salinity of lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. saline vs. marine marine water mainly sodium chloride 35%...
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Salinity of Lakes, Rivers, and Reservoirs
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Saline vs. Marine
• Marine water mainly sodium chloride 35%o
• Saline waters vary in dominant ions• Surface waters range from almost pure water
to several times the ionic strength of sea water
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Saline lake ClassificationName Concentration range
Subsaline 0.5-3‰
Hyposaline 3-20‰
Mesosaline 20-50‰
Hypersaline >50‰
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Some Saline Inland WatersName Location Salinity Other
Don Juan Pond Antarctica >400‰ Never freezes
Lake Vanda Antarctica <400‰ Meromictic
Lake Assal Djibouti (Affar) 348‰ -155m
Dead Sea Jordan/Israel 337‰ -378m
Great Salt Lake Utah, USA 50-270‰ Remnant of Lake Bonneville
Mono Lake California, USA 50-99‰ Highly productive
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• Don Juan Pond (~400‰)
• Lake Vanda –deep meromictic lake
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Lake Assal -Djibouti
• Crater lake 155m below sea level.
• Salinity 348 ‰
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Dead Sea
337‰ and 378m below sea level
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Great Salt Lake
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Mono Lake
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Major Cations of Surface Waters
Hard Water• Calcium• Magnesium• Sodium• Potassium
Soft Water• Calcium• Sodium• Magnesium• Potassium
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Major Anions of Surface Waterscomment on Tables 10-1, 10-3, & 10-4
Hard Water• Bicarbonate• Carbonate• Sulfate• Chloride
Soft Water• Chloride• Sulfate• Carbonate
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Salinity due to:
• Substrate (soil, geology)• Total precipitation• Ratio of precipitation to evaporation
Comment on Table 10-2
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Aral Sea
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Saline lakes form when
• Outflow is restricted• Evaporation rate exceeds inflow or outflow• Inflow equals evaporation plus outflow
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Saline Lakes are different from hard water lakes
• Mainly sodium chloride
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• Conductivity• Specific conductance
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Sources of ions
• Direct weathering of rock (e.g. sodium chloride)
• ReDox reactions involving iron, manganese, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon
• H+ from carbonic acid, acid rain, humic acids• Influence of groundwater
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Precipitation as a source of ions
• Wind-borne salt• Dust• Acid rain
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Calcium
• Essential element for most living things• Soft-water: low Ca• Hard-water: high Ca• Photosynthesis causes decline of Ca• Metabolism causes increase of CaInterpret Figures 10-3, 10-4, & 10-5
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Ca & conductivity in Lawrence Lake
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Ca in Wintergreen Lake
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Magnesium
• Necessary for chlorophyll• Unlike Ca, very soluble and does not easily
precipitateInterpret Figure 10-6 and compare with Figure
10-3
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Magnesium in Lawrence Lake
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• Sodium, potassium and other minor cations also very soluble
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Sodium concentrations
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Monovalent: Divalent Cation Ratios
• M:D < 1.5 favors diatoms• M:D > 1.5 favors desmids
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Anions, especially halides in surface waters
• Examine Figure 10-8, chloride concentrations in Little Crooked Lake
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Chloride in Little Crooked Lake
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Origins of freshwater biota
• Bacteria: homiosmotic• Protists: variable, most from marine forms• Plants: from terrestrial groups, few saline
plants (e.g. Spartina). Some like Nymphaea primitive freshwater aquatic forms
• Animals: Many from marine environments; however, insects from terrestrial groups
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