;df 6ØfS;L Joj;fodf ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ cfcfˆgf u'gf;fx¿ kf]Vg :6];gdf lgDTofOG5 . k|ltåGåL kIfx¿aLr dWo:ytf ug]{ sfddf s]lGb|o oftfoft dGqLn] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf lyP .


anfTsf/ / dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg M ;a} pd]/sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ anfTsf/ dxfdf/Lsf] :t/df k'u]sf] 5 . of] ;fdflhs /f]u 36fpg / ;s] lgd"{n;d]t kfg{ ;3fpg s:tf] sfo{qmd agfpg] egL ;jf]{Qd pkfo kQf nufpg a'; /]l8of]n] uxg cWoog u/fpg ;d"xx¿ u7g u¥of] . o;df dfbs kbfy{sf] ;]jgn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] x'gfn] :6];gn] dfbs kbfy{sf] lj1fkg c:jLsf/ u5{ . o;} u/L :jf:YonfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] x'Fbf o;n] ;"tL{hGo pTkfbgsf] klg lj1fkg ub}{g . of] sfo{qmd tof/ ePkl5 anfTsf/ / dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg sfo{qmd ;a} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gx¿nfO{ afFl8g] 5 . k|lzIf0f :6];g a'; /]l8of]sf] nflu k|;f/0f hlQs} dxTjk"0f{ sfd :6];g tflnd s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf rnfpg' klg xf] . k|;f/0f ;do tflnsf h;/L eP klg eg'{sf] ;§f ;d'bfoaf6 ;Ifd k|;f/s tof/ kfg{ hf]8 lbOG5 . Joj:yfks tyf k|zf;sx¿afx]s a'; /]l8of]sf ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿n] sfd ubf{ ub}{, cg–b–ha, ;dfrf/, ;+uLt, lkmr/ / k|f]u|fldªdf d"Nojfg cg'ej ;+ufn]sf ;]jf cjlwd}, Og–;le{;, tflnd kfPsfx¿ x'g\ . x/]s jif{, b]ze/af6 / slxn] sxLF ljb]zaf6 ;d]t tflnd kfpg ;d'bfox¿af6 ;}s8f}F lgj]bgx¿ :6];gdf cfpF5g\ . lgj]bg lbg] pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ 5fGg] cfwf/dfly, ;fy} pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ;Lk x:tfGt/0f ug{] eljiosf] Ifdtf dfly w]/} Wofg lbOG5 . a'; /]l8of]n] k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] ljljw ;f+:s[lts, eflifs tyf z}lIfs k[i7e"ldnfO{ ldNg] u/L tflnd ljlw / cfwf/e"t kf7Øqmd tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . k|;f/0fsf ;'?sf b'O{jif{df o;sf w]/}h;f] lqmofsnfk 7f]; sfo{qmd lgdf{0f, tyf Joj:yfkgdf nfUof] . o;sf] dtna tflnd k5fl8 k¥of] . ca k|;f/0f Ifdtfsf] lx;fan] /]l8of] cln /fd|/L :yflkt ePsf] x'gfn], ;fy} of] If]qaf6 w]/} dfu cfPsf] x'Fbf, o;n] tflnddf Wofg lbPsf] 5 . !((* sf] ;]K6]Da/df a'; /]l8of]n] oGqpks/0fx¿n] k"0f{ ¿kn] ;';lHht ;'ljwf h'6fof] / ;jf{+uo'Qm , cj/f]w/lxt /]l8of] tflnd sfo{qmdtkm{ cu|;/ eof] . tflnddf k|;f/0f kqsfl/tf, / k|fljlws tyf Joj:yfkg ;Lkx¿ l;sfOG5g\ . oL ;a} cWoogsf uxg tyf hl6n ljifox¿ x'g\ a'; /]l8of]n] oL ;a}df clt cfjZos kl/rofTds :t/sf] tflnd lbG5 . tflnd kf7Øqmdsf] ¿k/]vf M kl/rofTds tflnd kf7Øqmd M of] kf7\oqmdn] /]l8of]sf ljleGg ¿k / k|sf/x¿, ;fd'bflos /]l8of] / o;sf] e"ldsf, lkmN8 l/s8{/sf] hfgsf/L÷kl/ro, l/n 6' l/n d]l;g -Pp6f rSsfaf6 csf]{ rSsfdf 6]k a]g]{ /]sl8{ª ljlw_, :6'l8of], ;Dkfbgsf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿, sfo{qmdsf ljleGg kmDof{6x¿, sfo{qmd lgdf{tf, k|:t'tstf{, ;+jfbbftf, O+lhlgo/ cflbsf] e"ldsf ;d]6\5 . tflndsf] cGTodf k|lzIffyL{x¿df /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf] If]qdf sfd rflxg] Go'gtd :t/sf] of]Uotf xfl;n u5{g\ . ;]jfsfnLg k|lzIffyL{ M sfd ul//x]sf] a]nfd} Ps jif{sf] Jofjxfl/s÷k|fof]lus tflndn] ev{/sf :gftsx¿ jf c?nfO{ /]l8of]sf] If]qdf sfd ubf{ub{{} l;Sg] cj;/ lbG5 . pgLx¿n] oL If]qx¿df sfd u5{g\ M


