russia revision booklet.docx

8/15/2019 Russia Revision Booklet.docx

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Unit 2Modern World Depth S

JFS History Depart

Paper 5HA02/2B

Russia 1917-1939: RevisionBooklet


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he !ollapse o" the sarist Re#i$e 1917%

The nature of Tsarist Rule.

o The Tsar !in"# $i%holas && 'as an A(T)*RAT+ one man 'ho hel, allthe po'er an, ma,e all the ,e%isions for the %ountry- his po'er%omin" from o,.

o There are minsters in a parliament the Duma# ut the Tsar %an

,ismiss it 'hen eer he li!es. They ,on1t ma!e any important,e%isions.

o A se%ret poli%e for%e he &khrana hunt ,o'n an, arrest anyone

'ho opposes or %hallen"es the Tsar1s po'er. Spies are eery'here.

o Russia 'as ,i%ult to rule+

• Hu"e %ountry 'ith a sin"le train runnin" throu"hit+ ,i%ult to %ommuni%ate.

• Russia is ery a%!'ar,- most a%!'ar, %ountryin 3urope+ lo' in in,ustry- hi"h in a"ri%ulture.

• Ra%ially ,ii,e,+ Russian a forei"n lan"ua"e for40 of the population.

o Russia so%iety is ery une6ual

• Pop appro7+ 825 million- appro7imately 95 'or!on the lan, as ery poor peasants+ no e,u%ation-har,- har, lies+ %an stare on a a, harest.

• 8/: of all lan, in Russia o'ne, y 4;; people.

• *hur%h 'as po'erful+ supporte, the Tsar1s re"imean, en%oura"e, people to a%%ept their lot.

o Rapi, in,ustrialisation is ta!in" pla%e efore


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intro,u%e the Duma. Stri!es put ,o'n y army reolution is,ii,e, oer support or opposition for the ).= fails.

=u%h repression after 8;05. :000 !ille, y P= Stolypin 'ho is

also en%oura"in" e,u%ation an, a"ri%ulture reforms to pla%ate

opposition#.

Duma+ Tsar ,oesn1t listen to it- ,ismisses it on a 'him. His

promise to reform is ro!en.

&n,ustrialisation+ people are rou"ht to"ether in lar"e

numers an, in a, %on,itions- ma!es protestin" easier.>iolently put ,o'n.

Rasputin+ aroun, from 8;0?- in@uen%in" tsar an, tsarina+ the

%lass from 'hi%h the Tsar1s a,isor1s %ome parti%ularly ,isli!ehim.

roups opposin" the tsar

So%ial Demo%rati% Party+ Bolshei!s an,

=enshei!s.


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Ar%han"el an, %oul, not e moe, as the rail'ay transport 'asso ina,e6uate.

• The Tar ma,e a ery foolish mista!e in 8;85. He Gre, the%omman,er in %hief an, too! on the role himself. He !ne'

nothin" aout lea,in" an army.


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o Tsar is lame, for ,eaths as hea, of army- no lon"er "o,li!e an, aoelame.

Why ,as there a Revolution in 1917

1917 - &n"re,ients for reolution presento =assie ine6uality an, harsh life for most people in Russia

o Tsar lost supporto oernment 'as in%ompetento Army fa%e, ,efeat in


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o *alls on Bolsheviks to stop hi$ y releasin" seeral memers of

?


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Bolshei! party from prison. This moe meant that the Bolshei!s 'erestren"thene, an, it also le"itimise, them% Made => look ,eak .

By )%toer Bolshei!s 'ere in %ontrol of oth the Petro"ra, K =os%o'Soiets- thou"h they ha, less support from all oer the %ountry.

enin then ur"e, Soiets to seie po'er as he Cu,"e, this the perfe%ttime. The Proisional "oernment 'ere 'ea! an, the moo, of the %ountry'as rea,y for %han"e. As lea,er of the Re, army an, a super strate"ist-enin %alle, upon Trots!y to ma!e plans.

What ,ere the events o" he &*to.er Revolution

Trots!y 'as !ey in ma!in" strate"i% plans for the ni"ht

Mey uil,in"s su%h as tele"raph o%es an, rail'ay stations 'ere

%apture, y the Bolshei!s.


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• They also %alle, ele%tions for a !onstituent sse$.ly B(T these leftthe Bolshei!s 'ith only a small of the seats so enin %lose, it.

• He 'ante, a Di%tatorship of the Proletariat in 'hi%h the Bolshei!s'oul, run the %ountry. All other politi*al parties ,ere .anned K aoneparty state 'as set up.

• enin .anned any people or #roups that disa#reed ,ith hi$ from the Bolshei! party K use, his se*ret poli*e =U? to ,o this.

