rwandan civil war - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.pdf

3/4/2015 RwandanCivilWarWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War 1/14

RwandanCivilWar

MapofRwandawithtownsandroads

Date 1October19904August1993(2years,10monthsand3days)(firstphase,uptoArushaAccords)

7April18July1994(3months,1weekand4days)(secondphase,uptoRPFvictory)

Location Rwanda

ResultMilitaryandpoliticalvictoryoftheRwandanPatrioticFront:

StartofRwandanGenocideStartofGreatLakesrefugeecrisis

Belligerents

Rebels:

RwandanPatrioticFront(RPF)

Government:

RwandanArmedForces(FAR)

Supportedby:

France(1990

RwandanCivilWarFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheRwandanCivilWarwasaconflictwithintheCentralAfricannationofRwanda,betweenthegovernmentofPresidentJuvnalHabyarimanaandtherebelRwandanPatrioticFront(RPF).Theconflictbeganon1October1990whentheRPFinvadedandostensiblyendedon4August1993withthesigningoftheArushaAccordstocreateapowersharinggovernment.[2]

However,theassassinationofHabyarimanainApril1994provedtobethecatalystfortheRwandanGenocide,thecommonlyquoteddeathtollforwhichis800,000.Thecloselyinterrelatedcausesofthewarandgenocideledsomeobserverstoassumethatthereportsofmasskillingswereinfactsomenewflaringofthewar,ratherthanadifferentphase.TheRPFrestarteditsoffensive,eventuallytakingcontrolofthecountry.TheHutugovernmentinexilethenproceededtouserefugeecampsinneighboringcountriestodestabilizethenewRPFgovernment.TheRPFanditsproxyrebelforcesprosecutedtheFirstCongoWar(19961997),whichledinturntotheSecondCongoWar(19982003),allofwhichinvolvedaHutuforcewiththeobjectiveofregainingcontrolofRwanda.Thuswhilethecivilwarofficiallylasteduntil1993,someliteraturehasthewarendingwiththeRPFcaptureofKigaliin1994orwiththedisbandingoftherefugeecampsin1996,whilesomeconsiderthepresenceofsmallrebelgroupsalongtheRwandanbordertomeanthatthecivilwarisongoing.

Contents

1Background1.1PreindependenceRwandaandoriginsofHutu,TutsiandTwa1.2Revolution,exileofTutsi,andinyenziattacks1.3FormationoftheRPFandpreparationforwar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Habyarimana_and_Ntaryamirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RwandaRoads.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusha_Accordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusha_Accords



1993)

Zaire(19901991)

CommandersandleadersFredRwigyemaPeterBayinganaPaulKagame

JuvnalHabyarimana

ThonesteBagosoraAugustin

Bizimungu

Strength20,000RPF[1] 35,000FAR[1]

Casualtiesandlosses5,000killed 5,000killed

AreconstructionoftheKingofRwanda'spalaceatNyanza

2Warfare2.11990invasion2.2TheRPFregroup2.3Guerrillawar2.4Arushaaccordsandafter2.5Militaryoperationsduringthe1994genocide

3Aftermath4Notes5References6Externallinks

Background

PreindependenceRwandaandoriginsofHutu,TutsiandTwa

TheearliestinhabitantsofwhatisnowRwandaweretheTwa,agroupofaboriginalpygmyhuntergathererswhosettledintheareabetween8000BCand3000BCandremaininRwandatoday.[3][4]Between700BCand1500AD,anumberofBantugroupsmigratedintoRwanda,andbegantoclearforestlandforagriculture.[5][4]TheforestdwellingTwalostmuchoftheirhabitatandmovedtotheslopesofmountains.[6]HistorianshaveseveraltheoriesregardingthenatureoftheBantumigrationsonetheoryisthatthefirstsettlerswereHutu,whiletheTutsimigratedlaterandformedadistinctracialgroup,possiblyofCushiticorigin.[7]Analternativetheoryisthatthemigrationwasslowandsteady,withincominggroupsintegratingintoratherthanconqueringtheexistingsociety.[8][4]Underthistheory,theHutuandTutsidistinctionaroselaterandwasaclassdistinctionratherthanaracialone.[9][10]

Thepopulationcoalesced,firstintoclans(ubwoko),[11]andthen,by1700,intoaroundeightkingdoms.[12]TheKingdomofRwanda,ruledbytheTutsiNyiginyaclan,becamethedominantkingdomfromthemideighteenthcentury,[13]expandingthroughaprocessofconquestandassimilation,[14]andachievingitsgreatestextentunderthereignofKingKigeliRwabugirifrom185395.Rwabugiriexpandedthekingdomwestandnorth,[15][13]andinitiatedadministrativereformswhichcausedarifttogrowbetweentheHutuandTutsipopulations.[15]TheBerlinConferenceof1884assignedtheterritorytoGermany,whichbeganapolicyofrulingthroughtheRwandanmonarchy,andsupportingTutsichiefsaroundthecountry.[16]

BelgianforcestookcontrolofRwandaandBurundiduringWorldWarI,[17]andfrom1926beganapolicyofmoredirectcolonialrule.[18][19]TheBelgiansmodernisedtheRwandaneconomy,butTutsisupremacy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference_(1884)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rwigyemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9oneste_Bagosorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clans_of_Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zairehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rwanda_Nyanza_Mwami_Palace.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigeli_IV_of_Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bizimunguhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Bayingana&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyanza,_Rwanda



remained,leavingtheHutudisenfranchised.[20]In1935,BelgiumintroducedidentitycardslabellingeachindividualaseitherTutsi,Hutu,TwaorNaturalised.WhileithadpreviouslybeenpossibleforparticularlywealthyHututobecomehonoraryTutsi,theidentitycardspreventedanyfurthermovementbetweentheclasses.[21]