;dfrf/ M ;dfrf/ a6'Ng, nu ug{÷n]Vg', ;Dkfbg ug{, / k|ToIf ;dfrf/ jfrg u/L k|;f/ ug{ ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . ;+uLt M k|lzIffyL{x¿n] :jtGq k|;f/0f k|flws/0fn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sf]6fcg';f/ :yfgLo ;+uLt k|;f/0f ug'{kg]{ ;t{ s8fOsf ;fy kfng ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . pgLx¿n] Do'lhs nfOa|]/Lsf] /]vb]v / ;Da4{g ug]{, l/sl8{ª sDkgLx¿;Fu ;DaGw /fVg], tyf ljleGg ;+uLt ;Gt'ng ldnfP/ k|;f/0f ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . pTkfbg÷lgdf{0f M sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf k|fljlws kIfx¿sf ;fy} k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;d'bfosf ljsf;;DaGwL cfjZostfx¿, h:t} :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, lzIff cflb l;Sg jf hfGga'‰g w]/} ;do nufpg'k5{ . slxn]sfxLF cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ ljifo / ;fdu|L ;FefNg} g;Sg] u/L ;fx|} w]/} x'G5 . t/ sfo{qmd agfpg of]hgf th'{df ubf{ k|lzIfsx¿n] cfjZos ;Lk xfl;n u5{g\ . sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg M k|f]u|fldªsf] ljz]if1tf jf bIftfsf] If]qdf w]/} :6];gx¿df ;d:of b]lvG5 . tflndsf] sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;d"xn] k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ :6];gsf] cfjZostf, o;sf] nflu pknAw ;|f]t;fwg / ;d'bfosf] ;+/rgf / cfjZostf jf rfxgfsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;3fpF5 . k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ;jf{Fuk"0f{ sfo{qmd tflnsf agpg / nfu" ug{ ;Ifd agfOG5 . sf/fuf/ /]l8of] s]k6fpg ljZjljBfnosf] ck/fw lj1fg ljefun] o'jf s}bLx¿nfO{ /]l8of] :6];g ;+rfng ug{] tflnd lbgsf nflu a'''; /]l8of];Fu tflnd sfo{qmd agfOlbg cfu|x u¥of] . sf/fuf/sf clwsf/Lx¿;Fu dlxgf}F;Dd jftf{ u/]kl5 sf/fuf/sf] lgod / ;'ljwfcGtu{t /x]/ Pp6f ;fgf] /]l8of] :6];g ;+rfng ug{ s}bLx¿nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] Pp6f ;+efJo of]hgf aGof] . ;xefuLx¿n] b]vfPsf] pT;fxaf6 sf/fuf/sf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ s}bLx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ sfddf /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf] pkrf/Lo k|efjn] kmfObf u5{ eGg] ljZjf; eof] . of] sfo{qmd rln/x]sf] 5 / c? w]/} sf/fuf/x¿n] o:t} sfo{qmd nfu" ug{ oGqpks/0fsf] ;xof]u kfO/x]sf 5g\ . l;s]sf] kf7 Joj:yfkg / ;+rfng M :6];g bIftfk"j{s ;+rfng ug{ tflnd tyf cGo Jofj;flos lqmofsnfkx¿dfkm{t lg/Gt/ ljsf; ul//xg' k5{ . cfGtl/s ;+rf/ clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;+:yfdf cfkm" sxfF lkm6 x'G5' eGg] s'/f k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] lglZrt ug{ / a'‰g lgoldt ¿kdf :6fkm ldl6ª x'g'k5{ . sd{rf/Lx¿aLr ;fwg h'6fpg pT;flxt t'Nofpg tyf ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{ oL a}7sx¿sf] pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ :jo+;]jsx¿;Fu alnof] ;+a+w ufF:g pT;flxt ug'{k5{ . a'; /]l8of]df xfdLn] s] l;Sof}F eg] sd{rf/Lx¿df :jo+;]jsx¿eGbf xfdL jl/i7 jf hfGg] xf}F eGg] efjgf a9g] u5{ . xfd|f] a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;+Vof lgs} 7"nf] ePsf] x'gfn] o:tf] efjgf cfPsf] x'g;S5 . /]l8of] :6];gsf] sd{rf/L x'g' eg]sf] Pp6f cfsif{0f jf Un]d/ klg xf] . :6];gnfO{ cfTdlge{/ x'g' 5 eg] o;sf] dfs]{l6ª klg w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .


:jo+;]jsx¿ M a'; /]l8of]df sfd ug]{ w]/}h;f] :jo+;]jsx¿ ljkGg÷;'ljwfljxLg ;d'bfoaf6 cyf{t\ :6];gsf] nlIft >f]tfx¿af6 cfpF5g\ . pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs:t/ k|foM ;Lldt x'G5 / w]/}h;f] a]/f]huf/ x'G5g\ . pgLx¿dWo] w]/}hgf h'g ;d'bfox¿ x's]{ a9] tL ;d'bfosf] cj:yf lgSs} ufx|f] 5 . pgLx¿;Fu cg's/0f ug{ of]Uo cfbz{ JolQmTj cyf{t\ /f]n df]8]nsf] laNs'n} cefj 5 . ;/;'ljwf / ;'vsf ;fwgx¿sf] klg cefj 5 . kmn:j¿k ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df rf]/L, b'¿kof]u, clwsf/Lx¿ tyf kl/jt{gsf] lj/f]w, cfTdljZjf;, uf}/j / jrgj4tf÷;+sNksf] cefj, tyf tflnd / lzIffk|lt eou|:t x'g] k'Vof}{nL dgl:ylt w]/} dfqfdf x'G5 . clt yf]/} :jo+;]jsx¿n] dfq} :jo+;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf bfloTjx¿ tyf ;Ldfx¿ a'em]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ olt ljkGg x'G5g\ ls pgLx¿ k|foM ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf ;fwgdf u}/sfg"gL 9+un] ofqf u5{g\ . t}klg, s]xL :jo+;]jsx¿sf] jrgj4tf lgSs} crDd nfUbf] x'G5 . pgLx¿df zlQm / cfTdan ePtf klg, ;fy} pgLx¿ k|;f/0fdf nflu/x]sf] ePtf klg pgLx¿sf] of]ubfgdfly dfq} lge{/ x'g ufx|f] x'G5 . lsgls, sfo{qmd la:tf/} ;kmntfsf] cj:yfdf k'Ug nfu]sf] a]nfdf ;d]t, pgLx¿ hflu/ kfpgf;fy, jf kl/jf/sf] bfloTj k"/fug{, jf cGo a9L nfesf] sfd kfpgf;fy lagf s'g} Ifltk"lt{ pgLx¿ 5f8]/ hfg;S5g\ . tflnd / lgo'lQmdf dlxnf M k|fljlws 1fg rflxg] If]qx¿df dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|foM aflx/ kfl/G5 . o;}n] a'; /]l8of]n] sDtLdf klg %) k|ltzt dlxnf ;xefuL ePgg\ eg] tflnd sfo{qmd ;'? gug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos kx'Fr / ;xeflutf M ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;d'bfonfO{ /]l8of]df ;lhnf] kx'Fr pknAw u/fpg] pkfox¿ kQfnufpg] k|of; lg/Gt/ ul//xg'k5{ . o;;+a+wL ljrf/x¿ Nofpg :6];gn] sd{rf/L, :jo+;]js / ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"xx¿nfO{ k|]l/t ug'{sf ;fy} a''; /]l8of]n] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ :6];gdf cfpg k|]l/t u5{ . t/, of] sfd tf]lsPsf] lbg / tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;Lldt x'g'k5{ . o;f] ePg eg] w]/} dflg;x¿ em'lDdG5g\ / ;+rfngdf afwf k'U5 . ;xof]u ;+sng M s'g} klg ;xof]u lng'cl3 ;xof]ubftfx¿sf] / kl/of]hgfsf] ck]Iffaf/] ljrf/k"j{s 5nkmn u/]/ dfq} ;Demf}tf ug'{k5{ . unt a'emfOsf sf/0fn] w]/} kl/of]hgfx¿n] gf]S;fg Joxf]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;xof]usf] nflu s'g} klg lgj]bg lbFbf :6];gn] cfˆgf] 3f]]lift nIonfO{ kfng ug}{k5{ . /sd kfpgsf nflu sltko kl/of]hgfx¿n] 3f]lift nIo;+u gldNg] u/L ;Demf}tf u5{g\ . kl5 uP/ o;n] cGof}n k}bf x'G5 . ;xof]usf] nflu lgj]bg lbg] ljleGg 9fFrfx¿ 5g\ . ;+efljt ;xof]ubftfx¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/]/ rflxPsf] ;"rgf lng' s'g} uNtL xf]Og . o;sf] nflu algagfp lgj]bg kmd{ jf o:t} s'g} 9fFrf eP klg km/s kb}{g . w]/} ;xof]ubftfx¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf ;"rgf kfO/xg] ck]Iff klg u5{g\ . pgLx¿n] dfu] klg gdfu] klg lgoldt ¿kdf ;"rgf lbO/xg' a]; x'G5 . :6];gn] ljsf;sf] sfddf nfu]sf bft[;+:yfx¿ jf sfo{qmd k|fof]hsx¿sf] ;"rL gjLs/0f ul//xg'k5{ .


