russia’s workforce development study of the global policy network (gpn) – informal employment in...

Russias Workforce Development Study of the Global Policy Network (GPN) Informal Employment in Russia

Oksana SinyavskayaDaria PopovaWorkforce Development and Skills Mismatch GPN Seminar 21-23, June 2004, Johannesburg

GDP, GDP per capita and population growth rates Source: Russias State Statistics Agency

1

30.43539849162.5646015084

-30.6785767496-3.6785767496

-5-0.2273583383-4.7726416617

-14.5-0.0208999097-14.4791000903

-8.7-0.2009508075-8.4990491925

-12.7-0.039865673-12.660134327

-4.1-0.2223904609-3.8776095391

-3.6-0.3197637-3.2802363

1.4-0.54982771161.9498277116

-5.3-0.525395003-4.774604997

6.3-0.5215747276.821574727

10-0.552486187810.5524861878

50.83333333334.1666666667

GDP growth

Population growth

GDP p/c growth

year

% to previous year

Background & Context

1. Background and Context

Chart 1.1.

Table 1.1. Different Estimations of Russia's GDP

GDP, World bankNominal GDP in current pricesGDP in compared pricesGrowth rate of GDP to the same period of previous year**,*****GDP in prices of 2000, seasonally smoothed dataGDP p/c, RUR *,**GDP p/c in prices of 2000GDP p/c measured by PPP ***

(mln USD)(billion RUR; trillion RUR - before 1998)(2000=100)(%)(billion RUR; trillion RUR - before 1998)(thousands RUR - before 1998)(thousands RUR - before 1998)(USD)

19802.3

1981

1982

1983

19840.0

19852.32.8

19863.32.8

19872.92.9

19885.53.1

19893.03.2

19900.6148.8-3.010,869.14.373.2

1991542,100.01.4141.3-5.010,325.669.3

199219.0120.8-14.58,828.459.0

1993171.5110.3-8.78,060.354.2

1994610.796.3-12.77,036.747.7

1995850,000.01,428.592.4-4.16,748.210,398.844.25,700.0

19962,007.889.0-3.66,504.914,523.243.4

19972,342.590.31.46,594.616,826.444.84,370.0

1998282,434.62,629.685.4-5.36,242.218,659.043.06,508.0

1999193,616.84,823.290.96.36,638.632,580.645.27,473.0

2000259,596.57,305.6100.010.07,305.650,168.350.3

2001309,951.29,039.4105.05.07,674.462,457.153.1

2002346,519.910,863.4109.64.38,004.455.7

2003****2,599.06.8

Notes:

* - In 1980 data provided for the USSR

** - Data for 1980-1989 are taken from: Narodnoe khosiajstvo in 1990 (National Economy in 1990), Statistical year-book, Moscow, Finances & statistics, 1991, P. 7

*** - In 1998 the Russia's state statistical agency (GosKomStat) has changed the methodology of calculating the PPP in accordance with international requirements

**** - 1st quarter of 2003

***** - Data for 2003 are taken from Russian Economic Trends

Table 1.2a. GDP Sectoral Composition over Time

YearGDP in current pricesincluding:GDP in current pricesincluding:

production of goodsproduction of market servicesproduction of nonmarket servicesproduction of goodsproduction of market servicesproduction of nonmarket services

(billion RUR; trillion RUR - before 1998)(billion RUR; trillion RUR - before 1998)(billion RUR; trillion RUR - before 1998)(billion RUR; trillion RUR - before 1998)%%%%

19900.640.390.130.08100.060.920.312.5

19911.400.860.350.16100.061.425.011.4

199219.09.48.41.6100.049.544.28.4

1993171.582.459.519.9100.048.034.711.6

1994610.7285.6221.379.8100.046.836.213.1

19951428.5596.9591.6146.6100.041.841.410.3

19962007.8855.1777.6200.7100.042.638.710.0

19972342.5965.7915.0254.6100.041.239.110.9

19982629.61047.31061.5280.8100.039.840.410.7

19994823.21959.51995.1384.7100.040.641.48.0

20007305.62939.63041.3549.5100.040.241.67.5

20019039.43463.63872.5738.4100.038.342.88.2

200210863.43963.14912.0957.2100.036.545.28.8

Source: Annual Review of Economic Policy in Russia in 2002. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2003. P. 469

Table 1.2b. GDP Sectoral Composition over Time: GDP Structure by Branches

Yearproduction of goods, incl.:industryconstructionagricultureproduction of services, incl.:transport, communica-tiontradeTotal production

198063.042.08.013.037.06.013.0100.0

198562.037.08.017.038.06.014.0100.0

198862.034.010.018.038.06.012.0100.0

198960.032.010.018.040.06.012.0100.0

199065.538.09.616.634.510.05.6100.0

199164.139.09.614.335.911.412.2100.0

199250.535.06.57.449.57.629.9100.0

199352.735.78.08.347.38.719.4100.0

199450.834.29.56.549.29.919.2100.0

199548.431.08.97.851.611.318.7100.0

199646.329.88.37.453.713.415.7100.0

199743.428.58.06.356.612.217.4100.0

199843.329.97.15.656.710.819.5100.0

199945.631.26.27.754.49.621.6100.0

200047.232.76.77.352.88.521.1100.0

200150.449.6100.0

200247.652.4100.0

200336.527.65.92.263.510.123.5100.0

Chart 1.2.

Table 1.3. Dynamics of prices

YearCPI, total *CPI for food *CPI for nonfoods *CPI for services *Deflator of retail turnoverComposite index of producers' prices *

(Dec.2000=100)(Dec.2000=100)(Dec.2000=100)(Dec.2000=100)(2000=100)(Dec.2000=100)

19900.0050.0100.0100.001

19910.010.010.020.0020.02

19920.400.390.550.050.20

19933.43.54.11.31.9

199410.611.111.07.87.6

199525.524.823.926.022.5

199629.828.831.421.233.7

199733.131.337.025.038.939.6

199861.062.460.655.848.248.1

199983.284.884.474.882.075.2

2000100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

2001118.6117.1112.7136.9120.7114.8

2002136.5130.0125.0186.5139.9132.3

Notes:

* - by the end of a year

Source: Annual Review of Economic Policy in Russia in 2002. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2003. P. 498-500

Chart 1.3.

Table 1.4. Exchange rates

YearExchange rate (MICE), average for a period *Exchange rate (MICE), end of a periodReal exchange rate, average for a period **

(RUR/USD)(RUR/USD)(Dec.95=100)

19900.0190.022

19910.0630.1694.2

19920.2280.41514.6

19931.0181.247110.4

19942.2053.55088.5

19954.5624.640134.3

19965.1265.570112.8

19975.7855.974101.4

19989.96521.140102.6

199924.83626.95998.4

200028.14528.163101.2

200129.25830.137103.6

200231.35531.784107.6

Notes:

* - denominated rubles

** - increase of indicator means increase in exchange rate of ruble (real exchange rate was obtained by weightening of real exchange rate to USD (40%), DM (40%, urkainian grivna (20%)


Table 1.5. Number of firms and organizations

N of organizations *including those in state and municipal ownership *Share of private organizations in its total number *Objects privatized for a period

(thousands)(thousands)%(items)

199247041

1993124542929

1994194649674.5121905

1995225052076.8910125

1996250538484.674997

1997272728789.482743

1998289028390.212129

1999308729590.441536

2000334736789.032274

2001359438689.262287

2002384539689.702557

Notes:



Table 1.6. Structure of annually employed population by forms of ownership

(%, total employment=100)

YearType of ownership

state & municipalprivatepublic-service & religious organizations (associations)mixed Russianforeign, mutual Russian & foreign

198090.49.6

198591.18.9

199082.612.50.84.00.1

199542.134.40.722.20.6

199642.035.60.621.00.8

199740.039.90.618.31.2

199838.143.20.716.41.6

199938.244.30.814.91.8

200037.946.10.812.52.7

200137.447.60.811.62.6

Source: Labor and Employment in Russia. 2001: Statistical Bulletin, Russia's state statistical agency (GosKomStat), 2002. P. 55

Chart 1.4.

Table 1.7. Personal Incomes and Subsistence Minimum

Monthly personal income p/c *Official subsistence minimum **Ratio of average income to subsistence minimum **Share of population with incomes below subsistence minimum **Real personal income p/c ***Growth rate to a previous period

(rubles)(rubles)(times)(%)(2000=100)(%)

19900.06145.9

19910.460.153.03188.229.0

19924.01.92.1033.592.8-50.7

199344.820.62.1831.5111.319.8

1994206.486.62.3822.4128.415.4

1995514.9264.11.9524.7109.8-14.5

1996769.1369.92.0822.0111.31.4

1997941.0411.22.2921.2118.96.8

19981010.6493.32.0524.6100.7-15.3

19991655.8907.81.8233.287.7-12.9

20002275.21030.52.2126.4100.014.0

20013052.01248.92.4419.5110.510.5

20023938.11468.22.6818.5121.610.1

1 q.-001137.71.7541.2

2 q.-001185.01.8634.7

3 q.-001234.01.8731.8

4 q.-001285.02.5126.9

1 q.-011396.01.9734.5

2 q.-011507.02.0730.1

3 q.-011524.02.0826.8

4 q.-011574.02.7623.0

1 q.-021719.02.0631.5

2 q.-021804.02.1427.3

3 q.-021817.02.1824.7

4 q.-021893.02.8721.6

Notes:

* - According to the Russia's state statistical agency (GosKomStat) concept

** - Qarter estimates follow new methodology of subsistence minimum calculation (introduced in 2000). For comparativre purposes annual data are provided by the former methodology.

*** - According to the GosKomStat concept, taking into account dynamics of CPI.

Sources: Annual Review of Economic Policy in Russia in 2001. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2002. P. 352; Annnual Review of Economic Policy in Russia in 2002. BEA, 2003. P. 477

Table 1.8. The Distribution of Total Money Income, Coefficients of Differentiation and Concentration of Income, 1991-2000 (in percent)

Total Money IncomeFirst Quintile (with lowest incomes)SecondThirdFourthFifth (with highest incomes)Decile Coefficient of DifferentiationGini Coefficient *Chart 1.5.

