russian coal: europe's new energy challenge
TRANSCRIPT
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CLIMATE & ENERGY PAPER SERIES 2010
Russian Coal: EuRopEs nEw EnERgy ChallEngE
KEvin RosnER, p.D.
Senior Fellow, Institute for the Analysis of Global Security
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2010 Te German Marshall Fund o the United States. All rights reserved.
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge
Climate & Energy Paper Series
February 2010
Kv R, P.D.*
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Abbreviationsbcm cc
CCGT c cc
CHP c
CO2 c x
EIA E I A (U S)
GDP c c
GHG
GW
IEA I E Ac
IGCC I Gc C Cc
KWh K
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TWh
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge3
The fundamenta
reality is that
Russia has the
leeway to increas
its CO2 emission
under the banne
of environmenta
action while
simultaneously
undermining the
global push to
limit greenhouse
gas emissions.
Executive Summary
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States4
Russia could cost-
effectively meet its
increased power
demands through
large-scale energy
efficiency.
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge5
It is highly likely
that at some
point in the futur
Russia will choos
to use more of
its coal for powe
generation.
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States6
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge7
Introduction1
Russia is the
worlds fifth
largest producer
and the worlds
third largest
exporter of coal.Half of its export
are consumed
in European
markets. R F c
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Key pints n the Russian energy sectr
TheRussianFederationissecondonlytotheUnitedStatesinprovencoalreserves.
Growthratesincoalproductionhaveexceededthoseinbothoilandgasforthepastseveralyears,
driveninlargepartbydemandforcokingcoalinsteelproductionandsteamcoalforexport.
TheglobaleconomicrecessionhascausedinvestmentacrossallenergysectorsinRussiatolag.
Mostimportantly,growthinRussiangasproductionisflat.
Therecessionandassociateddownturninpower-sectorinvestmentsprovidesawindowof
opportunitytoexaminetheriskthatRussiawillreachitsgoaltoexpanditsuseofcoalfor
domesticpowertoincreasetheavailabilityofnaturalgasforexports.
Thedropinpower-sectorinvestmentsalsoprovidesRussiaanopportunitytoidentifyoptionsto
dramaticallyimprovetheefficiencyofitspowersupplyanddemand.
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States8
Russias aging
supergiant gas
fields, lack of
infrastructure
investment, and
steadily increasing
domestic demand
lead to real
concerns about its
ability to deliver
contracted gas to
its downstream
customers.
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Lming Questins Regarding Russian
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge9
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With the onset
of the global
economic
recession,
Russias plans
for expandingpower production
to meet domestic
demand,
irrespective of
fuel choice, are i
jeopardy.
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States10
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The global
recession may
provide a window
of opportunity
for Russian
policymakers
and those in the
global community
concerned about
capping GHG
emissions to
examine the
consequences
of fuel switching
from gas to coal
inside Russia.
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge11
Sviet Legacy Issues
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Key pints
Russiasdomesticpowerindustryisgas-based.
Gaspricesarestate-controlledwhilecoalpricesaresetbythemarket.Thisdampensthe
expansionofcoal-firedpowergenerationinRussia.
UnlessRussiamovestowardamarket-determinedpricefornaturalgas,itisveryunlikelythatit
willmeetitsgoaltoexpanddomesticcoaluse.
Background: The Russian Coal
and Gas Industries2
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States12
Subsidized Gas Prices Dampen Cal Demand
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Russian gas and
oil remain under
the close control
and scrutiny
of the Russian
government and
the composite
of interests that
it represents.
In contrast,
coal has been
comparatively
liberalized.
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge13
Conclusion: Relative to other industrializedcountries, coal-fired power is a much smaller
part of the energy mix in Russia than elsewhere.
