salt reduction: an outcome from interstate 93...

Salt Reduction: An Outcome from Interstate 93 Widening

OR: Chloride Impairments and The

5 Stages of Grief

NEIWPCC NPS Conference, May 15, 2012 Eric Williams

History of US road salt sales and chloride concentrations in New England

Source :Robinson et al. 2003 USGS WRI Report 03-4012

Scope of Chloride Problem in NH

• The first state to use salt for regular winter road maintenance (1941-42)

• Salt use has nearly doubled in the past 40 years (to about 190,000 tons/year, or 21.5 tons/lane mile)

• Chloride impairments are on the rise (18 in 2008, 40 in 2010)

• Background levels have increased 100x

Road Salt Pollution – Toxic to fish, invertebrates and other species

• EPA Acute toxicity (kills fish quickly) = 860 mg Cl/L

• EPA Chronic toxicity (kills fish slowly) = 230 mg Cl/L

– Contaminates drinking water

• EPA Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) based on taste - 250 mg/L of Na or Cl

• Associated with high blood pressure - EPA advisory limit 20 mg Na/L

– Destroys vegetation and corrodes vehicles

– No way to remove NaCl once applied

• Not removed by plants and does not stick to soils

• Desalinization is EXPEN$IVE and impractical (high energy)

I-93 Expansion

Water Quality Timeline

• In 2002-2006, monitoring by DES, DOT, and EPA detected violations of the water quality standard for chlorides in: – Policy-Porcupine Brook

– Beaver Brook

– Dinsmore Brook

• In 2006-2007, DES collected data on and prepared TMDLs for road salt for each watershed

I-93 TMDL Watersheds

Town Population

Derry 34,318

Salem 29,640

Londonderry 24,729

Windham 12,993

Policy Brook

Policy Brook – Salt Loading

Water Quality Data from FY07

Water Temperature at I93-POL-01V

0

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C

Chloride Concentration at I93-POL-01V

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Date

mg

Cl/L

Acute Standard (860 mg/L)Chronic Standard (230 mg/L)

The blue line is from specific conductance measurements. The red dots are chloride measurements

made by the DES Laboratory

Flow at I93-POL-01V

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cfs

Chloride Export at I93-POL-01V

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20000

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Date

ton

s C

l p

er

year

Chloride Concentration at I93-POL-01V

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1000

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mg

Cl/

L

Acute Standard (860 mg/L)Chronic Standard (230 mg/L)

The blue line is from specif ic conductance measurements. The red dots are chloride

measurements made by the DES Laboratory

Key Facts

Average chloride conc. = 163 mg/L

Days of WQS violation = 87.7

Percent of year in violation=24%

Total Cl exported =1,563 tons/yr

Total salt exported = 2,576 tons/yr

Salty in All Seasons

Daily Average Chloride Concentrations

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Percent of Flows Exceeding

Ch

lori

de

(m

g/L

) SUMMER

FALL

WINTER

SPRING

WQ Stds

90% of WQS

High Moist Mid-Range Dry Low

Key Fact

WQS violations

occur during

periods of low

stream flow

Source Characterization

• Chloride in the form of salt is imported to the study watersheds from several major sources: – Roadway deicing (state, municipal, private)

– Parking lot deicing

– Salt pile runoff

– Water softeners

– Food waste

– Atmospheric deposition

Source Characterization

STATE ROADS

9%

MUNICIPAL ROADS

27%

PRIVATE ROADS

3%

PARKING LOTS

50%

FOOD WASTE

1%

ATMOSPHERIC

DEPOSITION

1%

SALT PILES

7%

WATER

SOFTENERS

2%

Key Facts

Total imports:

4,814 tons/yr

Imports divided by

drainage area:

473 tons/sq.mi.

Deicing accounts

for 89% of total

Salt piles account

for 7% of total

Allocation of Loads

• Combine salt imports with percent reduction goal to estimate total allocation

• Calculate DRAFT allocations by sector

I-93 Chloride TMDL Implementation Monitoring Plan

• Dataloggers deployed in Policy Brook, Dinsmore Brook, and Beaver Brook year round

– Monitoring in North Trib to Canobie Lake was discontinued because of budgets and low flows

• Chloride measured every 15 minutes

• Calibration checks every 6 weeks

• Yearly updates to Winter Severity Index

• Follows an approved QA Project Plan

Preliminary Results

• The severity of winters has varied from mild (FY07) to cold (FY08) back to mild (FY10).

