rural road investment efficiency: lessons from burkina faso, cameroon, and uganda
TRANSCRIPT
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8/9/2019 Rural Road Investment Efficiency: Lessons from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Uganda
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B @ V D C R @ K G S @ G B D ^ D O K X L D G R
@gnrastructurd
Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt
Dnn`c`dgcyOdsskgs nrkl Fure`ga Nask,
Caldrkkg, agb Tiagba
Iao Vafaooagb, Xatr`c`a Laccj`, agb Caroy Xdtracck
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Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
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Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt
Dnn`c`dgcyOdsskgs nrkl Fure`ga Nask,
Caldrkkg, agb Tiagba
Iao Vafaooagb, Xatr`c`a Laccj`, agb Caroy Xdtracck
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6818 Rjd @gtdrgat`kgao Fage nkr Vdckgstruct`kg agb Bdvdokpldgt / Rjd Ykrob Fage
1:1: J Strddt GYYasj`gitkg BC 68233Rdodpjkgd= 686-293-1888@gtdrgdt= www.wkrobfage.kriD-la`o= nddbfaceHwkrobfage.kri
Aoo r`ijts rdsdrvdb
1 6 3 2 13 16 11 18
Rj`s vkould `s a prkbuct kn tjd stann kn tjd @gtdrgat`kgao Fage nkr Vdckgstruct`kg agbBdvdokpldgt / Rjd Ykrob Fage. Rjd n`gb`gis, `gtdrprdtat`kgs, agb ckgcous`kgs dxprdssdb `g tj`svkould bk gkt gdcdssar`oy rdnodct tjd v`dws kn tjd Dxdcut`vd B`rdctkrs kn Rjd Ykrob Fage kr tjd
ikvdrgldgts tjdy rdprdsdgt.
Rjd Ykrob Fage bkds gkt iuaragtdd tjd accuracy kn tjd bata `gcoubdb `g tj`s wkre. Rjd fkugb-ar`ds, ckokrs, bdgkl`gat`kgs, agb ktjdr `gnkrlat`kg sjkwg kg agy lap `g tj`s wkre bk gkt `lpoyagy mubidldgt kg tjd part kn Rjd Ykrob Fage ckgcdrg`gi tjd odiao status kn agy tdrr`tkry kr tjddgbkrsdldgt kr accdptagcd kn sucj fkugbar`ds.
V`ijts agb Xdrl`ss`kgs
Rjd latdr`ao `g tj`s pufo`cat`kg `s ckpyr`ijtdb. Ckpy`gi agb/kr tragsl`tt`gi pkrt`kgs kr aoo kn tj`swkre w`tjkut pdrl`ss`kg lay fd a v`koat`kg kn appo`cafod oaw. Rjd @gtdrgat`kgao Fage nkrVdckgstruct`kg agb Bdvdokpldgt / Rjd Ykrob Fage dgckuraids b`ssdl`gat`kg kn ts wkre agb w`oo
gkrlaooy iragt pdrl`ss`kg tk rdprkbucd pkrt`kgs kn tjd wkre prklptoy.Nkr pdrl`ss`kg tk pjktkckpy kr rdpr`gt agy part kn tj`s wkre, podasd sdgb a rdqudst w`tj cklpodtd`gnkrlat`kg tk tjd Ckpyr`ijt Codaragcd Cdgtdr @gc., 666 Vksdwkkb Br`vd, Bagvdrs, LA 81063,TSA5 tdodpjkgd= 09:-948-:2885 nax= 09:-948-22985 @gtdrgdt= www.ckpyr`ijt.ckl.
Aoo ktjdr qudr`ds kg r`ijts agb o`cdgsds, `gcoub`gi sufs`b`ary r`ijts, sjkuob fd abbrdssdb tk tjdKnn`cd kn tjd Xufo`sjdr, Rjd Ykrob Fage, 1:1: J Strddt GY, Yasj`gitkg, BC 68233, TSA5 nax=686-466-62665 d-la`o= pufr`ijtsHwkrobfage.kri.
@SFG-13= 09:-8-:613-:612-1d@SFG= 09:-8-:613-:614-:BK@= 18.140>/09:-8-:613-:612-1
Ckvdr pjktk fy B`gk LdrkttkCkvdr bds`ig fy Quagtul Rj`ge
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@s @lpassaf`o`ty Lkrd afkut Xdrcdpt`kg
Rjag Vdao`ty; 62
Yjdg Bkds tjd Rjrdsjkob kn Vkab Accdss
O`l`t tjd @lpact kn @skoat`kg; 6>
Gktds 33
Cjaptdr 3 Yjat @s tjd Avdraid Rragspkrt Bdlagb
nrkl a Narldr agb tjd @bdao Suppoy
nrkl a Rrabdr; 39
Rjd Air`cuoturd Ckgtdxt 39
Rjd Vkod kn @gtdrldb`atd Ldags kn Rragspkrtnkr Slaoojkobdrs 30
Rjd Narldrs Xdrspdct`vd= Rjd Oast L`od Sjkuob
Gkt Fd a Vkab nkr a Rruce 28
Rjd Sdrv`cd Xrkv`bdr agb Rrabdrs Xdrspdct`vd=
J`ij Laredt`gi Lari`gs Ard Gddbdb tk
Cklpdgsatd nkr a Oace kn Dckgkl`ds
kn Scaod 23
Gktds 2>
Cjaptdr 2 Yjat Odvdo kn @gvdstldgt g Vkabs @s Fdst
tk St`luoatd Vurao Irkwtj; 29
Currdgt Okw Dnn`c`dgcy kn Spdgb`gi kg
Okw- kould Vkabs= Rjd Tiagbag Casd 2:
Vkab @gvdstldgts Bk Gkt Gdcdssar`oy
Coksd tjd Air`cuoturao @gckld Iap
fdtwddg Vdi`kgs 48Jkw Cag tjd Susta`gaf`o`ty kn tjd Currdgt
@gvdstldgt Stratdiy Fd Assdssdb;
Rjd Tiagbag Casd 43
Yjat Ckuob Fd a Lkrd Dnndct`vd Vkab
Aookcat`kg La`gtdgagcd; A Xrkpksdb
Ldtjkbkokiy 42
Gktds 4>
Cjaptdr 4 Jkw Cag Okab Ckgsko bat`kg Fd Nkstdrdb; 40
Strkgi @gcdgt`vds Gkt tk Ckgsko`batd >8
Kgd Kpt`kg= Sdoo`gi B`rdctoy tk Laredts >6
Rjd Tsuao Kpt`kg= Laredt @gtdrldb`ar`ds
w`tjkut Stkraid >6
v` Ckgtdgts
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At Yj`cj P`dob kr Narl S`zd @s Ckgsko`bat`kg
a Lust; >3
Jkw tk Frdae Kut kn tjd Ckkrb`gat`kg Rrap >2
Gktds 91
Cjaptdr > Ckgcous`kgs agb Xko cy Vdcklldgbat`kgs 93
Ckgcous`kgs 93
Xko`cy Vdcklldgbat`kgs 93
Gktds 90
Appdgb`x A Ldtjkbkokiy nkr N`dob BataCkoodct`kg :1
Appdgb`x F Bata Ckoodctdb `g tjd N`dob :3
Gat`kgao Odvdo :3
Vdi`kgao Odvdo (b`str`ct cap`tao) :3
^`ooaid Odvdo :2
Gktds :4
Appdgb`x C Rjd Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt Vdpkrt 6880
Xko`cy Nraldwkre nkr Oaii`gi Vdi`kgs :9
Appdgb`x B Ldtjkbkoki`cao Gktd kg Tiagbag
Jkusdjkob Survdys :0
Gktd 08
Appdgb`x D ar`afod Bdn`g t`kgs nkr Tiagbag JkusdjkobSurvdys, Gat`kgao agb Ckll`ss`kgdb 01
Bdn`g`t`kgs nkr tjd Tiagbag Gat`kgao
Jkusdjkob Survdy 01
Bdtdrl`gagts kn Jkusdjkob @gckld Bdr`vdb
nrkl Air`cuoturao Xrkbuct Saods 06
Bdtdrl`gagts kn Nddbdr Vkab La`gtdgagcd Nugbs 0>
Appdgb`x N Ckrrdoat`kg Rafod fdtwddg ar`afods
nkr tjd Fure`ga Nask, Caldrkkg,
agb Tiagbag Jkusdjkob Survdys 00
Appdgb`x I Bdtdrl`gagt ar`afods kn J`ij- aoud
Crkp Saods 181
Ckgtdgts v``
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Appdgb`x J Cklpar`skg kn Edy ar`afods fdtwddg
tjd Rkp 4 Xdrcdgt kn Oagbkwgdrs `g Dacj
Ckugtrys Salpod agb tjd Ckugtrys
Rktao Salpod 183
Appdgb`x @ Bdscr`pt`vd Stat`st cs kg Rragspkrt Cksts
pdr Lkbd 184
Appdgb`x M Airkdckoki`cao ]kgd Ldtjkbkokiy 189
O`l`tat`kgs kn tjd Iokfao AD] Stuby 189
Appdgb`x E O`ge fdtwddg Air`cuoturd Rypd
agb @gnrastructurd Vdqu`rdldgt 111
Appdgb`x O Laps kn Fure`ga Nask 113
Appdgb`x L Laps kn Caldrkkg 114
Appdgb`x G Laps kn Tiagba 119
Vdndrdgcds 161
@gbdx 160
Fkxds
1.1 Ag Dxalpod kn Oace kn Ckkrb`gatdb
@gtdrvdgt`kgs fdtwddg L`g`str`ds 1:1.6 Yjat Ykuob a Vdv`sdb Vkab-Xoagg`gi Stratdiy
Okke O`ed Cklpardb tk tjd Currdgt S`tuat`kg; 10
6.1 Yj`cj Bata Ckoodct`kg Ldtjkbkokiy agb Yjy; 60
3.1 ar`kus Rypds kn Narldrs g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca 3:
2.1 Jkw @s Air`cuoturao Xktdgt`ao Cklputdb; 44
4.1 Jkw Lucj; Rjd Ckst kn @gstaoo gi agb Vugg`gi
tjd d-CjkupaoSystdl >:
4.6 Rjd Vkod kn SKBDCKRKG nkr @LR
`g Gkrtjdrg Caldrkkg 98
>.1 Ag Dxalpod kn Oace kn Ckkrb`gatdb @gtdrvdgt kgs
fdtwddg L`g`str`ds 9:
>.6 Yjat Ykuob a Vdv`sdb Vkab-Xoagg`gi Stratdiy
Okke O`ed Cklpardb tk tjd Currdgt S`tuat`kg; 90
v``` Ckgtdgts
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Laps
1.1 Tgckvdrdb Xkpuoat`kg g S`drra Odkgd at
6-E`okldtdr Funndr, 6884 11
1.6 Xkpuoat`kg Bdgs ty agb Vkab Ckvdraid `g Suf-Sajarag
Anr`ca at tjd 18-E`okldtdr Funndr, 6884 16
N`iurds
1.1 Rjd Rragspkrt Rrap `g Vurao Ardas >
6.1 Rktao Jkusdjkob Nkkb Ckgsulpt kg g Fure`ga
Nask Cklpardb tk Yaoe`gi R`ld tk GdardstLaredt, 6883 31
3.1 Ckst Curvds Dxpoa`g tjd Oace kn Cklpdt`t kg
`g Vurao Ardas 24
2.1 Avdraid Air`cuoturao Saods Vdvdgud Xktdgt`ao pdr Jdctard
kn La`g Crkp `g tjd Rjrdd Sdodctdb B`str`cts
`g Fure`ga Nask, Caldrkkg, agb Tiagba, 688:80 41
2.6 Cknndd Xktdgt`ao at @gtdrgat`kgao agb Okcao Xr`cds
Cklpardb tk Vkab La`gtdgagcd Iragts `g Sdodctdb
B`str`cts `g Tiagba 46
4.1 ar`kus Ckgsko`bat`kg Lkbdos >0
>.1 ar`kus Ckgsko`bat`kg Lkbdos 9>
>.6 Bdc`s`kg Rrdd kg @gvdstldgt Stratdi`ds `g Vurao Vkabs 9:
M.1 Ckgcdptuao Nraldwkre kn AD] Ldtjkbkokiy 18:
Rafods
1.1 Avdraid Xkpuoat`kg Bdgs`ty, 688389 01.6 Vkab Bdgs`ty 0
1.3 Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca Vkab Ckvdraid, 6884 18
1.2 Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Gddbs nkr 63 Suf-Sajarag
Anr`cag Ckugtr`ds ugbdr Fasd agb Xrailat`c
Scdgar`ks, 688: 14
6.1 Bdscr`pt vd Stat`st`cs kn @lpassaf o`ty, Va`gnaoo,
agb @gvdstldgts fy B`str`ct kr Vdi`kg, 688:80 64
6.6 Vagid kn tjd B`stagcd Qu`gt ods agb tjd Ldag
Ckgsulpt`kg kn tjd Qu`gt`ods `g Tiagba, 68848> 69
6.3 Rragspkrt Bdtdrl`gagts kn @gckld Bdr`vdb nrkl
Air`cuoturao Saods `g Tiagba, 688:80 6:
6.2 Rragspkrt Bdtdrl`gagts kn @gckld Bdr`vdb nrkl
Air`cuoturao Saods `g Fure`ga Nask, 688:80 36
Ckgtdgts `x
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6.4 Rragspkrt Bdtdrl`gagts kn @gckld Bdr`vdb nrkl
Air`cuoturao Saods `g Caldrkkg, 688:80 33
3.1 Rragspkrt Cksts fy Lkbd `g Tiagba 30
3.6 Saods Xr`cd B`nndrdgcds nkr Air`cuoturao Xrkbucts
(at tjd Okcao Xr`cd) agb Rragspkrt Cksts pdr Lkbd
kn Rragspkrt, Ckllkb`ty ^aoud, B`stagcd, agb
Rkggaid `g Caldrkkg, 688:80 26
3.3 Sjard kn @g t`ao Ckst kn a F`cycod kr Lktkrcycod
Cklpardb tk tjd Sdoo`gi Xr`cd kn 1 Ldtr`c Rkg