Russias 2020 and 2030 Energy trategies reveal
that it is poised to dramatically expand its reliance
on coal to meet growing domestic power needs
and Europes demand for natural gas. A number
of Soviet legacy issues continue to plague the
coal industry, but if Russia lowers natural gas
price subsidies, coal would likely emerge as a
competitive fuel option, laying the groundwork
for the coal industry to meet a future increased
domestic demand for electric power.
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States14
Energy Strategy Undermined by Lw-Grwth
Assumptins
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Key pints
Russiahasnotmetits2020EnergyStrategygoaltoadd40-50GWofnewelectricitycapacity
tothegrid.Thisfailurewastiedtofasterthananticipatedeconomicgrowthandhigherthan
anticipatedenergyexports.WhileRussianPresident,VladimirPutinchosenottoinvestinkeynew
powerinfrastructure,asrequiredunderthe2020EnergyPlan.
Inapost-recessionaryperiodeconomicgrowthwillaccelerateinRussiaandanewgrowthin
demandwillneedtobemet.
The2030EnergyStrategylaysoutascenarioforevengreaterrelianceoncoalinitsdomesticfuel
mixtoallowmorenaturalgasforexport.
The Russian Energy Strategy 2020:
Unmet Challenges3
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge15
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c c
x x k. S
c
c.
O c c
v R F
6 G Cck Ax Kvck, Pc C C C c R, IEA C C C P-c, Oc 8:4.
7 I.:.
The Russian
Energy Strategy
identified clear
targets for
adding new
power generating
capacity, and wh
the role of coal
in adding to this
capacity is well
defined, Russia
has struggled to
implement its ow
strategy.
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States16
R z x
c c
c .
, ck cv
cc c
c c- c.3
c c c c, c c c, c. I ck R RkZz D (RZD), c c R Gz, v v c-k x c v R c . c x : () c c- c c-c cc ( c c x); () c c c -, c c v v cv
.3 C, c v v c z ck c c . c c v. c c v c vc k c c x -. I , RZD v v .
cc cv v
c , c
v v. Y Oc 9
Gz D H, Ax Mvv,
R c c c
k .S cc, c R c
c, c ,
c GHG
c.
Challenges f Transprting Cal
R c
v
k E S
cc c c c
R - c.3 Bc
3 R c c c c x. Sc, k C E. F, c / k c c cv c . A J 9, R 4-6 c, R c
Table1.Russiancoalandgasproduction,20012008
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Change 2008
over 2007
Russian Coal Production
20012008 (Million
Tons Oil Equivalent)
102.4 103.0 104.0 99.5 94.2 96.7 93.5 101.3 8.1%
Russian Gas Production
20012008 (Million
Tons Oil Equivalent)
473.6 484.9 505.2 516.0 522.1 543.4 532.8 541.5 1.4%
Data: BP Statistical Review 2009
Table2.RussianOilProduction20012008
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Change 2008over 2007
Million Tons Oil 348.1 379.6 421.4 458.8 470.0 480.5 491.3 488.5 -0.8 percent
Data: BP Statistical Review 2009
The lack of
comprehensive
national transport
capacity for coal
has inhibited the
introduction of
new coal-fired
power generation
in some areas of
Russia.
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge17
B 8, c R E S
c. I , k
v v
3
v c. c
v R c. Acc
E S I Mc,
c c c
jc 4 M
3 c c 54 M
vv c.3 Acc
E I A (EIA), Mc 8, R v v
- c cc
c . I ,
cc
c. I cc ,
k jcv c
x.33
c EIA k ,
cv jc R
c- R - .
W , c v v, RZD c v cc- c c z c x.
3 G Cck Ax Kvck, Pc C C C c R, IEA C C C P-c, Oc 8.
33 E I A, Long Term EnergyOutlook, M 9.
Conclusion: Although Russia will not meetits goal to expand its use of coal by 28 percent
relative to todays levels by 2015, Russias updated
energy strategy reveals continued commitment
to dramatically increase coal for domestic power
production. The planned adjustment in the price
ratio of gas to coal after 2011 should accelerate
this trend.
