Safety Learning Journeys:

Where are we going?Jim Saveland

Program Manager for Human Factors & Risk Mgt

Fort Collins, CO November 30, 2011

Pre-Freud/Jung Descartes/Spinoza William James

Evolution of Psychology

Freud/Jung Repressed unconscious Talk therapyBehaviorism Pavlov, Skinner, Watson

Cognitive Revolution CBTEmotion Revolution Adaptive unconscious Mind-Body Positive Psychology

Allan Schore, 2009, 1:42http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFSbWuRn-oo&feature=related

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Bullet-Proof

Some of My Trauma History6/11/1979 DC-3 N148Z Crashes in Selway River

Iron – 44August 5, 2008

Dale Uptmor Glover Ridge, 8/22/1984

Bill “JB” Martin, 5/31/1991 RAM Air training jump

South CanyonJuly 6, 1994

Robby Bishop10/15/08

Greg Hill11/20/86N7311Q

9/8/06

Eric Brown06/04/10

Safety

A Passion for…

Can it be cultivated without the trauma?

Safety

Risk

Safety

RiskAnalysi

sIntuitio

n

Dual ProcessesSYSTEM 1

Fast, effortless, automatic, nonconscious, inflexible, heavily contextualized, and undemanding of working memory.

Associative, context-bound, and non-linquistic.

Intuitive Improvisation

SYSTEM 2 Slow, effortful,

controlled, conscious, flexible, decontextualized, and demanding of working memory.

Rule-based, abstract, and involves language

Analytic Planning and

reflecting

Safety

Risk

Performance

Commercial, 0:30http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWYRH5jnQBo

Dan Jansen Videos

Resiliency – Looking Forward, 2:24http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbzohtyiZP8&feature=relmfu

Benefits of Recovery, 2:24http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5mmbYxux1M&feature=relmfu

My Bias - Our mental models of Performance: --guided by sports psychology --informed by trauma psychology

“President Roosevelt, in his address to the Governors at the White House, prophetically remarked that ‘The conservation of our national resources is only preliminary to the largerquestion of national efficiency.’” 1911

What’s Missing???

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_l12ByOyzO0&feature=relmfu Jim Loehr and Jack Groppel, 2:15

Health & Safety

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Resilience EngineeringComplex Systems Safety

Sidney Dekker, 3:49http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVt9nIf9VJw

Hollnagel Dekker

Jens Rasmussen

Woods Leveson

Klein Damasio

Adapt: Why success always starts with failurehttp://www.thersa.org/events/video/vision-videos/tim-harford

Human ResilienceSpeed of Recovery

Jim Loehr and Jack Groppel, HPI, 2:34http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eMYS_yl2wE&feature=fvsr

Comprehensive Soldier Fitness

http://www.army.mil/csf/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQJvHOeAaU4&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=hJETXdnZ7TQ

Look for:Importance of ConfidenceRelaxation, Focus, BreathingGoals: result vs. processCoachingImmediate feedbackDifferent perspectivesMental component Cues Mind wanderingSmilingDietBalance stress/recoverySafe environment for noncatastrophic failure

Biathlon: How They Trainhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XIB7ydkplc

Sustained HighPerformance in Storms

Learning / Development Engagement / Enjoyment

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

Gallwey; Loehr and Schwartz; Kegan & Lahey; Dreyfus & Dreyfus; Ericsson; Csikszentmihalyi; Seligman

Development D=(s~o) (Kegan)

Development is a function of the relationship between subject and object (self, other)

Differentiation Maintaining your sense of self in the presence

of people who are important to you

Differentiation – “Holding onto Your Self”

When we have little differentiation, our identity is constructed out of what’s called a reflected sense of self. We need continual contact, validation, and consensus (or disagreement) from others.