kn Sdodctdb Ckllkb`t`ds `g Tiagba, 688:80 26
3.2 Rragspkrt Xr`cd fy Lkbd kn Rragspkrt agb B`stagcd`g Tiagba, 688:80 23
3.4 Vat`k fdtwddg Rragspkrt Xr`cd agb Cksts g Sdodctdb
B`str`cts `g Tiagba, 688:80 22
3.> Sdoo`gi Xr`cd B sckugt Gddbdb tk Cklpdgsatd
Kpdrat`gi Cksts nkr a Rruce nkr ar`kus Quagt`t`ds
agb Ckllkb`ty ^aouds `g Tiagba, 688:80 22
3.9 Actuao agb Xktdgt`ao P`dob pdr Jkusdjkob g Fusjdgy ,
Tiagba, 688:80 2>2.1 La`g Bdtdrl`gagts kn Spdgb`gi nkr Vurao Vkabs
`g Tiagba, 6889 20
2.6 Ckrrdoat kg fdtwddg Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt
Stratdi`ds agb Currdgt B`str`ct Vkab Aookcat`kg
La`gtdgagcd `g Tiagba, 6889 48
2.3 Air`cuoturao Xktdgt`ao pdr Squard E`okldtdr
fy B`str`ct `g Tiagba, 6889 46
2.2 Sjard kn La`gtdgagcd agb Vdjaf`o tat`kg Gddbs(nkr B`str`ct Vkabs) Ckvdrdb fy tjd Currdgt
La`gtdgagcd Aookcat`kg `g Tiagba, 6889 43
2.4 Sjard kn Xktdgt`ao Spdgb`gi kg Xdr`kb`c La`gtdgagcd
Ckvdrdb fy Air`cuoturao Saods `g Tiagba, 6889 42
2.> B`nndrdgcd fdtwddg Rktao Air`cuoturao Xktdgt`ao agb
Vkab La`gtdgagcd Gddbs `g B`str`cts `g Tiagba, 6889 4>
4.1 Narldr-Rrabdr B`odlla >1
4.6 Catcjldgt Arda (`g Gulfdrs kn Narldrs agb `ooaids)
nkr tjd Dqu`vaodgt kn 4 agb 18 Rruces Rrann`c >2>.1 Edy Xr`gc`pods agb Act`kgs tk Raed g tjd Arda
kn Vurao Vkab Xoagg`gi 92
>.6 Cklpar`skg kn Rragspkrt B`stagcd kn tjd ar`kus
Ckgsko`bat`kg Lkbdos 9>
x Ckgtdgts
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x`
Bdvdokpldgt `s a cklpodx prkcdss`n `t wdrdgt, wdb fd bkgd fy gkw
agb sk bdvdokpldgt pract`t`kgdrs nrdqudgtoy rdskrt tk ruods-kn-tjulf tk
iu`bd bdc`s`kg lae`gi. Rjd aotdrgat`vd kn ugbdrtae`gi a nuoo-fokwg ckst-
fdgdn`t agaoys`s kn dvdry gvdstldgt kr pko`cy cjagid wkuob fd lpkss`fod,
i`vdg bata agb capac`ty ckgstra`gts, odt aokgd tjd gddb tk taed bdc`s`kgs
`g a t`ldoy laggdr. Kntdg, tjdsd ruods-kn-tjulf dvkovd `lpo`c`toy as a
rdsuot kn tjd `gb`catkr cjksdg tk ldasurd prkirdss. Nkr dxalpod, wjdg
Irkss Bkldst`c Xrkbuct (IBX) `s ckgs`bdrdb ag `gb`catkr kn dckgkl`cwdoo-fd`gi, pko`cy laedrs try tk lax`l`zd `ts irkwtj ratd. Yjdg tjd
pkvdrty o`gd `s sdt at $1.64 a bay, ikvdrgldgts try tk l`g`l`zd tjd gul-
fdr kn pdkpod fdokw tjat o`gd. Yj`od `gb`catkrs agb ruods ard codaroy gdc-
dssary, tjdrd `s aoways tjd pkss`f`o`ty tjat tjd part`cuoar `gb`catkr cjksdg
`s tkk s`lpod, tjat `t odavds kut lkrd tjag `t capturds, agb tjat `t lay
uot`latdoy bk lkrd jarl tjag ikkb.
Rj`s fkke `ooustratds aoo kn tjdsd `bdas w`tj tjd dxalpod kn tjd Vurao
Accdss @gbdx (VA@), wj`cj ckugts tjd pdrcdgtaid kn tjd rurao pkpuoat`kgtjat o`vds w`tj`g twk e`okldtdrs (apprkx`latdoy a 68-l`gutd waoe) kn ag
aoo-sdaskg rkab. Kr`i`gaooy `gtdgbdb as a ldasurd kn tjd skc`ao wdoo-fd`gi kn
rurao pdkpod, tjd VA@ jas fdckld ag dckgkl`c `gb`catkr agb, acckrb`gioy,
a iu`bd tk `gvdstldgt bdc`s`kg lae`gi. @gvdstldgts (`gcoub`gi `gvdstldgts
Nkrdwkrb
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`g rdjaf`o`tat`kg) tjat `gcrdasd tjd VA@ ard ckgs`bdrdb wdonard-`lprkv`gi.
As tjd autjkrs pk`gt kut, tj`s `gb`catkr jas odb tk a f`as `g navkr kn `gvdst-
`gi `g rurao rkabs at tjd dxpdgsd kn sdckgbary agb la`g rkabs. @g skld
Anr`cag ckugtr`ds, tjd Ykrob Fage `gvdsts aolkst dxcous`vdoy `g rurao rkabs.
Ts`gi casd stub`ds nrkl Fure`ga Nask, Caldrkkg agb Tiagba, tjd fkke
sjkws jkw tjd crdat`kg agb usd kn ag `gbdx o`ed tjd VA@ cag odab tk a
sdr`kus l`saookcat`kg kn rdskurcds. N`rst, tjd gkt`kg kn ag aoo-sdaskg rkab
rdndrs tk wjdtjdr a nkur-wjddodb vdj`cod o`ed a truce kr car cag travdo
tjd rkab. Fut, as tjd fkke sjkws, `g Cdgtrao agb Ydst Anr`ca, dvdg pass-
afod rkabs javd vdry ndw truces kg tjdlfdcausd pkpuoat`kg bdgs`ty `s
sk okw. Narldrs tragspkrt tjd`r prkbucd fy nkkt kr twk-wjddodb f`cycodskr lktkrcycods. @g tjdsd c`rculstagcds, `gvdst`gi `g `lprkv`gi tjd rkab
lay gkt fd `g tjd fdst `gtdrdst kn tjd rurao pkpuoat`kg5 tjd rdskurcds
ckuob fdgdn`t tjdl lkrd `n usdb dosdwjdrd.
Sdckgboy, tjd nkcus kg rurao rkabs do`c`tdb fy tjd VA@ taeds rdskurcds
agb pko`t`cao attdgt`kg away nrkl ktjdr pktdgt`aooy oucrat`vd rkab
`gvdstldgts, sucj as tjksd `g sdckgbary agb la`g rkabs. @g part`cuoar,
tjd autjkrs bdscr`fd tjd l`ss`gi l`bbod kn sdckgbary rkabs as fd`gi
cjrkg`caooy gdiodctdb. Rjdrd `s a tj`rb prkfodl, wj`cj tjd autjkrs bkgkt dxpo`c`toy b`scuss, fut `s wkrtj ldgt`kg`gi. @t `s gk sdcrdt tjat rkab
`gvdstldgtsarkugb tjd wkrobard aosk pko`t`caooy lkt`vatdb. Xko`t`-
c`ags o`ed tk fu`ob rkabs tjat fdgdn`t tjd`r ckgst`tudgc`ds. A ruod kn
tjulf tjat `s fasdb kg tjd VA@ i`vds ckgs`bdrafod rkkl nkr pko`t`cao
cr`tdr`a tk bkl`gatd `gvdstldgt bdc`s`kg lae`gi, agb pkkr pdkpod nrd-
qudgtoy oksd kut.
Rjd fkkes autjkrs prkpksd a gdw sdt kn cr`tdr`a tk iu`bd bdc`s`kg
lae`gi, cr`tdr`a tjat taed `gtk acckugt tjd dckgkl`c must`n`cat`kg nkrrkab `gvdstldgts. Rjdy ard cardnuo gkt tk laed tjd`r prkpksao sk cklpo`-
catdb tjat `t w`oo gkt fd usdb. Agb tjd ugbdroy`gi ldssaid kn tjd fkke
`s codar. Rk tjksd kn us wjk ard ckgstagtoy okke`gi nkr s`lpo`n`cat`kgs kr
ruods-kn-tjulf, agb fdo`dvd `g tjd abaid wjat yku ldasurd idts
bkgdfd cardnuo wjat yku w`sj nkr.
Sjagtayagag Bdvaramag
Cj`dn Dckgkl`st, Anr`ca Vdi`kg
Ykrob Fage
x`` Nkrdwkrb
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x```
Rjd la`g autjkrs kn tj`s fkke ard Iao Vafaooagb, Xatr`c`a Laccj`, agb
Caroy Xdtracck. Rjd fkke fdgdn`tdb nrkl var`kus `gputs nrkl Ndbdr`ck
Farra, Lar`d Iacjass`g, Mkjg J`gd, Farfara Oagtz, Dl`oy Scjl`bt, Baga
Rjklskg, agb Oyagi Pku agb nrkl iu`bagcd nrkl Sjagtagayag
Bdvaramag, Lar`oku Ty, Sagm`v` Vamas`gijal, Supdd Rdravag`gtjkrg, agb
Xugal Cjujag-Xkod.
Vkf`g Carrutjdrs, Agtkg`k Dstacjd, B`gk Ldrkttk, agb Putaea
Pksj`gk rdv`dwdb tjd papdr bur`gi tjd prkcdss. `v`dg Nkstdr, JdrgagOdvy, Fkr`s Gamlag, Mkjg V`vdrskg, B`dtdr Scjdoo`gi, Kuslagd Sdce,
Eav`ta Sdtj`, agb Sdriy` ]krya cklldgtdb kg daro`dr brants kn tjd
fkke.
^`ctkr Kcaya, Aiu`ratku Savabkik, agb Xdtdr Rag`nkrl irdatoy nac`o`tatdb
tjd prkcdss kn bata ckoodct`kg `g Tiagba, Fure`ga Nask, agb Caldrkkg,
rdspdct`vdoy. Dpjrdl Asdfd, Iuy Edltskp, agb Latjur`g Vkualfa carr`db
kut tjd bata ckoodct`kg dxdrc`sd `g Tiagba, Caldrkkg, agb Fure`ga Nask,
rdspdct`vdoy.Agg Lay db`tdb tjd papdr, agb Sar`dttd M`ppd suppkrtdb tjd tdal.
Rjd autjkrs aosk w`sj tk tjage Mdag-Nragk`s Lartdau agb Argaub
Bdslarcjdo`dr nkr b`scuss`kgs odab`gi tk tj`s rdsdarcj wkre.
Acegkwodbildgts
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N`gaooy, tjd autjkrs w`sj tk tjage Jarry Jaiag agb Bdcoag Laidd
nrkl tjd T.E. Bdpartldgt nkr @gtdrgat`kgao Bdvdokpldgt nkr jav`gi
n`gagcdb tjd Tiagba casd stuby. Rjd tdal `s aosk iratdnuo tk tjd
Bdpartldgt kn Vurao Vkabs kn tjd L`g`stry kn Xufo`c Ykres `g
Caldrkkg, dspdc`aooy tk Lr. Dwagd agb Lr. Ekudba, nkr tjd`r suppkrt
tjrkuijkut tjd prkcdss `g tjat ckugtry.
x`v Acegkwodbildgts
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xv
AD] airkdckoki`cao zkgd
CX@ Ckgsuldr Xr`cd @gbdx
IBX irkss bkldst`c prkbuct
I@S idkirapj`c gnkrlat`kg systdl
IOSS4 68848> Ijaga O`v`gi Stagbarbs Survdy
IXS Iokfao Xks`t`kg`gi Systdl
JBL-2 J`ijway Bdvdokpldgt Lkbdo-2
@LR `gtdrldb`atd ldags kn tragspkrt @RC @gb`ag Rkfacck Cklpagy
OC okcao ckugc`o
OTR oagb ut`o`zat`kg typd
GVL Gat`kgao Vds`stagcd Lkvdldgt (Tiagba)
VA@ Vurao Accdss @gbdx
SKBDCKRKG Skc`t bd Bvdokppdldgt bu Ckttkg (Caldrkkg)
SKYDBA Skutj Ydst Bdvdokpldgt Autjkr`ty (Caldrkkg)
TG Tg`tdb Gat`kgs^SAR vdry slaoo apdrturd tdrl`gao
Affrdv`at`kgs
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1
Rj`s rdpkrt `s tjd sdckgb `g a sdr`ds kn stub`ds kg tragspkrt agb a`b dnndc-
t`vdgdss `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca. @t nkookws a stuby kg tragspkrt cksts agb
pr`cds aokgi tjd la`g `gtdrgat`kgao trabd ckrr`bkrs (Rdravag`gtjkrg agb
Vafaooagb 688:). Kgd kn tjd pr`gc`pao n`gb`gis kn tjd rdsdarcj kg `gtdrga-
t`kgao ckrr`bkrs g Anr`ca was tjat truce`gi laredt structurd agb rdiuoat`kg
b`nndr w`bdoy alkgi sufrdi`kgs `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca5 tjdrdnkrd, tragspkrt
pr`cds (fut gkt gdcdssar`oy tragspkrt cksts)1 b`nndr irdatoy alkgi sufrd-
i`kgs agb ckrr`bkrs. Rjd truce`gi dgv`rkgldgt agb laredt structurd `gYdst agb Cdgtrao Anr`ca ard cjaractdr`zdb fy cartdos knndr`gi okw tragspkrt
quao`ty, wjdrdas `g Dast Anr`ca, tjd truce`gi dgv`rkgldgt `s lkrd cklpdt-
`t`vd agb tjd laredt `s lkrd laturd. Lucj kn tjd tragspkrt pr`cd furbdg
aokgi Anr`cag ckrr`bkrs sddls tk bdpdgb kg tjd pko`t`cao dckgkly kn
nrd`ijt oki`st`cs.