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States18
v c.36 Acc
I Fc C W
Bk, R c v 45 c c37 cc,
qv c
Fc.38 I 6, c
c R GHG . W c
36 I.
37 P c c jc cv c.
38 G Cck Ax Kvck, Pc C C C c R, IEA C C CPc, Oc 8:36: I 4, R c .6 kW $GDP c x . kW/$GDP UK c GDP $, c U.K.$3, c GDP. R U.K. c 6 kW c cc R c c GDP/ccv U K. W 96 c c c, 3. c SO , c CO , .4 c NOx c.
The Carbon Impact of Russian
Coal-Fired Power4
R c c
. R -
c x C U S. R c
6.4 c
c x (CO) .34
M , R -c
jc c
U.S. -c 3.35
R - c
-
34
E Ecc R: U Rv, IFC R,8:8, ://.k./WBSIE/EXERNAL/COUNRIES/ECAEX/RUSSIANFEDERAIONEXN/,,cMDK:97538~PK:3565~PK:647988~PK:647986~SPK:356,..
35 A L, J W, S C, RC E Ecc C: A Nc C-, C Ac P, J 9, .-c.//9/6/Nc_C..
Key pints
Russiaisoneoftheworldsmostenergy-intensiveeconomies.Theenergylossesitincursdueto
supplyanddemandinefficienciesareequaltotheannualprimaryenergyconsumptionofFrance.
RussiaspercapitaGHGemissionswillberoughlythesameasthoseoftheUnitedStatesby2030.
TohelpRussiareduceitsGHGemissions,theUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnionshouldoffer
Russiaassistancetodesignandimplementastrongnationalcap.Suchassistancecouldinclude
supporttostrengthenitsinstitutionalcapacityandGHGinventory,andeventuallylinktoother
nationalandregionalemissionstradingprograms.
TheRussianMinistryofIndustryandEnergyandtheRussianMinistryofNaturalResources,along
withRussianindustry,shouldworkwithU.S.andEUgovernmentsandrepresentativesofprivateindustrytodevelopabaselineassessmentofthepotentialefficiencyimprovementsofbothenergy
supplyanddemandbeforeRussiaconsidersexpandingitscoal-firedpowercapacity.
Russiashouldbeencouragedtoworkwithforeignindustrialproduct,technology,andservice
providersontheidentificationofenergy-efficiencyandclean-coaltechnologies.Aninternational
conferenceshouldbeorganizedwithdonoragenciesfromtheUnitedStatesandEuropealongwith
internationalfinanceinstitutionstohighlightpotentialsourcesofsupportingfortheseefforts.
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge19
cc 8 c R ccc, c
R v , c
j c R GHG .
I Nv 4, R K
Pc cc , k
. I v, c
cc 55 c GHG
q c c v,
R . I
, R
v c
c .
A R v
cc -
k, v c v
GHG c k, k
R -
v c c c
R .39 A , v, R
c c.
R GHG c
99, c 998, 6 c
99 v. F 999 8,
c ( 7,
66 c 99 v) cc
67 c . ,
859 c 99 v
..5 c, c cc. W
R c [ J]
v c c
.
, K C W WF (WWF) J 9
39 S C Ac P, A R:A S N A R Pc, ://.c.//9/7/_..
Mvv c.4
I F ,R U N
Fk Cv C C
(UNFCCC) 5
5 c c 99 v.
v v R
J jcv. I v,
k R
cc , c cv
c v 99, R c
99 v.4
c cc c
c c
c R F without
adding new capacity c
cc energy efficient
cc c
R c c . W
v v,
c cc
c c c
. E R c-
cc cc
c c.
c cc v v.