19880.238

1991100.011.915.818.822.830.74.50.260

1992100.06.011.617.626.538.38.00.290

1993100.05.811.116.724.841.611.20.398

1994100.05.310.215.223.046.315.10.409

1995100.05.510.215.022.446.913.50.381

1996100.06.210.715.121.646.413.00.375

1997100.05.910.214.121.647.513.20.381

1998100.06.210.414.821.247.613.80.398

1999100.06.110.414.720.947.914.00.399

2000100.06.010.414.821.247.613.70.394

2001100.05.610.415.422.845.813.80.396

2002100.05.610.415.422.845.813.80.398

1 half 2003 **100.05.510.315.222.746.314.60.404

Notes:

* - Data for 1988 are taken from: Narodnoe khosiajstvo SSSR 1988 (National Economy of the USSR in 1988), P. 94

** - Data for 2002 & 2003 are taken from: Current Statistical Survey, No. 3 (46), 2003, p. 21.

Table 1.9. Structure of Personal Money Incomes

Total money incomes *including

remuneration **social transfersownership incomesother incomes ***

(billion rubles)(billion rubles)(billion rubles)(billion rubles)(billion rubles)

1990100.076.315.82.65.3

1991100.062.716.913.38.4

1992100.073.214.11.411.3

1993100.061.115.03.021.0

1994100.064.513.54.517.5

1995100.060.712.76.320.3

1996100.064.513.75.216.6

1997100.065.214.95.714.1

1998100.064.713.15.516.7

1999100.065.413.67.413.6

2000100.065.613.47.213.8

2001100.064.514.95.515.1

Notes:

* - In accordance with the GosKomStat concept

** - since 1992 remuneration includes hidden wage

*** - other incomes, calculated by residual method, include entreprenerial income


Table 1.10. Indices of Human Development

GDP p/c *Life Expectancy at BirthRatio of students in population of 7-24 years oldShare of literate people among adult populationIndex of human development (HPI)Rank by HDI

(USD)(years)(%)(%)

198568.1

198669.3

198770.1

198869.9

198969.6

1990

199169.0

199267.9

199365.10.80457

199464.0

19955700.064.698.40.76052

19960.69367

19974370.066.677.099.00.76671

19986508.067.071.4100.00.76662

19997473.065.974.0100.00.771

200065.3100.00.771

200165.399.80.775

200264.899.80.781

200399.863

Notes:

* - in 1998 GosKomStat changed the methods of calculating PPP in accordance with international standards

&L&F&R&A

&RPage &P from &N


011.70

33.525.70

022.20

0200

24.7200

22180

20.718.40

23.327.333.3492537313

28.426.332.4597495528

29.120.126.9

27.616.524

GosKomStat approach

SM of 1992 is used (RET data)

SM of 2000 is used, RET data

Chart 4. Share of population with incomes below subsistence minimum (SM) measure by different methodologies, %

Labor Market Trends

160.4

2508.8

839.9

215.1

140.8

17

11

84.4

36.5

20.2

18.6

15.1

CPI, total

Growth rate of total CPI, % (log.scale)

Data description

30.43539849162.5646015084

-30.6785767496-3.6785767496

-5-0.2273583383-4.7726416617

-14.5-0.0208999097-14.4791000903

-8.7-0.2009508075-8.4990491925

-12.7-0.039865673-12.660134327

-4.1-0.2223904609-3.8776095391

-3.6-0.3197637-3.2802363

1.4-0.54982771161.9498277116

-5.3-0.525395003-4.774604997

6.3-0.5215747276.821574727

10-0.552486187810.5524861878

50.83333333334.1666666667

GDP growth

Population growth

GDP p/c growth

year

% to previous year

Defining & Measuring

00020060.1

0022.4200293.6

00202.88001383.4

00824210170.3310.8

351.2125.2297.3180263.5524.3

52.354118.8160104.146.2

26.43051.64833.618.4

28.411.828.62836.611.5

27.82840.5600271.4

11.88.532.155016.2

7.34.218.12512.821.7

23.94.8172514.721.3

5.14.214.92112.720.2

"overnight"

private deposits

bank credit to firms & enterprises

refinancing

yield of GKO (government bonds)

monthly inflation at annual level

Chart 1.3. Annual rates of interest (%)

Formal & Informal Employment

2. Labor Market TrendsChart 2.1.Economic activity by sex and large age groups

Table 2.1. Labor *

YearPopulation in active ages (15-72) **Economically active populationEmployed population ***Unemployment (ILO)Man-hours workedLabor Productivity****

(mln people)(mln people)(mln people)(mln people)(billion)2000=100

197064.0

198073.3

198574.9

1989105.475.6

1990106.175.3

1991106.973.8

1992107.474.972.13.9

1993107.972.970.94.3

1994108.570.568.55.7

1995109.270.966.46.7

1996109.669.166.07.2

1997109.968.164.78.1

1998110.367.363.88.9

1999110.770.464.09.1126.6

2000110.864.3130.5

200164.7

2002*****110.771.965.46.2

Data taken from BEA Annual Economic Review ******:

1999110.271.862.59.3142.692.7

2000110.371.864.37.5145.5100.0

2001110.470.864.46.4150.6101.5

2002110.471.866.15.7153.3103.9

Notes:

* - data on economically active population and unemployment for the period till 1999 are for the 4th quarter of a year, and measured by the old methodology of LFS;Chart 2.2.

** - at the beginning of a year

*** - data on employment in 1989-2000 measured by the method of balance of labor resources

**** - real GDP per 1 man-hour

***** - estimates by Goskomstat (Labor and Employment in Russia)

****** - data on labor force, employment and unemployment are average figures from quarter observations, measured by new methodology (including HH production); data for 2001-2002 are based on incomparable methodology.

Sources:

Annual Review of Economic Policy in Russia in 2002. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2003. P. 481

Employment Outlook in Russia. Issue 1 (1991-2000). Moscow, 2002. P. 16, 72, 241, 243

Labor and Employment in Russia. Goskomstat of Russia, 2003. P. 31, 35, 105, 181

Table 2.2. Rate of general unemployment (ILO) by education level (%)

Year*HigherNot finished higherSpecialized secondaryPrimary vocationalSecondaryGeneralLower than general

19923.39.94.55.96.64.0

19933.510.45.36.77.84.1

19944.811.27.39.510.76.4

19955.013.58.311.612.97.3

19964.512.88.611.714.17.7

19975.714.210.215.914.217.615.9

19987.116.511.417.316.219.417.5

19997.114.810.615.516.119.923.4

20005.39.07.911.413.516.517.6

Data taken from Russia's state statistical agency - Goskomstat publication**:

19997.114.710.515.315.718.216.9

20005.38.97.811.313.215.011.7

20014.311.17.39.912.515.19.9

20024.09.36.79.512.216.512.5

Note

* - for Employment Outlook figures: 1992-1995, 1997-1998 - October, 1996 - March, 1999-2000 - November

** - author's calculation by average annual data taken from LFS and published by Goskomstat

Sources:

Employment Outlook in Russia. Issue 1 (1991-2000). Moscow, 2002. P. 116

Labor and Employment in Russia. Goskomstat of Russia, 2003. P. 67, 133

Table 2.3. Economically Inactive Population by Groups, thousand peopleChart 2.3.

YearAll inactive populationInactive population of 16-54/59 y.o.Including:Ratio of discouraged people in inactive population of working ages, %

wanted workingdidn't want workingincluding:

discouraged workers

199231645131021721.31

199334165148112941.99

199437352155735873.77

199538424164997314.43

199639624176069315.29

199741264190621467443889625.05

1998426182006715571449610925.44

1999398621863212587604513867.44

2000406101898713182580512596.63

Source:


Table 2.4. Underemployment in Russian Economy (overall score), % of total employmentChart 2.4.

YearUnder-employment levelVoluntary under-employmentForced under-employmentincl.due to economic reasons

19923.10.62.52.3

19933.90.62.72.4

19945.50.64.44.1

19955.20.64.13.7

19966.00.55.04.5

19973.10.22.92.6

19984.00.23.83.5

19993.30.32.52.1

20002.00.31.41.0

Source:


Table 2.5. Annual Figures of Labor Productivity per Hour in Industry (main job) and the Whole Economy (all jobs)

(Rub. 2000 per man-hour)

YearIndustryEconomy (ver.-1)*Economy (ver.-2)**

198981.3

199083.7

199182.4

199273.065.4

199366.863.4

199464.259.2

199566.158.1

199669.158.5

199775.159.5

199874.957.3

199977.259.151.5

200082.862.954.1

Notes:

* - productivity is a quotient from division of employment (measured by Balance of Labor Resources) by hours worked (by large and medium enterprises)

** - productivity is measured by LFS and include data on secondary employment

Source:


Table 2.6. Structure of Annual Employment in Economy by Branches, %

industryagricultureforestryconstructiontransportcommunica-tionwholesale & retail trade, cateringhousing & communal serviceshealth care, physical training, social securityeducationculture, artsciencefinance, credit, insuranceadministra-tionother branchesTOTAL

198032.5014.630.399.578.291.328.273.894.816.841.374.060.521.571.98100

199030.2812.910.3211.976.551.177.794.275.638.051.553.720.532.133.12100

199130.3413.180.3211.496.601.187.624.285.838.311.543.750.592.072.88100

199229.5914.020.3310.946.621.207.884.155.878.901.543.200.691.893.21100

199329.3614.260.3410.086.441.199.004.215.998.701.523.160.822.132.81100

199427.1215.010.379.916.551.279.474.416.429.121.662.681.092.242.70100

199525.8414.670.399.356.591.3210.054.496.699.301.712.541.232.852.97100

199624.8214.040.378.916.601.3210.304.866.879.391.702.301.214.033.29100

199723.0413.280.378.766.611.3113.495.196.839.301.742.211.203.992.68100

199822.1913.670.377.986.291.3114.595.346.999.281.752.041.154.352.69100

199922.3513.280.387.956.351.3414.575.257.039.281.771.891.164.472.93100

200022.6113.010.377.786.431.3614.655.167.009.131.781.871.154.553.17100

200122.7012.260.417.756.361.3915.455.047.009.051.791.831.224.453.29100

200222.5011.680.417.836.421.4115.945.027.079.061.811.841.254.473.31100

Source: official statistics data

chart 2.5.