OSj]8f]/sf] /]l8of] rfu'cf?sf]{ — ca ltdL PSnf] 5}gf} Û a|'; lu/f8{

pb\ud:yn Nofl6g cd]l/sf ljZjsf] klxnf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cg'ejsf] yfngL %) jif{cl3 Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf ePsf] lyof] . Toltv]/ b'Oj6f a]Unfa]Un} cfGbf]ngx¿n] cfˆgf] k|efj a9fpg / ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df of]ubfg lbg /]l8of]nfO{ dfWod agfP . tL lyP sf]nlDaofsf] /]l8of] ;'tft]Ghf / af]lnleofsf] dfOg;{ /]l8of] . -cWofo ! sf] rf}sf]; ! / @ x]g'{;\_ u|fdL0f O;fO{ ;fdflhs ljsf; tyf hf]wfn' dhb'/ ;+3Lo cfGbf]ngaf6 hGd]sf oL b'O{ d"n h/fx¿af6 Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] pNn]vgLo ljsf; eof] . rr{, Jofkfl/s ;+:yf, ljZjljBfno, dhb'/ ;+u7g tyf cflbjf;Lx¿sf] /]l8of] :6];gx¿sf] d]nn] of] If]qdf ljZjd} gePsf] ultzLntf / ljljwtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;+rf/sf] vfFrf] OSj]8f]/sf] blIf0fL k|b]z cfh'Psf] u|fdL0f e]udf cjl:yt /]l8of] rfu'cf?sf]{ Nofl6g cd]l/sL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] k/Dk/fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] gofF :6];g xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf ug]{ ljrf/ !(() df w]/} sfo{zfnfx¿sf] >[+vnfaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . oL sfo{zfnfx¿sf] cfof]hgf s[lif dhb'/x¿sf ;+u7gx¿ / :yfgLo rr{x¿n] cfh'Psf] ;fGtf O;fa]n sfpG6L / k'sf/fdf cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP . oL sfo{zfnfx¿ vfg]kfgL, ljh'nLh:tf cfwf/e"t ;]jfdf ;d'bfosf] kxF'r k'¥ofpg / dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg u/fpgsf nflu ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug]{ p2]Zon] cfof]hgf ul/Psf lyP . :6];gsf ;+:yfksx¿n] n]v]sf] Pp6f clen]vn] /]l8of] :6];g s;/L :yfkgf eof] eGg] :ki6 kf5{ M æxfdLnfO{ s] rflxG5 eGg] s'/f xfdLn] ug{ yfNof}F . klxn] xfdLn] lah'nL / vfg]kfgL eGof}F . t/ To;kl5 xfdL ;+rf/sf] af/]df s'/f ug{ yfNof}F . ;+rf/nfO{ ;'wfg{sf nflu o;sf ;femf oyfy{x¿ a'‰g / o;sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;dy{ aGg s] u'g{k5{ eGg] 5nkmn u¥of}F . o;/L /]l8of] rfu'cf?sf]{ ;'? eof] . ug'{kg]{ sfd k|fyldstfsf] ;"lrdf olt w]/} x'Fbfx'Fb} lsg ;fd'bflos /]l8of] rflxG5 eg]/ ufpFdf ga:g] s]xL dflg;x¿n] k|Zg u/] . /]l8of] :6];g zf]vsf] s'/f xf]Og / < lgZro g} :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, lzIff, s]6fs]6LnfO{ lbpF;f]sf] :ofxf/ ;';f/, pTkfbg a9fpg /fd|f] s[lif k|ljlwh:tf cg]sf}F cfjZostfx¿ 5g\ . t/ xfd|f cfjZostfx¿ 6fn6'n] tl/sfn] c:yfoL ¿kdf k"/f ug'{eGbf ;d:ofsf] sf/0f kQf nufpg', ul/aL / ;'ljwf j+lrt u/fpg] cGofo / c;dfgtfsf] af/]df ljrf/ ug'{÷hfGg' a9L cfjZos 5 .Æ ;+rf/sf] cfjZostfaf6 /]l8of]sf] ljrf/ cfPsf]] s'/f :6];gsf lgb{]zs atfpF5g\ . /]l8of] rfu'cf?sf]{ h'g Onfsfdf 5 ToxfF c? /]l8of] :6];g ;'Gg w]/} ufx|f] 5 . 6]lnlehgdf kxF'r ePsf dflg;x¿ yf]/} 5g\ . cvaf/ k9\g]x¿sf] ;+Vof t emg yf]/} 5 . w]/} zx/x¿df clxn] klg 6]lnkmf]g pknAw 5}g . w/} dflg; a;f]af; ug]{ ufpFx¿df t 6]lnkmf]g 5Fb}5}g .


;d'bfox¿ 5l/P/ a;]sf 5g\ . /fhgLlts ultljlw / ahf/ ePsf s]Gb| jf a:tLx¿b]lv s'g} #) ldg]6 k/ 5g\ eg] s'g} Psb]lv !@ 306f lxF8]/ dfq} k'luG5 . ;8s 5}g . o:tf ;d'bfox¿df a:g] dflg;x¿sf lglDt s]Gb|;Fu b}lgs jf ;fKtflxs ;Dks{df cfpg' Jofjxfl/s b[li6n] c;+ej 5 . rr{ tyf s[lif dhb"/ ;+u7gx¿n] ;+rf/sf] cfjZostfnfO{ a'em] . o;/L ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] wf/0f b|'t ultn] km}lnof] . s]xL dlxgfleq} of] sfo{zfnfx¿df 5nkmnsf] ljifo x'gyfNof] . ufpFdf a:g] dflg;x¿nfO{ ;+rf/ dfWodx¿af6 aflx/ /flvg] afgL kl/;s]sf] lyof] . o;}n] pgLx¿ cf–cfˆgf ;d'bfosf cfjZostfx¿ / cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug{] rf}tf/Lsf] ¿kdf cfˆg} /]l8of] :6];g x'g] s'/fn] v'zL Pj+ pT;flxt eP . /]l8of] :6];gsf] ljrf/ /fd|f] lyof] eGg] s'/fdf z+sf 5}g, t/ s;n] of] ;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kf5{ < /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L / ;/sf/L cg'dlt cfjZos x'G5 . oGqpks/0fx¿ lsGg'k5{ . :6];g s;sf] :jldTjdf x'G5 < :6];g sxfF /fVg] < o;n] s'gs'g ;d'bfonfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpF5 < :yfgLo rr{ / ls;fg ;+u7g, k|f]PS6f] gf]6]{, b'O6f of] kl/of]hgfsf k|d'v ;xof]uLsf] ¿kdf b]vf k/] . ltgLx¿n] cl3Nnf ljsf; kl/of]hgfx¿df ldn]/ sfd ul/;s]sf lyP / ;'?d} /]l8of] :6];gsf] af/]df 5nkmndf efu lnO;s]sf lyP . Tof] Onfsfsf ;+;bsf k|ltlglwsf] d2tn] ltgLx¿n] of]hgfx¿ agfpg yfn] . klxnf] ;d:of lyof] k|;f/0f Ohfht kfpg' . !((@ df OSj]8f]/sf] sfg"gn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ dfGotf lbFb}gYof] . Jofkfl/s :6];gsf] nflu Ohfht kfpg w]/} hl6n k|lqmofx¿ k"/f ug'{ kYof]{ / jiff}{F kv]{/ klg c;kmn x'g;SYof] . t/, ;fGtf O;fa]ndf plxn] Pp6f :6];g lyof] . o;sf dflnssf] lgwg eO;s]sf] / k|;f/0f ug{ 5f8]sf] jiff}{F eO;s] tfklg To;sf] Jofkfl/s Ohfht cem} klg j}w lyof] . Ohfht ePsf] /]l8of] :6];g lsGg klg ;/sf/sf] cg'dlt rflxGYof], h'g sfd gofF lk|mSj]G;L kfpg'hlQs} hl6n lyof] . t/ o;sf] lglZrt ;+efjgf lyof] . /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;Lsf] j}w :jfldTj k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmof ;'? eof] ca o;sf] ;Fu;Fu} :6];g sxfF /fVg] egL lg0f{o ug'{ csf]{ sfd afsL lyof] . ;fGtf O;fa]n / k'sf/f ;fGtf O;fa]n Pp6f lhNnf -sfpG6L_ sf] ;b/d'sfd xf] h;sf] hg;+Vof #))) hlt 5 . :6];gsf] nflu of] ts{;+ut 7fpF lyof] lsgls of] Onfsfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] zx/ / dxTjk"0f{ Jofkfl/s ynf] lyof] . oxfF rr{sf ;fy} ;]G6«n Knfhf jl/kl/ a}+sx¿, 8fS6/sf sfof{nox¿ / k;nx¿ lyP . k|fb]lzs /fhwfgL s'Pgfaf6 of] zx/ b'O{ 306feGbf sd b"/Ldf lyof] . oxfF 6]lnkmf]g ePsf] x'gfn] of] Onfsfs} dxTjk"0f{ ;+rf/ s]Gb| klg lyof] . of] !%)) ld6/sf] prfOdf lyof] / OSj]8f]/el/ laqmL x'g] uf]ne]F8f, Kofh / pv'sf] ;d]t v]tL ug{ ljNs'n ldNg] xfjfkfgL lyof] . csf]{ lhNnf ;b/d'sfd k'sf/fsf] ufpFsf] hg;+Vof !))) eGbf yf]/} 5 / ;fGtf O;fa]naf6 $) lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f 5 . t/ lkr gePsf] psfnf] af6f]eP/ ;d'b|L ;txb]lv #!)) ld6/ cUnf] Tof]