W C c cc
c c-c c, v
6 c
c c
xv.4
4 I.
4 R Ac Wk E , S B- N.C, J , 9 ://..c/x.c//.//84.
4 K B, C F Oc C C FP, The New York Times, M , 9 ://..c/9/5////c..
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States20
O c R c
c k.
c c--,
c-cc (CCG), c-
c,
c. M cv
c v c. Ev k
c IEA
C C C
c
c c c v
c v.43
W is k R
cc v cc R
c v -
5 v x 3 c.44 Ov
, Dk cv cc
43 IEA C C: 44.
44 E Ecc Ic Pc Ecc Pc-
F F F, IEA I P G8 P Ac, OECD 8 :.
43 c U S 36 c. I-OECD c R c c
-OECD . I,
cc, c-
, c v cc
48 c.45 x c cc
z R F
c c-
k. cx k
v, c v
.46
45 I.46 A cv c . S :c c c, A-R E- I c - Rc- 5:
Name
Capacity,
MW
Possible shipments (qnty) Cost
prediction
$/kW Notes
until
2005
until
2010
until
2015
Coal-fired units of
increased economic
efficiency
300500 1 2 5 850
Supercritical coal-fired
units
300500 1 5 900
Coal-fired units with
circulating fluidized-
bed boilers
50100
150200
2
10
4
40
10
950
900
Purchase of
licenses, joint
manufacture
with foreign
firms
Combined-cycle
plant with pressurized
circulating fluidized-
bed boilers
100200 1 4 1000 Purchase of
licenses, joint
manufacture
Integrated coal
gasification combined
cycle plants
150200
500600
1
1
1100
950
Pilot
operation
Sc: Cck, G Kvck, Ax: Pc C C C c R, IEA C C CPc, Oc 8.
O v c v c c c :
R cc xc R F
Lv cc cv R cc cv c v v / c v R c
c c v c c
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge21
Technlgy
CCG v c-
c c v
R. c c cc
vz c , -c
c c c
c cc c (IGCC), IGCC
z- c, -
c (VIR), cc z-
c, c- .
R v CCG c c . F, R
c v
x. Sc, cc
c-
R (3 c v cc)
Dk (43 c cc)
cc . I R, v
cc v cc c
c cc C H
P (CHP) 33 c.47 W
CCG c , 556 c
cc v cv z.
O cc , R c
cc 37 c c
c 5 ( 8 c )
q cc c
v R c.48
c 7 MW
q c c c
3 3
. 49 c c
k GE, S, A v v c R
v. I , R
c c c
.
c c
R c . Acc Y
Lck, c NPO S,
R k, c
c k c
v . 5 q
47 IEA Ecc Ic, I. 46:3.
48 I, C .
49 C Rc C F P Ex, R,M 5, 8.
5 I.
Box 1. Calculating GHGEmissins: Eamples
The following emissions calculations are simply
an indicative expression of what may be expected
for GHG emissions based on standard coal
technology and the types of coal available to
Russian generating companies. At present
using the most current (2008) estimate of
what Russias newly privatized power producers
are willing to install for new coal-fired power
generation is 20 GW by 2015. It is estimated
that this new capacity will lead to a minimum of
15 thousand metric tons additional (CO-specific)emissions per annum using current coal-fired
technologies presently installed in Russia. An
increase of 15,000 Mt of additional CO is
equivalent to approximately 3.5 percent of its
coal emissions from 2003.*
If the above calculations are based on lignite
coal the emissions are even greater. In this
case, an increase of 22,000 Mt of additional
CO would be expected, equivalent to
approximately 5.2 percent of its coal emissions
in 2003. In short, data on what type of coal
is burned and that coals characteristicsare required in order to more precisely to
calculate expected GHG emissions from a given
technology holding all else equal.
* E S R R: 8, ://9.85.9.3/,E Sv C Bc S R.
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States22
() ability x k, k-, c c
R F, () willingness
j v c
cc c R R
c. v
W cc R
c-
xz cc c
GHG . , ,
c
cc c c R
c c k c v ,
R v, R c
. c ck
c c
.