Revolution,exileofTutsi,andinyenziattacks

After1945,aHutucounterelitedeveloped,[22]leadingtoadeteriorationinrelationsbetweenthegroupstheTutsileadershipagitatedforspeedyindependencetocementtheirholdonpower,[23]whiletheHutuelitecalledforthetransferofpowerfromTutsitoHutu,[24]astanceincreasinglysupportedbythechurchandthecolonialgovernment.[25]InNovember1959,theHutubeganaseriesofriotsandarsonattacksonTutsihomes,followingfalserumoursofthedeathofaHutusubchiefbyTutsiactivists.[26]Violencequicklyspreadacrossthewholecountry,beginningtheRwandanRevolution.[27]ThekingandTutsipoliticiansattemptedafightback,[28]seekingtoseizepowerandostracisetheHutuandBelgians,[29]butwerethwartedbyBelgiancolonelGuyLogiest,whowasbroughtinbythecolonialgovernor.[28]Logiestreestablishedlawandorder,andbeganaprogrammeofovertpromotionandprotectionoftheHutuelite.[30]TheBelgiansthenreplacedmanyTutsichiefsandsubchiefswithHutu,andconsignedtheking,KigeliV,tofigureheadstatus[31]Kigelilaterfledthecountry.[32]DespitecontinuedantiTutsiviolence,Belgiumorganisedlocalelectionsinmid1960,withHutupartiesgainingcontrolofalmostallcomunes,effectivelyendingtherevolution.[33]LogiestandHutuleaderGrgoireKayibandadeclaredthecountryanautonomousrepublicin1961,[34]anditbecameindependentin1962.[31]

Astherevolutionprogressed,morethan336,000TutsileftRwandatoescapetheHutupurges,[35]settlingprimarilyinthefourneighbouringcountriesofBurundi,Uganda,TanzaniaandZaire.[36]TheTutsiexiles,unliketheBanyarwandawhomigratedduringtheprecolonialandcolonialera,wereregardedasrefugeesintheirhostcountries,[37]andbeganalmostimmediatelytoagitateforareturntoRwanda.[38]Someformedarmedgroups,knownasinyenzi(cockroaches),[31]whofromlate1960launchedattacksintoRwandafromtheneighbouringcountries,withmixedsuccess.[39]Theinyenziattackswerethemselvesadrivingforceinpropellingfurtherrefugeesacrosstheborders,asthegovernmentoftenrespondedtothemwithfurtherattacksonTutsistillresidinginRwanda.[31]Thelargestinyenziattackwasasurpriseassaultinlate1963,advancingtopositionsclosetoKigali.[40]Theinvaderswerepoorlyequippedandorganised,however,andthegovernmentdefeatedthem,followingupwiththeslaughterofanestimated10,000TutsiwithinRwanda.[40]Theinternationalcommunitydidlittleinresponsetothesekillings,andthedefeatwasthefinalblowfortheinyenzi,whoposednofurtherthreattoRwanda.[41]

FormationoftheRPFandpreparationforwar

In1979,UgandandictatorIdiAminwasdefeatedbyanallianceoftheTanzanianarmyandUgandanrebels[42]amongtherebelfighterswereFredRwigyemaandPaulKagame,RwandanTutsirefugeeswhohadjoinedYoweriMuseveni'sFrontforNationalSalvation(FRONASA).[43]MiltonOboteassumedtheUgandanpresidency,andbeganpersecutionanddiscriminationagainsttheTutsirefugees.[44]Inresponse,therefugeesformedtheRwandanRefugeesWelfareAssociation,whichbecametheRwandanAlliancefor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_Aminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Obotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Logiesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_Kayibandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Musevenihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigeli_V_of_Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zairehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_for_National_Salvationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rwigyemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame



NationalUnity(RANU)thefollowingyear.[44]Museveniwasacabinetmemberinthetransitiongovernment,andRwigyema,KagameandsomeotherRwandanrefugeesremainedallegianttohim.[45]Obotewonthe1980generalelection,butMusevenidisputedtheresult,andhe,RwigyemaandKagamewithdrewfromthenewgovernmentinprotest,formingtherebelNationalResistanceArmy(NRA).[46][47]Thearmy'sgoalwastooverthrowObote'sgovernment,inwhatbecameknownastheUgandanBushWar.[47][48]PresidentOboteremainedhostiletotheRwandanrefugeesRANUwasforcedintoexilein1981,relocatingtoNairobi,Kenya,[49]andin1982AnkoleyouthsattackedtheRwandans,withtheauthorityofObote,[50]causingmanymoretojoinMuseveni'sNRA.[51]

In1986,theNRAcapturedKampalawithaforceof14,000soldiers,including500Rwandans,andformedanewgovernment.[52]AfterMuseveniwasinauguratedaspresident,heappointedKagameandRwigyemaasseniorofficersinthenewUgandanarmy.[53][54]TheexperienceoftheBushWargaveRwigyemaandKagameinspirationtoconsideranattackagainstRwanda,andaswellasfulfillingtheirarmyduties,theybeganbuildingacovertnetworkofRwandanTutsirefugeeswithinthearmy'sranks,intendedasthenucleusforsuchanattack.[55]WiththeprorefugeeMuseveniinpower,RANUwasabletomovebacktoKampala.Atits1987convention,itrenameditselftotheRwandanPatrioticFront(RPF),andittoocommittedtoreturningtherefugeestoRwandabyanymeanspossible.[56]In1988,aleadershipcrisiswithintheRPFpromptedFredRwigyematointerveneintheorganisationandtakecontrol,replacingPeterBayinganaasRPFpresident.[57]KagameandotherseniormembersofRwigyema'sRwandanentouragewithintheNRAalsojoined,withKagameassumingthevicepresidency.[57]Bayinganaremainedastheothervicepresident,butresentedthelossoftheleadership.[57]