Rjd n`rst stuby, jkwdvdr, b`b gkt frkacj tjd tkp`c kn okcao agb gat`kgao
tragspkrt, wj`cj `s dquaooy `lpkrtagt nkr laredt `gtdirat`kg agb pkvdrty
rdbuct`kg. Rjd sald rat`kgaod nkr sucj rdsdarcj bkds dx`st, fdcausd s`gcd tjd1098s, tjd Ykrob Fage jas act`vdoy suppkrtdb rkab `gvdstldgts `g Anr`ca,
ydt gk codar dnndct kg tragspkrt pr`cds `s dv`bdgt. Yjy bk dgb-usdrs kn rkab
tragspkrt sdrv`cds gkt sddl tk nuooy fdgdn`t nrkl okwdr tragspkrt cksts;
Aotjkuij pufo`c spdgb`gi kg rkabs, dbucat`kg, agb prkv`s`kg kn ut`o`t`ds `s
C J A X R D V 1
@gtrkbuct`kg agb Kvdrv`dw
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idgdraooy tjkuijt tk ckgtr`futd tk irkwtjfy prkv`b`gi `gputs tjat ard
cklpodldgtary tk lkrd b`rdctoy prkbuct`vd `gvdstldgtsBdvaramag agb
ckoodaiuds bdlkgstratd tjat sddl`gioy prkbuct`vd dxpdgb`turds, wjdg usdb
`g dxcdss, ckuob fdckld ugprkbuct`vd (Bdvaramag, Dastdroy, agb Xace 68835
Bdvaramag, Swarkkp, agb ]ku 100>).
Rjd Vurao Accdss @gbdx
At a t`ld wjdg bdvdokpldgt partgdrs ard nkcus`gi kg rurao lkf`o`ty `g
part`cuoar, try`gi tk bdtdrl`gd jkw tk acj`dvd fdttdr a`b dnndct`vdgdss `g
rurao tragspkrt `s a wkrtjwj`od dnnkrt. Rjd Vurao Accdss @gbdx (VA@) `s tjdprkpkrt`kg kn rurao pdkpod wjk o`vd w`tj`g 6 e`okldtdrsa b`stagcd typ-
`caooy dqu`vaodgt tk a 68-l`gutd waoekn ag aoo-sdaskg rkab.6 Bdsp`td
lamkr ldasurdldgt prkfodls, prkmdct tdals lust rdpkrt tjd VA@ dvdry
twk ydars agb assdss tjd gulfdr kn pdkpod ckvdrdb at 6 e`okldtdrs `g tjd
prkmdct arda. Fdcausd tjd VA@ rdla`gs tjd la`g kutckld `gb`catkr kn
rkab prkmdcts `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca, `t jas startdb tk f`as `gvdstldgts `g
navkr kn rurao rkabs cklpardb tk tjd la`g agb sdckgbary gdtwkres. @g
skld ckugtr`ds, Ykrob Fage ass`stagcd gkw ckgs`sts aolkst dxcous`vdoy knsuppkrt tk rurao rkabs.
Kr`i`gaooy, jkwdvdr, tjd VA@ was gkt `gtdgbdb as ag dckgkl`c `gb`-
catkr fut as a skc`ao kgd tk ldasurd (dvdg apprkx`latdoy) tjd skc`ao
`lpact kn rkab accdss`f`o`ty. Bdvdokpldgt partgdrs javd gdvdrtjdodss
abkptdb tjd VA@ as tjd kgoy kutckld kn Ykrob Fagen`gagcdb tragspkrt
prkmdcts `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca, tjdrdfy i`v`gi `t a bd nactk dckgkl`c
s`ig`n`cagcd.
Rj`s `gb`catkr sdodct`kg `s sa`b tk fd a cklprkl`sd fdtwddg tjksd wjkn`gb agy b`stagcddvdg odss tjag 1 e`okldtdrtkk irdat a struiiod (nkr
dxalpod, dobdroy pdkpod agb tjksd w`tj b`saf`o`t`ds) agb tjksd wjk ard
accustkldb tk waoe`gi irdat b`stagcds fdcausd kn tjd`r rdlktdgdss nrkl
rkabs. @t `s a`ldb at ldasur`gi accdss`f`o`ty kn rurao pkpuoat`kgs tk rkabs
`g a s`lpod laggdr. Jkwdvdr, Idurs agb vag Ydd (6882) bdlkgstratdb
tjat pdrskg-fasdb ldasurds, sucj as travdo t`ld fdtwddg twk okcat`kgs,
ard a fdttdr ldasurd kn accdss`f`o`ty. Rjd la`g cavdat tk sucj ldasurds `s
bata ckoodct`kg cklpodx`ty. @g tjd arda kn rkab accdss`f`o`ty, a trabd-knn
sddls tk kccur fdtwddg a s`lpod agb ldasurafod `gb`catkr tjat pkkroycapturds accdss`f`o`ty agb lkrd cklpodx `gb`catkrs tjat fdttdr rdnodct
accdss`f`o`ty fut ard b`nn`cuot tk ckoodct. Rjus, tjd VA@ was bds`igdb as a
s`lpod `gb`catkr (w`tj tjd ugbdroy`gi assulpt`kg tjat `ts capturd kn tjd
odvdo kn rkab accdss`f`o`ty wkuob fd b`nn`cuot). Jdgcd, stat`st`cao suppkrt
6 Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
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nkr tjd s`ig`n`cagcd kn tjd 6-e`okldtdr ldasurd was gkt stub`db `g bdta`o
wjdg tjd VA@ was abkptdb.
Rjd VA@ pksds sdvdrao `ssuds. Nkr `gstagcd, prkfodls ar`sd `g ldasur`gi
tjd b`stagcd fdtwddg tjd jkusdjkob agb tjd rkab. Currdgtoy, jkusdjkob
survdys ard nrdqudgtoy usdb tk kfta`g tj`s ldasurdldgt, crdat`gi accuracy
prkfodls.3 Vkfdrts, EC, agb Vastki` (688>) c`td jkusdjkob survdys nrkl
Aofag`a agb Ragzag`a sjkw`gi tjat qudst`kgs afkut t`ld tk rkabs ard
lkrd accuratd tjag qudst`kgs afkut b`stagcd tk rkabs. Gdvdrtjdodss, tjd
b`stagcd ldasurd was sdodctdb nkr s`lpo`c`ty kn tjd `gb`catkr. Lkrdkvdr,
tjd v`tao rkod tjat tragspkrt sdrv`cds poay `g ckggdct`v`ty jas usuaooy fddg
gdiodctdb. Vkfdrts, EC, agb Vastki` (688>= 3) statd tjat tjd `gbdxrdnodcts tjd `lpkrtagcd kn rkab tragspkrt nkr `lprkv`gi rurao accdss nkr
tjd irdat lamkr`ty kn rurao pdkpod agb b`srdiarb tjd cr`t`cao rkod kn trags-
pkrt sdrv`cds.
Kfmdct`vds kn tjd Stuby
Rjd la`g kfmdct`vds kn tj`s stuby ard twknkob=
Assdss `n tjd VA@, wj`cj prdscr`fds acj`dv`gi accdss`f`o`ty kn aoo rurao
ckllug`t`ds at 6 e`okldtdrs `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca, `s `gbddb dck-
gkl`caooy must`n`afod agb susta`gafod.
Bdn`gd a cklprdjdgs`vd ldtjkbkokiy nkr o`ge`gi dckgkl`c bdgs`ty,
rkab bdgs`ty, rkab odvdo kn sdrv`cd, agb dnn`c`dgcy kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds.
@gbddb, as ^ag bd Yaood (6880) pk`gts kut, kgd kn tjd parabkxds kn
tragspkrt `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca `s tjat, bdsp`td a strkgi `lpdtus nkr`gcrdasdb `gvdstldgts `g tjd rdi`kg, vdry ndw kn tjd lagy a`b-n`gagcdb
rurao rkab prkmdcts `g bdvdokp`gi ckugtr`ds javd fddg sufmdct tk dvaoua-
t`kgs. Dstacjd (6880) dxpoa`gs tjat tj`s parabkx ar sds fdcausd `lpod-
ldgt`gi (quas`-) ragbkl`zdb dvaouat`kg tdcjg`quds `g tragspkrt `s
b`nn`cuot agb ckstoy `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca. Rjdrdnkrd, lagy `gvdstldgts
`g tjd rdi`kg ard fu`ot kg tjd fdo`dn tjat `gnrastructurd w`oo `gdouctafoy
odab tk pkvdrty rdbuct`kg agb `gckld idgdrat`kg.
Rjd sdodctdb ckugtr`ds nkr tj`s stuby rdprdsdgt tjrdd sufrdi`kgs kn
Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca=2
Ydst Anr`caFure`ga Nask
Cdgtrao Anr`caCaldrkkg
Dast Anr`caTiagba
@gtrkbuct`kg agb Kvdrv`dw 3
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Rjd stuby was carr`db kut `g twk pjasds= tjd n`rst pjasd `gcoubdb bata
ckoodct`kg, agb tjd sdckgb `gvkovdb a quagt`tat`vd agaoys`s kn tjd bata cko-
odct`kg rdsuots. Bata ckoodct`kg was fasdb kg lkrd tjag 1,888 survdys
(kn jkusdjkob agb tragspkrt sdrv`cd prkv`bdrs) agb `gtdrv`dws kn rdodvagt
staedjkobdrs.4 Nkur sdts kn v`ooaids wdrd survdydb `g dacj sdodctdb rdi`kg=
v`ooaids okcatdb coksdr tjag 6 e`okldtdrs tk tjd sdckgbary rkab, v`ooaids
okcatdb nrkl 6 tk > e`okldtdrs, v`ooaids okcatdb lkrd tjag > e`okldtdrs fut
odss tjag 14 e`okldtdrs, agb v`ooaids okcatdb lkrd tjag 14 e`okldtdrs nrkl
tjd sdckgbary rkab.
Rjd stuby nkcusds kg rkab poagg`gi as a ldags kn acj`dv`gi lkrd dnn`-
c`dgt pufo`c spdgb`gi `g tjd rkab sdctkr. @t bkds gkt ckvdr urfag tragspkrtkr tjd rkod kn tragspkrt nkr `gtdrgao oafkr lkvdldgts agb w`oo tkucj kgoy
`gc`bdgtaooy kg tjd skc`ao b`ldgs`kg kn sdckgbary agb rurao rkabs.> Dnndcts
at tjd l`crk odvdo `g tjd ava`oaf`o`ty kn skc`ao sdrv`cds ard gkt pkss`fod tk
dxpokrd `g tj`s nraldwkre fdcausd sucj ag dxal`gat`kg rdqu`rds a b`nndr-
dgt ldtjkbkokiy agb a ckgs`bdrafod alkugt kn rdskurcds.9
Rjd Xrkfodl kn @skoat`kg= A Vdv`dw kn Currdgt O`tdraturd
Rjd ckst kn fd`gi `skoatdb (rdoy`gi kg dlp`r`cao dv`bdgcd) `s a irkw`gi
n`dob `g dckgkl`cs. Vurao rkab bdvdokpldgt dgjagcds accdss tk laredts
nkr fktj `gputs agb kutputs tjrkuij a rdbuct`kg `g tragsact`kg agb trabd
cksts (tragspkrt agb oki`st`cs cksts). Rjd irdatdr ava`oaf`o`ty (fktj `g tdrls
kn nugb`gi agb pjys`caooy spdae`gi) kn `gputs `gcrdasds tjd`r usd fy narldrs.