• They "ot further support y si"nin" a pea*e treaty at Brestitos! in=ar%h 8;89. ost lan, K in,ustrial area ut enin sai, it 'as 'orth itfor pea%e K time to re%oer.

• They de"eated opposition in the !ivil War see later#.

• )pposition 'as also ,ealt 'ith y the ne' Se*ret =oli*e the *he!a#.

0o, did the Bolsheviks ,in the !ivil War 191E-22

Reds versus ,hites

Re,s 'ere outnumere, an, noone e7pe%te, them to 'in- ut they ,i,-here1s 'hy the Re,s Bolshei!s# 'on the *iil


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/Fe*ts o" War *o$$unis$

• +a$ine 5million ,ie, 'hen peasants refuse, to han, oer foo, an,many peasants ,estroye, their %rops in protest

• =atrols use, to stop priate sellin" 'ere harsh

• )pposition le, to uprisin#s an, troops ha, to e use, to 6uell

• ronstadt Re.ellion of sailors 'ho ha, initially supporte,

Bolshei!s le, enin to rin" reform. Reellion %rushe, rutally y Trots!y1s Re, Army.

/Fe*ts o" !ivil ,ar

• Famine

• *he!a rutality

• Mronsta,t =utiny Fe 8;28

4/=1921

• Reersal of


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• He 'ante, to en, the $3P an, ,estroy the !ula! %lass that ha,eneGte, from it as he %oul, not %ontrol these peasants

• To %ontrol the people of the (SSR throu"h the re"ulations heimpose, to mo,ernise the e%onomy. Stalin %reate, a %omman,e%onomy throu"h osplan as 'ell as ti"ht ,is%ipline oer the people

• +irst 6 year =lan ol"a an, ast ne' en"ineerin" plants

• &n,ustrial output appeare, si"niG%ant a%%or,in" to o%ial G"ures

• Russia 'as ale to ,efen, herself in the Se%on,


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i"ht in,ustry suIere,. =oney promise, to uil, up housin"- for etter'a"es an, to pro,u%e "oo,s for the shops 'ent on ,efen%e.

Stakhanovites

&nspire, y hero miner- Ale7ei Sta!hano 8;:5# 'ho is %laime, to

hae shifte, 802 tonnes of %oal in a sin"le shift 85 times "reaterthan the usual amount

)ther 'or!ers 'ere en%oura"e, to %opy his a%hieement

Sta!hanoites 'ere re'ar,e, 'ith me,als- ne' houses- freeholi,ays K other per!s

he results o" the 6 ear =lans=ostive out*o$es:

• =o,ernisation Russia no' ha, ne'er 6ui%!er metho,s of farmin"-

ne' tra%tors- fertilises- an, aime, to pro,u%e as mu%h as possile

• The ula" %hief a,ministration of %amps# 'as a spe%ial ,epartmentof the se%ret poli%e )P(# to run the laour %amps. By 8;:5 nearly5 million prisoners from these %amps 'or!e, on uil,in" proCe%ts.37ample+ Bet'een 8;:88;:: 250- 000 slae laourers uilt theBelomor *anal y han, 'ith pi%!s an, 'heelarro's this allo'e,the $ay to rea%h the


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• &n,ustrial ma%hines ,i%ult to otain parts %oul, e out of a%tionfor lon" perio,s of time#- e7peasants 'ere use, as s!ille, 'or!ers-there 'ere a%%i,entsL ma%hinery "ot ro!en

!olle*tivisation

What ,as !olle*tivisation

Peasants "ae up their small plots of lan, an, animals an, pool

them to ma!e lar"e farms for lar"e s%ale farmin" allo'in" for

me%hanisation an, mo,ern farmin" te%hni6ues

&nitially %olle%tiisation 'as oluntary ut later impose,. )pponents'ere laelle, !ula!s

*olle%tie farm 'as a !ol!ho an, 'oul, o'n all animals- "rainsupplies an, uil,in"s in the illa"e- ma,e up of 90 peasant families

Peasants ha, to proi,e a G7e, amount of foo, for the state at erylo' pri%es an, re%eie, a small 'a"e. Surplus- if there'as any- %oul, e !ept.

The state proi,e, ma%hinery in%lu,in" =otor Tra%tor Stations

supplyin" aout 0 %olle%ties ea%h 'ith tra%tors an, ,riers

So!hoes 'ere farms o'ne, y the state an, peasants 'or!e, aspai, laourers. All pro,u%e 'as ta!en y the state.

Why did he *olle*tivise• 1% Soviet a#ri*ulture ,as .a*k,ard)l,fashione,/ ine%ient/ no ma%hinery/ too small/ susisten%e only"re' enou"h for themseles#.

