Russian Revolution Russian Revolution

Autocracy to TotalitarianismAutocracy to Totalitarianism

Upholding AutocracyUpholding Autocracy AutocracyAutocracy—a single ruler hold unlimited —a single ruler hold unlimited

political powerpolitical power Czar Nicholas I & Alexander II had been Czar Nicholas I & Alexander II had been

mistreating & abusing peasants while social mistreating & abusing peasants while social inequalities were growinginequalities were growing

Alexander II was assassinated in 1881Alexander II was assassinated in 1881– Even though he was enacting some peasant Even though he was enacting some peasant

reformsreforms Alexander III took his father’s throne and Alexander III took his father’s throne and

ended all reforms to put more power in his ended all reforms to put more power in his handshands– Wanted to strengthen “autocracy, orthodoxy, and Wanted to strengthen “autocracy, orthodoxy, and

nationality”…all power, all Orthodox, all speaking nationality”…all power, all Orthodox, all speaking RussianRussian

The Last of the RomanovsThe Last of the Romanovs

Upholding AutocracyUpholding Autocracy Alexander III works to end rebellionsAlexander III works to end rebellions

– Strict censorshipStrict censorship– Secret police watching over schoolsSecret police watching over schools– Teachers reporting on student writingTeachers reporting on student writing– Political prisoners sent to SiberiaPolitical prisoners sent to Siberia

Nationalist Reforms Nationalist Reforms – Russian is official language, no PolishRussian is official language, no Polish– Persecution of Jews becomes national policyPersecution of Jews becomes national policy

Couldn’t buy landCouldn’t buy land Quotas of Jews at universitiesQuotas of Jews at universities PogromsPogroms—organized violence against Jews—organized violence against Jews

– Police looted & destroyed Jewish homes, stores, & Police looted & destroyed Jewish homes, stores, & synogoguessynogogues

PogromsPogroms

New Czar Resists ChangeNew Czar Resists Change

Czar Nicholas II takes over in 1894 & Czar Nicholas II takes over in 1894 & continues autocracycontinues autocracy

Economic GrowthEconomic Growth– # of factories doubled# of factories doubled– 44thth leading producer of steel, but still leading producer of steel, but still

lagged behind Europelagged behind Europe– Trans-Siberian Railway—world’s longest Trans-Siberian Railway—world’s longest

railwayrailway Connected Euro-Russian to Pacific ports in Connected Euro-Russian to Pacific ports in

19041904

Trans-Siberian RailwayTrans-Siberian Railway

New Czar Resists ChangeNew Czar Resists Change Revolutionary Spirit GrowsRevolutionary Spirit Grows

– Rapid industrialization created usual problemsRapid industrialization created usual problems– Competing revolutionary movements ariseCompeting revolutionary movements arise

Marxist Groups AriseMarxist Groups Arise– Industrial class should overthrow the czarIndustrial class should overthrow the czar– Form a dictatorship of proletariat Form a dictatorship of proletariat – Division in groupsDivision in groups

Mensheviks want a democratic revolutionMensheviks want a democratic revolution Bolsheviks want a communist, dictatorial revolutionBolsheviks want a communist, dictatorial revolution

BolsheviksBolsheviks– Supported a small number of committed revolutionariesSupported a small number of committed revolutionaries– Led by Vladimir Lenin, a ruthless leader that was hiding Led by Vladimir Lenin, a ruthless leader that was hiding

in Western Europe from czarin Western Europe from czar

BolsheviksBolsheviks

Ponder This!Ponder This!

What did the czars do to maintain an What did the czars do to maintain an autocracy?autocracy?– What impact did this policy have on the future What impact did this policy have on the future

revolution?revolution? How did Russia’s Industrial Revolution How did Russia’s Industrial Revolution

contribute to the growing tensions in contribute to the growing tensions in Russia?Russia?

What is a pogrom and why was it used?What is a pogrom and why was it used? What is the difference between the What is the difference between the

Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?

Crisis at Home & AbroadCrisis at Home & Abroad Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War

– Competing overCompeting over Korea & Korea & ManchuriaManchuria– Russia kept breaking treaties over use of territoriesRussia kept breaking treaties over use of territories– Japan attacked & defeated Russia in 1905Japan attacked & defeated Russia in 1905

Revolution of 1905: Bloody SundayRevolution of 1905: Bloody Sunday– 200,000 workers march on Winter Palace carrying 200,000 workers march on Winter Palace carrying

a petition asking for better working conditions & a petition asking for better working conditions & more freedomsmore freedoms

– Nicholas wasn’t there, but police opened fire killing 1000 Nicholas wasn’t there, but police opened fire killing 1000 unarmed protestersunarmed protesters

– Strikes & violence spread across countryStrikes & violence spread across country– Nicholas forced to allow a Duma, Russian Nicholas forced to allow a Duma, Russian

parliamentparliament He dissolved it shortly afterHe dissolved it shortly after

Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War

Bloody SundayBloody Sunday

Crisis at Home & AbroadCrisis at Home & Abroad World War I: Final BlowWorld War I: Final Blow

– Nicholas brought Russia into war in 1914Nicholas brought Russia into war in 1914– Weak generals & limited supplies allowed easy Weak generals & limited supplies allowed easy

German victories…4 million lost in 1 yearGerman victories…4 million lost in 1 year– Nicholas went to war front in 1915, leaving Nicholas went to war front in 1915, leaving

country to Czarina Alexandracountry to Czarina Alexandra She ignored Nicholas’ advisors and fell under the She ignored Nicholas’ advisors and fell under the

spell of mysterious Rasputin, a magical holy-man who spell of mysterious Rasputin, a magical holy-man who was helping Alexiswas helping Alexis