Winter Severity Index

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10

WS

I

WSI

WARMER

COLDER

Preliminary Results

• Annual average chloride concentrations followed the winter severity.

• FY07 and FY10 had similar WSI and chloride conc.

Annual Average Chloride Concentration from Dataloggers

0

50

100

150

200

250

FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10

Ch

lori

de (

mg

/L)

Beaver

Dinsmore

Policy

Preliminary Results

• Policy Brook and Dinsmore Brook continue to have persistent violations.

• Violations are rare in Beaver Brook.

Violations of the 4-Day WQ Standard for Chloride

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10

Nu

mb

er

per

Year

Beaver

Dinsmore

Policy

Preliminary Results

• Violations only occur for average concentrations >102 mg/L as predicted by DES model (Trowbridge et al, 2010).

Relationship between Annual Average Chloride and Violations

0

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20

30

40

50

60

0 50 100 150 200 250

Chloride (mg/L)

Vio

lati

on

s p

er

Year

Post-TMDL Violations 7/1/07-6/30/08

Station Percent of

Reporting Period with Valid Data

Number of Violations of

Acute Standard (1 hour rolling

average)

Number of Violations of

Chronic Standard (4 day rolling

average)

10A-BVR 69.03% 0 1 (5.3 d)

I93-DIN-01 66.34% 0 20 (81.4 d)

I93-POL-01V 99.88% 0 52 (200.9 d)

I93-POL-04X 24.41% 0 13 (56.2 d)

FY08 TMDL Implementation Monitoring Data Report and Quality Assurance Audit


Station Percent of Reporting Period with Valid

Data

Number of Violations of Acute Standard

(1 hour rolling average)

Number of Violations of Chronic Standard

(4 day rolling average)

10A-BVR 99.77%

0 0

I93-DIN-01 99.80% 0 4 (14.51 d)

I93-NTC-01 97.03%

2 0

I93-POL-01V 92.64%

0 16 (62.24 d)

FY09 TMDL Implementation Monitoring, Data Report and Quality Assurance Audit


Station

Percent of Reporting

Period with Valid Data


(1hour rolling average)

Number of Violations of Chronic Standard (4 day rolling average)

I93-POL-01V 98.38% 0 13 (53.94 days)

10A-BVR 99.95% 0 0

I93-DIN-01 99.97% 0 6 (26.70 days)

FY10 TMDL Implementation Monitoring, Data Report and Quality Assurance Audit


Station

Percent of Reporting

Period with Valid Data


(1hour rolling average)

Number of Violations of Chronic Standard (4 day rolling average)

I93-POL-01V 96.75% 17 (17.25 hr) 37 (145.12 days)

10A-BVR 99.95% 0 1 (5.06 days)

I93-DIN-01 93.13% * See note * See note

•Data not yet analyzed

Draft FY11 TMDL Implementation Monitoring, Data Report and Quality Assurance Audit

Beaver Brook 8-Lane Projection

Beaver Brook Watershed

Actual and Projected Salt Usage on State Roads Including I-93

0.0

500.0

1000.0

1500.0

2000.0

2500.0

FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11

Year

Salt

Im

po

rts (

ton

s/y

r)

WSI Adjusted Sector Allocation Actual Salt Use Projected Salt Use for 4-Lanes

Policy Brook 8-Lane Projection

Policy Brook Watershed


0.0

200.0

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1000.0

1200.0

1400.0

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1800.0


Year

Salt

Im

po

rts (

ton

s/y

r)


Dinsmore Brook 8-Lane Projection

Dinsmore Brook Watershed


0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

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300.0

350.0


Year

Salt

Im

po

rts (

ton

s/y

r)


North Trib 8-Lane Projection

North Tributary to Canobie Lake Watershed


0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

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120.0

140.0


Year

Salt

Im

po

rts (

ton

s/y

r)


Statewide Implications

Relationship of Salt Imports to Water Quality Violations

Salt Imports vs Chloride WQS Violations in FY07

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 100 200 300 400 500

Salt Imports (tons salt/sq.mile/year)

Ch

ron

ic W

QS

Vio

lati

on

s

Beaver Brook

Dinsmore Brook

Policy BrookApparent

Threshold

Relationship of Land Use to Salt Imports

Salt Imports vs Land Use

y = 12.98x + 5.9753

R2 = 0.7951

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Land Use - Percent Developed and Transportation

Salt

Im

po

rt (

ton

s/y

r/sq

.mi.