2% +ood ,as needed "or ,orkers in the to,ns3ssential if the FieQear Plans 'ere to su%%ee,.• 3% 4/= ,as not ,orkin#By 8;29- the (SSR 'as 20 million tons of "rain short to fee, the to'ns.

• G% o,n-,orkers ,ere needed&f the (SSR 'as to e%ome mo,ern/ in,ustrial- peasants nee,e, tomi"rate to 'or! in the to'ns.6% !ash !rops ,ere needed

&f the (SSR 'as to in,ustrialise- peasants nee,e, to "ro' %ash %ropse" "rain# 'hi%h %oul, e e7porte, to raise money to uy forei"nma%hinery an, e7pertise.J% ulaks opposed !o$$unis$

The Mula!s oppose, *ommunism they li!e, their priate 'ealth. They hi, foo, from the "oernment %olle%tors. Also they 'erein@uential- an, le, peasant opinion. Stalin 'ante, to ,estroy them.

&==&S))&4 & !&''/!))S)&4:

&n %on%lusion+ For all the prolems an, har,ship %ause, y the Fie

Qear Plans- y 8;8- Stalin ha, transforme, Russia into a 'orl,%lass in,ustrial po'er. This 'as to e ital for Russia as the ,ar

8

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/index.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/index.htm


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&.Ke*tions:

• 36uality of 'a"es 'as not popular

• They ha, to surren,er all their lan,

• The est farmers 'ere frustrate, y %olle%tiisation as their farmsha, een e%ient

• Mula!s ha, eneGte, from the $3P throu"h sellin" surplus "rain-

they ,i,n1t li!e the en, of tra,in"

• =a%hinery !ept rea!in" ,o'n K 'as not repaire, properly

• The G7e, "ien to the "oernment %oul, e a prolem in times offamine

• Stalin "ot too mu%h po'er oer the peasants

• =any refuse, to %ooperate these people 'ere laelle, as !ula!s

an, sent to "ula"s

• By 8;:8 %olle%tiisation 'as impose, upon peasants y for%e

Stalin and the =ur#es

DeAnition =ur#es Hhe syste$ati* eli$ination o" ene$ies andpossi.le ene$ies throu#h the use o" terror

ey ;uestions

•


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• The $M>D often relie, on informers to ,enoun%e suspe%ts.

• >i%tims of the pur"es- if not e7e%ute,- 'ere sent to laour %amps-Hhe >ula#s- 'hi%h 'ere set up in Sieria an, the Ar%ti% re"ions.

• They ,i, manual 'or! on ast %onstru%tion an, minin" proCe%ts.

• Aout 8: million ,ie, from %ol,- hun"er an, illtreatment.

What ,ere the Sho, rials

• They e"an in 8;:4.

• O)l, Bolshei!s1- a$enev Linoviev an, 8 others 'ere a%%use,of ein" ehin, Miro1s mur,er an, plottin" to assassinate Stalin.

• They 'ere for%e, to %onfess to a 'hole ran"e of O%rimes1.rotsky-in e7ile 'as a%%use, of lea,in" the plotters.

• The Sho' Trials 'ere fully puli%ise,. Stalin use, this to Custify the

pur"es.

• The a%%use, 'ere torture, an, their families threatene, in or,er to"et %onfessions.

What ,ere the eFe*ts o" the pur#es

• They ensure, that Stalin ha, %omplete po'er in the Soiet (nion.

• All rials an, potential rials 'ere eliminate,.

• Anyone %reatie- 'riters- poets- musi%ians- historians et%. 'ho ha,

i,eas ,iIerent from Stalin 'ere pur"e, or for%e, to follo' the Opartyline1.

• The Re, Army o%ers an, nay o%ers 'ere also pur"e,. :5000'ere e7e%ute, in 8;:?9. This 'ea!ene, the Re, Army.

0o, i$portant ,ere the pur#es "or Stalins po,er

• They ensure, that he ha, %omplete %ontrol oer the Party an, theState.

• He 'as ale to ,rie for'ar, *olle%tiisation an, Fie Qear Plans'ithout opposition.

• He ,estroye, all possile %entres of opposition to his po'er from

'ithin the Party an, the military.

=ropa#anda and !ensorship

What ,as the H!ult o" Stalin

• loriG%ation of the lea,er ,eelope, throu"h propa"an,a

• Stalin1s name K pi%ture 'as eery'here streets K %ities 'ere name, after him

• Plays 'ritten aout him

• &ma"e of a %arin" lea,er 'ho sae, the Soiet (nion from its enemies

• Hu"e para,es in Re, S6uare =os%o'• Films- paintin"s- statues all sho'e, ho' fortunate the Russian people 'ere

OSo%ialist Realism1 simple- %lear optimisti% messa"es

84


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• Attempte, to re'rite history to "lorify his o'n part in the past ,istorte,pi%tures

0o, did Stalin *ontrol Reli#ion

• *hristian lea,ers imprisone, K %hur%hes %lose, ,o'n

• By 8;:; only aout 500 of oer 50-000 %hur%hes remaine, open.