Conclusion: There is a tremendous potential
that Russian emissions from coal-fired power
will increase dramatically over the next several
decades, as Russia is poised to expand its
reliance on coal to meet a growing domestic
demand for power needs. Plans to expand coal-fired capacity in Russia are on hold due to the
scarcity of financing tied to the global economic
recession. This creates an important opportunity
for Russia to engage in a detailed assessment of
potential to improve the efficiency of its power
sector. It also allows Russia the opportunity to
develop a plan to acquire the most efficient and
lowest-emitting coal technologies, including
technologies from abroad, in the case that it
eventually implements its plan to expand its
coal-fired capacity in the future. Russias GHG
emissions in 2007 were 34 percent lower than theiremissions were in 1990. This decline is due to the
drop in industrial output from decommissioned
Soviet facilities. In the absence of a cap on GHG
emissions or other mitigating measures, there
exist few barriers to prevent acceleration in
emissions from coal-fired power generation.
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge23
Hlding Russia Accuntable
I v c R c, v
R c-
, R cc
c
G8 99 UN Fk Cv
C C c
c. G8 6 S.P S v c
R F
c
quid pro quo k
ccc G8
Key pints
TherearecleareconomicgainstoimprovingtheefficiencyofRussiasenergysupplyanddemand
throughimprovedcostefficiencies,manufacturingoutputanddemandreductionsforbothRussian
industryandresidentialconsumersafter2011whendomesticgaspriceswillbeliberalized.Such
economicbenefitsarelikelytoresonatewithRussianpolicymakersmorethanthebenefitsof
minimizingtheimpactsofclimatechange.
TheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnionshouldofferRussiaassistancewithacomprehensive
analysisofthepotentialcostsavingsandGHGemissionreductionstiedtoenergyefficiency
measures.Thestudyshouldquantifytheamountofnewcoal-firedpowergeneratingcapacitythat
couldbeavoidedifRussiaimplementssuchmeasures.
Combinedheatandpower(CHP)isarelativelylowcostandefficientoptiontomeetingRussias
energyneedsemissionsareroughly21percentlowerwhenCHPisusedrelativetoconventional
powergenerationinRussia.TheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnionshouldofferRussia
assistancewithastudyofthepotentialforexpandedCHPtoreduceRussiasGHGemissions.
TheEuropeanUnionshouldworkwithRussiatoconductacomparativeanalysisoftheoverall
GHGemissionsitavoidsbyimportingnaturalgasfromRussia(ratherthanrelyingoncoal)and
thepotentialincreaseinRussiasemissionstiedtogreaterrelianceoncoalfordomesticenergyto
meetEuropesgrowingdemandfornaturalgas.Thestudyshouldincludepolicyrecommendations
tominimizethepotentialincreaseinGHGemissionsfromcoal-firedpowerinRussiabasedon
bestpractices.ThesediscussionsshouldbecarriedoutbyselectcommitteeswithintheEuropean
Parliament,theEuropeanUnionsDirectorate-GeneralforEnergyandTransport,andwithinthe
frameworkoftheEU-RussiaCooperationAgreement.
U.S.policymakersshoulduseemergingclimateandenergylegislationasaframeworktolaunch
bilateraldiscussionsandinitiativeswithRussiatoimprovetheefficiencyofpowersupplyand
demand.
IfRussiacontinuestoliberalizeitsdomesticenergymarket,withfullliberalizationby2011,the
EuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStatesshouldlaunchaninitiativewithRussiatoshareinsights
fromtheU.S.EnergyStarandEUEnergyLabelingprograms,withtheaimofsupportingthedesign
ofasimilarprograminRussia.