)

Chloride Impairments

BMPs

Anti-icing (mostly DOT) Pre-wetting salt

Calibration Training

Early BMPs

Underbody Plow

Calibrated Spreader

Classroom Training

Hands-on Training

Private Sector Initiatives

• Training – UNH T2 held first training program targeting private applicators

• Salt Accounting – UNH T2 working on database

• MS4 Permits – Draft EPA permit requires towns to manage private salt application

• SB 392– Limited liability for certified salt applicators.

Chloride Impairments and the Five Stages of Grief

Denial

There’s no salt problem! We’re saving lives here.

Anger

I’m not putting drivers in danger just to save some ugly fish!

Bargaining

Please God, if you make these tree huggers go away I’ll never take out another mail box…

Depression

It’s too much. I can’t control the weather and the voters and the guy in the penny loafers doing 75 in his Porsche during a blizzard…

Acceptance

I have to use less salt.

Acceptance +

I CAN use less salt and still keep the roads safe.

Messaging

Doug Heath, USEPA, Boston, MADoug Heath, USEPA, Boston, MA

Drive Slow

or Die

Concept: Barbara McMillan

More Messaging

Technology Transfer Center

Green Snow Pro New Hampshire

New England Nonpoint Source Pollution Conference

2012

Presenter:

Patrick Santoso

May 15, 2012


Monday, June 25, 2012

Presentation Outline

Green Snow Pro Program Development

Green Snow Pro Best Practices: Salt Reduction Quick Start Guide

Closing the Loop:

Salt Accounting Web App

Bi-Annual Newsletter



February 2011: I-93 Safety is Priority #1

T2



Green Snow Pro Overview

Goal:

Improve Effectiveness & Efficiency of Winter Maintenance Operations

Tasks:

Environmental Impact Education

Promote Use of Best Practices

Constraints:

Maintain Level of Service & Safety

Reduce/Maintain Cost of Winter Maintenance

Promote Liability Management



Target Audience

Municipal

Public Works Supervisors & Directors

Operators

Planning & Zoning

Administrators

Private Sector

Parking Lot/Private Road Maintainers

Parking Lot/Private Road Owners



Developing a Marketing Plan



Marketing Plan

Research

Develop Database of Winter Maintenance Companies

Locate Private Parking Lots

Merge Parking Lots with Mosaic Parcel Map to get parking lot owners

Branding

Program Title & Logo



Marketing Plan

Publicity

Derry, NH Public Television

Snow & Ice Conferences

Limited Liability Legislation

Featured in: Tree Care Magazine

Direct Marketing

E-mail Campaign to Contractors

Municipal Letters to Land Owners

Post Cards & Fliers



Best Practices Based on Season

Before the Winter

Before the Storm

During the Storm

After the Storm



Before The Winter

Develop or Review Your Winter Maintenance Plan

Level of Service Policy

Application Rate Guidelines

Route Details & Equipment Inventories

Calibrate & Inspect Equipment

Train Staff Members

In House, Technology Transfer Center, SIMA



My Equipment Cannot be Calibrated!!

This is NOT Our Calibration Equipment



Simple Calibration

Measure & Mark Test Grid

Drive over the test grid at a typical application speed

Sweep up material and weigh to determine application rate

Multiply weight by 105.6 to get lb/road mile

Settings to keep track of:

Gate Height

Auger/Belt Speed

Pony Motor RPMs

1000 Sq. Ft.

T2



Parking Spaces

Typical 10’ lane

Test Grid Layout in Owatonna, Minnesota—June 2008 T2



WM Tips: Before The Storm

Monitor Weather Closely

Pavement Temperatures and Trends are IMPORTANT!

Anti-Icing (Proactive)

Requires Anti-Icing Vehicle

Requires ¼ the Material at 1/10 the Cost of Deicing

Notes: 20-50 gallons/lane mile *Use Stream Type Nozzles. *Effective between 15-30°F

Not Highly Adoptable



Why Not Pretreat? A Parallel Example:

“Stick” Frying Pan

Cook Without Butter or Oil Effect:

Cleaning Time?

Soap & Water?

Would You Ever Do This?

T2



During The Storm

Pretreating/Prewetting

Wetting Salt With Salt Brine Before Application

Wet Salt Pile

Wet at Truck Spinner/Auger

Reduces Salt Usage By Up to 30%

Reduced Bounce & Scatter

Jump Started Melting

Pre-treat: 6-10 gallons/ton

Pre-wet: 8-14 gallons/ton

Groundspeed Controlled Spreaders



How Salt Works

Salt molecules pull water molecules out of ice formations – to form a salt brine with a reduced freezing temperature.