Ckgsdqudgtoy, air`cuoturao prkbuct`v`ty cag `gcrdasd. Vurao rkabs aosk aookw
prkbucdrs tk acj`dvd abb`t`kgao prkbuct`vd kppkrtug`t`ds, odab`gi tk a
r`sd `g prkbuct`kg tjat `s j`ijo`ijtdb fy guldrkus stub`ds. St`ndo agbL`gtdg (688:) n`gb, `g tjd casd kn Labaiascar, tjat `skoat`kg (bdn`gdb as
travdo t`ld bur`gi tjd bry sdaskg nrkl tjd ckllugd cdgtdr tk tjd gdar-
dst urfag cdgtdr) `lpo`ds okwdr air`cuoturao prkbuct`v`ty, `gcrdasdb trags-
pkrt agb tragsact`kg cksts, agb `gcrdasdb `gsdcur`ty. Rjdy n`gb a lamkr
mulp g pdr cap`ta ckgsulpt kg nrkl tjd odast rdlktd qu`gt`od tk tjd sdc-
kgb qu`gt`od agb, tjdrdnkrd, a gdiat`vd rdoat`kgsj`p fdtwddg `skoat`kg agb
pkvdrty. Nkr dxalpod, tjd b`stagcd nrkl tjd pokt tk a passafod rkab agb
tjd ckst kn tragspkrt`gi r`cd s`ig`n`cagtoy bdcrdasd tjd usd kn ndrt`o`zdr `g
r`cd prkbuct`kg.: Ckgtrkoo`gi nkr sk`o ndrt`o`ty (agb tjus nkr gkgragbklpoacdldgt kn rkabs), tjdy bdlkgstratd tjat crkp y`dobs nkr tjd tjrdd
lamkr stapod `tdls `g Labaiascar (r`cd, la`zd, agb cassava) ard okwdr `g
`skoatdb ardas tjag `g ardas tjat ard gkt `skoatdb. Sajg agb St`ndo (6883)
aosk bdlkgstratd tjat o`v`gi stagbarbs `g rurao ardas oai nar fdj`gb tjksd
2 Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
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`g urfag ardas. Bkrksj, Yagi, agb Pku (688:) n`gb, n`rst, tjat `g Suf-
Sajarag Anr`ca, air`cuoturao prkbuct`kg agb prkx`l`ty tk urfag laredts
ard j`ijoy ckrrdoatdb (dvdg antdr tae`gi `gtk acckugt tjd airkdckoki`cao
zkgd). Rjdy sjkw tjat 28 pdrcdgt kn tjd pkpuoat`kg o`vds fdtwddg 6.4 agb
:.2 jkurs nrkl a laredt agb tjat tjd crkp prkbuct`kg kn tjksd sald prk-
bucdrs acckugts nkr lkrd tjag >8 pdrcdgt kn tktao prkbuct`kg. Sdckgb, tjd
autjkrs ckgcoubd tjat tjd abkpt`kg kn j`ij-`gput tdcjgkokiy `s gdiat`vdoy
ckrrdoatdb w`tj travdo t`ld tk urfag cdgtdrs. Rjd stuby bdlkgstratds tjat
ag `gvdrtdb Tsjapd dx`sts fdtwddg sjard kn j`ij-`gput, ra`gndb tktao crkp
prkbuct`kg agb travdo t`ld, rdacj`gi tjd j`ijdst pk`gt fdtwddg tjrdd agb
nkur jkurs kn travdo t`ld.Irdatdr saods kppkrtug`t`ds kr j`ijdr rdcd`vdb pr`cds nkr prkbuct`kg
crdatd a r`sd `g `gckld nkr prkbucdrs. Ts`gi jkusdjkob bata `g Dtj`kp`a,
Bdrckg agb ktjdrs (688:) n`gb tjat tjd prkx`l`ty kn a rkab `s a lamkr
nactkr `g rdbuc`gi pkvdrty. Nag, Gyagid, agb Vak (6884) sjkw tjat dacj
e`okldtdr rdbuct`kg `g tjd b`stagcd tk a pufo`c tragspkrtat`kg nac`o`ty
rdbucds tjd prkfaf`o`ty kn a jkusdjkob fd`gi pkkr fy 8.66 tk 8.33 pdr-
cdgt `g Tiagba.0 Dvdry l`oo`kg Tiagbag sj`oo`gis (T Sj) `gvdstdb o`nts 69
pkkr Tiagbags kut kn pkvdrty. @g a stuby `g Xapua Gdw Iu`gda, I`fskgagb Vkzdood (6886) prkv`bd a s`lpod ckrrdoat`kg fdtwddg accdss tk rkabs
agb pr`cds tjat narldrs rdcd`vd nkr tjd`r crkps. Spdc`n`caooy, tjd ratd kn
pr`cd bdco`gd `s afkut 9 pdrcdgt nkr dacj dxtra jkur tk tjd gdardst trags-
pkrt nac`o`ty. Rjus, accdss tk tragspkrt jdops `gckld idgdrat`kg. Bd`g`gidr
agb Ke`b` (6886) sjkw tjat b`stagcd tk tjd lug`c`pao`ty `s a s`ig`n`cagt
bdtdrl`gagt kn pdr cap`ta `gckld irkwtj fut gkt kn ckgsulpt`kg. Rjd
sald e`gb kn rdsuot appdars `g Dsckfao agb Xkgcd (6886), wjksd ldtjkb-
kokiy sddls lkrd rdo`afod. @gbddb, tjdy assdss tjd `lpact kn rkab prkmdcts`g Xdru fy prkpdgs`ty sckrd latcj`gi tdcjg`quds. Aotjkuij rdjaf`o`tat`kg
dgta`os ag `gckld `gcrdasd, tjat `s gkt tjd casd nkr ckgsulpt`kg.
Appardgtoy, tj`s abb`t`kgao `gckld sdrvds sav`gi purpksds fdcausd `t `s
ckgs`bdrdb as trags`tkry. N`iurd 1.1 sullar`zds tjd currdgt tj`ge`gi `g
tdrls kn dlp`r`cao dv`bdgcd.
Jkwdvdr, tjd stub`ds bdscr`fdb jdrd sjard a sdvdrd o`l`tat`kg tjat
o`ds `g tjd afsdgcd kn trdatldgt kn tjd dgbkidgd`ty f`as `g tjd pkvdrty
dquat`kg. @g nact, rkab poacdldgt appdars tk fd gkgragbkl (pdkpod
bk gkt ragbkloy sdttod gdxt tk rkabs kgcd tjdy javd fddg ckg-structdb). Rjdrdnkrd, rkabs lay gkt gdcdssar`oy `gcrdasd air`cuoturao
prkbuct`v`ty5 ratjdr, rkabs lay fd bdvdokpdb `g tjd aordaby lkrd prk-
buct`vd air`cuoturao ardas. Lkrdkvdr, ag kl`ttdb var`afod f`as (sucj as
idkirapj`c ckgb`t`kgs) ckuob fd fdj`gb tjd rkab-pkvdrty rdoat`kgsj`p.
@gtrkbuct`kg agb Kvdrv`dw 4
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Skld stub`ds attdlpt tk bdao w`tj tj`s pktdgt`ao dgbkidgd`ty. Maoag agb
Vavaoo`kg (6886) sjkw tjat rkab bdgs`ty (ldasurdb as e`okldtdrs knrkabs pdr cap`ta) jab a j`ijoy s`ig`n`cagt pks`t`vd dnndct kg ckgsulpt`kg
irkwtj at tjd narl-jkusdjkob odvdo `g rurao ardas kn skutjdrg Cj`ga
nrkl 10:4 tk 1008. Rjdy `igkrd pktdgt`ao dgbkidgd`ty, dxpoa`g`gi tjat
`t `s bud tk pdkpod cjkks`gi tjd`r okcat`kgs fdcausd tjdrd was o`ttod kr
gk idkirapj`c lkf`o`ty kn oafkr `g rurao Cj`ga at tjd t`ld. Jkwdvdr, tjd
dgbkidgd`ty kn rkab poacdldgt `s ruodb kut w`tjkut agy dxpo`c`t must`n`-
cat`kg. Rjd `gcous`kg kn rdi`kgao bull`ds lay fd ag `lpo`c`t ldags tk
trdat tj`s s`luotagd`ty f`as. Rjd `gcous`kg kn lagy n`xdb-dnndct ckgtrkos`g tjd pkvdrty agaoys`s `g Xapua Gdw Iu`gda fy I`fskg agb Vkzdood
(6886) lay javd tjd sald purpksd. Rjdy n`gb tjat a kgd-jkur `gcrdasd
`g travdo`gi t`ld tk tjd gdardst tragspkrt nac`o`ty rdbucds rdao ckgsulp-
t`kg fy 18 pdrcdgt. Rjdy ckgcoubd tjat pkvdrty (a wdonard rat`k) `s
asskc`atdb w`tj pkkr accdss tk laredts, sdrv`cds, agb tragspkrtat`kg.
Jkwdvdr, tjd cklf`gdb travdo`gi t`ld tk tjd gdardst jdaotj cdgtdr,
j`ij scjkko, agb ikvdrgldgt stat`kg jas a gkgs`ig`n`cagt dnndct kg tj`s
wdonard rat`k.18
Mackfy agb L`gtdg (6880) attdlpt tk kvdrckld tjd prkfodl kn rdvdrsd
causao`ty. Rjdy dst`latd tjd w`oo`gigdss tk pay nkr a rdbuct`kg `g tragspkrt
cksts kg crkss-sdct`kgao bata ckoodctdb `g a slaoo rdi`kg kn Labaiascar.
Fdcausd tj`s rdi`kg `s rdoat`vdoy jklkidgkus fut nacds irdat var`at`kg `g
tragspkrt cksts tk tjd sald laredt, tjd prkfodl kn gkgragbkl poacdldgt
> Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
pkkr rkab
`gnrastructurd
o`l`tdb pufo`c
`gvdstldgt g
rkabs
part`ao dckgkl`c
kppkrtug`t`dsagb okw vaoud
abbdb
`gsunn`c`dgt
accdss tk
(tragspkrt)
sdrv`cds
N`iurd 1.1 Rjd Rragspkrt Rrap g Vurao Ardas
Skurcd= Autjkrs rdprdsdgtat`kg.
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kn rkabs `s skovdb. Rjdy n`gb tjat a rkab tjat dssdgt`aooy do`l`gatdb trags-
pkrt cksts `g tjd stuby arda wkuob fkkst tjd `gcklds kn tjd rdlktdst
jkusdjkobstjksd nac`gi tragspkrt cksts kn afkut TSB94 pdr tkgfy
gdaroy jaon, lkstoy fy ra`s`gi gkgnarl darg`gis (Mackfy agb L`gtdg
6880= 6:).
Rjd tragspkrt rdqu`rdldgt `g rurao ardas jas fddg `gcrdas`gioy `gvdst`-
iatdb. Nag agb ckoodaiuds rdvdao tjat wjat lattdrs `s tk prkv`bd accdss tk
rkabs `g o`gd w`tj tjd gddbs kn tjd rurao pkpuoat`kg (Nag agb Cjag-Eagi
68825 Nag, Jazdoo, agb Rjkrat 68885 Nag, ]jagi, agb ]jagi 6886).
Ckgsdqudgtoy, bkgkrs `gvdstldgts sjkuob fd b`rdctdb tk tjd ckgstruct`kg
agb la`gtdgagcd kn sdckgbary, rurao, okw-quao`ty rkabs agb gkt tk rkabsnkr truces, wj`cj ard sa`b tk fd `rrdodvagt tk ckpd w`tj tjd `ssud kn rurao
pkvdrty. @g a lkrd rdcdgt agaoys`s, Bdrckg agb ktjdrs (688:) n`gb tjat
`gcrdas`gi rkab quao`ty tk dgafod rdaskgafod accdss`f`o`ty `g tjd wdt sda-
skg jas a lamkr dnndct `g st`luoat`gi j`ijdr ckgsulpt`kg irkwtj. @g nact,
tjd fdttdr tjd odvdo kn rkab quao`ty, tjd j`ijdr tjd irkwtj ratd `s.
Lkrdkvdr, tjd `ssud kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds `s gkw at tjd ckrd kn b`scus-
s`kgs kg lkf`o`ty agb `gckld idgdrat`kg `g rurao ardas= tk taed abvagtaid
kn a tragspkrt `gnrastructurd agb, tjus, tk dscapd nrkl pkvdrty rdqu`rdannkrbafod ldags agb sdrv`cds kn tragspkrt (Iaggkg agb O`u 10095
Gmdgia agb Bav`s 68835 S`dfdr 1000). A irdat bdao kn attdgt`kg jas fddg
i`vdg tk tjd ldags kn tragspkrtat`kg as a way kn `lprkv`gi lkf`o`ty agb
accdss`f`o`ty (sdd, nkr dxalpod, Bawskg agb Farwdoo 10035 Doo`s 10095
V`vdrskg agb Carapdt`s 10015 Staredy agb ktjdrs 6886). S`dfdr (1000)
bdlkgstratds `g Ragzag`a tjat abdquatd `gtdrldb`atd ldags kn tragspkrt
(@LR),11 ckupodb w`tj patjways, lay javd, `g skld casds, lkrd dck-
gkl`c `lpact tjag rdjaf`o`tat`gi sdckgbary rkabs aokgd. A w`bd b`vdrs`tykn tragspkrt lkbds, `gcoub`gi fktj @LR agb ckgvdgt`kgao vdj`cod typds,
jas fddg kfsdrvdb `g lagy As`ag ckugtr`ds, fut tjd ragid kn cjk`cd `g
Anr`ca `s nar lkrd o`l`tdb. Rjd ariuldgt `s tjat gdw nkrls kn tragspkrt,
sucj as @LR, ckuob bk a okt tk rdo`dvd tjd tragspkrt furbdg kn tjd rurao
pkpuoat`kg. @t `s skldt`lds ariudb tjat pr`cds kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds ard
kntdg j`ij `g Anr`ca, agb w`tjkut agy ldasurd tk abbrdss tjd ava`oaf`o`ty
agb pr`cds kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds, tkk lucj attdgt`kg tk rkabs `s l`spoacdb.
@g ckgtrast, Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt Vdpkrt 6880= Vdsjap`gi Dckgkl`c
Idkirapjy (Ykrob Fage 6880c)16 suiidsts tjat us`gi a cao`fratdb fodgbkn pko`cy `gstruldgts nkr `gtdirat`kg`gst`tut`kgs, `gnrastructurd, agb
`gcdgt`vdscag jdop ckugtr`ds acj`dvd `gcous`vd bdvdokpldgt aotjkuij
w`tj ugfaoagcdb irkwtj. @t `bdgt`n`ds tjd lkst `lpkrtagt laredt nkrcds at
dacj kn tjrdd spat`ao scaods= (a) at a okcao scaod fy agaoyz`gi tjd `gtdract`kgs
@gtrkbuct`kg agb Kvdrv`dw 9
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fdtwddg c`t`ds kr tkwgs agb tjd`r gd`ijfkr`gi ardas, (f) at a gat`kgao scaod
fy dxal`g`gi tjd `gtdract`kgs fdtwddg tjd oaii`gi agb odab`gi ardas `g a
ckugtry, agb (c) at a rdi`kgao scaod fy stuby`gi tjd rdoat`kgsj`ps fdtwddg
gd`ijfkr`gi ckugtr`ds. Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt Vdpkrt 6880 sddes tk rdnrald tjd
bdfatds kg urfag`zat`kg, tdrr`tkr`ao bdvdokpldgt, agb rdi`kgao `gtdirat`kg.