Recommendations for the Future5
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States24
v c c. c c :5
introductionofcleancoaltechnology,including
c c
widerintroductionoftechnologiesasa priority
measure c
cc c
thecaptureanduseofcoal-bedmethane
expansionofthemarketforsyntheticfuels,
c c c
A R v 6 G8 S
c c :5
promotionofenergy-savingandenergy-
cc v
v
theuseofmethaneotherwisereleasedinthe
c , ,
c
R
vc: NGO--NGO ,
ck--ck ,
c--c , x
k . W
c , cc
c c c
c P-Mvv
c cc , j c,
cc vc. F R,
c GHG
jcv. cc
5 G E Sc, G8 S Dc, S. P-, R F, J 6.
5 F Oc G8 Pc, ://.8./c/..
R v cc
c .
J 9 G8 vc
c GHG ,
c c
c C,
c R .
c c ck c
c what k
z jcv , c,
cc c q c,c R.
I 7, WWF
R
, R E Pc C
Mk.53 I c
R K Pc:
Compliancewithrequirementsforparticipation
K Pc, c c
c GHG v
, , cc J I c. v
c, c
c cc cc
GHG
Definitionofaclear,economically-basedbut
cc-
- GHG c c
- c (7).
R ck
c c GHG
99 v realGHG c 9 .
F ck
53 R: E Pc C Mk, WWF, Mc7:3, ://..//3869____c_6_v___..
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge25
c c . v
c cc
c.
A cv cc
c c v
k c v
vc
cc c. Sc
vv R -R
v x, c NGO,
ck c-cv c v c
c,
GHG .
Sc cq c c
COP5, UN c
cc, c C,
Dk, Dc 9. Bck
c c v
(c ) v
I Fc C W
Bk. W
c c -cc .
Fcus n GHG Emissins Mitigatin:
Is There an Energy Efficiency Trade-off?
A j c v R
v c-
cc cvc R
v cc.
Acc Mc 7 IFC-WB , R
c v 45 c
c v 34 kW
cc c cv -
cc .54 c v
54 E Ecc R: U Rv, IFC R,
GHG . A
c R GHG (84
c R c c
c)
c cc c
c . Hv, c
c c c q
c. IFC k
c c:
Thepotentialenergysavingsintheenergy
3 c, qv 44.4 /
90percentofthesestepsareconsidered
cc v
Theincrementalinvestmentrequiredis$106
Theannualenergycostsavingsforinvestors/end-
7 c: $8 55
Returnoninvestmentis13.6years
c c
c v 89
c . I 7, R
c 4 c.
Sc v qv
37 c 7 c c
, c c .
Nv, IFC-WB c
v c :
8: ://.k./WBSIE/EXERNAL/COUN-
RIES/ECAEX/RUSSIANFEDERAIONEXN/,,cMDK:97538~PK:3565~PK:647988~PK:647986~SPK:356,..
55 .
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States26
Moreeasilyimplementable
Increasingbyone-thirdthecostoftheenergy-
cc c ( $ v)
Offeringanannualreturnoninvestmentoffour
v 3.6 -cc c
I c x cc
GHG c c. B
x, cc
v c
49 c, 53.4 :
84percentofthesestepsareconsidered
cc v
46percentofthesestepsareconsidered
c v
Focusofthesestepsinspaceheatingandwater
Incrementalinvestmentrequiredis$25-50billion
Annualenergycostsavingsforinvestors/end-
7 c: $4
Returnoninvestmentis2.8yearsat$50billion
v.
A, c
c , c
c
c- cc c
. Hv, c cv
v c -
c c, c
c c, k j
x.
Cmbined Heat and Pwer
Ov 4 c cc c
R c c(CHP). CHP -
xc c
. R c
: c 485 CHP , v
9, , , c ,
83, k . I c
,3 Gc,
CHP
c. M
cc
c. I c
c CHP. Dc R c cc c
. c
c R c xcv
c ,
, c v
.56 CHP c
c c v
cv . 57
Bc c , S
R F E
xc c v CHP c (
cc). Dcz CHP
c v c
c c v c
-c, -c
. Sc, R v
cc v
c q x
CHP c
. CHP 5
MW. I cc v c
x
56 E C Bc S R, ://./FI/kk/k//Dc/9/3%-9..
57 C H P: Ev Ov B G G Iv, IEA, 8:3.
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge27
cc, . c c
c c ,
c . CHP c
x z cc
c c R
- 7 GW cc .