RwandanPresidentJuvnalHabyarimanawasawareoftheincreasingnumberofTutsiexilesintheUgandanarmy,andmaderepresentationstoPresidentMusevenionthematter.[58]Atthesametime,manynativeUgandansbegancriticisingMusevenioverhisappointmentofRwandanrefugeestoseniorpositions.[59]HethereforedemotedKagameandRwigyema.[58]Theyremaineddefactoseniorofficers,butthechangecausedthemtoacceleratetheirplanstoinvadeRwanda.[60]In1990,adisputeinsouthwesternUgandabetweenUgandanranchownersandsquattersontheirland,manyofwhomwereRwandans,[61]ledtoawiderdebateonindigeneityandeventuallytotheexplicitlabellingofallRwandanrefugeesasnoncitizens.[62]Realisingtheprecariousnessoftheirownpositions,andtheopportunityaffordedbyboththereneweddriveofrefugeestoleaveUganda,andtheprecariousRwandandomesticscene,RwigyemaandKagamedecidedtoeffecttheirinvasionplansimmediately.[63]

Warfare

1990invasion

At2:30pmon1October1990,fiftyRPFrebelsdesertedtheirUgandanarmypostsandcrossedtheborderfromUgandaintoRwanda,killingacustomsguardattheKagitumbaborderpost.[64]Theywerefollowedbyhundredsmorerebels,dressedintheuniformsoftheUgandannationalarmyandcarryingUgandanweaponry,includingmachinegunsandrocketlaunchers.[64]RPFdemandsincludedanendtoethnicsegregationandthesystemofidentitycards,aswellasotherpoliticalandeconomicreformsthatportrayedtheRPFasademocraticandtolerantorganizationseekingtodeposeadangerousandcorruptregime.[65]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_general_election,_1980http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_launcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Resistance_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Resistance_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Bayingana&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda



BothPresidentYoweriMuseveniofUgandaandPresidentHabyarimanaofRwandawereinNewYorkattendingtheUnitedNationsWorldSummitforChildren.[66]TheroleofUgandawasimmediatelybroughtintoquestion.ItislikelythatMuseveniknewoftheRPFanditsplannedinvasion,butdidnotexplicitlysupportit.[67]Musevenihadseveralmotivesfornotinterfering,includingstabilityinwesternUgandaandthepossibilityofastrengthenedpositioninfuturerefugeenegotiationswithHabyarimana.[68]Musevenideniesanyknowledgehowever,statingyearslaterinaconferencewithfellowAfricanheadsofstate,thattheRPFhadlaunchedtheinvasion"withoutpriorconsultation".[69]Musevenialsosaidlaterthat"facedwith[a]faitaccomplisituationbyourRwandanbrothers,"Ugandawent"tohelptheRPF,materially,sothattheyarenotdefeatedbecausethatwouldhavebeendetrimentaltotheTutsipeopleofRwandaandwouldnothavebeengoodforUganda'sstability."[69]

Inthefirstfewdaysoffighting,theRPFmadesignificantprogress,advancing60km(37mi)southtothetownofGabiro.[70]TheirRwandanArmedForces(FAR)opponentswerenumericallysuperior,with5,200soldiers,andpossessedarmouredcarsandhelicopterssuppliedbyFrance,buttheRPFbenefittedfromtheelementofsurprise.[70]TheRPFsufferedasignificantreversalonthethirdday,however,whencommanderFredRwigyemawaskilled.ItislikelythatRwigyemawaskilledbyhissubcommanderPeterBayingana,followinganargumentovertactics,[71]althoughthecurrentRPFledGovernmentofRwandacontendthathewaskilledbyastraybullet.[72]

TheoffensivefailedafterFranceandZairemilitarilyintervened.ZairesentseveralhundredtroopsoftheeliteSpecialPresidentialDivision(DSP)tofightalongsideRwandangovernmenttroops.InamilitaryoperationcodenamedNorot,Francedeployedthe1stand3rdcompaniesofthe8thMarineInfantryParachuteRegiment,consistingof125soldiers,whowerebasedintheCentralAfricanRepublic,tosupporttheRwandangovernment.[73][74]Theseforceswerelaterjoinedbyelementsofthe2ndForeignParachuteRegiment,3rdMarineInfantryParachuteRegimentand13thParachuteDragoonRegiment.[74]France,whichhadsignedadefensepactwithHabyarimanain1975,insistedthatitsforceshadbeendeployedstrictlytoprotectitsnationals,buttheparachutecompaniessetuppositionsblockingtheRPFadvancetothecapitalandKigaliInternationalAirport.Col.RenGalinihadcommandoftheinitialdeployment,butwasreplacedbyCol.JeanClaudeThomannon19October.FrancealsosuppliedtheRwandangovernmentwithshipmentsofartillery,mortarsandothermilitaryequipment,alongwithfinancialaid.Franceclaimedtobecountering"aggressionlaunchedfromanEnglishspeakingcountry."[75]Atfirst,Belgiumalsosupportedthegovernmentbutcutallmilitaryaidshortlyafterhostilitiesbegan,citingadomesticlawprohibitingtheirmilitaryfromtakingpartinacivilwar.France,incontrast,supportedtheregimeandgavesignificantmilitaryandfinancialsupport,thusreplacingBelgiumasRwanda'smajorforeignsponsor.[75][76]

On7October1990,thegovernmentforceslaunchedacounteroffensive.TheRPFwhohadonlypreparedforashortwarbegantofallbackwhenitbecameclearthattheydidnothavetheheavyequipmentneededtofacethegovernmentforcesinaconventionalconflict.MajorPaulKagame,whowasintheUnitedStatestakingacourseattheCommandandGeneralStaffCollege,wascontactedandreturnedtotakecontroloftherebelforces.Tomakemattersworse,on23October,twomoreRPFcommanders,MajorPeterBayingana,whohadtakendefactocommand,andChrisBunyenyezi,werearrestedbySalimSaleh,theUgandanpresident'sbrother,forthemurderofRwigyemaandbroughtbacktoUgandaforinterrogationandeventualexecution.[77]TheRPFforcewasthrownintoconfusionandbytheendofthemonth,hadbeenpushedbackintoAkageraNationalParkinthenortheastcornerofthecountry.[78][79]FrenchspotterplaneswereusedtofindretreatingRPFunitssotheycouldbedestroyedbytheFAR.[76]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Thomann&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Bunyenyezi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akagera_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zairehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Salehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_General_Staff_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Musevenihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_for_Childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rwigyemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Marine_Infantry_Parachute_Regimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Presidential_Divisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Foreign_Parachute_Regimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Marine_Infantry_Parachute_Regimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Parachute_Dragoon_Regimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York