Development Socialized mind Self-authoring

mind Self-transforming

mind

Novice Advanced

Beginner Competent Proficient Expert

Kegan & Lahey

Drefus & Dreyfus

Eight Major Components of Enjoyment

A challenging activity that requires skills The merging of action and awareness Clear goals Provides immediate feedback Concentration on the task at hand The paradox of control The loss of self-consciousness The transformation of time

Czikszentmihalyi

Optimal Experience A sense that one’s skills are adequate

to cope with the challenges at hand, in a goal-directed, rule-bound action system that provides clear clues as to how well one is performing. Concentration is so intense that there is no attention left over to think about anything irrelevant, or to worry about problems. Self-consciousness disappears, and the sense of time becomes distorted. An activity that produces such experiences is so gratifying that people are willing to do it for its own sake, with little concern for what they will get out of it, even when it is difficult, or dangerous.

Czikszentmihalyihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qI755iUMtHI&feature=related 2:31

Low

Low

High

High

Skills

Challenges

Apathy BoredomRelaxation

Worry

AnxietyArousal

Control

Flow

Flow

Czikszentmihalyi

PERMA - Flourishing Positive emotion Engagement Relationships Meaning Accomplishment

Well being as a national goal, measuring it, 3:38http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKqVy1OUI8E&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=As-g_dwgJig 6:22

http://www.thersa.org/events/video/vision-videos/martin-seligman 24:49

Seligman

Sustained HighPerformance in Storms

Learning / Development Engagement / EnjoymentSocialized mindSelf-authoring mindSelf-transforming mind

Novice, Adv. Beginner, Competent, Proficient, Expert

Flow: Challenging task, concentration,Clear goals, immediate feedbackDeep, effortless involvement, sense of controlConcern for self disappears, sense of timeAltered, Signature strengths

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

Gallwey; Loehr and Schwartz; Kegan & Lahey; Dreyfus & Dreyfus; Ericsson; Csikszentmihalyi; Seligman

Sustained HighPerformance in Storms

Learning / Development Engagement / Enjoyment

SpiritualCapacity

Source of motivation,determination, and enduranceDeliberate

Practice (10K) Feedback

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

Gallwey; Loehr and Schwartz; Kegan & Lahey; Dreyfus & Dreyfus; Ericsson; Csikszentmihalyi; Seligman

Sustained HighPerformance in Storms

Learning / Development Engagement / Enjoyment

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

Gallwey; Loehr and Schwartz; Kegan & Lahey; Dreyfus & Dreyfus; Ericsson; Csikszentmihalyi; Seligman

Mental CapacityFocuses attention (physical and

emotional energy) on the task at hand

Sustained HighPerformance in Storms

Learning / Development Engagement / Enjoyment

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

Gallwey; Loehr and Schwartz; Kegan & Lahey; Dreyfus & Dreyfus; Ericsson; Csikszentmihalyi; Seligman

Emotional CapacityCreates the internal climate that drives Ideal PerformanceState; Self & Social Awareness, Self & Relationship Mgt

Emotions Primary (or basic)

Happiness, Surprise, Fear, Sadness, Disgust, Anger

Social Sympathy, Embarrassment, Jealousy,

Guilt , Shame, Pride, Envy

Emotional Intelligence/Competencies

SelfPersonal competence

OtherSocial competence

Recognition

Self-AwarenessEmotional self-awarenessAccurate self-assessmentSelf-confidence

Social AwarenessEmpathyService orientationOrganizational awareness

Regulation

Self-ManagementSelf-controlTrustworthinessConscientiousnessAdaptabilityAchievement driveInitiative

Relationship ManagementDeveloping othersInfluenceCommunicationConflict managementLeadershipChange catalystBuilding bondsTeamwork & collaboration

Emotions & Feelings Emotion and feeling, albeit part of a

tightly bound cycle, are distinguishable processes.

“Emotions are complex, largely automated programs of actions concocted by evolution. The actions are complemented by a cognitive program that includes certain ideas and modes of cognition, but the world of emotions is largely one of actions carried out in our bodies, from facial expressions and postures to changes in viscera and internal milieu.”

Antonio Damasio

Emotions & Feelings “Feelings of emotion, on the other

hand, are composite perceptions of what happens in our body and mind when we are emoting. As far as the body is concerned, feelings are images of actions rather than actions themselves; the world of feelings is one of perceptions executed in brain maps.”

Antonio Damasio

Emotions & Feelings Emotions play out in the theater of the

body. Feelings play out in the theater of the mind.