– Troop morale was dropping with Troop morale was dropping with defections & mutiniesdefections & mutinies

– Supplies ran short on home front w/ rising Supplies ran short on home front w/ rising inflationinflation

RasputinRasputin

March Revolution--1917March Revolution--1917 Women led riots of 200,000 in Petrograd over bread Women led riots of 200,000 in Petrograd over bread

and food shortagesand food shortages Soldiers initially opened fire, but then turned on their Soldiers initially opened fire, but then turned on their

commanding officers…spreading riots nationwidecommanding officers…spreading riots nationwide Nicholas II was forced to abdicate his throne, ending Nicholas II was forced to abdicate his throne, ending

300 years of Romanov rule300 years of Romanov rule Duma set up Provisional Government, headed by Duma set up Provisional Government, headed by

Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky Supported the war, upsetting soldiers & citizensSupported the war, upsetting soldiers & citizens Peasants wanted land, workers wanted raisesPeasants wanted land, workers wanted raises

Competition arose among local soviets of workers, Competition arose among local soviets of workers, peasants, and soldierspeasants, and soldiers

They gained more influence then Provisional GovernmentThey gained more influence then Provisional Government Germans arranged for return of V.I. Lenin in April Germans arranged for return of V.I. Lenin in April

19171917

March RevolutionMarch Revolution

Ponder This!Ponder This!

Describe the Russian psyche after the Describe the Russian psyche after the Russo-Japanese War.Russo-Japanese War.

What was the cause and effect of the Bloody What was the cause and effect of the Bloody Sunday riots?Sunday riots?

Why were Russian people upset with the Why were Russian people upset with the war effort in WWI?war effort in WWI?

What was role of Rasputin?What was role of Rasputin? Why did Russia withdrawal from WWI?Why did Russia withdrawal from WWI? What was cause & effect of March What was cause & effect of March

Revolution?Revolution?

Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution

Bolsheviks gain control of soviets in Bolsheviks gain control of soviets in Petrograd & other major citiesPetrograd & other major cities– ““All power to the soviets”All power to the soviets”– ““Peace, Land, Bread”Peace, Land, Bread”

Provisional Gov’t topplesProvisional Gov’t topples– Nov. 1917, Red Guard (Bolsheviks) Nov. 1917, Red Guard (Bolsheviks)

stormed winter palace in Petrograd…stormed winter palace in Petrograd…factory workersfactory workers

– Took over gov’t offices & arrested leadersTook over gov’t offices & arrested leaders– Lasted hours, Kerensky disappearedLasted hours, Kerensky disappeared

November RevolutionNovember Revolution

Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution Bolsheviks in PowerBolsheviks in Power

– Lenin orders all farmland distributed among Lenin orders all farmland distributed among peasantspeasants

– Workers given control of factoriesWorkers given control of factories– Signed Treaty of Brest-LitvoskSigned Treaty of Brest-Litvosk

Land give-away in treaty caused anger among RussiansLand give-away in treaty caused anger among Russians

Civil WarCivil War– White army rises in opposition to Bolshevik White army rises in opposition to Bolshevik

reforms w/ help from Alliesreforms w/ help from Allies– Red army led by Leon Trotsky successfully fights Red army led by Leon Trotsky successfully fights

back White army and quells all rebellions from back White army and quells all rebellions from 1918-1920 resulting in 15 million dead1918-1920 resulting in 15 million dead

Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky

Lenin Restores OrderLenin Restores Order

Economy was in turmoil, trade stagnant, Economy was in turmoil, trade stagnant, industrial production decreasing, skilled industrial production decreasing, skilled labor leavinglabor leaving

New Economic Plan (NEP)New Economic Plan (NEP)– Put aside state run communism for small-scale Put aside state run communism for small-scale

capitalismcapitalism– Allowed profits to begin to circulate through Allowed profits to begin to circulate through

countrycountry– Gov’t controlled rest of essential enterprisesGov’t controlled rest of essential enterprises

Major industries, banks, communicationMajor industries, banks, communication

– Encoraged foreign investmentEncoraged foreign investment

Lenin Restores OrderLenin Restores Order Political ReformsPolitical Reforms

– Russian contained many nationalities, posing Russian contained many nationalities, posing threat to nationalismthreat to nationalism

– Lenin organized Russia into many self-governing Lenin organized Russia into many self-governing republics under Soviet central controlrepublics under Soviet central control

– Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) was Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) was created in 1922, w/ Moscow as capitalcreated in 1922, w/ Moscow as capital

– Bolsheviks renamed to Communist PartyBolsheviks renamed to Communist Party– Reality became a dictatorship of party, not Reality became a dictatorship of party, not

workersworkers– By 1928, USSR recovered to pre WWI economic By 1928, USSR recovered to pre WWI economic

standingstanding– Lenin died in 1924 of a stroke, creating a new Lenin died in 1924 of a stroke, creating a new

power strugglepower struggle

Union of Soviet Socialist Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) Republics (U.S.S.R.)

Ponder This!Ponder This! What is a soviet?What is a soviet? Who are the Bolsheviks?Who are the Bolsheviks? Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks?Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks? Why did the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk upset Why did the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk upset

the Russian people?the Russian people? Describe the struggle of the Russian Civil Describe the struggle of the Russian Civil

War.War. What was Lenin’s NEP?What was Lenin’s NEP? What did Lenin call the new socialist What did Lenin call the new socialist

government he created?government he created? The Bolsheviks changed their name to what The Bolsheviks changed their name to what

to honor whom?to honor whom?