Topographicalmap.TheRPFwaspushedintoAkageraNationalPark,anareaofrollinghillsandsavannainthenortheastcorner,butKagamemovedthemtotheforestedVirungaMountainsinthecentralnorth.

Onthenightof4October,theRwandangovernmentstagedafakeattackonKigaliwithgunfireandexplosionsaroundthecity.ThispieceoftheaterwasintendedtofrightenthepopulaceintosupportingthewarandencouragingthereportingofsuspectedRPFsympathizersamongtheTutsi.Over10,000peoplewerearrested.Thereactionalsoincludeddirectedkilling.Awitnesstestifiedthat,on2October,paracommandosunderMajorAloysNtabakuzeseparatedciviliansfleeingthefightingatUmutaraintoHutuandTutsi,andusedgrenadestokilltheTutsi.Eightdayslater,anotherwitnesstestifiedthatNtabakuzeorderedtheethniccleansingofavillagecalledBahima.Tendaysaftertheinvasion,localofficialsinKibiliraweretoldtokillthelocalinyenziandburndowntheirhomesbecauseofthethreatoftheRPFoffensive.Atleast348civilianswerekilledin48hours.[80]

TheRPFregroup

Onhisarrival,PaulKagamebegantoreorganizetheRPFforces,whichhadbeenreducedtolessthan2,000troops,anddecidedtodevelopaguerrillawarfareinthenorthofthecountry.[81]MusevenigrantedpermissionfortheRPFtoretreatbackintoUgandaforonenight,duringwhichKagameandthetroopscompletedatiringovernightmarchwesttotheVirungamountains,ahighaltitudeareainwhichtheRwandanarmycouldnotattackthem.[82]TheRPFspenttwomonthsinthemountains,withoutengagingthegovernmentforces.Conditionswereharshandsomemembersofthearmyperishedduetofreezingtemperatures.[83]

ThetimeintheVirungaswasspentreorganisingthearmyandrebuildingtheleadershipthathadsufferedsomuchduringthefighting.AlexisKanyarengwe,aHutuandformerallyofHabyarimana,wasappointedRPFchairmanhowever,Tutsiscontinuedtomakeupthemajorityoftheleadership.[83]Duringthistime,theRPFalsorecruitedfromtheTutsidiaspora.InadditiontoUgandans,newmembersarrivedfromBurundi,Tanzania,Zaire,theUnitedStates,andEurope.[84]Byearly1991,theRPFhadgrownto5,000by1992ithadreached12,000andduringthe1994offensiveitnumbered25,000.[85]

Inadditiontorecruitingpersonnel,theRPFcarriedoutfundraisingactivity.TheTutsidiasporaworldwidecontributed,asdidsomebusinessmenwithinRwandawhowerethevictimsofcorruptionbytheHabyarimanaregime.[86]TheRPFrearmeditself,bothbypurchasingarmsontheinternationalmarketandrelyingonclandestinesupplyfromformercolleaguesinofficercorpsoftheUgandanarmy.[87]

Guerrillawar

ByJanuary1991,Kagamerestartedthewar.Thefirstmove,on23January1991,wasasurpriseattackonthenortherntownofRuhengeri.RuhengeriwaschosenduetoitsproximitytotheVirungamountainsanditsperceptionasbeingastrongholdoftheHabyarimanaregime.[88]TheRPFcapturedthetown,benefiting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umutarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kibilira&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virunga_mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rwanda_Topography.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhengerihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloys_Ntabakuze&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virunga_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Kanyarengwe&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akagera_National_Park



ThetownofRuhengeri,withtheVirungaMountainsinthebackground

fromtheelementofsurprise,andhelditforonedaybeforeretreatingbacktotheforests.[89]DuringtheoccupationtheycapturedweaponsandequipmentfromtheRwandanarmyandstormedRuhengeriprison,freeingpoliticalprisoners.[89]TheattacksucceededincreatingaclimateoffearinRwanda.[89]

FollowingthisactiontheRPFwithdrewandbegantocarryoutaclassichitandrunstyleguerrillawar.Lowintensityfightingdraggedonwithneithersidemanagingtoinflictanymajordefeatsontheother.TheRPFstartedbroadcastingfromUgandaintoRwandaonitsownradiostation,calledRadioMuhaburain1991.ItwasmonitoredbytheBBCstartingin1992,andwasmostlyapropagandainstrumentfortheRPF.ItaccusedtheHabyarimanagovernmentofgenocideasearlyasJanuary1993,evenbeforetheArushaaccords.Overthenextfewyearstherewerenumerousattemptsatceasefires,thoughtheyachievedlittleandthefightingcontinueduntil13July1992whenaceasefirewassignedinArusha.

Arushaaccordsandafter

Thewardraggedonforalmost2.5yearsuntilaceasefireaccordwassignedon12July1992,inArusha,Tanzania,fixingatimetableforanendtothefightingandpoliticaltalks,leadingtoapeaceaccordandpowersharing,andauthorizinganeutralmilitaryobservergroupundertheauspicesoftheOrganizationforAfricanUnity.Theceasefiretookeffecton31July1992,andpoliticaltalksbegan30September1992.