Table 2.7. Distribution of employed population by education and employment status in 2001

Employmentpaid-employeesself-employedincl.employers

100100100100

higher23.824.415.838.3

not finished higher2.52.52.55.1

secondary special31.131.525.329.1

primary vocational11.812.08.99.1

secondary school22.822.428.614.7

general (8-9 grades)7.16.514.93.3

without general0.90.74.00.4

Table 2.8. Average monthly wage of employees

YearsAverage monthly wage in current pricesAverage monthly wage in prices of 1991Real average monthly wage (2000=100)Average wage and social payments to subsistence minimum of active population, %

denominated rublesUSD (based on average annual official exchange rate)

19800.174

19850.199

19900.303290.3

19910.5487.5548281.6335

19925.99522369185.0299

199358.7196.2

1994220.4179.4

1995472.4103246132.1179

1995790.2117.1

1997950.2164291122.5213

19981,051108253106.0196

19991,5236219782.7156

20002,22379238100.0172

20013,240111286119.9204

20024,414141320230

Sources:

Russia in Figures, 2003. Official statistical edition. Russia's State Statistical Agency (GosKomStat), 2003. P. 106Chart 2.6.



Table 2.9. Ratios of average wages in branches to average wage in economy, %

19921995199719981999200020012002

Average wage100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

Industry118.3111.9111.2114.9120.7123.0123.9119.6

oil producing336.7301.9315.8275.0339.0407.7440.4376.5

gas industry428.3410.8405.6421.9462.6495.1491.5444.6

light industry85.056.250.951.454.154.454.253.1

food industry126.7117.8114.6115.5118.8107.6104.5100.8

Agriculture66.750.146.244.541.340.140.339.4

Construction135.0126.0128.5126.5118.3125.7128.3116.8

Transport146.7155.9140.8143.7150.7150.4136.9135.9

Communication91.7124.1142.8139.8138.5129.5127.5127.6

Trade & catering81.776.378.779.979.571.171.370.1

Data-processing services81.786.6122.5125.0126.7146.8121.7125.4

Geology, hydremeteorological service, etc.166.7145.0161.9172.3170.9196.6208.4180.6

Housing and communal services81.7102.4107.0104.991.588.186.385.2

Health care, physical training and social security65.073.870.369.164.061.761.872.2

Education61.765.564.862.858.155.556.266.6Chart 2.7

Culture & art51.760.661.662.256.155.359.166.6

Science65.077.493.698.5109.6121.9125.6119.7

Finances, credit & insurance203.3162.7177.2199.1230.8244.4286.5279.6

Administration95.0106.8130.6129.3123.3120.0112.2118.7

Chart 2.8.

&L&F&R&A

&RPage &P from &N


77.663.786.681.677.663.786.681.6

75.661.384.879.475.661.384.879.4

72.858.783.678.372.858.783.678.3

72.158.382.877.672.158.382.877.6

7157.281.476.37157.281.476.3

69.455.979.874.569.455.979.874.5

67.655.278.573.367.655.278.573.3

69.757.480.375.471.459.581.476.3

69.657.480.77671.359.481.776.8

200120012001200170.358.880.274.1

men, 15-72

women, 15-72

men, 16-59

women, 16-54

men, 15-72 (new)

women, 15-72 (new)

men, 16-59 (new)

women, 16-54 (new)

Labor activity rates (%)

Skills Composition & Mismatch

5.25.21.20.4

5.55.61.50.7

7.98.33.21.6

9.29.74.32.3

9.3104.82.5

11.512.242

12.913.53.91.9

12.412.82.51

9.410.22.10.9

8.59.32.20.9

8.192.56131724891.1181200422

ILO unemployment, women

ILO unemployment, men

registered unemployment, women

registered unemployment, men

General and registered unemployment by sex (% of labor force)

LM Policies & Programs

56.419.612.911.1

36.828.716.318.2

28.629.918.623

25.226.318.929.6

17.726.82332.5

23.715.822.438.1

22.215.920.941

20.913.618.347.2

24.514.119.142.3

31141836.9

less than 3 months

3-6 months

6-12 months

over 1 year

Structure of general (ILO) unemployment by the average duration of searching a job

274816.97.10.3

15.13623.116.89

12.9635.3826.1816.58.98

10.632.824.61814

9.928.72320.218.2

9.727.821.318.223

10.932.921.515.818.9

11.529.219.717.222.4

13.636.521.113.115.7

14.6402212.610.8

12.932.928.615.610

less than 1 month

1-4 months

4-8 months

8-12 months

over 1 year

Structure of registered unemployment by its duration

-8041

-2061

29

-3880

-716

39

4594

78

406

-120

21

-1597

416

1333

-176

Redistribution of employment across branches, 1990-2002(thousand people)

5.43.7

10.29.4

9.78.9

7.66.4

men

women

Share of self-employment in total employment, %

0

2.0134228188

8.0586080586

11.3873694679

15.1414309484

21.7028380634

26.6571885552

29.9043062201

30.0051733057

27.6750924168

33.8360402166

34.8484848485

Share of hidden wage in total wage, %

290.3151.2117.0970199139

281.6143.7114.8009389525

185122.9112.0384908359

196.2112.2110.1434856281

179.497.9106.4622942155

132.193.9103.2365880579

117.190.7102.5230463103

122.591.5100.5689679295

1068799.19940305

82.791.799.4341411849

100100100

119.9105100.5798498298

2002101.6680398588

wage

output

employment

Dynamics of growth rates (2000=100%)

3. DATA DESCRIPTION

3.1. Basic demographic characteristics of the samples

Sample size (respondents)Rural populationMalesYounger than 30 y.o.60 y.o. and olderwith higher educationwith main regular jobwith second regular jobwith occasional activity

RLMS648225.745.015.021.819.653.62.99.3

CMC399325.845.612.029.725.950.52.57.2

3.2. Rates of regular and occasional employment by samples

RLMS 1998RLMS 2000RLMS 2002CMC 2000

N% of respondents aged 15-72N% of respondents aged 15-72N% of respondents aged 15-72N% of respondents aged 18-72

regular job372853.3356754.4367555.4209157.3

including self-employed and entrepreneurs1012.81042.8

occasional employment5067.26179.45848.82797.6

either regular or occasional employment403357.7397360.7408161.5222360.9

3. Defining & Measuring, Dynamics over Time

A. Alternative estimations of employment inside informal sector based on LFS

Table 3.3.a. Dynamics of main employment in informal sector based on different approach to its definition (thousand people)

Main job19992000200120024 q.-19994 q.-20004 q.-20014 q.-2002

1. Entrepreneurs without registration as juridical person2,6642,6284,2784,3152,6552,5043,6443,967

2. People employed by natural persons (domestics)2,3642,5082,7382,9502,3492,5342,7462,730

3. Unpaid family workers10786395378722536

4. Self-employed farmers26316114512410916314083

5. Cooperatives' members1,139931459353990773375284

6. People producing something in household for future realization2,7922,7478691,9642,4302,3791,2151,545

7. People producing something in household for own consumption (working more than 30 hours per week)1,5951,2421,5331,264683333334373

Informal sector 1 = 1+2+35,1355,2227,0557,3185,0825,1106,4156,733

Informal sector 2 = 1+2+3+6+79,5229,2119,45710,5468,1957,8227,9648,651

Informal sector 3 = 1+2+3+4+5+6+710,92410,30310,06111,0239,2948,7588,4799,018

Share of employment in informal sector in employment:

Informal sector 1 = 1+2+38.28.111.011.18.17.99.910.2

Informal sector 2 = 1+2+3+6+715.214.314.716.013.012.112.313.2

Informal sector 3 = 1+2+3+4+5+6+717.516.015.616.714.713.613.113.7

Table 3.3.b. Official estimations of employment inside informal sector, 15-72 years old (thousand people)

200120024 q.-20014 q.-2002

All employment in informal sector9,1909,5358,1798,627

including employment:

only in informal sector7,1267,4076,5046,789

both inside and outside informal sector2,0642,1281,6751,838

incl. main job in informal sector108114

Main job in informal sector7,1367,4156,5156,793

Employed in informal sector in the whole employment, %14.314.412.613.1

Share of main employment in informal sector in thw whole employment, %11.111.210.110.3

Table 3.4. Official estimations of employment in informal sector by status, 15-72 years old (thousand people)

200120024 q.-20014 q.-2002


including:

paid employees2,9203,1632,8362,914

self-employed6,2706,3725,2435,713

Structure of employment in informal sector, %:

paid employees31.833.234.733.8

self-employed68.266.864.166.2

Table 3.5. Distribution of employment in informal sector by status of employment and a firm's size, 15-72 years old, 2002

Total< 5 employees>= 5 employees< 5 employees>= 5 employees

(thousand people)(thousand people)(thousand people)(%)(%)

All employment in informal sector74155798161778.221.8

including:

paid employees29501654129656.143.9

self-employed4465414432192.87.2


paid employees39.828.580.1

self-employed60.271.519.9

Table 3.6. Employment inside informal enterprises in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, 15-72 years old (thousand people)

200120024 q.-20014 q.-2002


including:

agricultural activities3,8674,0142,7993,269

non-agricultural activities5,3235,5215,3815,358


agricultural activities42.142.134.237.9

non-agricultural activities57.957.965.862.1

Table 3.7. Distribution of employment inside informal enterprises by type of activity and settlement, 15-72 years old, 2002

Totalurbanruralurbanrural



including:

agricultural activities4014604341015.184.9

non-agricultural activities55214384113679.420.6


agricultural activities42.112.175.0

non-agricultural activities57.987.925.0

B. Alternative estimations of informal employment and employment in informal sector based on secondary sociological data

Table 3.8.Share of informal employment among those with regular and occasional employment by years, 4 quarters of 1998, 2000, and 2002Chart 3.1.