7fpFdf k'Ug gg:6k a;n] klg b'O{ 306f nufpF5 . jiff{ ofddf Tof] af6f} s}of}F lbg;Dd aGb x'G5 . 6]lnkmf]g 5}g / af6f] aGb x'Fbf Tof] ufpF ;+rf/ljxLg x'G5 . k'sf/fdf, hxfF df]6/af6f] 6'FluG5, Pp6fdfq} 3'dfp/f] ;8s 5 . dfemdf rxlsnf] /+u kf]t]sf] rr{ 5 . jl/kl/ crDdnfUg] kxf8 / pkTosfx¿ 5g\ . of] eJo b[Zon] Pp6f s7f]/ jf:tljstfnfO{ cf]em]ndf kf5{ . oxfFsf] jflif{s cf};t tfkqmd s]jn !@ l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 5 / /ftL tfkqmd 36]/ em08} z"Godf k'U5 . k'sf/fsf] xfjfkfgL s[lifsf] nflu cg's"n 5}g . s]xL u]8fu'8L / cfn" v]tL x'G5 . s[lifaf6 u'hf/f ug{ ufx|f] 5 . t/ k'sf/fdf efjL /]l8of] :6];gsf nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] of] cUnf] 7fpFdf 5 ;fy} Onfsfsf] aLr efudf 5 . o;sf] dtna 6«fG;ld6/ /fVgsf nflu k|fljlws b[li6n] of] 7fpF ;fGtf O;fa]neGbf /fd|f] 5 . s'g} klg cj:yfdf zx/sf] hg;+Vof s'n hg;+Vofsf] @) k|ltzteGbf w]/} x'Fb}g / nlIft >f]tf ufpFdf a:g] *) k|ltzt hgtf x'G5g\ . t/, :6];g sxfF /fVg] eGg] k|Zgsf] /fhgLlts cfofd klg x'G5 . hxfF :6];g /flvG5 ToxfFsf] ;d'bfon] cfˆgf rf;f]sf s'/f w]/} k|;f/ ug{ kfpF5g\, pgLx¿sf] cfjfh a9L k|;f/ x'G5 / ;a}eGbf w]/} pgLx¿ g} nfeflGjt x'G5g\ . of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg o:tf] lgsflnof] M 6«fG;ld6/ k'sf/fdf /fVg], k|zf;lgs s]Gb| ;fGt O;fa]ndf /fv]/ dfOqmf]j]esf] dfWodaf6 b'a} ;d'bfodf /x]sf :6'l8of]sf] ;Dks{ u/fpg] . o;/L rfu'cf?sf]{sf] 8fO/]S6/n] /]l8of]sf] af/]df s'/f ubf{ pgn] Pp6} lk|mSj]G;L k|of]u ug]{ / Pp6} klxrfg ePsf jf:tjdf b'O6f :6];gsf] s'/f ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . b'a} :6];gdf ;dfrf/ ;+sng ul/G5 . ;dfrf/ sfo{qmdx¿ klg b'O{ 7fpFaf6 ul/G5, b'O{ hgf k|:t'tstf{ -P+s/_ x'G5g\ — Ps hgf k'sf/fdf / csf]{ ;fGtf O;fa]ndf . s]xL cGtj{ftf{ klg b'O{7fpFaf6 lnOG5 . cGtjf{tf{ lng] JolQm Ps 7fpFdf / lbg] JolQm csf]{ 7fpFdf x'g;S5 . s]xL ;+uLt sfo{qmdx¿ s]xL k'sf/fdf dfq} / s]xL ;fGtf O;fa]ndf ul/G5 . t/ w]/} sfo{qmdx¿ b'a} 7fpFdf pTkfbg ul/G5 . of] n]Vg] a]nfdf ;fUnL ufpFdf t];|f] :6'l8of] aGb} lyof] . oxFsf] hg;FVof @%) dfq} 5 . t/ of] 7fpF @%)) ufpFaf;Lx¿sf nflu ;a}eGbf glhs k5{ . c? ;d'bfox¿df klg :6'l8of] :yfkgf u/]/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|lqmof hf/L /fVg] of]hgf 5 . rfu'cf?sf]{ kmfp08];g :6];gsf] :jldTj :6];g /fVg] 7fpF hlQs} dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . :6];g :yfgLo kfb/L, rr{sf] lhNnf:t/Lo lgsfo, kfl/;, jf s'g} JolQmsf] :jldTjdf x'g] 5}g eGg] s'/fdf ;'?d} ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . of] hgtfsf] :jldTjdf x'g] lg0f{o ul/Psf] lyof] . ;]K6]Da/ !((@ df u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu rfu'cf?sf]{ kmfp08];gsf] :yfkgf eof] . o;df b'O{ lhNnfsf s[lif dhb'/sf ;+u7gsf k|ltlglwx¿, Sofyf]lns rr{ kfl/;sf k|ltlglw, tyf /]l8of] :6];gsf sd{rf/L / :jo+;]jsx¿ lyP . /]l8of] kmfp08];gsf] /]vb]v / ;'kl/j]If0fcGtu{t 5 . o;n] /]l8of]sf af:tljs dflns hgtf x'g\ / o;df pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr tyf lgoGq0f x'g] Joj:yfnfO{ ;'lglZrt u5{ .


