sample copy. not for distribution. · 2017-11-05 · excavation, concrete technology, cpm/pert etc....

Sample Copy. Not for Distribution.

i

Construction Technology

& Practices


ii

Publishing-in-support-of,

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING

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Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh - 495001

Website: www.educreation.in

________________________________________________________________

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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer.

ISBN: 978-1-5457-0852-1

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Printed in India


iii

Construction

Technology & Practices (A Study Materials for Diploma, B.E.,

B.Tech & Professional Engineers)

By

SAGAR SARANGI B.TECH, M.E. (CIVIL)

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR JHARKHAND RAI UNIVERSITY, RANCHI,

JHARKHAND

&

AMIT GOLDER B.E., M.E. (CIVIL)

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR JHARKHAND RAI UNIVERSITY, RANCHI,

JHARKHAND

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

www.educreation.in


iv


v

Preface

Concrete is the world's number one construction material and has

served the mankind well, having excellent potential resistance to

most forms of exposure and being the cheapest and most readily

available material with the benefit of being able to absorb many

industrial wastes as substitute for cement and aggregate. However,

in the fast changing world construction practices concrete

technology is the innovative methodology or knowledge in the

field of construction. It is clear that the research in the field of

concrete construction, from the material to design and building of

structures, and their maintenance, must be innovative in

developing concrete science, technology, design and construction,

as well as be responsive to the business needs in enhancing

profitability.

Infrastructure development is the need of the hour to ensure

overall growth. Building infrastructure now becomes a formidable

challenge which can only be overcome by adopting innovative

techniques.

Therefore, to construct a better eco-friendly, economic

structure, construction technology act as a major role which consist

of construction materials, execution of each components of the

structures, selection of right equipments for completion of the

work within the stipulated time by using knowledge of project

management.

It provides comprehensive coverage of all aspects of

Construction Technology starting from the very beginning i.e.

from site selection to the completion of the work. The book

contains detail description of various topics such as earthwork

excavation, concrete technology, CPM/PERT etc.

While writing this book, we have constantly kept in mind the

examination and day-to-day requirement of civil

engineering/mining students& professionals. To make the book


vi

really useful at all levels, as it has been written in an easy style as

well as simple and systematic approach.

Author(s)


vii

Acknowledgement

We have been blessed to have an amazing team of friends, family,

colleagues who have helped us on every step of our life. These

people really demand a hearty thanks and kind appreciation. We

expressed our gratitude to each and every person of them for assist

us throughout the way of our intention. Without the blessing,

support and encouragement from parents, teachers & professors for

contributing something for the society energetic us for writing this

book. They don‘t deserve a single word ―Thanks‖ rather than don‘t

dedicating this first ever documents to them.

We are thankful to Siddharth, Samar, Bikram, Yashobanta,

and Chandan for their valuable suggestions and endless

encouragement.

Finally, thanks to Educreation the publisher for publishing this

article in an attractive form.

Last but not the list the demanding from the loving students

which encourage us to compile a study material in easy and

attractive way to fulfill their requirement not only in semester

examination but also life time when ever needed.

We invite valuable suggestion from our valuable readers for

further improvement and rectification in later edition.

Author(s)

Mr. S.Sarangi

Mr. Amit Golder


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ix

This Book is dedicated to

Parents

&

Civil Engineers.


x


xi

Conversation Chart

Sl No To convert Into Multiply Divide

1 Linear Measurement

Inch Millimeter 25.4 0.03937

Inch centimeter 2.54 0.3937

Inch Meter 0.0254 39.37

Feet Meter 0.3048 3.281

Yard Meter 0.9144 1.0936

Mile KM 1.6093 0.62137

Furlong Meter 201.678 0.00497

Mile Nautical Miles 0.85898 1.15078

2 Weight Measurement

Ounces Grams 28.3495 0.03527

Pounds Kg 0.4536 2.20462

Cwt. Kg 50.802 0.01968

Ton Kg 1016.05 0.00098

Mounds Ton 0.03674 27.2222

Tola Ounce 0.41143 2.43056

Tola Grams 11.6638 0.08574

3 Square Measure

Square

Inches

Square

Millimeter 645.16 0.00155

Square

Inches

Square

Centimeters 6.4516 0.155

Square feet Square Meter 0.0929 10.764

Square yard Square Meter 0.836 1.1962


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Acre Square Meter 4046.9 0.00025