Overthecourseofthefollowingmonthsnegotiationscontinued,thoughwithoutanyseriousbreakthroughsandwiththetensiononbothsidesmounting.Finally,followingreportsofmassacresofTutsi,theRPFlaunchedamajoroffensiveon8February1993.

Thisoffensiveforcedthegovernmentforcesbackindisarray,allowingtheRPFtoquicklycapturethetownofRuhengeri,andthentoturnsouthandbeginadvancingonthecapital.ThiscausedpanicinParis(alongtermsupporteroftheHabyarimanaregime)whichimmediatelysentseveralhundredFrenchtroopstothecountryalongwithlargeamountsofammunitionfortheFARartillery.ThearrivaloftheseFrenchtroopsinKigaliseriouslychangedthemilitarysituationontheground.Implicitintheirsupportforthegovernmentandtheirrapiddeploymentwasthethreatthat,shouldtheRPFadvanceonthecapital,thentheymayfindthemselvesfightingFrenchparatroopersaswellasRwandangovernmentsoldiers.On20February,withtheRPFonly30km(19mi)northofKigali,therebelsdeclaredaunilateralceasefireandoverthefollowingmonthspulledtheirforcesback.Bythattime,over1.5millioncivilians,mostlyHutu,hadlefttheirhomes.

Anuneasypeacewasonceagainenteredinto,whichwouldlastuntil7Aprilofthefollowingyear.Overthefollowingmonthsthepeaceprocessdeveloped.OneofthestipulationsoftheagreementwasthattheRPFwouldstationanumberofdiplomatsinKigaliattheCNDparliamentbuilding.Thesemenweretobeprotectedbybetween6001000RPFsoldiers.

TheTutsidiasporamiscalculatedthereactionofitsinvasionofRwanda.ThoughtheTutsiobjectiveseemedtobetopressuretheRwandangovernmentintomakingconcessionswhichwouldstripTutsioftheirlargely'secondclass'status,theinvasionwasseenasanattempttobringtheTutsiethnicgroupbackintopower.Theeffectwastoincreaseethnictensionstoalevelhigherthantheyhadeverbeen.HuturalliedaroundthePresident.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_African_Unityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhengerihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceasefirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Muhaburahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusha,_Tanzaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virunga_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruhengeri.jpg



MountGahinga(left)andMountMuhabura(right)intheVirungaMountainsarelocatedalongtheUgandaRwandaborder.

Militaryoperationsduringthe1994genocide

Thissectiondetailstheconductofthewarduringthe1994genocide.Fordetailsofthegenocideitself,seeRwandanGenocide.

On6April1994,PresidentHabyarimanareturnedfromnegotiationsinDaresSalaamwhenhispresidentialjetwasshotdown,killingallinside.InterahamweandthepresidentialguardbegantokilloppositionpoliticiansandprominentTutsi.Overthefollowingdays,itbecameclearthatthetargetofthesekillingswastheentireTutsipopulationalongwithcertainmoderateHutu.TheRwandanGenocidehadbegunandwouldlastthreemonths,killinghundredsofthousandsofpeople,about937,000accordingtotheRPF.

Thenatureofthegenocidewasnotimmediatelyapparenttoforeignobservers,andwasinitiallyexplainedasaviolentphaseofthecivilwar.MarkDoyle,thecorrespondentfortheBBCNewsinKigali,triedtoexplainthecomplexsituationinlateApril1994thusly,

Look,youhavetounderstandthattherearetwowarsgoingonhere.Theresashootingwarandagenocidewar.Thetwoareconnected,butalsodistinct.Intheshootingwar,therearetwoconventionalarmiesateachother,andinthegenocidewar,oneofthosearmies,thegovernmentsidewithhelpfromcivilians,isinvolvedinmasskillings.[90]

Bytheeveningof7AprilwithkillingsbecomingwidespreadandtheRPFbattalionintheparliamentbuildingcomingunderattack,theRPFreneweditsoffensivesouth.TheRPFtroopswithintheparliamentbuildinghadfortifiedtheirdefencesduringthepreviousmonths,incasetheywerecaughtinthecapitalwiththeirsupplylinescutandunderattack.Now,thesetroopswereengagedbytheRwandanarmyinthenearbyarmycampatKanombe,neartheairport.Therebelforceswithintheparliamentcomplex,commandedbyLtColCharlisKayonnga,begantofighttheirwayoutandbegantoattackthesurroundinggovernmenthelddistricts.Theirprimaryfocus,however,wastomovenorthandlinkupwiththemainrebelarmy.

ThemainRPFforcesinthenorthbeganathreeprongedattackonthemorningof8April.OnegroupmovedwesttoRuhengeriandCharMobileForcecommandedbycolGashumbaengagedgovernmentforcesthere,althoughtheywouldmakelittleprogressandweremorelikelyadefensiveforcesecuringtherightflankoftheRPFadvancesouth.ThesecondgroupunderthecommandofColonelEugenBagire(Commandingofficerofthe7thBattalion)andLieutenantColonelFredIbingira(Commandingofficerofthe157Battalion)moveddowntheeasternborderofthecountrytowardsKibungo.ThethirdgroupunderthecommandofColonelSamKaka(commanderofALFAMobileForce),Col.CharlisNgoga(59thBattalion),Col.Musitu(21stBattalion),CharlisMuhire(101Battalion)andLudovicTwahirwa(knownasDodo,commanderoftheBravoMobileforce)managedtomakeamajoradvancetowardsthecapitalbythe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gahingahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Habyarimana_and_Ntaryamirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Doyle_(journalist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virunga_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Muhaburahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GahingaMuhabura.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interahamwe



eveningof11April.Bothsidesbegantoreinforceandstrengthentheirpositions,withtheRPFbeginningaslowbuteffectiveencirclementofthecity.On12April,theprovisionalgovernmentfledtoGitaramainanattempttoescapethefighting.