Once the brine is formed the melting process is greatly accelerated

The Effectiveness of salt changes with temperature! Source: Wisconsin DOT Transportation Bulletin #22

T2



Salt Pre-wet

Salt



Salt Pre-wet Salt



Melting Capacities of Salt

Pavement Temp (F) 1 lb. salt will melts this amount of ice

Time it takes to melt this amount of ice

30 46.3 lbs. 5 mins.

25 14.4 lbs. 10 mins.

20 8.6 lbs. 20 mins.

15 6.3 lbs. 60 mins.

10 4.9 lbs. ineffective

5 4.1 lbs. “

0 3.7 lbs. “

T2



During The Storm PLOW PLOW PLOW!!!

Always Plow Before Applying Deicing Chemicals to Avoid Dilution & Removal

Use Salt to Loosen Ice/Pavement Bond Not to Melt all Ice and Snow

Remember Application Rates of Deicing Chemicals Vary With Pavement Temperature:

Use Less When Temperature is Rising and More When it is Falling

Simplified Application Rates:

Type of Pavement High Application

Rate (Temps 10-20°F)

Low Application Rate

(Temps 21-32°F)

Units

Roads 250-350 150-250 Lb/Lane Mile

Parking Lots 10-20 5-10 Lb/1,000 Sq. Ft



Application Rate Example:

At 5pm Pavement Temperature is 23°F

It is snowing and it should get colder over night.

What application rate should you select for:

A.) Salt Pre-Wet with Salt BRINE

B.) Dry Salt

T2



Parking Lot Application Rates – (Continued)

Pavement Temp. (°F) and Trend

(↑↓) Weather Condition Maintenance Actions

Application Rate (lbs/per 1000 sq.ft.)

Salt Prewetted/Pretreat

ed with salt brine

Salt Prewetted/Pretreat

ed with other blends

Dry salt Winter sand

20 - 25 ↑ Snow or frz. Rain Plow and Apply chemical 7 6.5 8.25 10.5 for frz. Rain

20 - 25 ↓ Snow Plow and apply chemical 5.75 7.5 9.5 Not recommended

Frz. Rain Apply chemical 7 7.5 10 10.5

15 - 20 ↑ Snow Plow and apply chemical 7.5 7.5 9.5 Not recommended

Frz. Rain Apply chemical 8.75 7.5 10 10.5

15 - 20 ↓ Snow or Frz. Rain Plow and apply chemical 8.25 7.5 10 10.5 for frz. Rain

0 to 15 ↑↓ Snow Plow, treat with blends, sand hazardous areas

Not recommended 10 Not recommended 13 and spot-treat as

needed

< 0 Snow Plow, treat with blends, sand hazardous areas

Not recommended 23 Not recommended 13 and spot-treat as

needed

T2



Salt Storage Guidelines

All De-Icing materials should be stored on impervious surface

Surface flooring should be sloped to prevent run-off

Deicing materials should be covered minimally with a water-proof tarp

Load equipment as close to salt pile as possible to reduce spillage

Spillage should be swept and returned to stockpile

See NHDES Storage & Management of Deicing Materials: WD-DWGB-22-30 for more information (included in course packet)

T2



After The Storm

Clean Trucks in An Area With Appropriate Drainage

Record Salt Usage Per Route or Parking Lot

Discuss Problems Encountered and Take Steps To Remedy Them



Online Salt Accounting System – ANNUAL

T2

www.roadsalt.unh.edu



Select Winter Season

T2



Report Total Salt Usage

T2



Select A Town You Work in

T2



Indicate Square Feet of Pavement in Town

T2



Repeat for Additional Towns

THAT’S IT!

T2



Online Salt Accounting System – LOG BOOK

T2




Select Client List

T2



Add or Edit A Client

T2



Client Information – Add/Edit

T2



Record Site Visits

T2



Click to Add New Site Visit

T2



Input Information About Visit

T2



Generate Client Reports

T2



Select a Date Range

T2



Select a Client

T2



View Client Report

T2



For Further Information

250+ Certified Green Snow Pros

All of Exeter NH DPW

Manchester, NH DPW (Upcoming)

Dover, NH DPW (Upcoming)

www.t2.unh.edu


E-mail: [email protected]

General Phone: (800) 423-0060

Pat Santoso Direct Line: (603) 862-4209

salt reduction: an outcome from interstate 93...

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