@g Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt Vdpkrt 6880, dv`bdgcd `s i`vdg kn tjd tjrdsjkob
dnndct kn `gvdstldgts `g ardas w`tj okw dckgkl`c bdgs`ty. Ckugtr`ds ard
gkt jklkidgkus dgt`t`ds fut ard cklpksdb kn ardas tjat ard cklf`gat`kgs
kn dckgkl`c bdvdokpldgt agb pkpuoat`kg. Rjd tdrl okw dckgkl`c bdgs`ty
arda rdndrs tk ag arda oace`gi dckgkl`c bdvdokpldgt (tjat `s, `gbustr`ds
agb sdrv`cds)5 usuaooy sucj ardas aosk javd j`ij pkvdrty ratds, agb kcca-s`kgaooy tjdy javd j`ij pkpuoat`kg bdgs`ty. @g rdspkgsd tk tjdsd oaii`gi
ardas, as tjdy ard caoodb, ikvdrgldgts javd attdlptdb tk attract `gbustry
agb b`spdrsd dckgkl`c bdvdokpldgt lkrd dvdgoy acrkss tjd`r ckugtry.
Nkr dxalpod, Fraz`o, @gb`a, @gbkgds`a, agb tjd Vuss`ag Ndbdrat`kg javd
usdb a var`dty kn ldtjkbsnrkl statd-poaggdb okcat`kg kn `gbustr`ds, tk
rdokcat`kg kn pdkpod `gtk oaii`gi ardas, tk prkv`s`kg kn `gcdgt`vds tk pr`-
vatd n`rls tk okcatd `g oaii`gi ardas. Tgnkrtugatdoy, sucj attdlpts sdobkl
ik as poaggdb, agb ikvdrgldgts javd rdckig`zdb tjd dx`stdgcd kn atjrdsjkob dnndct kn `gvdstldgt `g tjdsd ardas.
Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt Vdpkrt 6880 gktds tjat kgoy sk lucj `gvdstldgt `g
tjdsd oaii`gi ardas `s pkss`fod fdnkrd tjdy rdqu`rd irdatdr `gtdirat`kg w`tj
odab`gi ardas. Fy knndr`gi pdkpod agb `gbustry `gcdgt`vds tk stay, ikvdrg-
ldgts ard kgoy `skoat`gi tjdsd oaii`gi ardas lkrd, a prkfodl tjat odabs tk
ckgnrkgtat`kg w`tj tjd `gvdstldgt tjrdsjkob. @gstdab, ckugtr`ds sjkuob
ckggdct oaii`gi agb odab`gi ardas. Fy prkv`b`gi abdquatdagb passafod
rkabs fdtwddg odab`gi agb oaii`gi ardas, ikvdrgldgts ass`st `g ug`t`gitjd`r ckugtry tjrkuij a ckgvdridgcd `g o`v`gi stagbarbs.13
Rjd S`tuat`kg `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca
Yjdrd bkds Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca stagb `g tdrls kn pkpuoat`kg bdgs`ty agb
rkab bdgs`ty; Bk wd javd tjd r`ijt p`cturd; Rjd avdraid pkpuoat`kg bdg-
s`ty kn tjd ckugtr`ds `g tjd rdi`kg `s rdoat`vdoy coksd tk tjat kn ckugtr`ds `g
ktjdr Ykrob Fage rdi`kgs fut okwdr tjag g Dast As`a (tafod 1.1) agb lkrd
frkaboy okwdr tjag tjd avdraid pkpuoat`kg bdgs`ty kn ktjdr okw- agbokwdr-l`bbod-`gckld ckugtr`ds `g tjd wkrob (Carrutjdrs, Er`sjgalag`,
agb Lurray 688:). Rj`s agaoys`s `s dspdc`aooy `lpkrtagt nkr tragspkrt
`gvdstldgt, fdcausd g agy ckugtry, a sparsdoy pkpuoatdb arda st`oo rdqu`rds
a fas`c l`g`lul `gvdstldgt `g rkabs5 tjus, tjd rat`k kn `gvdstldgts pdr
: Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
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cap`ta lay appdar tk fd j`ij, fut `t bkds crdatd ag abb`t`kgao n`gagc`ao
furbdg. Jkwdvdr, pkpuoat`kg bdgs`ty var`ds w`bdoy `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca.
Aotjkuij skld ckugtr`ds ard bdgsdoy pkpuoatdb (Ijaga, Laoaw`, Vwagba,
agb Tiagba), ktjdrs javd a sparsd pkpuoat`kg sprdab kvdr a rdoat`vdoy oarid
idkirapj`c arda (Fure`ga Nask, Caldrkkg, Subag, agb ]alf`a).
Gdvdrtjdodss, tjd rkab bdgs`ty agb accdss p`cturd `g Suf-Sajarag
Anr`ca `s gkt as fab as kgd lay tj`ge. @g tdrls kn irkss bkldst`c
prkbuct, rkab bdgs`ty `s tjd j`ijdst kn ktjdr cklparatkr rdi`kgs (sdd
tafod 1.6). Jkwdvdr, bata kg tjd dxtdgt kn rkab gdtwkres ard skld-
t`lds ugrdo`afod. Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca oais `g tjd dxtdgt kn `ts pavdb
gdtwkre5 ldasurdb `g tdrls kn oagb arda, tjd avdraid rkab bdgs`ty nkr63 Suf-Sajarag Anr`cag ckugtr`ds `s 13.6 o`gdar e`okldtdrs pdr squard
e`okldtdr18.9 e`okldtdrs nkr tjd okw-`gckld irkup aokgd. @g ckg-
trast, tjd pavdb rkab bdgs`ty kn tjd ktjdr okw-`gckld ckugtr`ds kn
@gtrkbuct`kg agb Kvdrv`dw 0
Rafod 1.1 Avdraid Xkpuoat`kg Bdgs`ty, 688389
Vdi`kg
Xdkpod pdr squard e`okldtdr
6883 6882 6884 688> 6889
Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca 31 36 36 33 32
Dast As`a agb tjd Xac`n`c 119 11: 110 168 161
Dastdrg Durkpd agb Cdgtrao As`a 10 10 10 10 10
Oat`g Aldr`ca agb tjd Car`ffdag 69 69 69 6: 6:
L`bbod Dast agb Gkrtj Anr`ca 32 32 34 3> 3>
Kriag`sat`kg nkr Dckgkl`c
Ck-kpdrat`kg agb Bdvdokpldgt 31 31 31 36 36
Skurcd= Ykrob Fage Bdvdokpldgt Bata Xoatnkrl.
Rafod 1.6 Vkab Bdgs`ty
Vdi`kg @g tdrls kn IBX (6881) @g tdrls kn oagb arda (6888)
Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca 9.0: 09
Dast As`a agb tjd Xac`n`c 9.83 114
Dastdrg Durkpd agb Cdgtrao As`a 4.84 46
Oat`g Aldr`ca agb tjd Car`ffdag 6.:1 32
L`bbod Dast agb Gkrtj Anr`ca 6.11 26
Kriag`sat`kg nkr Dckgkl`c
Ck-kpdrat`kg agb Bdvdokpldgt 1.86 14
Skurcd= Autjkrs caocuoat`kgs fasdb kg bata nrkl tjd Ykrob Fages Bdvdokpldgt Bata Xoatnkrl agb tjd @gtdrga-
t`kgao Vkab Ndbdrat`kg.
Gktd= Vkab bdgs`ty `g tdrls kn IBX ldasurds gulfdr kn e`okldtdrs kn rkab 1,888,888/IBX5 agb rkab bdgs`ty `g
tdrls kn oagb arda ldasurds gulfdr kn e`okldtdrs kn rkab pdr 188 squard e`okldtdrs kn oagb arda.
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Rjd accuracy kn tjdsd twk assulpt`kgs `s `gcrdas`gioy fd`gi quds-
t`kgdb. A ckgt`guul kn `gtdirat`kg tk laredts prkfafoy dx`sts nkr lkstjkusdjkobs `g Anr`ca. Aotjkuij a rkab lay gkt fd passafod nkr cars, a
br`vdr lay, nkr `gstagcd, b`slkugt a lktkrcycod, waoe `t arkugb tjd trku-
fod spkt `g tjd rkab, agb tjdg ckgt`gud j`s kr jdr tr`p. Rjdrdnkrd, nrkl ag
dckgkl`c pdrspdct`vd, lkst rurao pkpuoat`kgs ardskldjkw ckggdctdb tk
laredts5 jkwdvdr, ckggdct`v`ty `s usuaooy ugbdrstkkb as d`tjdr 8 kr 1.12
Jdgcd, nrkl a pufo`c pko`cy pdrspdct`vd, gvdstldgts `g rkabs ckuob anndct
dckgkl`c bdvdokpldgt odss tjag dxpdctdb, fdcausd tragspkrt ckggdct`v-
`ty `s kgoy kgd cklpkgdgt kn rurao bdvdokpldgtagb skldt`lds gkt tjd
lkst `lpkrtagt kgd.14 Rj`s ckgt`guul kn `gtdirat`kg lay aosk dxpoa`g
wjy tjd lamkr `gvdstldgts skld ckugtr`ds javd labd `g rurao rkabs javd
na`odb tk rdbucd pkvdrty as lucj as dxpdctdb.
Ckgstruct`kg agb rdjaf`o`tat`kg kn rurao rkabs (sk tjat tjdy ard su`t-
afod nkr truces) javd crdatdb lamkr b`nn`cuot`ds fdcausd (a) sucj rkabs ard
@gtrkbuct`kg agb Kvdrv`dw 11
Odidgb
ugegkwg
aoo wdatjdr
na`r kr bry wdatjdr
Tgckvdrdb pkpuoat`kg
840
>8192
194322
324>20>481,803
Rktao pkp
Vkab typd
Lap 1.1 Tgckvdrdb Xkpuoat`kg `g S`drra Odkgd at 6-E`okldtdr Funndr, 6884
Skurcd= Autjkrs rdprdsdgtat`kg fasdb kg ikvdrgldgt skurcds.
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dxpdgs`vd tk fu`ob rdoat`vd tk tjd dckgkl`c bdvdokpldgt tjdy laed
pkss`fod5 (f) sucj rkabs ard dxpdgs`vd tk la`gta`g, agb `g tjd afsdgcd kn
agy susta`gafod nraldwkre nkr la`gtdgagcd, rkabs b`sappdar qu`td
qu`ceoy5 agb (c) rurao rkab `gnrastructurd `s usuaooy ugbdrusdb. A stuby
ckvdr`gi 48 v`ooaids `g Fure`ga Nask bdlkgstratdb tjat kn 29 rurao accdss
rkabs tk v`ooaids, 10 jab gk lktkr`zdb vdj`cod trann`c at aoo, bdsp`td @LR
trann`c kn up tk 648 f`cycods, 188 pdbdstr`ags, agb 188 lktkrcycods a bay
(FBXA agb Sajdo Ckgsuot 6883).
16 Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
Odidgb
Bdgs`ty pdr squard e`okldtdr
la`g rkabs (18-e`okldtdr funndr)
j`ij= >9,>92
okw= 8
Lap 1.6 Xkpuoat`kg Bdgs`ty agb Vkab Ckvdraid `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca at tjd
18-E`okldtdr Funndr, 6884
Skurcds= Vkabs= LAX8 batafasd, Anr`cag Bdvdokpldgt Fage Rrags-Anr`cag J`ijways stuby dst`latds, Anr`ca @gnra-
structurd Ckugtry B`aigkst`c ckggdct`v`ty agaoys`s, B`i`tao Cjart kn tjd Ykrob (rkab typds 1 agb 6)5 pkpuoat`kg=
Ir`bbdb Xkpuoat`kg kn tjd Ykrob agb Iokfao Vurao-Trfag Lapp`gi Xrkmdct 6884 dst`latds, Cdgtdr nkr @gtdrgat`kgao
Dartj Sc`dgcd @gnkrlat`kg Gdtwkre.
Gktd=Rjd foace o`gd rdprdsdgts tjd gat`kgao kr rdi`kgao rkab agb tjd 4 e`okldtdrs tk dacj s`bd kn tjd rkab.
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Rjd dckgkl`cs kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds javd usuaooy fddg gdiodctdb ugbdr
tjd assulpt`kg tjat a rkab `gvdstldgt tjat rdbucdb tjd vdj`cod kpdrat`gi
cksts nkr a truce wkuob autklat`caooy laed tragspkrt annkrbafod tk narldrs.
Jkwdvdr, pko`c`ds tjat rdoy kg tj`s assulpt`kg na`o tk dxpokrd tjd nact
tjat narldrs lay gkt fd afod tk annkrb tk usd a truce fdcausd kn a okw
air`cuoturao surpous agb tjat ckst sav`gis `g vdj`cod kpdrat`kg lay gkt fd
passdb kg tk narldrs kr ktjdr usdrs `g okwdr tragspkrt tar`nns fdcausd kn
cartdo`zat`kg kn tjd truce`gi `gbustry. A tjrdsjkob dnndct lay dx`st nkr
rkabs `g ardas w`tj okw dckgkl`c bdgs`ty5 tjdrdnkrd, tjd pkss`fod dnndcts
kn rurao rkabs kg dckgkl`c bdvdokpldgt lust fd qudst`kgdb. Ts`gi
ckugtry bata dxtractdb nrkl truce`gi survdys `g J`ijway BdvdokpldgtLkbdo-2 (JBL-2),1> Rdravag`gtjkrg agb Vafaooagb (688:) bdlkg-
stratdb tjat aokgi rkabs w`tj ndwdr tjag 148 truces, wj`cj `s tjd casd
aolkst dvdrywjdrd `g Ydst agb Cdgtrao Anr`ca, dckgkl`c v`af`o`ty kn
tjdsd rkabs `s prkfodlat`c.
Gktd tjat tjd dckgkl`c appra`sao kn la`g agb sdckgbary rkabs `s
currdgtoy carr`db kut us`gi rkab-poagg`gi lkbdos sucj as JBL-2.