rfu'cf?sf]{ kmfp08];gsf] af]8{sf] a}7s tLgtLg dlxgfdf x'G5 . cfjZos k/]sf] a]nfdf c;fwf/0f a}7s a:5 . af]8{n] :6];gsf lgb]{zsaf6 l/kf]6{ lnG5 / sfo{qmd tyf ah]6;+a+wL dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o u5{ . kmfp08];gsf] :yfkgf x'Fbf;Dd /]l8of] :6];gsf] ;kgf km}lng yfn]sf] em08} b'O{ jif{ eO;s]sf] lyof] . kmfp08];gn] oGqpks/0f lsGg /sd h'6fpg], lk|mSj]G;Lsf] cg'dlt kfpg] / :6];gsf] nflu dflg;x¿nfO{ tflnd lbg] cflb sfd u/]sf] x]g{ yk c9fO{ jif{ kv{g' knf{ eg]/ s;}n] klg ;f]r]sf lyPgg\ . of] Onfsfdf ;xof]u h'6fpg' ufx|f] 5 . of] kl/of]hgf vlr{nf] aGb} lyof] . of] 7fpFsf] ef}uf]lns l:yltn] PPd k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf b]vfpFb} lyof], hf] PkmPdeGbf lgSs} w]/} vlr{nf] x'GYof] . % lsnf] jf6sf] gf}6]n 6«fG;ld6/ ;fy} o;sf] PG6]gf / h8fg vr{ *),))) cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/ k'Ug nfu]sf] lyof] . ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] tkm{af6 olt w]/} df]n ltg{;Qm}gYof] . kmfp08];g v8f ePkl5 o;n] :yfgLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;|f]tx¿af6 /sd h'6fpg] dGb k|lqmof ;'? u¥of] . t/ ;d'bfonfO{ /]l8of]sf] nflu k};f rflxP tfklg pgLx¿ :6];gsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ alnbfg ug{ tof/ lyPgg\ . ;Dk"0f{ ;fdfg Joaxf/d} gofF lsGg'kYof]{ lsgls k'/fgf] :6];gdf ePsf oGqpks/0fx¿ ;+u|xfnodf /fVg nfos klg lyPg . 6«fG;ld6/, PG6]gf / h8fg vr{ :k]gL ;xof]u lgsfo, OG6/df]gn] cg'bfg lbof] . sfl/6f;, dfgf]; o'lg8f;, s]xL :k]gL :jo+;]jsx¿ / Dofl8«8sf] ;f]ln8fl/6L u|'kn] klg d2t u/] . k|fb]lzs /fhwfgL So'PGsfsf] rr{n] Pp6f lksck 6«s lbof] . ;xof]u oGqpks/0fx¿ / ltgsf] h8fgsf nflu dfq} vf]lhof] . :6];gsf] c? vr{ cfkm}n] ug]{ egL kmfp08];gn] lgZro u/]sf] lyof] / o:t} eO/x]sf] 5 . ;d'bfonfO{ tflnd lk|mSj]G;L lsGg] k|lqmofnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf lbnfpg] sfd lj:tf/} cl3 al9/x]sf] lyof] eg] o;aLr :jo+;]jsx¿sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] ;d'bfoaf6 ;b:ox¿nfO{ tflnd lbg yfNof] . Pp6f ;d:of s] lyof] eg] b'O{ hgf :k]gL :jo+;]jsx¿sf] Dofl8«8df ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gsf] yf]/}dfq cg'ej lyof] . Tof] afx]s of] kl/of]hgfdf sfd ug]{ s;};Fu klg /]l8of]sf] s'g} cg'ej lyPg . o;sf] tfTko{ kl/of]hgfdf ;+nUg dflg;x¿n] c?nfO{ tflnd lbg'eGbf klxn] cfkm}n] tflnd lng' kg]{ lyof] . pgLx¿n] o; ljifodf e]§fPhlt k':ts k9] / :6];g s;/L rnfOG5 eGg] a'‰g c? :6];gx¿ x]g{ uP . /]l8of];+a+wL cg'ejL dflg;x¿nfO{ af]nfP/ pgLx¿nfO{ af]Ng / tflnd lbg nufOof] . cGTodf pgLx¿n] l;s]sf] cfwf/df Pp6f tflnd lgb]{lzsf / tflnd Kofs]h tof/ kfl/of] . To;kl5 tflnd kfPsf tL gofF k|lzIfsx¿ ;fd'bflos :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg lg:s] . l8;]Da/ !((# df u+eL/tfk"j{s tflnd ;'? eof] . x/]s ;d'bfon] /]l8of]sf] nflu pko'Qm 7fg]sf] Ps hgf k|ltlglw /f]Hg ;sf];\ eGg] o;sf] p2]Zo lyof] . o;sf ;fy} tflnddf efu lng rfxg] hf];'s}nfO{ klg v'nf lgDtf] lbOPsf] lyof] .