RLMS 1998RLMS 2000CMC 2000RLMS 2002

(15-72)(15-72)(18-72)(15-72)

1. N of regularly or occasionally employed(respondents)4033397322524081

total informal employment(% of N)17.521.517.719.2

including that is combined with formal employment(% of N)5.65.75.94.3

informal employment as the only activity(% of N)11.915.811.814.9

2. Number of formally employed(respondents)3806374520223905

Percent of informally employed among those with formal work(%)6.46.86.56.3

Table 3.9. Structure of total informal employment by first, second and additional (occasional) job, 15-72 years old

RLMSCMC survey (18-72)

1998200020022000

N% of employed either regularly or occasionallyN% of employed either regularly or occasionallyN% of employed either regularly or occasionallyN% of employed either regularly or occasionally

all informal employment*70617.585321.578319.239817.7

at main regular job2135.32907.32746.71416.3

at second regular job691.7671.7541.3231.0

at additional / the only occasional job44911.154013.647711.725011.1

Notes:

* - there are some intersections between three selected groups, thus, total number of informal employment is less smaller than the simple sum of three categories below.

Table 3.10. Matrices of informal employment and employment in informal sector on main job (respondents of 18 y.o. and older), 4 q.-2000

3.10.a. CMC Survey (%), N=2049

Formal SectorInformal SectorTotal

Formal job89.24.693.8

Informal job3.23.06.2Chart 3.2.

Total92.37.7100.0

3.10.b. RLMS (%), N=2693



Informal job2.511.013.6

Total87.013.0100.0

Table 3.11. Matrices of informal employment and employment in informal sector on second job (respondents of 18 y.o. and older), 4 q.-2000

3.11.a. CMC Survey (%), N=99




Total79.820.2100.0

3.11.b. RLMS (%), N=157




Total53.546.5100.0

Table 3.12. Structure of employment in informal sector by employment status, 18 years old and over, Nov.-2000Chart 3.3.

RLMSCMC

main jobsecond jobtotalmain jobsecond jobtotal

All employment in informal sector(respondents)3497341215819172

including:

paid employees(respondents)228342559313105

self-employed(respondents)1213915765567

Structure of employment in informal sector:

paid employees(%)65.346.661.958.968.461.0

self-employed(%)34.753.438.141.126.339.0

Table 3.13. Structure of informal employment by employment status, 18 years old and over, Nov.-2000

RLMSRLMS (corrected *)CMC

main jobsecond jobmain jobsecond jobmain jobsecond job

All informal employment(respondents)365883147512823

including:



Share of informal employment(%)13.656.111.747.86.223.2

Structure of informal employment:

paid employees(%)70.760.282.265.371.987.0

self-employed(%)29.339.817.834.728.113.0

Notes:

* - following the distribution of self-employed people between formal and informal employment in CMC sample (48:52 and 40:60 for main and second jobs, respectively), we used the given ratios for self-employed working not an enterprise: 50:50 and 40:60.

Table 3.14. Informal employment and employment in informal sector by type of activity (agricultural / non-agricultural), CMC Survey, Nov.-2000Chart 3.4.

main regular jobAll informal employment

Informal sectorInformal employment

Total:156127401

agricultural activities211674

non-agricultural activities135111327

Structure of employment , %:



Chart 3.5.

Stability of informal employment - RLMS panel data for 1998, 2000, and 2002

(sum of area of three circles = N=523=100%)

Chart 3.6.

&L&F&R&A

&RPage &P from &N

informal employment, main jobinformal employment, main job7.16624226999.9109131403

4.75190338678.356940509911.094943615912.8062360802

inf.employment, second jobinf.employment, second job36.363636363635.8108108108

34.078212290544.444444444455.639097744444.8051948052

4 q-94

4 q-96

4 q-98

4 q-2000

% of total employment

Dynamics of informal employment and employment in informal sector of people 15-72 y.o. according to RLMS data

1.901.40

808.20

706.20

7.66.41428571435.74.7560509554

9.68.24165341816.55.7982954545

from all respondents 15-72

informal , from all (1998-2000)

from employed respondents 15-72

informal, from employed (1998-2000)

%

Dynamics of occasional employment (for last 30 days before the interview), RLMS data

39.627268268843.29896907223.852526926322.7272727273

2.942618930812.37113402065.75807787922.7272727273

6.032368808222.68041237118.574979287519.3181818182

10.98577734188.247422680416.652858326415.9090909091

7.99411476216.185567010313.21458160731.1363636364

17.90093182935.154639175327.009113504613.6363636364

4.02157920551.03092783518.32642916323.4090909091

5.10053948011.030927835113.58740679370

2.991662579701.69842584921.1363636364

2.403138793501.32560066280

CMC, total employment

CMC, informal employment

RLMS, total employment

RLMS, informal employment

Distribution of informal employment at main job by firm's size

0.40842105260.33578947370.2557894737

0.35074626870.32089552240.328358209

the only regular

the only occasional

secondary (regular or occasional)

Structure of informal employment by the concernment and regularity of activity (respondents of 18 years old and older), 2000

0.48382352940.03750.0073529412

0.47836596570.04230118440.0164370317

0.45747938750.04970553590.0141342756

formal

informal (main, regular)

informal (occasional, but provided regular income)

Formal and informal primary employment, 15-72 y.o., RLMS panel data (N=4711)

0,7%

4. Formal and Informal Employment: Some Key Characteristics

Table 4.1.a. Distribution of employment in informal sector by sex, Goskomstat

nov.-200120012002

informal employmentemploymentinformal employmentemploymentinformal employmentemployment

bothmain/only jobsecond jobbothmain/only jobsecond jobbothmain/only jobsecond job

total817965151664646649190713620546440095357415212066071

men43273405921334354784367911053331949133778113533902

women385331097433122944073457950310814622363798532169

total, %100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

men52.952.355.451.752.151.653.851.751.551.053.551.3

women47.147.744.648.347.948.446.248.348.549.046.548.7

Table 4.1.b. Distribution of employment in informal sector by sex, secondary sociological data, 4 quarter 2000

CMC SurveyRLMS

Informal sectorFormal sectorInformal sectorFormal sector

main jobsecond jobmain jobsecond jobmain jobsecond jobmain jobsecond job

total1581818937734973234483

men88109534319337113833

women7089403415636120650

total, %100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

men55.755.650.355.855.350.748.539.8

women44.344.449.744.244.749.351.560.2

Table 4.1.c. Distribution of informal employment by sex, secondary sociological data, 4 quarter 2000

Informal employmentInformal employmentEmploymentSecondary employment

CMC SurveyRLMSCMC SurveyRLMSCMC SurveyRLMSCMC SurveyRLMS

main jobmain jobsecond jobsecond jobmain jobmain jobsecond jobsecond job

total12836422882051269395156

men792141543104113315370

women49150745101013624286

total, %100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

men61.758.868.248.950.849.455.844.9

women38.341.231.851.149.250.644.255.1

Table 4.2.a. Distribution of people working in informal sector by education level, Goskomstat

20012002

totalmenwomentotalmenwomen

Total100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0Chart 4.1.a.

Education level:

Higher11.311.511.110.810.810.8

Incomplete higher2.52.62.42.11.82.3

Secondary vocational27.324.230.727.123.331.3

Primary vocational11.913.210.412.513.911.1

Secondary school29.530.628.230.532.128.9

Basic13.914.313.513.715.112.2

Primary and less3.63.43.83.23.03.4

Table 4.2.b. Distribution of people working in informal sector or informally employed by education level, main job, 4 q.-2000

informal sectorinformal employmentemployment

CMCRLMSGoskomstat, 4-q. 2001CMCRLMSCMCRLMS

N=156N=335N=126N=351N=2047N=2632

Total100100100100100100100

Education level:

Higher, incl.incomplete32.716.713.538.116.032.826.0

Secondary and primary vocational37.849.040.034.147.940.843.5

Secondary school26.324.230.723.025.120.821.3Chart 4.1.b.

Basic, primary and less3.210.215.84.811.15.79.2

Table 4.3. Employment in informal sector and informal employment by type of settlement, main job, 4 q.-2000

informal sectorinformal employmentemployment

CMCRLMSGoskomstat, main job, 4 q. 2001CMCRLMSCMCRLMS

N=157N=349N=127N=365N=2050N=2693

urban79.684.064.076.486.377.979.6

rural20.416.036.023.613.722.120.4

Table 4.4. Composition of per capita aggregate receipts by income groups in rural area

Respondents with per capita aggregate receipts:

Below 1 SM1 2 SMAbove 2 SM

XI 1998X 2000X 2001XI 1998X 2000X 2001XI 1998X 2000X 2001

Wages17.618.518.414.418.321.411.320.718

State transfers27.635.840.329.53627.313.513.610.7

Receipts from household production,4234.926.543.235.137.755.137.949.9

including:

Money income from household production2.13.97.18.27.418.617.515.733.4

Money equivalent of consumed household production39.93119.43527.719.137.622.216.5

Non-state transfers11.39.47.79.87.67.910.711.46.3Chart 4.2.

Other money receipts (including rental of personal property, sale of personal things, securities, spending of savings)1.61.17335.69.46.8

Total100100100100100100100100100

Table 4.5. Distribution of employment in informal sector and informal employment by occupations, main job, RLMS, 4 q.-2000

informal sectorinformal employmentemployment, main job

N=346N=363N=2688

military personnel0.00.00.4

CEOs, managers, administrators16.214.07.8

high-level professionals3.51.917.5

specialists6.67.215.1

clerks2.01.95.3

employed in services34.131.410.9

skilled workers14.717.415.6

craftspeople14.215.417.3

unskilled labor8.710.710.1

total100.0100.0100.0Chart 4.3.