Intheeast,theRPFfacedlittlegovernmentresistanceandreachedtheTanzanianborderon22April.However,withalmostalloftheRPF'sheavyequipmentfocusedonthebattleforKigali,thewesternadvanceonRuhengeristalemated.

Inthecapital,theRPFadvancecontinueditsslowyetmethodicalencirclementofthecity,forcingtheairporttocloseon5Mayduetointenseshelling.AfurthersignofthesuccessofKagame'stroopswasthecuttingoftheKigaliGitaramaroadon16May.ThiswasfollowedsixdayslaterbythecaptureofKigaliInternationalAirport.Inanattempttoreversethedefeatsthatitwassuffering,theFARlaunchedacounterattackon6June,althoughthiswashaltedalmostimmediatelyandfailedtoachieveanysignificantgains.

TheRPFforces,havingcontrolofthenorthern,easternandsouthernsuburbs,begantomovenortharoundthesouthwesternedgeofthecity.ThisputfurtherpressureonGitaramawhichfellon13June.Atthispoint,theRPFbegantocloseinonthecenterofthecapital,hopingtodefeatthegovernmentforcesinthefield.Thistooktheformofputtingpressureonthreesidesofthecitywithinfantryandlightartilleryandmortars,allowingthedefendersnorespite.HeavyfightingcontinuedthroughJuneandintothefirstweekonJuly.However,on3Julythegovernmentforcesbegantowithdrawfromthecapital,takingwiththemthemajorityofthecivilianpopulation.AccordingtoUNsources,theyhadalmostcompletelyrunoutofammunition.Thefollowingday,afterathreemonthlongbattle,theRPFmovedinandcapturedtheentirecapital.

Inthemeantime,theRPF'seasternforceshadreachedthesoutheasternedgeofthecountryandthenswungonanaxis,hingedonKigali,westward.ThroughJunetheypushedthegovernmentforceswestthroughthesouthernregion,alongtheborderwithBurundi.TheyfinallystoppedfollowingtheircaptureofButareon2JulyandthearrivaloftheFrench,whoblockedtheirpathwiththeimplementationofOprationTurquoise.

WiththefallofKigali,thegovernmentforcesbegantodisintegrate.Thearmylostcohesionandbegantorout,beingcloselypursuedbytheRPF.ThismadedefendingthelasttwonortherntownsofRuhengeriandGisenyialmostimpossible.WithhisforcesinthecapitalnowfreedupfromthebattleforKigali,Kagamemovedthebulkofhisarmynorthtocapturethegovernment'snewpowerbase.On13July,Ruhengerifinallycapitulated,followedon18JulybyGisenyi.

Inthesouthwestofthecountry,FrenchforcesfromOperationTurquoisecontrolledalargearea,whichwasgivenovertotheRPFon21August1994,thusgivingtheRPFcompletecontrolofthecountry.

Aftermath

TheTutsirebelsdefeatedtheHuturegimeandendedthegenocideinJuly1994,butapproximatelytwomillionHuturefugeessomewhoparticipatedinthegenocideandfearedTutsiretaliationfledtoneighboringBurundi,Tanzania,Uganda,andZaire.Thousandsdiedinepidemicsofcholeraanddysenterythatswepttherefugeecamps.Theinternationalcommunityrespondedwithoneofthelargesthumanitarianreliefeffortsevermounted.TheRassemblementDmocratiquepourleRwanda,composedofHututroopsandmilitiamembers,begantomilitarizethecamps,usingthemasbasestooverthrowthenewRPFdominatedgovernment.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Turquoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitaramahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_pour_le_Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhengerihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisenyi



Itspatienceexhausted,RwandasponsoredaninvasionofZairein1996.ItschosenproxyforcewastheAllianceofDemocraticForcesfortheLiberationofCongo(AFDL)ledbyLaurentDsirKabila.TheAFDLandRwandanforces,supportedbyUganda,clearedtheborderrefugeecampseasily.However,manyHutumilitantsfledwestwards,awayfromtheborder.TheAFDLfollowedbehind,marchingtowardsKinshasaastheregimeofMobutuSeseSekocollapsed.TheAFDLoverthrewthegovernmentandKabilaproclaimedhimselfthenewpresidentoftherenamedDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(DRC)inMay1997.

KabilasoonturnedonhisRwandanandUgandansupporters,whoreinvadedtheDRCin1998tooverthrowKabila.KabilaformedanalliancewiththeArmyfortheLiberationofRwanda,thesuccessororganizationtotheRassemblementDmocratiquepourleRwanda.AfterKabilawasassassinatedin2001andhissonJosephbecamepresident,HutumilitantsreformedintotheDemocraticForcesfortheLiberationofRwanda(FDLR).

Thewarendedofficiallyin2003.However,theremnantsoftheFDLRandpossiblyotherHutumilitantsmaintainapresenceineasternCongo.WhilenotstrongenoughtoposeathreattotheKagamegovernment,theycontinuetodestabilizetheRwandaDRCborderregion.

Notes

1. âbIPEP2000.2. ^"Timeline:Rwanda"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1070329.stm),BBCNews,8August

2008tosupportwording"ostensiblyended"3. ^Chrtien2003,p.44.

4. âbcMamdani2002,p.61.5. ^Chrtien2003,p.58.6. ^King2007,p.75.7. ^Prunier1999,p.16.8. ^Mamdani2002,p.58.9. ^Chrtien2003,p.69.

10. ^Shyaka,pp.1011.11. ^Chrtien2003,pp.8889.12. ^Chrtien2003,p.482.

13. âbChrtien2003,p.160.14. ^Dorsey1994,p.38.

15. âbMamdani2002,p.69.16. ^Prunier1999,p.25.17. ^Prunier1999,pp.2526.18. ^Prunier1999,p.26.19. ^Chrtien2003,p.260.20. ^Prunier1999,p.35.21. ^Gourevitch2000,pp.5657.22. ^Mamdani2002,p.108.23. ^Prunier1999,p.43.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Sekohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasahttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1070329.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila



24. ^Prunier1999,pp.4546.25. ^Mamdani2002,p.113.26. ^Carney2013,p.124.27. ^Carney2013,p.125.