Square mile Square KM 2.59 0.3861

Acre(4840

Sq. yd)

Hectare(1000

Sqm) 0.40468 2.4711

4 Cubic Measurement

Cubic Inch Cubic

Centimeter 16.387 0.061

Cubic feet Cubic Meter 0.02832 35.315

Cubic Yard Cubic Meter 0.7655 1.308

Cubic foot Gallon 6.2288 1.16034

Cubic foot liter 28.3161 0.03532


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Content List

Sr. Content Page

1. Introduction 1

1.1 building components and their basic

requirements

2

Other building components 5

2. Fundamentals of construction technology 8

Construction activities 8

Construction process 9

Earth work 10

Concrete work in foundation 10

Damp proof course 10

Masonry work 12

Lintel 12

Plastering 12

Services 13

Construction workers 13

Construction estimate 14

Details measurement & calculation of

quantities

15

Project schedule 17

Construction schedule 17

Productivity and mechanized construction 17

Human factors and productivity improvement 18

Mechanization in construction industry 18

Advantages 19

Application 19


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Common used of construction equipments 19

Factors affecting the selection of construction

equipments

19

Quality & safety 20

Quality control 20

Element of quality 21

3. Implementation of preparing construction

work

22

Site layout plan 22

Infrastructure development 22

Construction plan & method 23

Construction materials 24

Prefabrication 33

Construction equipment 33

False work and temporary work 36

4. Earthwork 40

Earth work excavation 40

Classification of soil 40

Foundation 40

Pile foundation 41

Pile driving method 41

5. Concrete and concreting 48

Importance properties of concrete 48

Maturity of concrete 50

Re-vibration of concrete 50

Use of admixtures 51

Formwork 51

Shotcrete 53

Lightweight concrete 53

Heavyweight concrete 56


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Ready-mix concrete 56

High performance concrete 57

Self-compacting concrete 59

Advantages 59

Extreme weather concreting 60

Pre-stressed concrete 64

Tremie method of underwater concreting 65

1. tremie method 66

2.Underwater concreting using pumping

technique

67

3.Hydro valve method of underwater

concreting

68

4.Underwater concreting using pneumatic

valve

69

5.Underwater concreting using tilting pallet

barge

70

6. Toggle bags method 70

7.Bagged concrete method 70

Curing of concrete 71

Nondestructive testing of hardened concrete 74

Penetration tests 75

Rebound tests 76

Pull-out tests 76

Dynamic tests 77

Hybrid fiber concrete 78

Uses &benefits 78

Coconut coir fiber can be used 78

PP fiber can be used in 78

Use of HFRC (hybrid fiber reinforced

concrete)

80

Salt water effect on FRC 80


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Contaminant of urea in water 81

Colure cement 83

Strengthening of a RC beam using synthetic

FRP laminates

83

6. Roof and roofing 85

Introduction 85

Precast reinforced concrete roof 85

Double tees 86

Hollow-core 87

Solid slabs 88

Cast-in-situ reinforced concrete roofs 88

Roofs covered with sheets 90

Water proofing over roofs 91

Methods for water proofing 91

Need of water proofing products 92

Rubba-roof 93

Finishing work 94

Plastering 94

Pointing 95

Glazing 96

Flooring 97

Painting 101

Objects of painting 101

Solvent or thinner 101

7. Mechanized construction 103

Introduction 103

General consideration 103

Bulldozer 104

Ripper 104

Scraper 105


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Face shovel 106

Backhoe 108

Dragline 109

Clamshell 110

Road roller 112

Derrick 113

Crane 114

Tower crane 115

Hoist 115

Concrete mixers and pumps 116

Scaffolding building items 116

Plastering & pointing 118

Its purpose, various types 118

Pointing 118

Plastering 120

Advantages and disadvantages 121

Damp proof course (DPC) 122

Construction joints-need and materials used 123

Construction joints 123

Expansion joints 123

Contraction joints 123

Isolation joints 123

Construction joints in concrete 123

Contraction joints in concrete 124

Isolation joints in concrete 125

Expansion joints in concrete 125

Plumbing 126

Traps 126

Electrification 127

Anti-termite treatment 127


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8. Building maintenance and safety measures 129