Emotions provide a natural means for the brain and mind to evaluate the environment within and around the organism and respond accordingly and adaptively.

An understanding of the neurobiology of emotion and feelings is a key to the formulation of principles and policies capable of reducing human distress and enhancing human flourishing.

Antonio DamasioDamasio video clip, 3:23http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wup_K2WN0I

Insular Cortex The insular cortex is situated in the lateral sulcus that

separates the parietal and temporal lobes.   It is considered to be part of the limbic system and

thus is involved in emotion.  More specifically, the insular cortex is involved in

representing the body and subjective emotional experience.  According to Antonio Damasio, the insular cortex helps in the mapping of visceral states that are associated with conscious feelings and with consciousness more generally.   For Damasio, emotions are central to homeostasis and the regulation of life processes. 

Since homeostasis is about protecting the organism from harmful environmental changes, we can think of the insular cortex as helping to “insulate” the organism from dangerous conditions.

Enhanced performance under stress

Enhanced SA & decision making

Stressful experience + Effective Recovery = Enhanced Resilience

Sustained HighPerformance in Storms

Learning / Development Engagement / Enjoyment

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

Gallwey; Loehr and Schwartz; Kegan & Lahey; Dreyfus & Dreyfus; Ericsson; Csikszentmihalyi; Seligman

Physical CapacityBuilds endurance, strength and flexibility;Promotes mental and emotional recovery

Sustained HighPerformance in Storms

Learning / Development

Engagement / Enjoyment

SpiritualCapacity

Source of motivation,determination, and endurance

Mental CapacityFocuses attention (physical and

emotional energy) on the task at hand

Emotional CapacityCreates the internal climate that drives Ideal PerformanceState; Self & Social Awareness, Self & Relationship Mgt

Physical CapacityBuilds endurance, strength and flexibility;Promotes mental and emotional recovery

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

DeliberatePractice (10K) Feedback

Gallwey; Loehr and Schwartz; Kegan & Lahey; Dreyfus & Dreyfus; Ericsson; Csikszentmihalyi, Seligman

PurposeTruthHope-filled Action

Socialized mindSelf-authoring mindSelf-transforming mind

Novice, Adv. Beginner, Competent, Proficient, Expert

Flow: Challenging task, concentration,Clear goals, immediate feedbackDeep, effortless involvement, sense of controlConcern for self disappears, sense of timeAltered, Signature strengths

Min

dful

ness

Mindfulness

Change Process: Ultimate Mission Training Mission Old Story New Story Supporting Rituals Accountability / Support System

SupportNetwork

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Compliance Commitment

Compliance >> Commitment

Mission Command A style of military

command, promoting relatively decentralized command, freedom and speed of action, and initiative, within certain constraints. Subordinates, understanding the commander's intentions, their own missions and the context of those missions, are told what effect they are to achieve and the reason why it needs to be achieved. They then decide within their delegated freedom of action how best to achieve their missions.

FM 6-0

“The New Army: In Command and Out of Control”Scott SnookRet. Col, West Point and Harvard Business School

Accountability Supervisor Peer Reverse Self

“Back in 1981, Major General Jack Galvin told Captain Petraeus that the mostimportant part of the job as an aide was to criticize his boss: ‘It’s my job torun the division, and it’s your job to critique me.’ Petraeus protested but Galvininsisted.”Tim Harford, Adapt: Why success always starts with failure p. 61

Taking Action: Transform SPEC Transform SAIG Transform CISM Transform Wellness Transform Performance Mgt Transform Leadership Tng Transform Measurement Sys Write a Risk Mgt Field Manual Replace “Lord of the Manor”/Serf

mental models with Coach/Athlete mental models

Achieving the ImpossibleDan Jansen and Jim Loehr (3:55)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQFTaMsFkuQ

Roger Bannister May 6, 1954

Jim Loehr, Recovery, 2:53http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybfPNevrF00

Adm. Ray Smith and Jim Loehr, Failing Forward (2:09)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqWMsdrynvg&feature=relmfu

Extra Slides

Handouts Human Resilience Reading List Walsh Article Corporate Athlete Article Cornum Article Mindfulness Theory Article