• Oea"ue of the o,less1 smashe, %hur%hes- urnt reli"ious pi%ture- plane

ri,es to proe o, ,i, not e7ist

• >ir"in =ary art sho'in" her 'antin" an aortion

• &nstea, of aptism %hil,ren 'ere O)%toere,1

• *hristmas an, 3aster e%ame Momsomol *hristmas an, 3aster

• Reolyutsia an, $inel popular names

• Atta%!s on Ju,aism 'ere en,emi% throu"hout the Soiet perio,- an, theor"anie, pra%ti%e of Ju,aism e%ame almost impossile.

•

=os6ues K =uslim s%hool %lose, ,o'n- pil"rima"es to =e%%a anne,

What *han#es ,ere $ade in edu*ation

• 8;:2 ri"i, pro"ramme of e,u%ation

• Stri%t ,is%ipline K e7aminations rou"ht a%! "ot ri, of after the reolution-tea%hers K pupils e6ual et%.#

• Tau"ht Stalin 'as the Oreat ea,er1

• Tau"ht Stalin1s ersion of history OA short history of the 'orl,1

• *hil,ren Coine, politi%al youth "roups outsi,e of s%hool traine, them inso%ialism

980 yrs )%torists8084 Qoun" Pioneers8;2: yrs Momsomol

• &n 8;2; there 'ere 2.: million memers- risin" to 80.2 million in 8;0. Thesememers proi,e, a aluale reseroir of laour motiate, y reolutionaryferour that %oul, e use, on maCor uil,in" proCe%ts. =any Momsomolmemers olunteere, to "o to =a"nito"ors! to uil, the ne' %ity.

• The e7ample of Pali! =oroo illustrates the po'er ehin, the moilisationof youth. =oroo 'as a fourteenyearol, 'ho e%ame famous in the early8;:0s for ,enoun%in" his o'n father to the authorities. His father 'asa%%use, of asso%iation 'ith the !ula!s. =oroo 'as use, y the "oernment

in a %ampai"n to en%oura"e youn" people to inform on anyone suspe%te, ofour"eois ten,en%ies.


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• 3le%tions to the Soiets eery years loo!s re"ular an, therefore,emo%rati%

• >otin" for all oer the a"e of 89 loo!s ,emo%rati%

• uarantee, free,om of spee%h- reli"ion et%. ut only if approe, y theparty so not ,emo%rati%

• *ommunist Party 'as the only party allo'e, so not ,emo%rati%

• $o ele%tions 'ithin the party

• Stalin still ma,e all the !ey ,e%isions

• Stalin hel, position of eneral Se%retary of the Party- *hairman of thePolituro K P=

'i"e in the Soviet Union

Qour e7perien%e ,epen,e, on 'ho you 'ere

The hi"her up you in the party- the etter oI you 'ere

$epmen K Mula!s 'ere %onsi,ere, %lass enemies

*on,itions for the peasants 'ere 'orse than those in the to'ns

Rapi, uranisation le, to poor liin" %on,itions as the ne' uran areas'ere not prepare, for the in@u7 of people

Those 'ho 'or!e, in the to'ns fa%e, stri%t rules an, ,is%ipline in the'or! pla%e

Attempt to ma!e eery minority a OSoiet *itien1 therefore ethni%

"roups suIere,

*oul,n1t spea! o'n lan"ua"es- pra%tise their %ustoms- ,is%riminate,

a"ainst• 37pansion in e,u%ation eneGtte, many allo'in" people to "ain

te%hnolo"i%al s!ills an, employment a,an%ement

• $o unemployment ,ue to in,ustrialisation ut there 'ere ery poor'or!in" an, liin" %on,itions

&mproements 'ere ma,e for some e%ause the state proi,e,

eneGts su%h as free health- holi,ays 'ith pay for many 'or!ers an,insuran%e a"ainst a%%i,ents.

eisure an, sport 'ere en%oura"e, to improe "eneral Gtness an,these 'ere proi,e, on %olle%tie farms an, y tra,e unions.


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3a%h type of 6uestion- in the or,er you e7pe%t to Gn, it in the e7am ise7plaine, elo'.

1a? Sour*e ;uestion


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9 mar!s 82 minutes

37plain 'hy- as!s you to 'rite aout the %auses an, prioritise %ausesor sho' ho' a numer of %auses le, to an out%ome.

Pra%ti%e y plannin" or 'ritin" the ans'ers for the follo'in"+8.


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russia revision booklet.docx

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