28. âbNewbury1988,p.196.29. ^Newbury1988,pp.195196.30. ^Carney2013,p.127.

31. âbcdPrunier1999,p.54.32. ^Sabar2013.33. ^Prunier1999,p.52.34. ^Prunier1999,p.53.35. ^Prunier1999,p.62.36. ^Mamdani2002,pp.160161.37. ^Prunier1999,pp.6364.38. ^Prunier1999,pp.5556.39. ^Prunier1999,p.55.

40. âbPrunier1999,p.56.41. ^Prunier1999,p.57.42. ^StateHouse,RepublicofUganda.43. ^Prunier1999,p.68.

44. âbPrunier1999,p.67.45. ^Kinzer2008,p.20.46. ÂssociatedPress(I)1981.

47. âbKinzer2008,p.39.48. ^Nganda2009.49. ^Prunier1999,p.63.50. ^Prunier1999,p.69.51. ^Prunier1999,p.70.52. ^Kinzer2008,p.47.53. ^Kinzer2008,pp.5051.54. ^Simpson(I)2000.55. ^Kinzer2008,pp.5152.56. ^Prunier1999,p.73.

57. âbcBamurangirwa2013,p.80.

58. âbKinzer2008,p.53.59. ^Mamdani2002,p.175.60. ^Kinzer2008,pp.5354.61. ^Mamdani2002,p.176.62. ^Mamdani2002,p.182.63. ^Kinzer2008,p.57.

64. âbPrunier1999,p.93.



64. âbPrunier1999,p.93.65. ^Melvern2000,pp.1314.66. ^"Rwandacallsforaidtohaltrebels"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/rwanda/story/0,,1187817,00.html)byRobert

Biles,TheGuardian,October4,199067. ^Prunier1999,pp.9798.68. ^Prunier1999,p.98.

69. âbMamdani2002,p.183.

70. âbPrunier1999,p.94.71. ^Prunier2009,pp.1314.72. ^GovernmentofRwanda2009.73. ^"Chronologiedunecollaborationfranaiseavecltatrwandais"(http://www.hikabisa.com/FRANCE

RWANDA/france2.htm),hikabisa.com(French)

74. âb"MotifsetmodalitsdemiseenoeuvredeloprationNorot"(http://www.voltairenet.org/article8108.html),VoltaireNetwork,15December1998(French)

75. âb"WhyHutuandTutsiAreKillingEachOther:ARwandaPrimer"(http://www.franksmyth.com/A5584C/clients/franksmyth/frankS2.nsf/0dee0e07cc6e95e785256b6c005611b0/d80a84a27a6ccec08525702d0053348e?OpenDocument)byFrankSmyth,franksmyth.com,24April1994Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20071009083629/http://www.franksmyth.com/A5584C/clients/franksmyth/frankS2.nsf/0dee0e07cc6e95e785256b6c005611b0/d80a84a27a6ccec08525702d0053348e?OpenDocument)9October2007attheWaybackMachine

76. âbMelvern2000,p.14.77. ^Prunier,pp.1314.78. ^"InterviewwithKagameHabyarimanaKnewOfPlansToKillKim"

(http://www.newsafrica.com/article143.html)byCharlesOnyangoObbo,TheMonitor,December19,199779. ^Timeline:EmergencysituationsandtheirimpactontheVirungaVolcanoes

(http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/africa/144/timeline.htm),WorldWildlifeFund80. ^Melvern2000,pp.1415.81. ^Melvern2000,pp.2730.82. ^Prunier1999,pp.114115.

83. âbPrunier1999,p.115.84. ^Prunier1999,p.116.85. ^Prunier1999,p.117.86. ^Prunier1999,pp.117118.87. ^Prunier1999,pp.118119.88. ^Prunier1999,p.119.

89. âbcPrunier1999,p.120.90. ^TranscriptofremarksbyMarkDoyle

(http://www.carleton.ca/mediagenocide/documents/transcript/panel3/doyle.html)inPanel3:InternationalmediacoverageoftheGenocideofthesymposiumMediaandtheRwandanGenocideheldatCarletonUniversity,13March2004Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193422/http://www.carleton.ca/mediagenocide/documents/transcript/panel3/doyle.html)27September2007attheWaybackMachine

http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/africa/144/timeline.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_Universityhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070927193422/http://www.carleton.ca/mediagenocide/documents/transcript/panel3/doyle.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardianhttp://www.voltairenet.org/article8108.htmlhttp://www.carleton.ca/mediagenocide/documents/transcript/panel3/doyle.htmlhttp://www.franksmyth.com/A5584C/clients/franksmyth/frankS2.nsf/0dee0e07cc6e95e785256b6c005611b0/d80a84a27a6ccec08525702d0053348e?OpenDocumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fundhttps://web.archive.org/web/20071009083629/http://www.franksmyth.com/A5584C/clients/franksmyth/frankS2.nsf/0dee0e07cc6e95e785256b6c005611b0/d80a84a27a6ccec08525702d0053348e?OpenDocumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Onyango-Obbohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monitor_(Uganda)http://www.hikabisa.com/FRANCE-RWANDA/france2.htmhttp://www.newsafrica.com/article143.htmlhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/rwanda/story/0,,1187817,00.html