l8;]Da/ !((# b]lv cS6f]a/ !(($ sf] aLrdf x/]s ;ftf ljleGg ;d'bfox¿df hfgsf] nflu rf/ hgf k|lzIfsx¿n] cfk;df sfd afF8] . :jo+;]jsx¿sf] sdL lyPg . pgLx¿dWo] w]/} hgfnfO{ tflnd ;+rfng x'g] 7fpF;Dd k'Ug rf/, kfFr / sxLF 5 306f;Dd lxF8]/ hfg'kYof]{ . w]/} vfnsf ;+3if{, emu8f rs]{sf] / clwsf/Lx¿n] clVtof/sf] w]/} b'¿kof]u u/]sf] Pp6f ufpFdf ljz]if pT;fx b]lvof] . ToxfF s]xL dflg;x¿ dfl/Psf klg lyP . o:tf] cj:yf ;dfKt ug{ /]l8of]n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;3fpF5 eGg] ToxfFsf s]xL dflg;x¿sf] ljZjf; lyof] . gj]Da/ !(($ df tflnd kfPsfx¿dWo]af6 sd{rf/Lx¿ 5flgP . l8;]Da/df pgLx¿nfO{ Ps dlxgfsf] uxg tyf a9L ljlzi6 tflnd lbOof] . ;+rflnt tflnd tyf /]l8of];+a+wL 5nkmnx¿n] kl/of]hgfnfO{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] lyof] / dflg;x¿sf] ;+nUgtf klg al9/x]sf] lyof] . t/, kl/of]hgfsf] af/]df klxnf] 5nkmn ;'? ePsf] kfFr jif{ lalt;s]sf] lyof] / olt nfdf] kvf{Osf] kmn klg ef]Ug' kg]{ g} lyof] . s]xL dflg;x¿ lg/fz eP / 5f8] . tfklg, cGttM ! hgj/L !((% sf] lbg :6];gaf6 k|;f/0f ;'? eof] . Ps hgf ;xefuL ;b:osf] egfOcg';f/ M æof] ;a}eGbf ;'Gb/ 36gf lyof] . c;+Vo dflg;x¿n] ;'lg/x]sf lyP . xfdLx¿ pd+un] kfunh:tf ePsf lyof}F . ;a}nfO{ :jfut clejfbg ul//x]sf lyof}F . xfdLnfO{ ;'?b]lv ;fy lbg]xnfO{, xfdL;Fu} tflnd lng]x¿nfO{, ufpFufpFdf sfd ul//x]sf xfd|f k|ltlglw÷;Dafbbftfx¿nfO{, ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbO/x]sf lyof}F . s'PGsf zx/df l7s;Fu ;'lgof] ls ;'lgPg eg]/ ToxFfsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ kmf]g ul//x]sf lyof}F . xfdLx¿n] k|;f/0f ub}{5f}F eGg] klxn] g} yfxf kfpg] dflg;x¿ klg lyP . pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ kmf]g u/] . xfdLn] y'k|} uLt ahfof}F / s]xL ldg]6sf] cGt/df pb\3f]if0f ub}{/XØf}F M …of] /]l8of] rfu'cf?sf]{ xf] Û xfdLn] k|;f/0f ;'? u/]sf 5f}F Û !%%% lsnf]xh{df xfdLnfO{ ;'Gg'xf];\ Û tkfOF{sf l5d]sLx¿nfO{ klg ;'Gg eGg'xf];\ ÛÚ . of] kfunkg lyof] Û …ca ltdL PSnf] 5}gf}Ú jiff}}}{Fsf] k|tLIffkl5 dflg;x¿sf ck]Iffx¿ dfly k'u]sf lyP . pgLx¿ c? /]l8of] :6];gh:tf] :6];gaf6 ;Gt'i6 lyPgg\ . pgLx¿ cfˆg} :j/df, cfˆg} efiffdf af]lnPsf cfˆg} cg'ej / cfˆg} rf;f]sf s'/f ;'Gg rfxGy] . ca dflg;x¿n] af]Ng;Sg], pgLx¿sf] dgdf nfu]sf] s'/f eGg;lsg] / cfkm"nfO{ b'Mv lbg] clwsf/Lx¿sf] cfnf]rgf ug]{ ;+rf/ dfWod pknAw lyof] . …ca ltdL PSnf] 5}gf}Ú eGg] jfSon] /]l8of]n] pTkGg u/]sf] efjgfsf] ;f/ k|:t't uYof]{ . ;d'bfon] rfx]h:tf] /]l8of] agfpgsf nflu ljz]if vfnsf sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿sf] cfjZostf lyof] . cf7 hgf k"0f{sfnLg sd{rf/L / @) hgf :jo+;]jsx¿dWo] s]jn rf/ hgfn] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf kqsfl/tf k9]sf lyP . c?n] rfu'cf?sf]{sf] cfˆg} tflndaf6 of] ;Lk l;s]sf lyP . t/ ca tL ;a}n] kqsf/ / sfo{qmd lgdf{tfsf] ¿kdf sfd u5{g\ . k"0f{sfnLg sd{rf/Lx¿dWo] kfFr hgf ;fGtf O;fa]n :6];gdf / afsL tLg hgf k'sf/fdf sfd u5{g\ . :6];gdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿ em08} :jo+;]js g} x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] tna sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] Go'gtd tnaeGbf klg yf]/} 5 . t/, /]l8of]sf] cfDbfgL a9\b} hfFbf pgLx¿sf] tna klg la:tf/} a9\5 .


:jo+;]jsx¿sf] e"ldsf tnaL sd{rf/Lx¿ afx]s @) hgfhlt :jo+;]jsx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] ^ hgf jl/kl/sf ufpFdf ;Dafbbftfsf] sfd u5{g\ . pgLx¿ cfcfˆgf] Onfsfsf] ;dfrf/ ;+sng u5{g\ / cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf ;dfrf/ / n]vx¿ ;fy} /]s8{ ul/Psf 6]kx¿ lnP/ a]nfa]nfdf :6];gdf k'U5g\ . :6];gn] pgLx¿nfO{ 6]k/]s8{/ / k'gM k|of]u ug{ldNg] l/rfh]{an Jof6«L lbG5 . sf]if ;+sng ug{ ljqmL ul/g] aflif{s lrÝfsf] gfkmf pgLx¿sf] a; ef8f ltg{ pkof]u ul/G5 . Ps hgf dlxnf :jo+;]jsn] xKtfdf 5 lbg PsPs 306fsf] ;+uLt sfo{qmd tof/ kfl5{g\ . o;df OSj]8f]/sf] ;+uLt x'G5 . /]l8of]df o:tf] ;+uLt sfo{qmd ;'Gg gkfOg] a]nfdf pgn] of] ljz]if zf]v kfn]sL lyOg\ . pgn] /]s8{x¿sf] cfˆgf] lghL ;+u|x pkof]u u/]/ sfo{qmd agfpFl5g\ . pgL elG5g\, æ/]l8of] sfo{qmdn] o;nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf NofP/ …;femf ;DklQÚ df kl/0ft u/]sf] 5 .Æ c? :jo+;]jsx¿n] ;fKtflxs ahf/ sfo{qmd tof/ kf5{g\ . of] sfo{qmd k'sf/f / ;fGtf O;fa]ndf Ps} k6s ;'gfOG5 . o;n] Tof] Onfsfsf] ahf/ efpm / ahf/sf] k|j[lQ :ki6 kf5{ . c8snafhL / xNnfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ o;n] dxTjk"0f{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . :jo+;]jsx¿ cfpg] hfg] qmd lg/Gt/ rln/xg] x'gfn] :6];gn] lg/Gt/ gofF dflg;x¿nfO{ tflnd lbO/xG5 . ;xeflutf / sfo{qmd lgdf{0f tyf k|;f/0f rfu'cf?sf]{nfO{ c? :6];geGbf km/s agfpg] dxTjk"0f{ rl/q, u'0f jf ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\ . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf o;n] :yfgLo :j/, cfjfh, efiff / ;+:s[ltnfO{ lbg] k|fyldstf xf] . zx/sf /]l8of] :6];gx¿df sfd ug]{ pb\3f]ifs jf k|:t'tstf{x¿n] cfˆgf] efiff, af]nL tyf pRrf/0fdf cf+rlnstf jf If]qLotfsf] uGw klg cfpg glbg] k|of; ug{ vf]H5g\ eg] rfu'cf?sf]{sf pb\3f]ifsx¿ cfˆgf] df}lns efiff, af]nL / pRrf/0fdf uj{ u5{g\ . csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ leGgtf s] xf] eg] of] :6];gn] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ :6];gdf lgDTofP/, pgLx¿sf] s'/f eGg nufP/, ufpg nufP/, jf /]l8of]dfkm{t cfˆgf ;fyLefO, Oi6ldq / kl/jf/hgnfO{ clejfbgdfq} eP klg ug{ nufP/ ;lqmo ¿kdf u|fdL0f If]qsf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xefuL agfpg vf]H5 . :6];gn] 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf gePsfx¿nfO{ ;f] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fP/ ;+rf/sf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf klg ;d'bfosf] dxTjk"0f{ ;]jf u5{ . /]l8of] ;'lgg] If]qsf ufpFx¿df af6f] aGb eP/ hfgcfpg ufx|f] x'Fbf ToxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿n] /]l8of] ;'g]/ ufpFdf cfpg g;s]/ /f]lsPsf cfuGt'sx¿sf] af/]df ;"rgf kfpF5g\ / cfjZos tof/L u5{g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo kl/of]hgfsf] b'u{d ufpFx¿df uP/ sfd ug]{ Pp6f lrlsT;f 6f]nL 5 . rfu'cf?sf]{ /]l8of] gx'Fbf of] 6f]nLnfO{ s'g} ;d'bfodf hfFbf Tof] ;d'bfo;Dd 6f]nL cfPsf] va/ k'¥ofpg / ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ 6f]nL a;]sf] 7fpFdf cfpFbf;Dd 6f]nLnfO{ s}of}F 306f jf lbg v]/ kmfNg' kYof{] . ca /]l8of]n] 6f]nLsf] e|d0f sfo{qmdaf/] klxn]g} hfgsf/L lbG5 / ;d'bfox¿ 6f]nLsf] ;]jf lng tof/ k/]/ klv{/x]sf x'G5g\ .