Sucj lkbdos ard fasdb kg a part`ao dqu`o`fr`ul agaoys`s g wj`cj gvdst-
ldgt, la`gtdgagcd, agb tragspkrt ckst sav`gis ard fdo`dvdb tk capturdaoo tjd lamkr cksts agb fdgdn`ts kn a prkmdct. Aotjkuij skld aookwagcd
`s labd nkr ugpr`cdb dxtdrgao`t`ds sucj as rkab acc`bdgts agb dgv`rkg-
ldgtao dnndcts, tjd pr`gc`pao assulpt`kg `s kn a nuooy dlpokydb dckgkly
`g wj`cj pr`cds rdnodct tjd`r trud dckgkl`c kppkrtug`ty cksts. Rjd
apprkacj `s frkaboy accdptdb, gkt fdcausd kn a fdo`dn `g vao`b`ty kn tjd
assulpt`kgs, fut fdcausd kn tjd way tjat b`nndrdgt cksts agb fdgdn`ts cag
fd `bdgt`n`db agb cklpardb nkr b`nndrdgt prkmdct bds`igs (tjat `s, tjd
la`g strdgitj kn tjd apprkacj `s tjd way `g wj`cj b`nndrdgt prkmdcts cagfd das`oy cklpardb agb ragedb).
Rjd la`g prdb`ct`vd cklpkgdgts kn lkbdos o`ed tjd JBL-2 ard rkab
bdtdr`krat`kg agb la`gtdgagcd wkre dnndcts, tkidtjdr w`tj rkab-usdr
cksts. Lamkr `ssuds ar`sd w`tj prdb`ct`gi fktj rkab pdrnkrlagcd agb usdr
cksts. Lkrd ckllkgoy, rkab-poagg`gi lkbdos sucj as JBL-2 agb a s`l-
po`n`db lkbdo, Vkab Dckgkl`c Bdc`s`kg, nkr okw-vkould rkabs ard usdb
tk ldasurd cjagids `g tragspkrt cksts nrkl rkab `lprkvdldgts. Sucj
lkbdos dst`latd vdj`cod kpdrat`gi ckst cklpkgdgts (br`vdr agb passdgidr
t`ld sav`gis, nudo ckgsulpt`kg, bdprdc`at`kg, t`rd wdar, agb vdj`cod la`g-tdgagcd cksts) nrkl tjd rkab ao`igldgt, vdj`cod spddb, agb rkab rkuij-
gdss prdb`ct`kgs. Aotjkuij tjd lkbdo `s afod tk prdb`ct skld cklpkgdgts
rdoat`vdoy accuratdoy, tjd vao`b`ty kn tjd prdb`ct`kg kn vdj`cod la`gtdgagcd
cksts, wj`cj currdgtoy rdprdsdgt a lamkr part kn tjd fdgdn`ts kn rdbucdb
@gtrkbuct`kg agb Kvdrv`dw 13
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rkab rkuijgdss rdsuot`gi nrkl `lprkvdb rugg`gi surnacds, `s `gcrdas`gioy
`g bkuft. Dv`bdgcd `gb`catds tjat JBL-2 ckgs`bdrafoy kvdrprdb`cts vdj`-
cod la`gtdgagcd cksts (Cugb`oo, J`gd, agb Irddg`gi 1009). Lkrdkvdr,
trann`c idgdrat`kg, sucj as trann`c irkwtj agb `gbucdb trann`c, ard usuaooy
assuldb tk `lprkvd tjd dckgkl`c rdturg kn rkab prkmdcts.
Nkr rurao accdss kr nddbdr rkabs, wj`cj lay fd spdc`n`caooy bds`igdb
tk jdop bdvdokp ugbdrbdvdokpdb ardas, tjd dckgkl`c assulpt`kgs kn
part`ao dqu`o`fr`ul agaoys`s ard rdckig`zdb as nar odss o`edoy tk fd trud.
Rjd `lpkrtagcd kn dstafo`sj`gi accdss`f`o`ty nkr fktj skc`ao agb dck-
gkl`c rdaskgs `s sddg as cr`t`cao, agb ag agaoys`s fasdb kg tragspkrt ckst
sav`gis, part`cuoaroy nkr dx`st`gi trann`c, `s sddg as odss rdodvagt. Nkr tj`srdaskg, poagg`gi prkcdburds nkr okw-trann`cedb rkabs kntdg abkpt a ragid
kn ktjdr prkcdburds. Rjdsd `gcoubd tjd prkbucdrs surpous apprkacj
(Cargdlare, F`bdrlag, agb Fkvdt 109>) agb var`kus rage`gi agb scrddg-
`gi prkcdburds. Rjd la`g b`nn`cuoty w`tj tjd nkrldr apprkacj `s tjat ag
dlp`r`cao fas`s nkr nkrdcast`gi a cjagid `g air`cuoturao kutput nkookw`gi
rkab `gvdstldgt `s usuaooy vdry b`nn`cuot tk n`gb5 jdgcd, tjd prkcdburd `s
kpdg tk afusd fy pract`t`kgdrs.
Rjd N`gb`gis kn Rj`s Vdpkrt
Rae`gi `gtk acckugt currdgt egkwodbid, tj`s rdpkrt tdsts tjd nkookw`gi
jypktjdsds=
Jypktjds`s 1. Narldrs agb rurao jkusdjkobs rdqu`rd a l`g`lao trags-
pkrt sdrv`cd agb `gnrastructurd tk fd ckggdctdb tk laredts, wj`cj
ldags tjat kpdg`gi gdw rurao rkabs sjkuob gkt fd ag kfmdct`vd `glkst rurao ardas `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca.
Jypktjds`s 6. Fdttdr laredt `gtdirat`kg kn rurao jkusdjkobs bdpdgbs
kg a b`nndrdgt`atdb l`x fdtwddg `gvdstldgt `g `gnrastructurd agb sup-
pkrt nkr tjd bdvdokpldgt kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds. Rj`s l`x bdpdgbs
la`goy kg dckgkl`c bdgs`ty agb co`lat`c ckgb`t`kgs.
Ts`gi bata ckoodctdb nrkl var`kus skurcds `g tjd sdodctdb ckugtr`ds, tjd
stuby bdlkgstratds tjat nrkl a ckst-fdgdn`t pdrspdct`vd, tjd abb`t`kgao
ckst kn dxtdgb`gi ag aoo-wdatjdr rkab 6 lkrd e`okldtdrs tk tjd narldrsbkkr kutwd`ijs tjd fdgdn`ts `g lkst casds. Nkr tjd sdodctdb 63 Suf-
Sajarag Anr`cag ckugtr`ds, a rdcdgt stuby n`gbs tjat rdacj`gi ag VA@
vaoud kn 48 pdrcdgt wkuob fd fdykgb tjd n`gagc`ao rdskurcds kn lagy
ckugtr`ds (`gcoub`gi aoo pkstckgno`ct ckugtr`ds),19 wjdrdas tjd avdraid vaoud
12 Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
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`g ktjdr Fage rdi`kgs `s kg tjd krbdr kn >4 pdrcdgt aordaby (Carrutjdrs,
Er`sjgalag`, agb Lurray 688:5 sdd aosk tafod 1.2).1: Lkrdkvdr, tj`s
apprkacj lay prkvd tk fd ckstoy as wdoo as uggdcdssary agb `gdnndct`vd
(V`vdrskg agb Carapdt`s 10015 Staredy 6881).
Rj`s rdpkrt sjkws tjat a kgd-s`zd-n`ts-aoo apprkacj `s gkt dnndct`vd `g
abbrdss`gi tjd prkfodls kn aoo rdi`kgs kn Anr`cag ckugtr`ds.10 Ikvdrgldgts
agb bdvdokpldgt partgdrs prkfafoy gddb tk abkpt ag apprkacj tjat
suppo`ds tjd apprkpr`atd rkab nkr a rurao arda, rdao`z`gi tjat a oarid la`g
rkab lay gkt fd rdqu`rdb, bdpdgb`gi kg tjd dckgkl`c pktdgt`ao kn tjd
rdi`kg. Rjdy lust rdckig`zd tjat okw prkbuct`kg ldags gk cklpdt`-
t`kg. Cklpdt`t`kg fdtwddg trucedrs `s v`rtuaooy `lpkss`fod tk acj`dvd attjd okwdst odvdo kn prkbuct`kg fdcausd kn j`ij r`se agb okw rdturgs.
Yjdg tjd prkbuct`kg odvdo `s odss tjag tjd l`g`lul gddbdb tk ckvdr
tjd lari`gao ckst, a trucedr caggkt ckvdr `ts (lari`gao) cksts5 tjdrdnkrd,
ckgv`gc`gi sdvdrao truce kpdratkrs tk sdoo tjd`r sdrv`cd `s v`rtuaooy `lpks-
s`fod. Nkr okw-vkould prkbuct`kg, cklpdt`t`kg fdtwddg trucedrs `s
w`sjnuo tj`ge`gi, agb v`rtuaooy gktj`gi cag fd bkgd tk dgsurd cklpdt`-
t`kg fdtwddg truce kpdratkrs (sdd cjaptdr 3).
Xko`cy rdcklldgbat`kgs kn tj`s rdpkrt spag var`kus sdctkrs agb puf-o`c pko`c`ds. Cjaptdr > bdscr`fds edy pr`gc`pods tjat pko`cy laedrs
sjkuob eddp `g l`gb wjdg poagg`gi rkabs `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca.
Jkwdvdr, tjdrd `s a gddb tk b`st`giu`sj fdtwddg pko`cy rdcklldgba-
t`kgs nkr bdvdokpldgt partgdrs agb pko`cy rdcklldgbat`kgs nkr ckugtry
knn`c`aos.
Xko`cy Vdcklldgbat`kgs nkr Bdvdokpldgt Xartgdrs
Rjd rdcklldgbat`kgs tjat nkookw ard `gtdgbdb spdc`n`caooy nkr bdvdokp-
ldgt partgdrs.
@gtrkbuct`kg agb Kvdrv`dw 14
Rafod 1.2 Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Gddbs nkr 63 Suf-Sajarag Anr`cag Ckugtr`ds
ugbdr Fasd agb Xrailat`c Scdgar`ks, 688:
Fasd scdgar`k Xrailat`c scdgar`k
@gvdstldgt
gddbs/IBX
@gvdstldgtgddbs/tktao
`gvdstldgt
@gvdstldgt
gddbs/IBX
@gvdstldgtgddbs/tktao
`gvdstldgt
Vdst kn coass`n`db gdtwkre 8.9 6:.4 8.4 33.4
Tgcoass`n`db agb VA@ 8.9 64.6 8.6 16.0
Skurcd= Carrutjdrs, Er`sjgalag`, agb Lurray 688:.
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Vdv`sd tjd VA@ kr @ts F`gb`gi XkwdrLamkr `gvdstldgts `g rurao rkabs ckst f`oo`kgs kn bkooars, ydt tjdy bk gkt
lddt dxpdctat`kgs. Rragspkrt `s kgoy kgd cklpkgdgt tk rdbuc`gi pkvdrty
`g rurao ardas. Rjd 6-e`okldtdr funndr `s gkt ag dckgkl`c tjrdsjkob.
Lkrdkvdr, fdcausd lkst rurao jkusdjkobs ard okcatdb ndwdr tjag 4 e`ok-
ldtdrs nrkl a (gkg-aoo-wdatjdr) rkab agb fdcausd rkab passaf`o`ty `s gkt
a lamkr ckgs`bdrat`kg nkr slaoo narldrs (dxcdpt `g tjd casd kn fr`bids kr
tuggdos), tjd oast l`od kn pufo`c rkabs gddb gkt fd su`tafod nkr slaoo
truces`g lkst casds, `gnrastructurd nkr lktkrcycods `s sunn`c`dgt. Rj`s
rdpkrt prkpksds rdv`s`gi tjd VA@ tk laed `t f`gb`gi nkr a funndr zkgd kn
4 e`okldtdrs nrkl a rkab. Sucj a rdv`s`kg wkuob dgsurd tjat lkst rdlktdckllug`t`ds ard gkt odnt fdj`gb fut wkuob prdvdgt kvdr`gvdstldgt kr
tjd idgdrat`kg kn ag ugsusta`gafod rkab gdtwkre.
Fdttdr Ra`okr @gtdrvdgt`kgs agb Fd Lkrd @ggkvat`vdBdvdokpldgt partgdrs sjkuob rdao`zd tjat a 9-ldtdr la`g rkab `s gkt
rdqu`rdb `g lkst rurao ardas `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca. Skld p`okts sjkuob fd
suppkrtdb okcaooy tk pktdgt`aooy lddt tjd bdlagb nkr @LR (aotjkuij agy
succdss lay gkt fd rdpo`cafod `g agktjdr rdi`kg kr ckugtry).
Lkg`tkr Aookcat`kg tk Vkab La`gtdgagcd,Dspdc`aooy nkr Vurao VkabsSdr`kus dnnkrts javd fddg ugbdrtaedg tk rdjaf`o`tatd agb skldt`lds
dxpagb okw-vkould rkab gdtwkres. Gkwabays, skld ikvdrgldgts ard `g
a b`nn`cuot pks`t`kg as nar as la`gtdgagcd `s ckgcdrgdb. @gcdgt`vds sjkuob
fd bdvdokpdb tk nkrcd ikvdrgldgts tk aookcatd nugbs tk la`gta`g tjd
dx`st`gi rkab gdtwkre `gstdab kn rdiuoaroy n`gagc`gi rkab rdjaf`o`tat`kgagb gdtwkre dxpags`kg (`gbucdb fy tjd stratdiy tk nuon`oo tjd VA@ dvdry-
wjdrd `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca).68
Xrkv`bd Ass`stagcd tk @lprkvd @gvdstldgtStratdi`ds `g Vurao VkabsVkab `gvdstldgt stratdi`ds sjkuob fd rdv`sdb `g lagy ckugtr`ds us`gi
gdw tkkos, sucj as spat`ao dckgkl`cs agb satdoo`td `lai`gi, tk `gcrdasd tjd
dnn`c`dgcy kn sucj `gvdstldgts.
Nkcus Lkrd kg tjd L`ss`gi L`bbod agb FdttdrCkkrb`gatd @gtdrvdgt`kgsRjd sdckgbary gdtwkre jas okgi fddg nkrikttdg agb `s v`tao tk o`ge`gi
la`g (truge) rkabs w`tj rurao rkabs. Rjd oast l`od sjkuob gkt fd a rkab
1> Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
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kg gdtwkre kwgdrsj`p agb gkt tjd dckgkl`c nugct`kg kn tjd rkab.