References

/doyle.html)27September2007attheWaybackMachine

Appiah,AnthonyGates,HenryLouis(2010).EncyclopediaofAfrica,Volume1(http://books.google.com/?id=A0XNvklcqbwC)(illustrateded.).Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN9780195337709.BBCNews(I)(20100309)."MbonyumutwasonprotestsatRwandaleaderexhumation"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8557085.stm).Retrieved20141223.BBCNews(II)(20100112)."Hutus'killedRwandaPresidentJuvenalHabyarimana' "(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm).Retrieved20120216.Carney,J.J.(2013).RwandaBeforetheGenocide:CatholicPoliticsandEthnicDiscourseintheLateColonialEra(http://books.google.com/books?id=IawzAAAAQBAJ).Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN9780199982271.Chrtien,JeanPierre(2003).TheGreatLakesofAfrica:TwoThousandYearsofHistory(http://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ).Cambridge,Mass.:MITPress.ISBN9781890951344.Dallaire,Romo(2005).ShakeHandswiththeDevil:TheFailureofHumanityinRwanda(http://books.google.com/books?id=Ja2hQgAACAAJ).London:Arrow.ISBN9780099478935.Dorsey,Learthen(1994).HistoricalDictionaryofRwanda.Metuchen,N.J.:ScarecrowPress.ISBN9780810828209.Gourevitch,Philip(2000).WeWishToInformYouThatTomorrowWeWillBeKilledWithOurFamilies(http://books.google.com/?id=8OiMfpTiApQC)(Reprinted.).LondonNewYork,N.Y.:Picador.ISBN9780330371209.HalseyCarr,RosamondHalsey,AnnHoward(2000).LandofaThousandHills:MyLifeinRwanda(http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=u7BmVERqtiQC&pg=PT115).Penguin.p.115.ISBN9781101143513.Henley,Jon(20071031)."Scartissue"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/31/rwanda.theatre).TheGuardian(London).Retrieved20120216.King,DavidC.(2007).Rwanda(CulturesoftheWorld)(http://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC).NewYork,N.Y.:BenchmarkBooks.ISBN9780761423331.Linden,IanLinden,Jane(1977).ChurchandRevolutioninRwanda(http://books.google.com/books?id=DgXoAAAAIAAJ)(illustrateded.).Manchester:ManchesterUniversityPress.ISBN9780719006715.Mamdani,Mahmood(2002).WhenVictimsBecomeKillers:Colonialism,Nativism,andtheGenocideinRwanda(http://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC).Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress.ISBN9780691102801.Melvern,Linda(2000).Apeoplebetrayed:theroleoftheWestinRwanda'sgenocide(http://books.google.com/?id=rhsRrxZtJwMC)(8,illustrated,reprinted.).LondonNewYork,N.Y.:ZedBooks.ISBN9781856498319.Newbury,Catharine(1988).TheCohesionofOppression:ClientshipandEthnicityinRwanda,18601960(http://books.google.com/books?id=0d4gKa8OhiYC).NewYork,N.Y.:ColumbiaUniversityPress.ISBN9780231062572.Prunier,Grard(1999).TheRwandaCrisis:HistoryofaGenocide(http://books.google.com/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJ)(2nded.).Kampala:FountainPublishersLimited.ISBN9789970020898.

http://books.google.com/books?id=0d4gKa8OhiYChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9970-02-089-8http://books.google.com/?id=rhsRrxZtJwMChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catharine_Newbury&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJhttp://books.google.com/books?id=IawzAAAAQBAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1011-4351-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070927193422/http://www.carleton.ca/mediagenocide/documents/transcript/panel3/doyle.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719-00-671-5http://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890951-34-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199982-27-1http://books.google.com/books?id=Ja2hQgAACAAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-37120-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06257-2http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=u7BmVERqtiQC&pg=PT115http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/31/rwanda.theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QChttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-947893-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10280-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmood_Mamdanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=8OiMfpTiApQChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-831-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2333-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Melvernhttp://books.google.com/?id=A0XNvklcqbwChttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8557085.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=DgXoAAAAIAAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2820-9



Externallinks

RwandaCivilWar(http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/rwanda.htm),globalsecurity.orgHumanRightsDevelopmentsinRwanda(http://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/WR92/AFW07.htm#P451_159300),HumanRightsWatchreportof1992

Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwandan_Civil_War&oldid=648922467"

Categories: WarsinvolvingthestatesandpeoplesofAfrica MilitaryhistoryofAfricaHistoryofRwanda RwandanGenocide CivilwarsinvolvingthestatesandpeoplesofAfricaCivilwarspost1945 EthnicitybasedcivilwarsWarsinvolvingtheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo Revolutionbasedcivilwars

Thispagewaslastmodifiedon26February2015,at11:02.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

RwandaDevelopmentBoard(RDB)(I)(6January2009)."TourismandConservationPerformancein2008"(http://www.rwandatourism.com/tourism_performance_2008.htm).Retrieved16February2012.Sabar,Ariel(27March2013)."AKingWithNoCountry"(http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/akingwithnocountry/indexp3.php).Washingtonian(Washington,D.C.).Retrieved20141221.Shyaka,Anastase."TheRwandanConflict:Origin,Development,ExitStrategies"(http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4746/3833.pdf?sequence=1).NationalUnityandReconciliationCommission,RepublicofRwanda.Retrieved20120216.UnitedNations(II)."InternationalTrusteeshipSystem"(http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/its.shtml).Retrieved20120228.UnitedNations(III)."TrustandNonSelfGoverningTerritories(19451999)"(http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml).Retrieved20120228.UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)(2010)."HumanDevelopmentIndexTrends,19802010"(http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table2.pdf).Retrieved20120229.

http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table2.pdfhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rwandan_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Revolution-based_civil_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_wars_post-1945http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Africahttp://www.un.org/en/decolonization/its.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_states_and_peoples_of_Africahttp://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4746/3833.pdf?sequence=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnicity-based_civil_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Rwandahttp://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/a-king-with-no-country/indexp3.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watchhttp://www.rwandatourism.com/tourism_performance_2008.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/rwanda.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_wars_involving_the_states_and_peoples_of_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwandan_Civil_War&oldid=648922467http://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/WR92/AFW-07.htm#P451_159300http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category

rwandan civil war - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.pdf

Documents