Table 4.6.a. Gender and settlement dimensions of distribution of employment in informal sector by branches, Goskomstat, 2002

totalmenwomenurbanrural

total100.051.548.552.347.7

Industry100.064.335.769.330.7

Agriculture100.050.249.814.485.6

Transport & communications100.094.35.779.820.2

Construction100.089.110.974.325.7

Trade & catering100.038.461.680.819.2

Housing & communal services100.033.866.284.415.6

Health care, pgysical training, social security100.027.172.983.816.2

Education100.019.580.584.315.7

Culture & art100.071.428.685.414.6

Science & research100.0100.00.0100.00.0

Finances, credit, insurance100.00.0100.051.948.0

Other branches100.060.839.292.47.6

Table 4.6.b. Distribution of employed informally or inside informal sector by branches, main job

CMC, Nov.-2000GKS, 2002

Informal sectorInformal employmentEmploymentInformal sector

N=100N=104N=1334Chart 4.4. Goskomstat

Industry5.15.521.210.2

Transport & communications & construction17.315.716.712.4

Agriculture & Forestry13.512.610.029.7

Trade & catering46.846.512.942.7

Health care, pgysical training, social security, education & science3.86.323.11.3

Finances, credit, insurance, housing & communal services2.64.77.72.0

Legal and other services (lawyers, etc.)6.46.32.2

Other branches4.52.46.21.7

Total100.0100.0100.0100.0

Table 4.7. Formal and informal employment by ownership of enterprise, main job, 4 q.-2000 (%)

CMCRLMS

Employment:formalinformalbothformalinformalboth

EnterpriseN=1885N=96N=1981N=2324N=88N=2411

State65.613.563.154.91.152.9

Private (non state)34.486.536.945.198.947.1

Table 4.8.a. Average working hours per week in general employment and inside informal sector, Goskomstat

Nov.-2001Nov.-200220012002

Employment at main job39.139.138.839.1

men39.739.739.539.7

women38.438.638.138.5

Employment at second job15.314.516.515.7

men15.915.016.415.9

women14.614.016.515.6

Employment in informal sector32.831.532.332.0

men34.032.433.533.0

women31.430.531.030.9

Table 4.8.b. Distribution of working hours and average working hours per week by branches in informal sector in 2002, Goskomstat

totalless than 1516-2021-3031-4041-5051 and overaverage hours per week

total100.021.39.513.134.211.49.232.0

Industry100.014.76.77.447.112.210.235.7

Agriculture & forestry100.040.517.522.810.44.54.121.8

Transport & communications100.011.23.56.145.514.716.638.9

Construction100.09.85.06.644.215.816.038.7

Trade & catering100.03.52.75.954.818.113.040.8

Housing & communal services100.020.78.210.039.112.56.130.7

Health care, pgysical training, social security100.033.28.41.640.48.85.528.1

Education100.043.511.29.927.04.43.222.8

Culture & art100.021.43.78.249.110.42.831.1

Science & research100.025.50.00.067.76.80.021.9

Finances, credit, insurance100.011.00.00.088.90.00.019.5

Other branches100.05.53.44.850.321.913.741.5

Table 4.8.c. Average working hours for different demographic groups employed either informally or inside informal sector enterprises, RLMS, 4 q.-2000

main jobsecond job

informal sectorinformal employmentemployment, main jobinformal sectorinformal employmentemployment, second job

N=337N=353N=2650N=56N=73N=134

Total

hours per day9.69.69.25.45.65.9

hours per week52.351.444.622.321.921.7

hours per month199.0193.6174.076.176.776.9

urban

hours per day9.59.69.3 *5.9

hours per week52.351.944.621.0

hours per month198.4195.0172.776.0

rural

hours per day10.310.18.96.2


hours per month202.7184.4179.587.1

men



hours per month204.9200.3185.883.6

women



hours per month192.0184.2162.571.8

Note:

* - blancs means that there are too small observations to provide average values

Table 4.9. Who is interested in employing without a contract (RLMS)

informal employment

main jobsecond job

N=97N=33

employer67.437.7

employee him-/herself32.662.3

Table 4.10. If there are any verbal agreements with employer on ..? (CMC data, all jobs)

informal employmentexclusively formal employment

N1361874-1882

(% of positive answers)

working schedule53.736.5

time of vacations30.137.4

remuneration52.228.2

Table 4.11. Who is interested in verbal agreements (CMC data, all jobs)

informal employmentexclusively formal employment

N83638

(column %)

employer18.119.6

employee20.517.6

both employer & employee61.462.9

24.1%

29.4%

19.3%

4.6%

4.6%

6.7%

11.3%

2002

1998

2000

&L&F&R&A

&RPage &P from &N

4.627261804722.383757811728.288992200326.46962494749.69394161568.5364216202

5.288061637722.103255888427.03636577427.38331527510.48498361327.7040178118

4.513424863622.932275423629.773653557626.69190197789.15160481076.9371184628

5.156610772222.179300445828.607864895927.485084688410.18318070656.3879584911

4.750842265821.78825870326.677235743226.228314746710.282700860510.2726022939

5.427799549322.022422704525.365792653227.275136831510.80581269759.1030355641

below 20

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-72

Distribution of employment in informal sector by age, Goskomstat

20.932117420621.694819098621.202531976322.8589109978

9.03906964939.98809107568.3513160019.034790356

12.378853800613.862970341912.247863767813.2833821166

33.588638635934.792537189432.512579505833.3187566009

11.766690982711.063053254412.811184811711.3814702877

11.23893563957.001318117111.94797495628.089337593

men, 2002

women, 2002

men, 2001

women, 2001

hours per week

Distribution of working hours in informal sector

8.503401360514.6145610278

16.326530612222.4304068522

30.952380952428.4796573876

32.653061224526.5524625268

8.16326530616.3169164882

3.40136054421.6059957173

informal employment

formal employment

Distribution of informally and formally employed at 1st job by wage paid, RLMS, 4 q. 2000, %

4.621848739528.991596638730.462184873922.2689075638.82352941184.8319327731

2.73631840821.393034825927.363184079624.378109452715.42288557218.7064676617

5.56552962330.879712746931.238779174121.90305206467.36086175943.052064632

2.439024390221.951219512229.67479674823.577235772413.82113821148.5365853659

3.291139240526.58227848129.367088607622.784810126610.63291139247.3417721519

3.184713375820.382165605123.566878980926.114649681517.83439490458.9171974522

Sectoral composition of GDP over time (in current prices) Source: Russias State Statistics Agency

5

60.937520.312512.5

61.42857142862511.4285714286

49.473684210544.21052631588.4210526316

48.046647230334.69387755111.6034985423

46.766006222436.237104961513.0669723268

41.785089254541.414070703510.2625131257

42.588903277238.72895706749.9960155394

41.225186766339.06083244410.8687299893

39.827350167340.367356251910.6784301795

40.626554984241.36465417157.9760325095

40.237625930841.62970871667.5216272449

38.31670243642.84023275888.1686837622

36.481212143545.21604654168.811237734

production of goods

production of market services

production of nonmarket services


1. Background and Context

Chart 1.1.

Table 1.1. Different Estimations of Russia's GDP

GDP, World bankNominal GDP in current pricesGDP in compared pricesGrowth rate of GDP to the same period of previous year**,*****GDP in prices of 2000, seasonally smoothed dataGDP p/c, RUR *,**GDP p/c in prices of 2000GDP p/c measured by PPP ***

(mln USD)(billion RUR; trillion RUR - before 1998)(2000=100)(%)(billion RUR; trillion RUR - before 1998)(thousands RUR - before 1998)(thousands RUR - before 1998)(USD)

19802.3

1981

1982

1983

19840.0

19852.32.8

19863.32.8

19872.92.9

19885.53.1

19893.03.2

19900.6148.8-3.010,869.14.373.2

1991542,100.01.4141.3-5.010,325.669.3

199219.0120.8-14.58,828.459.0

1993171.5110.3-8.78,060.354.2

1994610.796.3-12.77,036.747.7

1995850,000.01,428.592.4-4.16,748.210,398.844.25,700.0

19962,007.889.0-3.66,504.914,523.243.4

19972,342.590.31.46,594.616,826.444.84,370.0

1998282,434.62,629.685.4-5.36,242.218,659.043.06,508.0

1999193,616.84,823.290.96.36,638.632,580.645.27,473.0

2000259,596.57,305.6100.010.07,305.650,168.350.3

2001309,951.29,039.4105.05.07,674.462,457.153.1

2002346,519.910,863.4109.64.38,004.455.7

2003****2,599.06.8

Notes:

* - In 1980 data provided for the USSR

** - Data for 1980-1989 are taken from: Narodnoe khosiajstvo in 1990 (National Economy in 1990), Statistical year-book, Moscow, Finances & statistics, 1991, P. 7

*** - In 1998 the Russia's state statistical agency (GosKomStat) has changed the methodology of calculating the PPP in accordance with international requirements

**** - 1st quarter of 2003

***** - Data for 2003 are taken from Russian Economic Trends

60

Table 1.2a. GDP Sectoral Composition over Time

YearGDP in current pricesincluding:GDP in current pricesincluding:

production of goodsproduction of market servicesproduction of nonmarket servicesproduction of goodsproduction of market servicesproduction of nonmarket services

(billion RUR; trillion RUR - before 1998)(billion RUR; trillion RUR - before 1998)(billion RUR; trillion RUR - before 1998)(billion RUR; trillion RUR - before 1998)%%%%production of goodsproduction of market servicesproduction of nonmarket services

19900.640.390.130.08100.060.920.312.593.8199060.920.312.5

19911.400.860.350.16100.061.425.011.497.9199161.425.011.4

199219.09.48.41.6100.049.544.28.4102.1199249.544.28.4

1993171.582.459.519.9100.048.034.711.694.3199348.034.711.6

1994610.7285.6221.379.8100.046.836.213.196.1199446.836.213.1

19951428.5596.9591.6146.6100.041.841.410.393.5199541.841.410.3

19962007.8855.1777.6200.7100.042.638.710.091.3199642.638.710.0

19972342.5965.7915.0254.6100.041.239.110.991.2199741.239.110.9

19982629.61047.31061.5280.8100.039.840.410.790.9199839.840.410.7

19994823.21959.51995.1384.7100.040.641.48.090.0199940.641.48.0

20007305.62939.63041.3549.5100.040.241.67.589.4200040.241.67.5

20019039.43463.63872.5738.4100.038.342.88.289.3200138.342.88.2

200210863.43963.14912.0957.2100.036.545.28.890.5200236.545.28.8


Table 1.2b. GDP Sectoral Composition over Time: GDP Structure by Branches

Yearproduction of goods, incl.:industryconstructionagricultureproduction of services, incl.:transport, communica-tiontradeTotal production

198063.042.08.013.037.06.013.0100.0

198562.037.08.017.038.06.014.0100.0

198862.034.010.018.038.06.012.0100.0

198960.032.010.018.040.06.012.0100.0

199065.538.09.616.634.510.05.6100.0

199164.139.09.614.335.911.412.2100.0

199250.535.06.57.449.57.629.9100.0

199352.735.78.08.347.38.719.4100.0

199450.834.29.56.549.29.919.2100.0

199548.431.08.97.851.611.318.7100.0

199646.329.88.37.453.713.415.7100.0

199743.428.58.06.356.612.217.4100.0

199843.329.97.15.656.710.819.5100.0

199945.631.26.27.754.49.621.6100.0

200047.232.76.77.352.88.521.1100.0

200150.449.6100.0

200247.652.4100.0

200336.527.65.92.263.510.123.5100.0

Chart 1.2.