Lkrdkvdr, `g sdvdrao ckugtr`ds, rurao rkab `gvdstldgts ard tjd lagbatd kn
tjd l`g`stry kn air`cuoturd kr, `g bdcdgtrao`zdb ckugtr`ds, okcao autjkr`t`ds,
wjdrdas tjd la`g agb sdckgbary gdtwkres ard a lagbatd kn tjd l`g`stry kn
pufo`c wkres. Y`tjkut ckkrb`gat`kg fdtwddg pufo`c wkres knn`c`aos agb
air`cuoturao agb okcao autjkr`t`ds, tjd dnndcts kn rurao rkab rdjaf`o`tat`kg lay
fd sdvdrdoy o`l`tdb fdcausd tjd l`g`stry kn pufo`c wkres lay bdc`bd tk aook-
catd nugb`gi tk ktjdr parts kn tjd gdtwkre `g ktjdr rdi`kgs (sdd fkx 1.1).
Abmust Stratdi`ds tk Raed `gtk Acckugt Air`cuoturao
Xktdgt`ao agb Xrkbuct`kgRj`s oast pko`cy rdcklldgbat`kg `s dspdc`aooy `lpkrtagt. Bdsp`td b`s-
ckursd, currdgt stratdi`ds rdoatdb tk `gvdstldgt `g rurao rkabs bk gkt
taed `gtk acckugt air`cuoturao pktdgt`ao agb currdgt prkbuct`kg. Rj`s
stuby bdlkgstratds tjat `g skld rdi`kgs, tjd air`cuoturao pktdgt`ao cag
1: Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
Fkx 1.1
Ag Dxalpod kn Oace kn Ckkrb`gatdb @gtdrvdgt`kgsfdtwddg L`g`str`ds
@g tjd Ldld b`v`s`kg `g tjd Skutj-Ydst rdi`kg kn Caldrkkg, tjd Skutj Ydst
Bdvdokpldgt Autjkr`ty (SKYDBA) `s gkw `lpodldgt`gi a prkmdct, tjd Vulp`
Arda Xart`c`patkry Bdvdokpldgt Xrkmdct, a`ldb at rurao bdvdokpldgt. Kn CNAN
:.4 f`oo`kg (kvdr TS$19 l`oo`kg) scjdbuodb nkr tjd prkmdct `g tjd n`rst ydar, lkrd
tjag jaon w`oo fd bdb`catdb tk tjd rdjaf`o`tat`kg kn rurao rkabs. At tjd dgb kn tjd
prkmdct, lkrd tjag 638 e`okldtdrs kn rurao rkabs sjkuob fd rdjaf`o`tatdb. Rwk
la`g prkfodls rdla`g. N`rst, tjd gat`kgao gdtwkre (o`gedb tk tjd rurao rkabs tk fd
rdjaf`o`tatdb) s g tjd sald ckgb`t`kg as tjd rurao rkabs agb s sufmdct tk nrdqudgt
rkab coks`gis tk vdj`cods. Gdvdrtjdodss, tjd L`g`stry kn Xufo`c Ykres, wj`cj `s `g
cjarid kn tj`s gdtwkre, bkds gkt aookcatd sunn`c`dgt nugbs tk eddp `t `g ikkb ckg-
b`t`kg. Sdckgb, bkgkr nugbs nkr SKYDBA caggkt ckgtr`futd tk tjd rdjaf`o`tat`kg
kn tjd gat`kgao gdtwkre `g Ldld b`v`s`kg fdcausd tjd prkmdct was s`igdb w`tj
tjd L`g`stry kn Air`cuoturd agb Vurao Bdvdokpldgt agb `ts lagbatd `s tk rdjaf`o`-
tatd kgoy rurao rkabs. Rjd r`se `s tjat at tjd dgb kn tjd prkmdct rurao rkabs lay fd
nuooy rdjaf`o`tatdb, ydt nrdqudgt cuts lay st`oo dx`st `g tjd sdckgbary gdtwkre.
Jdgcd, tjd `gcrdasdb air`cuoturao prkbuct`kg wkuob gkt rdacj c`t`ds fdcausd kn
tjd pkkr ckgb`t`kg kn tjd sdckgbary gdtwkre.
Skurcd= Iuy Edltskps `gtdrv`dw.
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9. Jkwdvdr, tj`s stuby lay oay tjd irkugbwkre nkr nurtjdr stub`ds fasdb kg rag-
bkl`zdb dxpdr`ldgts kn `lprkvdb tragspkrt sdrv`cds `g rurao ardas.
:. @g nact, tjd s`lpod rdirdss`kg lkbdo tjdy usd tk `ooustratd tjd ckrrdoatds kn
tragspkrtat`kg cksts bdlkgstratds tjat b`stagcd `s a s`ig`n`cagt bdtdrl`gagt kn
tragspkrt`gi 48 e`okirals kn r`cd tk tjd gdardst lamkr c`ty. A luot`ckoo`gdar`ty
prkfodl tjdg ar`sds agb lay f`as rdsuots.
0. Rj`s n`gb`gi ckuob odab tk f`asdb dst`latds. Rk bdao w`tj tj`s prkfodl, sdvdrao
papdrs fy Nag agb ckoodaiuds stuby tjd `lpact kn b`nndrdgt typds kn pufo`c
dxpdgb`turds kg irkwtj agb pkvdrty rdbuct`kg agb prkv`bd a structurao lkbdo
kn tjd pkvdrty-rkab rdoat`kgsj`p (Nag agb Cjag-Eagi 68825 Nag, Jazdoo, agb
Rjkrat 68885 Nag, ]jagi, agb ]jagi 6886). Rjdy dst`latd s`luotagdkusdquat`kg systdls kg pagdo bata aiirdiatdb nrkl jkusdjkob survdys agb bdlkg-
stratd tjat rurao rkab `gvdstldgts rage j`ij `g tdrls kn pkvdrty rdbuct`kg
cklpardb w`tj ktjdr nkrls kn ikvdrgldgt dxpdgb`turd.
18. Rj`s n`gb`gi lay fd bud tk a pks`t`vd ckrrdoat`kg fdtwddg tjdsd twk travdo`gi
t`lds, fdcausd accdss tk jdaotj agb dbucat`kg nac`o`t`ds bdpdgbs kg accdss tk
tragspkrt.
11. @LR ard b`vdrsd agb dgcklpass, alkgi ktjdr tj`gis, f`cycods, ag`lao-brawg
carts, agb okcao tax`s.
16. Appdgb`x C sullar`zds Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt Vdpkrts pko`cy nraldwkre nkr
tjd gat`kgao b`ldgs`kg.
13. Rjd tjrdsjkob lay kccur wjdg ckugtr ds attdlpt n`scao tragsndrs nrkl odab-
`gi tk oaii`gi ardas. Sucj tragsndrs lay crdatd n`scao bdpdgbdgcy agb lay b`s-
ckuraid `gbdpdgbdgt bdvdokpldgt. Abb`t`kgaooy, tjd rdstr`ct`kg kn tjd
lkvdldgt kn ikkbs agb pdkpod lay causd `gdnn`c`dgt dckgkl`c act`v`ty (tjat
`s, bupo`cat`kg kn prkbuct`kg agb j`ijdr pr`cds). Rjdrdnkrd,Ykrob Bdvdokpldgt
Vdpkrt 6880 (Ykrob Fage 6880c) rdcklldgbs tjat ckugtr`ds `gvdst `g tjd
pdkpod `g oaii`gi ardas wj`od `gvdst`gi `g tjd poacd `g odab`gi ardas. Rj`s ckl-f`gat`kg prkv`bds pdkpod `g oaii`gi ardas w`tj dbucat`kg tk dgjagcd tjd`r
kppkrtug`t`ds. Ldagwj`od, tjd `lprkvdb `gnrastructurd w`oo aookw lkf`o`ty kn
pdkpod, ikkbs, agb `gnkrlat`kg tk agb nrkl tjd odab`gi arda.
12. @n a patj kr tra`o cag dgsurd o`l`tdb ckggdct`v`ty, `t `s cruc`ao `g tdrls kn puf-
o`c spdgb`gi. Rjd ckst kn a 6-ldtdr-w`bd ugpavdb patj kr tra`o nkr f`cycods was
dst`latdb at odss tjag 18 pdrcdgt kn tjd ckst kn a >-ldtdr-w`bd aoo-wdatjdr
rurao rkab nkr lktkr`zdb tragspkrt (V`vdrskg agb Carapdt`s 1001).
14. @g tjd casd kn Fure`ga Nask, Vu`ms, Scjwd`ilag, agb Outz (6882) n`gb tjat tjd
b`rdct dnndct kn tragspkrt ckst rdbuct`kgs kg tjd pr`cd kn nkkb, sucj as cdrdaos,rdqu`rds skld guagcd agb tdlpdrdb dxpdctat`kgs, gktafoy fdcausd kn tjd
kriag`zat`kg kn laredts.
1>. J`ijway Bdvdokpldgt Lkbdo-2 `s tjd lkst w`bdsprdab lkbdo usdb tk mus-
t`ny tjd dckgkl`c v`af`o`ty kn rkab `gvdstldgts.
@gtrkbuct`kg agb Kvdrv`dw 61
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19. Nkr dxalpod, Fure`ga Nask jab ag VA@ vaoud kn 64 pdrcdgt `g 6883, agb
Caldrkkg jab ag VA@ kn 66 pdrcdgt `g 6886.
1:. @lprkvdldgts ckuob `gcoubd ckgvdrt`gi bry-sdaskg rkabs `gtk aoo-sdaskg
rkabs, spkt trdat`gi pktjkods, kr `gcrdas`gi tjd bra`gaid kg iravdo rkabs.
10. Ckgtrary tk tjd stuby kg tragspkrt cksts agb pr`cds aokgi `gtdrgat`kgao ckrr`-
bkrs (Rdravag`gtjkrg agb Vafaooagb 688:), tj`s stuby nkugb gk spdc`n`c`t`ds g
tdrls kn rdiuoat`kg kn tragspkrt sdrv`cds pdr sufrdi`kg5 tjdrdnkrd, b`st`gct`kgs
fdtwddg sufrdi`kgs ard gkt rdodvagt. B`nndrdgcds `g co`lat`c ckgb`t`kgs agb `g
pkpuoat`kg bdgs`ty sddl tk javd j`ijdr dxpoagatkry pkwdr kg tjd `lpact kn
okw-vkould rkabs.
68. Vkab la`gtdgagcd cag fd coass`n`db as nkookws=
Vkut`gd la`gtdgagcd ckvdrs slaoo-scaod wkres ckgbuctdb rdiuoaroy. @t a`ls
tk dgsurd tjd ba`oy passaf`o`ty agb sandty kn dx`st`gi rkabs `g tjd sjkrt rug
agb tk prdvdgt prdlaturd bdtdr`krat`kg kn tjd rkabs (X@AVC 1002).
Nrdqudgcy kn act`v`t`ds var`ds fut `s idgdraooy kgcd kr lkrd a wdde kr
lkgtj. Ryp`cao act`v`t`ds `gcoubd rkabs`bd vdrid codar`gi agb irass cutt`gi,
codag`gi kn s`otdb b`tcjds agb cuovdrts, patcj`gi, agb pktjkod rdpa`r. Nkr
iravdo rkabs, `t lay `gcoubd irab`gi dvdry s`x lkgtjs.
Xdr`kb`c la`gtdgagcd, wj`cj ckvdrs act`v`t`ds kg a sdct`kg kn rkab at rdiuoaragb rdoat`vdoy okgi `gtdrvaos, a`ls tk prdsdrvd tjd structurao `gtdir`ty kn
tjd rkab (jttp=//wdf.wkrobfage.kri/YFS@RD/DZRDVGAO/RKX@CS/
DZRRVAGSXKVR/DZRVKABSJ@IJYAPS/8,,ckgtdgtLBE=6840>412
~ldguXE=129>3:8~paidXE=12:04>~p`XE=61>>1:~tjdS`tdXE=33:>>1,88
.jtlo). Rjdsd kpdrat`kgs tdgb tk fd oarid scaod agb rdqu`rd spdc`ao`zdb
dqu`pldgt agb se`oodb pdrskggdo. Rjdy ckst lkrd tjag rkut`gd la`gtdgagcd
wkres agb rdqu`rd spdc`n`c `bdgt`n`cat`kg agb poagg`gi nkr `lpodldgtat`kg
agb kntdg bds`ig. Act`v`t`ds cag fd coass`n`db as prdvdgt`vd, rdsurnac`gi, kvdr-
oay, agb pavdldgt rdckgstruct`kg. Vdsdao`gi agb kvdroay wkres ard idgdraooyugbdrtaedg `g rdspkgsd tk ldasurdb bdtdr`krat`kg `g rkab ckgb`t`kgs. Nkr a
pavdb rkab, rdpav`gi `s gddbdb afkut dvdry d`ijt ydars5 nkr a iravdo rkab,
rdiravdo`gi `s gddbdb afkut dvdry tjrdd ydars.
Tridgt la`gtdgagcd `s ugbdrtaedg nkr rdpa`rs tjat caggkt fd nkrdsddg fut
tjat rdqu`rd `lldb`atd attdgt`kg, sucj as ckooapsdb cuovdrts kr oagbso`bds
tjat fokce a rkab (Furg`gijal agb Stagedv`cj 6884).
61. Lkrdkvdr, tjd ckgb`t`kg kn tjd o`ge fdtwddg ckrr`bkrs agb tjd sdckgbary gdt-
wkre sjkuob fd `gvdst`iatdb wjdg bdc`s`kgs ard labd tk upirabd kr rdjaf`o`-
tatd ckrr`bkrs.
66 Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
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o`l`tdb pokt s`zd, fdttdr accdss tk rurao rkabs bkds gkt dgafod narldrs tk
sj`nt nrkl `gtdrldb`atd ldags kn tragspkrt tk truces (ugodss tjdy ckgsko-
`batd tjd`r prkbuct`kg w`tj tjat kn ktjdr slaoo narldrs), wj`cj `s kgd kn
tjd lkst `lpkrtagt nactkrs odab`gi tk `gcrdasdb `gckld idgdrat`kg.