Aspect 129

Prospect 129

Privacy 130

Grouping 130

Furniture requirements 130

Sanitation 130

Light 130

Ventilation 130

Flexibility 131

Circulation 131

Elegance 131

Laws/norms/regulation 131

National Building Organization (NBO) 131

National buildings construction corporation ltd

(NBCC)

132

Housing and urban development corporation

ltd (HUDCO)

132

9. New technology 133

Crystalline waterproofing Technology 133

Epoxy flooring 134

Methodology for floor coating 134

Epoxy grouting 135

Chryso proof acrylic 137

Benefits 137

Domains of application 137

Chryso tap elastic 138

Benefits 138


Chryso struco latex 139


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Benefits 139


Earthquake resistant design techniques 139

Base isolation 140

Damping type 143

Other types 144

Installation of a base isolation system 145

Earthquake generated forces 145

Deformation and damages 146

Energy dissipation devices 146

Fluid viscous dampers 147

Damping devices and bracing systems 147

Application in India 148

10. Contracts & account 153

Function of the PWD personnel 154

Public works department code 155

Types of contract 157

A. Item rate contract 157

B. Lump-sum contract 158

Methods used in PWD 158

Class of contractor 158

Bot project 159

11. Tender &tender documents 161

Rejecting all tenders 161

Necessity & importance of tender notice 161

Procedure of submitting filled in tender

document

162

Procedure of opening tender 166

Comparative statement 170

Table-9 comparative statement 170


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Award of works to public sector enterprises 176

Unbalanced tender 177

Ring formation 177

12. Accounts in P.W.D 179

Refund of security money 179

Necessary of the interim payment 181

Form 27-A 189

Sample question 190

Appendix 194


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List of Table

Table no. Page

1 Safety helmet & significant 14

2 Measurement book 15

3 Abstract of quantity 15

4 Chemical composition of cement 25

5 Time removal of form work 38

6 Composition of salt water 81

7 Properties of urea 82

8 Information for contractor registration 159

9 Comparative statement 170

10 Measurement book Form No-23 184

11 Final bill 185

12 First & final bill 187

13 Hand receipt Form-28 188

14 Running account bill 189


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List of figure

Figure no. Page

1.1 Front elevation of a building 2

1.2 Various component of bridge 5

3.1 Fabrications 37

3.2 Erecting 37

3.4 Completed false work 38

4.1 Pile driving using hammer 43

4.2 CFA process 45

4.3 Hydraulic rotary drilling equipment 47

5.1 Typical arrangement of treme method of underwater

concreting

66

5.2 Configuration of underwater concreting pump line 68

5.3 Hydraulic valve apparatus for under water concreting 69

5.4 Abstong-sabema pneumatic valve 70

5.5 Fertilize in urea sample 82

5.6 Sample in urea solution 83

6.1 Double t-deck slab 86

6.2 Solid slabs 87

6.3 Cast-in-situ reinforcement concrete roof 89

6.4 Roof slab before casting 90

6.5 Glazing 97

7.1 Bulldozers 104

7.2 Ripper 105

7.3 Scrapers 106

7.4 Face shovel 107


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7.5 Backhoe 109

7.6 Dragline 110

7.7 Road roller 113

7.8 Two guy derricks at a granite quarry 114

7.9 Tower crane a top most blanch 115

9.2 Base isolation & fixed base building 146

9.3 Damping device installed with brace 148

9.4 Section of back face of new Udaan Bhawan 149

9.5 Section of plate & through bolt 149

9.6 Gusset box 150

9.7 Front elevation 151

9.8 Side elevation 152

11.1 e-tender formats 166


xxiv


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