:jf:Yo;+a+wL s'/fx¿ :6];gsf nflu lgSs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, tL s'/fx¿ /]l8of]n] tof/ kf/]/ b}lgs k|;f/ ul/g] gf6sx¿df ;dfj]z ul/G5g\ . tL gf6sx¿df o:tf kfqx¿ x'G5g\ h;nfO{ ufpFsf dflg;x¿n] lrGg;S5g\ . tL kfqx¿n] cfk;df s'/f u5{g\ / o;} d];f]df :jf:Yo / cGo ;+a+lwt ljifox¿sf hfgsf/Lx¿ ;'gfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ kmf]xf]/d}nf tx nufpg], ljleGg /f]usf] lj?4 vf]k, kf]if0f tyf jftfj/0fsf] af/]df s'/f u5{g\ . s]xL gf6sx¿ /fhgLlt, ;+:s[lt tyf dfgjclwsf/;Fu ;+a+lwt klg x'G5g\ . :6];gs} sd{rf/Lx¿af6 clego ul/Psf oL gf6sx¿ b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u x'g] efiffdf / hgtfn] ;lhn};Fu a'‰g] z}nLdf hl6n ljifox¿sf] JofVof u/L hgtfnfO{ a'emfpg] clt pkof]uL pkfo x'g\ . :6];gsf] sfo{qmddf xfn} Nofl6g cd]l/sf / ljZjsf ;dfrf/ ylkPsf] 5, hf] o;n] Nofl6g cd]l/sg P;f]l;P;g km/ /]l8of] Ph's];g -PN/]8_ gfds ;+:yf / kN;/ ;dfrf/ Ph]G;Laf6 kfpF5 . k'sf/f :6];gdf ePsf] l8; PG6]gfn] PN/]8sf] sfo{qmd l6K5 eg] kN;/sf] ;dfrf/ OG6/g]6af6 cfpF5 . klxn]klxn] dflg;x¿n] ;'Gg gkfPsf c? b]z / dxfb]zx¿af6 cfPsf oL ;"rgfx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . æc? b]z / aflx/L ;+;f/df klg xfdLh:t} dflg;x¿, s[lif dhb'/x¿ /x]5g\ eGg] xfdLn] a'‰b}5f}F . xfdL pgLx¿;Fu ;"rgf ;f6f;f6 u5f}{F . o;} u/L xfdLn] oxfF c? b]zaf6 ;"rgf kfpF5f}F . xdLn] oxfFaf6 c?b]zdf klg ;dfrf/ k7fpF5f}F . bfOefOaLrh:t} u/L ;+rf/ ug'{ /dfOnf] x'G5 .Æ rfu'cf?sf]{sf] nflu >dbfg rfu'cf?sf]{ kmfp08];gn] vr{ sd u/]/, o;af6 ;]jf kfpg] ;d'bfon] lgMz'Ns k|bfg u/]sf ;fwgx¿ pkof]u u/]/ :6];gsf] ;+rfng vr{ rnfpg] p2]Zo k"/f u5{ . :jo+;]jL ;]jfsf ;fy} k'sf/f / ;fGtf O;fa]ndf ePsf :6'l8of]x¿ :yfgLo rr{x¿n] lgMz'Ns lbPsf] hUufdf ag]sf 5g\ . :6'l8of]sf] nflu s]xL sfd ug{ dflg; rlxof] eg] jf ld+uf cyf{t\ kl/of]hgfsf] nflu Ps lbg Hofnf glnOsg sfd ug{ cfPsf dflg;x¿nfO{ lbpF;f]sf] vfhf Vjfpg' k¥of] eg] jl/kl/ cfˆgf] ;Lk / an tyf d2t lbg vf]Hg] dflg;x¿sf] sdL 5}g . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg rfu'cf?sf]{n] ;+rfng vr{ rnfpg k|ltdlxgf @))) cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/sf] /sd h'6fpg' k5{ . :6];gsf] cfly{s l:ylt /fd|f] 5 . o;n] cfˆgf] lgoldt vr{ rnfpg kof{Kt cfDbfgL u5{ . ;fy} oGqpks/0f ;'wfg{ / cGo cfsl:ds jf glrtfPsf] vr{ ug{sf] nflu aif}{lkR5] s]xL xhf/ 8n/ hf]ufP/ /fV5 . lj1fkg, ;fd'bflos ;Gb]z, pTkfbg ;]jf tyf ;f+:s[lts ;df/f]xx¿sf] k|;f/0f o;sf cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ . :6];gsf] s'n cfDbfgLsf] @) k|ltzt cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t lj1fkg ;+w} ljjfbf:kb ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df Jofkfl/s lj1fkg x'g'x'Fb}g egL s;}s;}n] ts{ u5{g\ . /]l8of] afFRg' / pGglt ug'{ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] / ;a} lj1fkgnfO{ :jfut ul/g'k5{ egL c?x¿ eG5g\ . :yfgLo pTkfbg / ;]jfsf] dfq lj1fkg u/]/ b'O{ ljrf/aLr ;Demf}tfsf] gLlt ckgfOPsf] 5 . pRr k|ljlw / /f;folgs kbfy{x¿ k|of]u u/]/ pTkfbg ul/Psf aflx/af6 k}7f/L ePsf dfn;fdfgx¿sf] vkteGbf k/Dk/fut tyf :yfgLo pTkfbgnfO{ ;Da4{g ug'{ :6];gsf] l;4fGt xf] . Jofkfl/s :6];gx¿sf] ;Gb]z 3/]n' pTkfbgnfO{ xtf]T;flxt gu/]/ oL pTkfbgx¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug'{ /x]sf]