Table 1.3. Dynamics of prices

YearCPI, total *CPI for food *CPI for nonfoods *CPI for services *Deflator of retail turnoverComposite index of producers' prices *

(Dec.2000=100)(Dec.2000=100)(Dec.2000=100)(Dec.2000=100)(2000=100)(Dec.2000=100)

19900.0050.0100.0100.001

19910.010.010.020.0020.02

19920.400.390.550.050.20

19933.43.54.11.31.9

199410.611.111.07.87.6

199525.524.823.926.022.5

199629.828.831.421.233.7

199733.131.337.025.038.939.6

199861.062.460.655.848.248.1

199983.284.884.474.882.075.2

2000100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

2001118.6117.1112.7136.9120.7114.8

2002136.5130.0125.0186.5139.9132.3

Notes:


Source: Annual Review of Economic Policy in Russia in 2002. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2003. P. 498-500

Chart 1.3.

Table 1.4. Exchange rates

YearExchange rate (MICE), average for a period *Exchange rate (MICE), end of a periodReal exchange rate, average for a period **

(RUR/USD)(RUR/USD)(Dec.95=100)

19900.0190.022

19910.0630.1694.2

19920.2280.41514.6

19931.0181.247110.4

19942.2053.55088.5

19954.5624.640134.3

19965.1265.570112.8

19975.7855.974101.4

19989.96521.140102.6

199924.83626.95998.4

200028.14528.163101.2

200129.25830.137103.6

200231.35531.784107.6

Notes:

* - denominated rubles

** - increase of indicator means increase in exchange rate of ruble (real exchange rate was obtained by weightening of real exchange rate to USD (40%), DM (40%, urkainian grivna (20%)


Table 1.5. Number of firms and organizations

N of organizations *including those in state and municipal ownership *Share of private organizations in its total number *Objects privatized for a period

(thousands)(thousands)%(items)

199247041

1993124542929

1994194649674.5121905

1995225052076.8910125

1996250538484.674997

1997272728789.482743

1998289028390.212129

1999308729590.441536

2000334736789.032274

2001359438689.262287

2002384539689.702557

Notes:



Table 1.6. Structure of annually employed population by forms of ownership

(%, total employment=100)

YearType of ownership

state & municipalprivatepublic-service & religious organizations (associations)mixed Russianforeign, mutual Russian & foreign

198090.49.6

198591.18.9

199082.612.50.84.00.1

199542.134.40.722.20.6

199642.035.60.621.00.8

199740.039.90.618.31.2

199838.143.20.716.41.6

199938.244.30.814.91.8

200037.946.10.812.52.7

200137.447.60.811.62.6

Source: Labor and Employment in Russia. 2001: Statistical Bulletin, Russia's state statistical agency (GosKomStat), 2002. P. 55

Chart 1.4.

Table 1.7. Personal Incomes and Subsistence Minimum

Monthly personal income p/c *Official subsistence minimum **Ratio of average income to subsistence minimum **Share of population with incomes below subsistence minimum **Real personal income p/c ***Growth rate to a previous period

(rubles)(rubles)(times)(%)(2000=100)(%)

19900.06145.9

19910.460.153.03188.229.0

19924.01.92.1033.592.8-50.7

199344.820.62.1831.5111.319.8

1994206.486.62.3822.4128.415.4

1995514.9264.11.9524.7109.8-14.5

1996769.1369.92.0822.0111.31.4

1997941.0411.22.2921.2118.96.8

19981010.6493.32.0524.6100.7-15.3

19991655.8907.81.8233.287.7-12.9

20002275.21030.52.2126.4100.014.0

20013052.01248.92.4419.5110.510.5

20023938.11468.22.6818.5121.610.1

1 q.-001137.71.7541.2

2 q.-001185.01.8634.7

3 q.-001234.01.8731.8

4 q.-001285.02.5126.9

1 q.-011396.01.9734.5

2 q.-011507.02.0730.1

3 q.-011524.02.0826.8

4 q.-011574.02.7623.0

1 q.-021719.02.0631.5

2 q.-021804.02.1427.3

3 q.-021817.02.1824.7

4 q.-021893.02.8721.6

Notes:

* - According to the Russia's state statistical agency (GosKomStat) concept

** - Qarter estimates follow new methodology of subsistence minimum calculation (introduced in 2000). For comparativre purposes annual data are provided by the former methodology.

*** - According to the GosKomStat concept, taking into account dynamics of CPI.

Sources: Annual Review of Economic Policy in Russia in 2001. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2002. P. 352; Annnual Review of Economic Policy in Russia in 2002. BEA, 2003. P. 477

Table 1.8. The Distribution of Total Money Income, Coefficients of Differentiation and Concentration of Income, 1991-2000 (in percent)

Total Money IncomeFirst Quintile (with lowest incomes)SecondThirdFourthFifth (with highest incomes)Decile Coefficient of DifferentiationGini Coefficient *Chart 1.5.

19880.238

1991100.011.915.818.822.830.74.50.260

1992100.06.011.617.626.538.38.00.290

1993100.05.811.116.724.841.611.20.398

1994100.05.310.215.223.046.315.10.409

1995100.05.510.215.022.446.913.50.381

1996100.06.210.715.121.646.413.00.375

1997100.05.910.214.121.647.513.20.381

1998100.06.210.414.821.247.613.80.398

1999100.06.110.414.720.947.914.00.399

2000100.06.010.414.821.247.613.70.394

2001100.05.610.415.422.845.813.80.396

2002100.05.610.415.422.845.813.80.398

1 half 2003 **100.05.510.315.222.746.314.60.404

Notes:

* - Data for 1988 are taken from: Narodnoe khosiajstvo SSSR 1988 (National Economy of the USSR in 1988), P. 94

** - Data for 2002 & 2003 are taken from: Current Statistical Survey, No. 3 (46), 2003, p. 21.

Table 1.9. Structure of Personal Money Incomes

Total money incomes *including

remuneration **social transfersownership incomesother incomes ***

(billion rubles)(billion rubles)(billion rubles)(billion rubles)(billion rubles)

1990100.076.315.82.65.3

1991100.062.716.913.38.4

1992100.073.214.11.411.3

1993100.061.115.03.021.0

1994100.064.513.54.517.5

1995100.060.712.76.320.3

1996100.064.513.75.216.6

1997100.065.214.95.714.1

1998100.064.713.15.516.7

1999100.065.413.67.413.6

2000100.065.613.47.213.8

2001100.064.514.95.515.1

Notes:

* - In accordance with the GosKomStat concept

** - since 1992 remuneration includes hidden wage

*** - other incomes, calculated by residual method, include entreprenerial income


Table 1.10. Indices of Human Development

GDP p/c *Life Expectancy at BirthRatio of students in population of 7-24 years oldShare of literate people among adult populationIndex of human development (HPI)Rank by HDI

(USD)(years)(%)(%)

198568.1

198669.3

198770.1

198869.9

198969.6

1990

199169.0

199267.9

199365.10.80457

199464.0

19955700.064.698.40.76052

19960.69367

19974370.066.677.099.00.76671

19986508.067.071.4100.00.76662

19997473.065.974.0100.00.771

200065.3100.00.771

200165.399.80.775

200264.899.80.781

200399.863

Notes:

* - in 1998 GosKomStat changed the methods of calculating PPP in accordance with international standards

&L&F&R&A

&RPage &P from &N


011.70

33.525.70

022.20

0200

24.7200

22180

20.718.40

23.327.333.3492537313

28.426.332.4597495528

29.120.126.9

27.616.524

GosKomStat approach

SM of 1992 is used (RET data)

SM of 2000 is used, RET data

Chart 4. Share of population with incomes below subsistence minimum (SM) measure by different methodologies, %

Labor Market Trends

160.4

2508.8

839.9

215.1

140.8

17

11

84.4

36.5

20.2

18.6

15.1

CPI, total

Growth rate of total CPI, % (log.scale)

Data description

30.43539849162.5646015084

-30.6785767496-3.6785767496

-5-0.2273583383-4.7726416617

-14.5-0.0208999097-14.4791000903

-8.7-0.2009508075-8.4990491925

-12.7-0.039865673-12.660134327

-4.1-0.2223904609-3.8776095391

-3.6-0.3197637-3.2802363

1.4-0.54982771161.9498277116

-5.3-0.525395003-4.774604997

6.3-0.5215747276.821574727

10-0.552486187810.5524861878

50.83333333334.1666666667

GDP growth

Population growth

GDP p/c growth

year

% to previous year

Defining & Measuring

00020060.1

0022.4200293.6

00202.88001383.4

00824210170.3310.8

351.2125.2297.3180263.5524.3

52.354118.8160104.146.2

26.43051.64833.618.4

28.411.828.62836.611.5

27.82840.5600271.4

11.88.532.155016.2

7.34.218.12512.821.7

23.94.8172514.721.3

5.14.214.92112.720.2

"overnight"

private deposits

bank credit to firms & enterprises

refinancing

yield of GKO (government bonds)

monthly inflation at annual level

Chart 1.3. Annual rates of interest (%)


production of goods

production of market services

production of nonmarket services


2. Labor Market TrendsChart 2.1.Economic activity by sex and large age groups

Table 2.1. Labor *

YearPopulation in active ages (15-72) **Economically active populationEmployed population ***Unemployment (ILO)Man-hours workedLabor Productivity****

(mln people)(mln people)(mln people)(mln people)(billion)2000=100

197064.0

198073.3

198574.9

1989105.475.6

1990106.175.3

1991106.973.8

1992107.474.972.13.9

1993107.972.970.94.3

1994108.570.568.55.7

1995109.270.966.46.7

1996109.669.166.07.2

1997109.968.164.78.1

1998110.367.363.88.9

1999110.770.464.09.1126.6

2000110.864.3130.5

200164.7

2002*****110.771.965.46.2

Data taken from BEA Annual Economic Review ******:

1999110.271.862.59.3142.692.7

2000110.371.864.37.5145.5100.0

2001110.470.864.46.4150.6101.5

2002110.471.866.15.7153.3103.9

Notes:

* - data on economically active population and unemployment for the period till 1999 are for the 4th quarter of a year, and measured by the old methodology of LFS;Chart 2.2.