A IEA c
() 5 3
c v c c
(c c c cc
c c c v) cc CHP c. I
cc CHP c
c c
v c c. Hv,
c-cc CHP
( c ) c
R. c R
v , , x.
R CHP
GHG . I c, IEA
cc c
cc CHP .
Cnfrnting the Greenhuse Gas
Implicatins f Eurpean Gas Dependency
W E c
c cc
v
c cc R k
x c cc
c. R c
x q
, c
E c c
v E
c c cc.
A , v v x
R c c
x. v R c x . B
-cv jc
R c cc
(
x), q v.
W R c c
? x c
E c
vc ck
c c ? U
ccc E c
c cv c GHG R c? I
c E
U R? I , k
cc c c
E xc c
R F v
c cc?
A cv v v GHG
c E
R c-
k GHG E c-
, , q
R v
cc c
c . v
c c,
c R ck,
cv c R GHG
c-
-cc E .
Bilateral Pst-CoP15 Fllw-Up
I NGO c
- R
c c c
GHG c
cc - COP5
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States28
C S. I c, A9, R C v
c c R. c c
c c
cc v R. I J 9,
M N Rc,
Y v, c
C, c
cc v
R c,
c. Acc v, c
cck c c R
c c -5 c c GDP.B 5, c x
v c 6 ( .4
). D C , P c
cc c v.
c
R ck, , v
c c
c cc c
c c R cc
cv. I R v
z
c. , x-COP5 R c c c
c cc
cc cx.
U.S. Energy Legislatin
J- U.S.-R cv
c c cc
c c k
. U S v
, U.S.
C. C E J Ac P Ac, c, c
c c R. Sc 3
I C C P
c -c
cc U.S. c c
c c v.
c c U.S.-R v c
j U.S.-R c c
cc v. Sc 753
E Rc Rc D,
v c, c
R F.
-c cv c
, cc, c-
v GHG
c c R
cx, v c v
k .
Energy Star and Eurpean Energy Labeling
U S c cc
c cc c
E S, c j
Ev Pc Ac
D E. E S
c-v cc
c R
v cc cc
c c cc,
c cv c v
6 c c, c c,
c q, , cc,
.
I v 7 E S
c 5,
v- c-c z
v
$9 8 . 58 U.S. EPA
DE R
c c c
- R
c c
- v. EU v c
c c
58 I, 37.
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Russian Coal: Europes New Energy Challenge29
xc EU - . cc ,
v, c c z
R c k
v k c
v c .
-
8/9/2019 Russian Coal: Europe's New Energy Challenge
32/34
he German Marshall Fund of the United States30
c cc R v cc
v
c cc c
c R
c. I c R
F v c z
jcv cc,
c c,
jcv RES 3 c
c R z. c
c c R
z c R c. Sc c cv
c c . I v
cv x
c c-
c c GHG
c c v
c c .
F, R , v,
ck c
c k c c
c c cc c c
cc R cc
c cc.
O c, c cc
cc c
, k ,
cc v , cc
c v
cc cc v.
D , , c
R F c c E
c c c .
C c c
vc cc
cc.
I c cc c c
GHG . N IEA, UN
Iv P C C,
z xc
c . , v c
GHG E
- , R
GHG.
R
F v c
c NGO v,
z
c vv U S,
E U, R F,
x. jcv c
x c
R c
x c
. F E, EU-R
E D . F
U S c,
c k , c, v, xc
v cc, xc R
x.
I cc, v, R
c
, cc. B
jc c c
cv c . R
GHG .
R c E c.
Conclusion6
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Off i c e s
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