b]lvG5 . ctM of] :6];gn] ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf sfaf]{g]6]8 k]o kbfy{x¿sf] lj1fkg k|;f/0f ub}{g, g t dfbs tyf ;"lt{hGo kbfy{sf] lj1fkg u5{ . /fhgLlts lj1fkg klg ljjfbf:kb x'G5 . b]zsf w]/}h;f] /]l8of] :6];gsf nflu r'gfj sdfpg] ;'gf}nf cj;/ x'G5 . Ps bh{geGbf w]/} bnx¿n] k|;f/0f ;do lsG5g\ / lgoldt d"Nodfly @) b]lv !%) k|ltzt ;Dd ;rf{h{ yKg' rng g} xf] . lj1fkgk|ltsf] cfsif{0f lgs} alnof] 5 . xfnsf r'gfjx¿df Pp6f bnn] rfu'cf?sf]{af6 k|;f/0f ;do lsGg h'g d"No lbg] k|:tfj u¥of] Tof] /sdn] :6];gsf] dlxgf}Fsf] vr{ rNg;SYof] . Tof] k|:tfj :jLsf/ ul/Pg . ;d'bfosf nflu of] nfebfos 7flgPg . of] :6];g alnof bnx¿nfO{ lj1fkg ug{ lbP/ yk nfe k'¥ofpg'eGbf ;a} bnx¿nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ lbg ?rfpF5 . ;fd'bflos ;"rgf tyf JolQmut ;Gb]zx¿af6 x'g] cfDbfgLn] :6];gsf] cfDbgLdf $) k|ltzt of]ubfg u5{ . ;fy}, :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L / ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf nflu :j:Yo tyf cGo ljifox¿df sfo{qmd pTkfbg ul/lbg' :6];gsf] cfDbfgLsf] csf]{ ;|f]t xf] . :6];g :yfkgf ug{ ;3fPsf :k]gdf Pshgf :jo+;]jsn] u7g u/]sf] ;f]ln8fl/6L ;d"xaf6 klg :6];gn] lg/Gt/ ;xof]u kfO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] la+uf] v]nfP/, ef]hsf] cfof]hgf u/]/ tyf 3/]n' pTkfbg a]r]/ /sd ;+sng u5{ . s;}n] ;'lg/x]sf] 5 < !((^ sf] h'g / gj]Da/sf] aLrdf ;fGtf O;fa]naf6 8r :jo+;]jssf] cu'jfOdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] :6];g ;'lgg] If]qsf $)) dflg;sf] ;j]{If0f th'{df / ;+rfng u/]sf] lyof] . To;n] u/]sf d'Vo lgisif{x¿ o:tf 5g\ M

• /]l8of] ;a}eGbf pkof]uL dfWod xf] . zx/df ^$ k|ltzt dflg;x¿n], vf; u/L ;fFemsf] ;dodf 6]lnlehg x]5{g\ . u|fdL0f If]qdf $) k|ltzt dflg;x¿sf] dfq 6]lnlehgdf kxF'r 5 .

• zx/ / sfF7 b'a} 7fpFdf >f]tf ;+Vofsf] b[li6n] /]l8of] rfu'cf?sf]{ klxnf] gDa/df 5 . cem sfF7df, k|f}9 >f]tfx¿sf]aLrdf / ;fy} sd lzlIft JolQmx¿df of] a9L nf]slk|o 5 .

• ufpFsf $) k|ltzt dflg;x¿n] /]l8of] rfu'cf?sf]{ ælbglbg}Æ ;'Gg] u/]sf] bfaL u/] . sfF7lt/ of] ;+Vof em08} %) k|ltzt k'U5 .

• uLt ;+uLt ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o sfo{qmd xf] . To;kl5 ;dfrf/ / ;fd'bflos ;"rgf jf 3f]if0ffx¿ k5{g\ .

;j]{If0fn] :6];gnfO{ >f]tfx¿n] ?rfPsf] b]vfof] . t/ ;do tflnsf ldnfpg], pb\3f]ifsx¿nfO{ /fd|f] tflnd lbg], sfo{qmddf s[lif ;+a+wL hfgsf/L a9fpg]h:tf sxfF s:tf ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] 5 eGg] klg o;n] b]vfPsf]5 . ;j]{If0fn] tYof+sx¿dfq lbPg o;n] rf/ jif{sf] ;+rfng cjlwdf /]l8of] rfu'cf?sf]{n] ;d'bfosf] hLjgsf s]s] dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{gx¿ Nofpg d2t u¥of] eGg] klg :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;d'bfox¿sf] aLrdf ;+rf/nfO{ ;'wf¥of] . a9L k|hftGq Nofpg / clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u /f]Sg ;3fof] . cg'ejx¿ afF8r'F8 ug{ / ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg d2t u¥of] . ;fy} dflg;x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltk|lt ;r]t x'g / uj{ ug{ l;sfof] .


;d'bfonfO{ /]l8of] :6];gn] s;/L d2t u/]sf] 5 < 3f]if0ff, ;"rgf tyf lj1lKtx¿sf nflu :6];gn] rfFhf] ldnfPsf] 5 . ljxfg, lbpF;f] / ;fFem tLg k6s cfwfcfwf 306f ;do 5'6ØfOPsf] 5 . of] cjlwdf dflg;x¿n] c:ktfndf la/fdLsf] cj:yf, lgwg, rf}kfof x/fPsf], a}7sdf efulng lgDtf] cflb ;a} vfnsf ;Gb]zx¿ /]l8of]df k7fpg;S5g\ . o;/L /]l8of]n] 6]lnkmf]g gx'g]x¿sf nflu 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfd u5{ . :6];g ePsf] kmn:j¿k ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿, ;+:yfx¿ / Jofkf/Lx¿ a9L k|hftflGqs ag]sf 5g\ . o;cl3 s[ifs tyf s[lif dhb'/x¿k|lt b'Jo{jxf/ ug'{, pgLx¿nfO{ dxFuf] bfddf dfn;fdfg a]Rg', ;fj{hlgs kl/of]hgfsf] sfddf NofOPsf ;fdfg pgLx¿nfO{ a]Rg' cflb ;fdfGo b}lgs Jojxf/ jf rng g} ag]sf] lyof] . ca o:tf] b'Jo{jxf/ jf b'¿kof]u eof] eg] ;a}n] /]l8of]af6 yfxf kfpF5g\ . kmn:j¿k o:tf] b'¿kof]u Jofaxfl/s ¿kd} lanfPsf] 5 . cg'ej / ;d:of afF8r'F8 ug{ /]l8of]n] ;3fPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} ;d'bfo lah'nL jf vfg]kfgL h:tf] ;]jf kfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 eg] Tof] ;d'bfon] s;/L Tof] ;]jf kfpg ;kmn eof], s'gs'g k|lqmof k"/f ug'{k¥of], s'gs'g ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs sfof{nox¿df hfg'k¥of] eGg] s'/f /]l8of]af6 ;'gfpF5 . of] ;'g]kl5 c? ;d'bfox¿nfO{ Tof] ;]jf kfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . ;fy} b}lgs ;d:ofsf ;dfwfgx¿ klg afF8r''F8 ul/G5 . h:t}, v]tLkftLsf ;Lk / k|ljlwx¿, jf rkL{ agfpg] ljlw cflb . /]l8of]n] :yfgLo ;+:s[lt, ;+uLt / af]Ng] tl/sfsf] k'gd{"Nof+sg ug{ klg d2t ul//x]sf] 5 . Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf x/fO;s]sf / a"9fa"9Lx¿n] kfl/jfl/s hd36df dfq} ufpgdf ;Lldt ePsf uLtx¿ km]l/ /]l8of]df ;'lgg yfn]sf 5g\ . o:tf uLt ;dfj]z ePsf sfo{qmdx¿ /]l8of]sf ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o sfo{qmdx¿dWo] k5{g\ . oL uLtx¿n] :yfgLo ;+:s[ltnfO{ gjLs/0f ub}{ uf}/jflGjt kfb}{5g\ .

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