** - at the beginning of a year

*** - data on employment in 1989-2000 measured by the method of balance of labor resources

**** - real GDP per 1 man-hour

***** - estimates by Goskomstat (Labor and Employment in Russia)

****** - data on labor force, employment and unemployment are average figures from quarter observations, measured by new methodology (including HH production); data for 2001-2002 are based on incomparable methodology.

Sources:


Employment Outlook in Russia. Issue 1 (1991-2000). Moscow, 2002. P. 16, 72, 241, 243

Labor and Employment in Russia. Goskomstat of Russia, 2003. P. 31, 35, 105, 181

Table 2.2. Rate of general unemployment (ILO) by education level (%)

Year*HigherNot finished higherSpecialized secondaryPrimary vocationalSecondaryGeneralLower than general

19923.39.94.55.96.64.0

19933.510.45.36.77.84.1

19944.811.27.39.510.76.4

19955.013.58.311.612.97.3

19964.512.88.611.714.17.7

19975.714.210.215.914.217.615.9

19987.116.511.417.316.219.417.5

19997.114.810.615.516.119.923.4

20005.39.07.911.413.516.517.6

Data taken from Russia's state statistical agency - Goskomstat publication**:

19997.114.710.515.315.718.216.9

20005.38.97.811.313.215.011.7

20014.311.17.39.912.515.19.9

20024.09.36.79.512.216.512.5

Note

* - for Employment Outlook figures: 1992-1995, 1997-1998 - October, 1996 - March, 1999-2000 - November

** - author's calculation by average annual data taken from LFS and published by Goskomstat

Sources:



Table 2.3. Economically Inactive Population by Groups, thousand peopleChart 2.3.

YearAll inactive populationInactive population of 16-54/59 y.o.Including:Ratio of discouraged people in inactive population of working ages, %

wanted workingdidn't want workingincluding:

discouraged workers

199231645131021721.31

199334165148112941.99

199437352155735873.77

199538424164997314.43

199639624176069315.29

199741264190621467443889625.05

1998426182006715571449610925.44

1999398621863212587604513867.44

2000406101898713182580512596.63

Source:


Table 2.4. Underemployment in Russian Economy (overall score), % of total employmentChart 2.4.

YearUnder-employment levelVoluntary under-employmentForced under-employmentincl.due to economic reasons

19923.10.62.52.3

19933.90.62.72.4

19945.50.64.44.1

19955.20.64.13.7

19966.00.55.04.5

19973.10.22.92.6

19984.00.23.83.5

19993.30.32.52.1

20002.00.31.41.0

Source:


Table 2.5. Annual Figures of Labor Productivity per Hour in Industry (main job) and the Whole Economy (all jobs)

(Rub. 2000 per man-hour)

YearIndustryEconomy (ver.-1)*Economy (ver.-2)**

198981.3

199083.7

199182.4

199273.065.4

199366.863.4

199464.259.2

199566.158.1

199669.158.5

199775.159.5

199874.957.3

199977.259.151.5

200082.862.954.1

Notes:

* - productivity is a quotient from division of employment (measured by Balance of Labor Resources) by hours worked (by large and medium enterprises)

** - productivity is measured by LFS and include data on secondary employment

Source:


Table 2.6. Structure of Annual Employment in Economy by Branches, %

industryagricultureforestryconstructiontransportcommunica-tionwholesale & retail trade, cateringhousing & communal serviceshealth care, physical training, social securityeducationculture, artsciencefinance, credit, insuranceadministra-tionother branchesTOTAL

198032.5014.630.399.578.291.328.273.894.816.841.374.060.521.571.98100

199030.2812.910.3211.976.551.177.794.275.638.051.553.720.532.133.12100

199130.3413.180.3211.496.601.187.624.285.838.311.543.750.592.072.88100

199229.5914.020.3310.946.621.207.884.155.878.901.543.200.691.893.21100

199329.3614.260.3410.086.441.199.004.215.998.701.523.160.822.132.81100

199427.1215.010.379.916.551.279.474.416.429.121.662.681.092.242.70100

199525.8414.670.399.356.591.3210.054.496.699.301.712.541.232.852.97100

199624.8214.040.378.916.601.3210.304.866.879.391.702.301.214.033.29100

199723.0413.280.378.766.611.3113.495.196.839.301.742.211.203.992.68100

199822.1913.670.377.986.291.3114.595.346.999.281.752.041.154.352.69100

199922.3513.280.387.956.351.3414.575.257.039.281.771.891.164.472.93100

200022.6113.010.377.786.431.3614.655.167.009.131.781.871.154.553.17100

200122.7012.260.417.756.361.3915.455.047.009.051.791.831.224.453.29100

200222.5011.680.417.836.421.4115.945.027.079.061.811.841.254.473.31100

Source: official statistics data

chart 2.5.

Table 2.7. Distribution of employed population by education and employment status in 2001

Employmentpaid-employeesself-employedincl.employers

100100100100

higher23.824.415.838.3

not finished higher2.52.52.55.1

secondary special31.131.525.329.1

primary vocational11.812.08.99.1

secondary school22.822.428.614.7

general (8-9 grades)7.16.514.93.3

without general0.90.74.00.4

Table 2.8. Average monthly wage of employees

YearsAverage monthly wage in current pricesAverage monthly wage in prices of 1991Real average monthly wage (2000=100)Average wage and social payments to subsistence minimum of active population, %

denominated rublesUSD (based on average annual official exchange rate)

19800.174

19850.199

19900.303290.3

19910.5487.5548281.6335

19925.99522369185.0299

199358.7196.2

1994220.4179.4

1995472.4103246132.1179

1995790.2117.1

1997950.2164291122.5213

19981,051108253106.0196

19991,5236219782.7156

20002,22379238100.0172

20013,240111286119.9204

20024,414141320230

Sources:

Russia in Figures, 2003. Official statistical edition. Russia's State Statistical Agency (GosKomStat), 2003. P. 106Chart 2.6.



Table 2.9. Ratios of average wages in branches to average wage in economy, %

19921995199719981999200020012002

Average wage100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

Industry118.3111.9111.2114.9120.7123.0123.9119.6

oil producing336.7301.9315.8275.0339.0407.7440.4376.5

gas industry428.3410.8405.6421.9462.6495.1491.5444.6

light industry85.056.250.951.454.154.454.253.1

food industry126.7117.8114.6115.5118.8107.6104.5100.8

Agriculture66.750.146.244.541.340.140.339.4

Construction135.0126.0128.5126.5118.3125.7128.3116.8

Transport146.7155.9140.8143.7150.7150.4136.9135.9

Communication91.7124.1142.8139.8138.5129.5127.5127.6

Trade & catering81.776.378.779.979.571.171.370.1

Data-processing services81.786.6122.5125.0126.7146.8121.7125.4

Geology, hydremeteorological service, etc.166.7145.0161.9172.3170.9196.6208.4180.6

Housing and communal services81.7102.4107.0104.991.588.186.385.2

Health care, physical training and social security65.073.870.369.164.061.761.872.2

Education61.765.564.862.858.155.556.266.6Chart 2.7

Culture & art51.760.661.662.256.155.359.166.6

Science65.077.493.698.5109.6121.9125.6119.7

Finances, credit & insurance203.3162.7177.2199.1230.8244.4286.5279.6

Administration95.0106.8130.6129.3123.3120.0112.2118.7

Chart 2.8.

&L&F&R&A

&RPage &P from &N


77.663.786.681.677.663.786.681.6

75.661.384.879.475.661.384.879.4

72.858.783.678.372.858.783.678.3

72.158.382.877.672.158.382.877.6

7157.281.476.37157.281.476.3

69.455.979.874.569.455.979.874.5

67.655.278.573.367.655.278.573.3

69.757.480.375.471.459.581.476.3

69.657.480.77671.359.481.776.8

200120012001200170.358.880.274.1

men, 15-72

women, 15-72

men, 16-59

women, 16-54

men, 15-72 (new)

women, 15-72 (new)

men, 16-59 (new)

women, 16-54 (new)

Labor activity rates (%)

LM Policies & Programs

5.25.21.20.4

5.55.61.50.7

7.98.33.21.6

9.29.74.32.3

9.3104.82.5

11.512.242

12.913.53.91.9

12.412.82.51

9.410.22.10.9

8.59.32.20.9

8.192.56131724891.1181200422

ILO unemployment, women

ILO unemployment, men

registered unemployment, women

registered unemployment, men

General and registered unemployment by sex (% of labor force)

56.419.612.911.1

36.828.716.318.2

28.629.918.623

25.226.318.929.6

17.726.82332.5

23.715.822.438.1

22.215.920.941

20.913.618.347.2

24.514.119.142.3

31141836.9

less than 3 months

3-6 months

6-12 months

over 1 year

Structure of general (ILO) unemployment by the average duration of searching a job

274816.97.10.3

15.13623.116.89

12.9635.3826.1816.58.98

10.632.824.61814

9.928.72320.218.2

9.727.821.318.223

10.932.921.515.818.9

11.529.219.717.222.4

13.636.521.113.115.7

14.6402212.610.8

12.932.928.615.610

less than 1 month

1-4 months

4-8 months

8-12 months

over 1 year

Structure of registered unemployment by its duration

-8041

-2061

29

-3880

-716

39

4594

78

406

-120

21

-1597

416

1333

-176

Redistribution of employment across branches, 1990-2002(thousand people)