RSA Animate, History of innovation, Steven Johnson, 4:07http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NugRZGDbPFU&feature=related

RSA Animate, Drive, Daniel Pink, 10:48http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6XAPnuFjJc&feature=related

Piano Stairs, 1:48http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6XAPnuFjJc&feature=related

Human Performance Spectrum

0Elite

PerformanceDysfunction PTSD Depression Anxiety Adaptation

toSTRESS

LicensedTherapists

ProfessionalCoaches

- Athletes- Special Forces

Peer-Support / Peer-Coaching

TraumaPsychology

Sport & ExercisePsychology

Life-ThreatHelplessnessBetrayal

PurposeAutonomyMastery

AccomplishMission

Learning

Prepare – Do – Reflect

ReflectPrepareOutcome:GoodRoutineBad - Miss - False AlarmUgly

- Expertise- Intuition- Improvisation- Surprise- Mindsight/ Body Sensation- Emotion Regulation

System 1 S 2

Self- Confidence Self- Compassion

Leader’s IntentGoalsAssessmentsVisualizationDesign/PlanSystems ViewControlled ExperimentsDeliberate Practice

“Pre-mortem”AbileneBig Hole AAR

Journaling

S 1 System 2 S 1 System 2

Theory / Worldview / Cultural Matrix (Pragmatism)

Data Analysis

Storytelling

AccomplishMission

Learning

Prepare – Do – Reflect (MMFT)

ReflectPrepareOutcome:GoodRoutineBad - Miss - False AlarmUgly

- Expertise- Intuition- Improvisation- Surprise- Mindsight/ Body Sensation- Emotion Regulation

System 1 S 2

Self- Confidence Self- Compassion

Leader’s IntentGoalsAssessmentsVisualizationDesign/PlanSystems ViewControlled ExperimentsDeliberate Practice

“Pre-mortem”AbileneBig Hole AAR

Journaling

Theory / Worldview / Cultural Matrix (Pragmatism)

Data Analysis

Storytelling

S 1 System 2 S 1 System 2

Human Intuition Sometimes marvelous (Naturalistic

Decision Making - NDM), sometimes flawed (Heuristics & Biases - HB)

Simon (1992) offered a concise definition of skilled intuition that we both endorse: “The situation has provided a cue: This cue has given the expert access to information stored in memory, and the information provides the answer. Intuition is nothing more and nothing less than recognition” (p. 155). The model of intuition as recognition is helpful in several ways. First, it demystifies intuition.

Conditions for Intuitive ExpertiseDaniel Kahneman and Gary KleinAmerican Psychologist, Sep 2009

Goals Conscious/Unconscious Outcome – e.g. placement in a race,

“top 20” Performance – e.g. certain time, “run

a 40 min 10K” Process – e.g. how you compete,

“maintain form” Long/Short-term (macro >16wks,

meso, micro <14 days) Daily training goals – building self-

confidence SMART

“There are only two ways to get fired at Harrah’s Entertainment: One is to steal from the company, and the other is to run an experiment without a control.” – Gary Loveman

Everything is Obvious by Duncan Watts andHBR interview with Michael J. Mauboussin, Embracing Complexity, Sep. 2011

Science First What’s the theory (behind the

scenes)? What’s the body of empirical

scientific evidence? Are you doing controlled

experiments? Run any simulations?

(or otherwise testing your hypothesis/assumptions

Question everything! Skeptic – raise questions and cast doubt

on what others believe to be true Critic – analyze and make judgments

based on careful observation and thoughtful reflection

Towards a “Truly” Scientific Management: The Concept of

Organization Health Spirit of inquiry, Commitment to truth Scientific Attitude

Hypothetical Spirit Experimentalism

Organizations as adaptive structures coping with various environments

Effectiveness – competence, mastery, problem solving

Intergroup conflict and action researchWarren Bennis 1962

Frederick Winslow TaylorPrinciples of Scientific Management, 1911

Science FirstTravel Caps?

What’s the theory? What’s the body of empirical

scientific evidence? Are you doing controlled

experiments? Run any simulations?