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K E V I N M . W O O D S ,

W I L L I A M S O N M U R R A Y, a n d

T H O M A S H O L A D A Y

w i t h M O U N I R E L K H A M R I

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About the Authors

Kevin M. Woodsis a member of the research staff at the Institute forDefense Anayses (IDA) and since 2003 has been the task eader ofthe Iraqi Perspectives Project. Recent pubications incudeThe Iraqi

Perspectives Report: Saddams Senior Leadership on Operation IraqiFreedom, andThe Mother of all Battles: Saddam Husseins StrategicPlan for the Persian Gulf War.

Williamson Murrayis professor emeritus at The Ohio State Universityand senior feow at IDA. He is the author of numerous books and arti-ces. His recent works incudeThe Iraq War: A Military History, The Pastis Prologue(ed.), andA War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War.

Thomas Holadayhas a degree in Phiosophy and a minor in Arabic fromGeorgetown University. Since joining IDA, he has researched the miitary-

strategic history of Iraq whie working on the Iraqi Perspectives Project. Mounir Elkhamriis a Midde East miitary anayst and inguist forthe U.S. Army Foreign Miitary Studies Office. His artices incudeDeaing with the Iraqi popuace: an Arab-American sodiers perspec-tive (Military Review) and Irans Contribution to the Civi War in Iraq(Jamestown Foundation).

Laila Sabarais senior inguist for both the Terrorism PerspectivesProject and the Iraqi Perspectives Project at IDA. Previousy, she workedas an Arab inguist supporting the U.S. Senate and the Departments of

Defense, Homeand Security, and Justice.

The National Defense University (NDU) educates military and civilianleaders through teaching, research, and outreach in national security strategy,national military strategy, and national resource strategy; joint and multinationaloperations; information strategies, operations, and resource management;acquisition; and regional defense and security studies.

The Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) is a policy research

and strategic gaming organization within NDU serving the Department of Defense,its components, and interagency partners. Established in 1984, the instituteprovides senior decisionmakers with timely, objective analysis and gaming eventsand supports NDU educational programs in the areas of international securityaffairs and defense strategy and policy. Through an active outreach program,including conferences and publications, INSS seeks to promote understandingof emerging strategic challenges and policy options.

The National Defense University Press publishes books, monographs,reports, and occasional papers on national and international security affairs,defense policy, and military strategy, primarily the output of university research

and academic programs. In addition, it produces Joint Force Quarterly, aprofessional military and security studies journal published for the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Cover: A view from Wasit Province, Iraq, across the border into Iran (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Tiffany Dusterhoft)

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Kevin M. Woods, Williamson Murray,and Thomas Holaday

with Mounir Elkhamri

InstItute for natIonal strategIc studIes

natIonal defense unIversIty

WashIngton d.c.

9

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t pii i mmi xp impiwii i p iw dpm d f gm. ti pb-ii i pbi ; iibi imi.

exp mp p 47 51 5 68 pi i wk mb q pi wi pmii pi ii i i. ndu P w ppi p pi iw.

This work was conducted under contract DASW01-04-C-003, Task ET-8-2579 or the

National Intelligence Council. The publication o this IDA document does not in-

dicate endorsement by the Department o Deense, nor should the contents be

construed as reecting the ofcial position o the Agency.

2007, 2008 Institute or Deense Analyses, 4850 Mark Center Drive, Alexandria,

Virginia 22311-1882 (703) 845-2000.

This material may be reproduced by or or the U.S. Government pursuant to the

copyright license under the clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 (Nov 95).

First printing, March 2009

ISSN 10717552

NDU Press publications are sold by the U.S. Government Printing Ofce. For ordering

information, call (202) 512-1800 or write to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.

Government Printing Ofce, Washington, DC 20402. For the U.S. Government On-line

Bookstore, go to:

.

For current publications o the Institute or National Strategic Studies, go to the NDU

Press Web site at:.

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