5.43.7

10.29.4

9.78.9

7.66.4

men

women

Share of self-employment in total employment, %

0

2.0134228188

8.0586080586

11.3873694679

15.1414309484

21.7028380634

26.6571885552

29.9043062201

30.0051733057

27.6750924168

33.8360402166

34.8484848485

Share of hidden wage in total wage, %

290.3151.2117.0970199139

281.6143.7114.8009389525

185122.9112.0384908359

196.2112.2110.1434856281

179.497.9106.4622942155

132.193.9103.2365880579

117.190.7102.5230463103

122.591.5100.5689679295

1068799.19940305

82.791.799.4341411849

100100100

119.9105100.5798498298

2002101.6680398588

wage

output

employment

Dynamics of growth rates (2000=100%)

3. DATA DESCRIPTION

3.1. Basic demographic characteristics of the samples

Sample size (respondents)Rural populationMalesYounger than 30 y.o.60 y.o. and olderwith higher educationwith main regular jobwith second regular jobwith occasional activity

RLMS648225.745.015.021.819.653.62.99.3

CMC399325.845.612.029.725.950.52.57.2

3.2. Rates of regular and occasional employment by samples

RLMS 1998RLMS 2000RLMS 2002CMC 2000

N% of respondents aged 15-72N% of respondents aged 15-72N% of respondents aged 15-72N% of respondents aged 18-72

regular job372853.3356754.4367555.4209157.3

including self-employed and entrepreneurs1012.81042.8

occasional employment5067.26179.45848.82797.6

either regular or occasional employment403357.7397360.7408161.5222360.9

3. Defining & Measuring, Dynamics over Time

A. Alternative estimations of employment inside informal sector based on LFS

Table 3.3.a. Dynamics of main employment in informal sector based on different approach to its definition (thousand people)

Main job19992000200120024 q.-19994 q.-20004 q.-20014 q.-2002

1. Entrepreneurs without registration as juridical person2,6642,6284,2784,3152,6552,5043,6443,967

2. People employed by natural persons (domestics)2,3642,5082,7382,9502,3492,5342,7462,730

3. Unpaid family workers10786395378722536

4. Self-employed farmers26316114512410916314083

5. Cooperatives' members1,139931459353990773375284

6. People producing something in household for future realization2,7922,7478691,9642,4302,3791,2151,545

7. People producing something in household for own consumption (working more than 30 hours per week)1,5951,2421,5331,264683333334373

Informal sector 1 = 1+2+35,1355,2227,0557,3185,0825,1106,4156,733

Informal sector 2 = 1+2+3+6+79,5229,2119,45710,5468,1957,8227,9648,651

Informal sector 3 = 1+2+3+4+5+6+710,92410,30310,06111,0239,2948,7588,4799,018

Share of employment in informal sector in employment:

Informal sector 1 = 1+2+38.28.111.011.18.17.99.910.2

Informal sector 2 = 1+2+3+6+715.214.314.716.013.012.112.313.2

Informal sector 3 = 1+2+3+4+5+6+717.516.015.616.714.713.613.113.7

Table 3.3.b. Official estimations of employment inside informal sector, 15-72 years old (thousand people)

200120024 q.-20014 q.-2002


including employment:

only in informal sector7,1267,4076,5046,789

both inside and outside informal sector2,0642,1281,6751,838

incl. main job in informal sector108114

Main job in informal sector7,1367,4156,5156,793

Employed in informal sector in the whole employment, %14.314.412.613.1

Share of main employment in informal sector in thw whole employment, %11.111.210.110.3

Table 3.4. Official estimations of employment in informal sector by status, 15-72 years old (thousand people)

200120024 q.-20014 q.-2002


including:

paid employees2,9203,1632,8362,914

self-employed6,2706,3725,2435,713


paid employees31.833.234.733.8

self-employed68.266.864.166.2

Table 3.5. Distribution of employment in informal sector by status of employment and a firm's size, 15-72 years old, 2002

Total< 5 employees>= 5 employees< 5 employees>= 5 employees



including:

paid employees29501654129656.143.9

self-employed4465414432192.87.2


paid employees39.828.580.1

self-employed60.271.519.9

Table 3.6. Employment inside informal enterprises in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, 15-72 years old (thousand people)

200120024 q.-20014 q.-2002


including:

agricultural activities3,8674,0142,7993,269

non-agricultural activities5,3235,5215,3815,358


agricultural activities42.142.134.237.9

non-agricultural activities57.957.965.862.1

Table 3.7. Distribution of employment inside informal enterprises by type of activity and settlement, 15-72 years old, 2002

Totalurbanruralurbanrural



including:

agricultural activities4014604341015.184.9

non-agricultural activities55214384113679.420.6




B. Alternative estimations of informal employment and employment in informal sector based on secondary sociological data

Table 3.8.Share of informal employment among those with regular and occasional employment by years, 4 quarters of 1998, 2000, and 2002Chart 3.1.

RLMS 1998RLMS 2000CMC 2000RLMS 2002

(15-72)(15-72)(18-72)(15-72)

1. N of regularly or occasionally employed(respondents)4033397322524081

total informal employment(% of N)17.521.517.719.2

including that is combined with formal employment(% of N)5.65.75.94.3

informal employment as the only activity(% of N)11.915.811.814.9

2. Number of formally employed(respondents)3806374520223905

Percent of informally employed among those with formal work(%)6.46.86.56.3

Table 3.9. Structure of total informal employment by first, second and additional (occasional) job, 15-72 years old

RLMSCMC survey (18-72)

1998200020022000

N% of employed either regularly or occasionallyN% of employed either regularly or occasionallyN% of employed either regularly or occasionallyN% of employed either regularly or occasionally

all informal employment*70617.585321.578319.239817.7

at main regular job2135.32907.32746.71416.3

at second regular job691.7671.7541.3231.0

at additional / the only occasional job44911.154013.647711.725011.1

Notes:

* - there are some intersections between three selected groups, thus, total number of informal employment is less smaller than the simple sum of three categories below.

Table 3.10. Matrices of informal employment and employment in informal sector on main job (respondents of 18 y.o. and older), 4 q.-2000

3.10.a. CMC Survey (%), N=2049



Informal job3.23.06.2Chart 3.2.

Total92.37.7100.0

3.10.b. RLMS (%), N=2693




Total87.013.0100.0

Table 3.11. Matrices of informal employment and employment in informal sector on second job (respondents of 18 y.o. and older), 4 q.-2000

3.11.a. CMC Survey (%), N=99




Total79.820.2100.0

3.11.b. RLMS (%), N=157




Total53.546.5100.0

Table 3.12. Structure of employment in informal sector by employment status, 18 years old and over, Nov.-2000Chart 3.3.

RLMSCMC

main jobsecond jobtotalmain jobsecond jobtotal

All employment in informal sector(respondents)3497341215819172

including:



Structure of employment in informal sector:

paid employees(%)65.346.661.958.968.461.0

self-employed(%)34.753.438.141.126.339.0

Table 3.13. Structure of informal employment by employment status, 18 years old and over, Nov.-2000

RLMSRLMS (corrected *)CMC

main jobsecond jobmain jobsecond jobmain jobsecond job

All informal employment(respondents)365883147512823

including:



Share of informal employment(%)13.656.111.747.86.223.2

Structure of informal employment:

paid employees(%)70.760.282.265.371.987.0

self-employed(%)29.339.817.834.728.113.0

Notes:

* - following the distribution of self-employed people between formal and informal employment in CMC sample (48:52 and 40:60 for main and second jobs, respectively), we used the given ratios for self-employed working not an enterprise: 50:50 and 40:60.

Table 3.14. Informal employment and employment in informal sector by type of activity (agricultural / non-agricultural), CMC Survey, Nov.-2000Chart 3.4.

main regular jobAll informal employment

Informal sectorInformal employment

Total:156127401

agricultural activities211674

non-agricultural activities135111327

Structure of employment , %:



Chart 3.5.

Stability of informal employment - RLMS panel data for 1998, 2000, and 2002

(sum of area of three circles = N=523=100%)

Chart 3.6.

&L&F&R&A

&RPage &P from &N

informal employment, main jobinformal employment, main job7.16624226999.9109131403

4.75190338678.356940509911.094943615912.8062360802

inf.employment, second jobinf.employment, second job36.363636363635.8108108108

34.078212290544.444444444455.639097744444.8051948052

4 q-94

4 q-96

4 q-98

4 q-2000

% of total employment

Dynamics of informal employment and employment in informal sector of people 15-72 y.o. according to RLMS data

1.901.40

808.20

706.20

7.66.41428571435.74.7560509554

9.68.24165341816.55.7982954545

from all respondents 15-72

informal , from all (1998-2000)

from employed respondents 15-72

informal, from employed (1998-2000)

%

Dynamics of occasional employment (for last 30 days before the interview), RLMS data

39.627268268843.29896907223.852526926322.7272727273

2.942618930812.37113402065.75807787922.7272727273

6.032368808222.68041237118.574979287519.3181818182

10.98577734188.247422680416.652858326415.9090909091

7.99411476216.185567010313.21458160731.1363636364

17.90093182935.154639175327.009113504613.6363636364

4.02157920551.03092783518.32642916323.4090909091

5.10053948011.030927835113.58740679370

2.991662579701.69842584921.1363636364

2.403138793501.32560066280

CMC, total employment

CMC, informal employment

RLMS, total employment

RLMS, informal employment

Distribution of informal employment at main job by firm's size

0.40842105260.33578947370.2557894737

0.35074626870.32089552240.328358209

the only regular

the only occasional

secondary (regular or occasional)

Structure of informal employment by the concernment and regularity of activity (respondents of 18 years old and older), 2000

0.48382352940.03750.0073529412

0.47836596570.04230118440.0164370317

0.45747938750.04970553590.0141342756

formal

informal (main, regular)

informal (occasional, but provided regular income)

Formal and informal primary employment, 15-72 y.o., RLMS panel data (N=4711)

0,7%

4. Formal and Informal Employment: Some Key Characteristics

Table 4.1.a. Distribution of employment in informal sector by sex, Goskomstat

nov.-200120012002

informal employmentemploymentinformal employmentemploymentinformal employmentemployment

bothmain/only jobsecond jobbothmain/only jobsecond jobbothmain/only jobsecond job

total817965151664646649190713620546440095357415212066071

men43273405921334354784367911053331949133778113533902

women385331097433122944073457950310814622363798532169

total, %100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

men52.952.355.451.752.151.653.851.751.551.053.551.3

women47.147.744.648.347.948.446.248.348.549.046.548.7

Table

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