Lkrdkvdr, susta`gaf`o`ty kn sucj `gvdstldgts `s at staed5 tjdrdnkrd, tjd
rkab `gvdstldgt stratdiy sjkuob prkfafoy fd fdttdr abmustdb tk narldrs
tragspkrt rdqu`rdldgts. Rjdsd n`gb`gis ckgcur w`tj tjksd kn Irf agb
Ir`ll (688:), wjk bdcklpksd tjd skurcds kn spat`ao b`spar`t`ds `g
`gcklds alkgi jkusdjkobs `g Fure`ga Nask agb sjkw tjat spat`ao b`spar-
`t`ds ard br`vdg oaridoy fy b`spar`t`ds `g ckllug`ty dgbkwldgts. Rjdsd
n`gb`gis aosk ckgn`rl rdsdarcj `g Ragzag`a sjkw`gi tjat rurao pkvdrty `swdaeoy rdoatdb tk rdlktdgdss (L`gkt 6889).
@s @lpassaf`o`ty Lkrd afkut Xdrcdpt`kg Rjag Vdao`ty;
Skld jkusdjkobs lay v`dw `lpassaf`o`ty kn rkabs as tjd `gaf`o`ty tk usd
a rkab nkr wjatdvdr rdaskg (usuaooy rdoatdb tk wdatjdr-`gbucdb `ssuds).
Ktjdrs lay pdrcd`vd `lpassaf`o`ty as jav`gi tk gav`iatd arkugb tjd rkab
tk ckgt`gud a mkurgdy. B`nndr`gi `gtdrprdtat`kgs kn tjd wkrb passaf`o`tycag rdsuot `g stare b`nndrdgcds `g agswdrsb`nndrdgcds tjat cag appdar
fdtwddg ckugtr`ds as wdoo as w`tj`g ckugtr`ds.
Rafod 6.1 prdsdgts bdscr`pt`vd stat`st`cs kg tjd gulfdr bays kn `lpass-
af`o`ty nkr tjd b`str`cts kr rdi`kgs kn tjd tjrdd ckugtr`ds stub`db. Aosk
`gcoubdb `s tjd avdraid ydaroy ra`gnaoo pdr b`str`ct kr rdi`kg (wj`cj rdprd-
sdgts tjd pktdgt`ao nkr `lpassafod rkabs fdcausd kn wasjkuts) agb tjd
ikvdrgldgt (ugpavdb) rkab `gnrastructurd `gvdstldgt pdr e`okldtdr
(wj`cj `s a prkxy nkr rkab ckgb`t`kg, i`vdg tjat `g tjd rurao ardas `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca, ugpavdb rkabs prdbkl`gatd).
Rafod 6.1 dgafods a cklpar`skg kn pdrcdpt`kg agb rdao`ty. Kg kgd jagb,
`g tjd Ldld b`str`ct kn Caldrkkg, tjd avdraid ra`gnaoo `s 6,:88 l`oo`ld-
tdrs pdr ydartjd j`ijdst kn agy kn tjd ardas stub`dbfut tjd gulfdr kn
bays kn `lpassaf`o`ty `s rdpkrtdb as zdrk (aotjkuij `gvdstldgts javd fddg
l`g`lao). Aotjkuij a rkab lay fd `lpassafod nkr cars agb dvdg lktkr-
cycods, a br`vdr lay, nkr gstagcd, b`slkugt tjd lktkrcycod, waoe t arkugb
tjd trkufod spkt `g tjd rkab, agb tjdg ckgt`gud j`s kr jdr tr`p.3 Kg tjd
ktjdr jagb, tjd Cdgtrd-Gkrb rdi`kg `g Fure`ga Nask rdcd`vds kgd kn tjdokwdst alkugts kn ra`g pdr ydarkg avdraid, >>2 l`oo`ldtdrs. Dvdg w`tj
tjd okw `gc`bdgcd kn ra`g, `lpassaf`o`ty was rdpkrtdb as j`ij `g tjrdd
lkgtjs kn tjd ydar.
62 Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
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Dvdg cklpar`skgs w`tj`g ckugtr`ds rdsuot `g oarid b`nndrdgcds, a n`gb`gi
tjat rd`gnkrcds tjd assulpt`kg tjat b`nndrdgt pdkpod pdrcd`vd `lpassaf`o-
`ty b`nndrdgtoy. @g tjd casd kn Rkrkrk b`str`ct `g Tiagba, 0 kn tjd 36 kfsdr-
vat`kgs rdpkrtdb zdrk bays kn `lpassaf`o`ty, wjdrdas tjd lax`lul
rdpkrtdb `s :2 bays. Lkrdkvdr, tjd Vurao Accdss @gbdx (VA@) `s dxtrdldoy
j`ij `g Rkrkrk, agb gkt a s`giod v`ooaid `s lkrd tjag > e`okldtdrs nrkl a
la`g rkab.
Rjdrdnkrd, wjat skld pdkpod pdrcd`vd as ag `lpassafod rkab `s gkt
sk ckgs`bdrdb fy ktjdrs. Nrkl ag dckgkl`c pdrspdct`vd, tj`s n`gb`gi
aosk bdlkgstratds tjat rkab passaf`o`tydspdc`aooy `g rdoat`kg tk
tragspkrt fy lktkrcycod`s lucj fdttdr tjag kgd usuaooy dxpdcts,agb lagy rurao pdkpod ard dckgkl`caooy ckggdctdb tk laredts `g
skld laggdr.
Lkrdkvdr, nrkl a pufo`c pko`cy pdrspdct`vd, fdcausd kn tjd var`kus
pdrcdpt`kgs kn `lpassaf`o`ty, guldrkus pdrcdpt`kgs dx`st kn wjat
sjkuob fd tjd l`g`lao odvdo kn passaf`o`ty. Rjd VA@ jas attdlptdb tk
assuld away tjd `ssud kn rkab ckgb`t`kg fy us`gi aoo-sdaskg rkab `g
`ts bdn`g`t`kg, fut ckgcdrgs st`oo dx`st. Ag aoo-sdaskg rkab`s a iravdo kr
f`tuldg-pavdb rkab tjat `s passafod aoo ydar fy tjd prdva`o`gi ldags knrurao tragspkrt (kntdg a p`ceup truce kr a truce tjat bkds gkt javd nkur-
wjddo br`vd). Xrdb`ctafod `gtdrrupt`kgs kn sjkrt burat`kg bur`gi
`gcodldgt wdatjdr (sucj as jdavy ra`gnaoo) ard accdptafod, part`cuoaroy
kg okw-vkould rkabs. Jkwdvdr, rdacj`gi a ckgsdgsus kg prdb`ctafod
`gtdrrupt`kgs kn sjkrt burat`kg `s skldt`lds b`nn`cuot. Jdgcd, prkpdroy
bdn`g`gi agb nuooy bkculdgt`gi rkab ckgb`t`kgs `s cr`t`cao wjdg kgd
`s caocuoat`gi tjd VA@. Dvdg lkrd `lpkrtagt nrkl ag dckgkl`c pdr-
spdct`vd, jkwdvdr, `s tjat aotjkuij ag aoo-sdaskg rkab lay fdckldugusafod tk truces, f`cycods agb lktkrcycods lay fd afod tk lagduvdr
arkugb trkufodb ardas.
Yjdg Bkds tjd Rjrdsjkob kn Vkab AccdssO`l`t tjd @lpact kn @skoat`kg;
Rj`s sdct`kg prdsdgts rdsuots kn jkusdjkob survdy agaoys`s us`gi twk
cklpodldgtary apprkacjds= nkr dacj sdodctdb ckugtry (wjdg pkss`-
fod), `t prdsdgts (a) rdsuots kn tjd gat`kgao jkusdjkob survdys tk assdss
apprkx`latdoy jkw ckgstra`g`gi tragspkrt accdss `s kg jkusdjkob ckg-
sulpt`kg agb (f) rdsuots kn jkusdjkob survdys ckll`ss`kgdb, wj`cj
assdss `g bdta`o jkw strkgi tjd tragspkrt ckgstra`gt `s kg air`cuoturao
`gckld.2,4
6> Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
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Casd Stuby= Tiagba
Ag agaoys`s fasdb kg Tiagbag gat`kgao jkusdjkob survdys. Fy agaoyz-
`gi jkusdjkob survdys, kgd cag bdlkgstratd ag kvdraoo bkwgwarb trdgb
kn ckgsulpt`kg as pdkpod lkvd nartjdr away nrkl laredts `g fktj t`ld
agb b`stagcd. Lkrdkvdr, kg avdraid, ckgsulpt`kg `s tjd j`ijdst coksdr tk
tjd oarid c`t`ds agb laredts fut sjarpoy bdco`gds nkr tjksd jkusdjkobs
lkrd tjag 2.4 e`okldtdrs b`stagt.
Jkwdvdr, tjd p`cturd `s lkrd cklpodx tjag tj`s n`gb`gi. A
b`stagcdtragspkrt t`ld cd`o`gi appdars tk dx`st= `gckld idgdrat`kg `s
lari`gaooy ckgstra`gdb fdykgb kgd bays waoe`gi b`stagcd nrkl tjd lar-
edts. Lkrdkvdr, tjd lkbd kn tragspkrtat`kg bkds gkt rdaooy javd ag `lpactkg `gckld, prkfafoy fdcausd tragspkrt `s kgoy kgd cklpkgdgt kn jkusd-
jkobs air`cuoturao `gckld.
Nkookw`gi `s a sullary kn tjd rdsuots kn tjd agaoys`s ckgbuctdb tk
bdtdrl`gd tjd rdoat`kgsj`ps fdtwddg t`ld agb jkusdjkob ckgsulp-
t`kg `g Tiagba.> Rjd structurd kn tjd qudst`kgga`rd o`l`tdb tjd dvao-
uat`kg pkss`fod fdcausd tragspkrtat`kg qudst`kgs rdoatdb tk tjd laredt
wdrd gkt asedb kn tjksd o`v`gi w`tj a laredt `g tjd`r ckllug`ty.9
Kgd cag kfsdrvd tjd bkwgwarb trdgb `g ldag ckgsulpt`kg as jkusd-jkobs lkvd nartjdr nrkl tjd gdardst oarid c`ty (pkpuoat`kg irdatdr tjag
6,888 `gjaf`tagts5 sdd tafod 6.6). Aosk prdsdgt `s tjd rdoat`vd mulp `g
ldag ckgsulpt`kg fdtwddg tjd n`rst qu`gt`od agb tjd sdckgb qu`gt`od
(up tk 2.4 e`okldtdrs), wj`cj `s tjd oaridst b`nndrdgcd fdtwddg agy
twk qu`gt`ods (2.:>). Rjdsd n`gb`gis ard s`l`oar tk tjksd rdpkrtdb `g
Labaiascar fy St`ndo agb L`gtdg (688:), wjk n`gb dv`bdgcd kn a
strkgi, pks`t`vd rdoat`kgsj`p fdtwddg `skoat`kg agb pkvdrty. Rjdy aosk
gktd tjat tjd oaridst iap `g pdr cap`ta ckgsulpt`kg agb `g tjd pkvdrty
Yjat Sjkuob tjd Kfmdct`vd Fd tk S`ig n`cagtoy Vdbucd @skoat`kg `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca; 69
Rafod 6.6 Vagid kn tjd B`stagcd Qu`gt`ods agb tjd Ldag Ckgsulpt`kg
kn tjd Qu`gt`ods `g Tiagba, 68848>
Qu`gt`od kn b`stagcd
Vagid kn b`stagcd
fy qu`gt`od (e`okldtdrs)
Ldag kn tktao
ckgsulpt`kg fy qu`gt`od
(T Sj tjkusagb)
1 8.1142.480 6:.1466 2.41616.083 63.603
3 16.08210.:0: 68.1:>
2 10.:0038.::3 10.989
4 38.08694.183 68.612
Skurcd= Tiagbag Gat`kgao Jkusdjkob Survdy 68848>.
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ratd cklds fdtwddg tjd odast `skoatdb (n`rst qu`gt`od) agb tjd sdckgb
qu`gt`od.
Ag agaoys`s fasdb kg jkusdjkob survdys `g tjrdd Tiagbag b`str`cts.
Rafod 6.3 prdsdgts skld bdtdrl`gagts kn jkusdjkob `gckld bdr`vdb nrkl
saods kn air`cuoturao prkbucts. Rj`s sdct`kg usds bata ckoodctdb `g tjd tjrdd
p`okt b`str`cts sdodctdb (sdd fkx 6.1 nkr bdta`os kg bata ckoodct`kg).:
Rjd appardgt parabkx o`ds `g tjd nact tjat tjd 6-e`okldtdr b`stagcd
nrkl a rkab `s gkt ag dckgkl`c tjrdsjkob fdcausd o`v`gi nartjdr tjag
6: Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
Rafod 6.3 Rragspkrt Bdtdrl`gagts kn @gckld Bdr`vdb nrkl Air`cuoturao Saods
`g Tiagba, 688:80
Bdpdgbdgt var`afod= casj `gckld nrkl air`cuoturao saods (T Sj tjkusagb)
Fas`c Ckgtrkos Bdgs`ty
Rkrkrk
b`str`ct
Irdatdr tjag
6 e`okldtdrs
Sdoo b`rdct 148.>3:*** 122.229*** 12:.069*** 162.681*** 16>.680***
(30.>90) (28.198) (30.:84) (30.634) (30.36>)
Crkp typd 166.813** >1.623 04.344 649.632*** 620.8:9***
(40.4:9) (>6.>:6) (>6.008) (99.249) (9:.848)P`dob 8.19>*** 8.1:9*** 8.689*** 8.61:*** 8.610***
(8.84:) (8.84:) (8.840) (8.849) (8.849)
Jkusdjkob s`zd 1.>3> 6.041 3.630 6.:>0
(3.>64) (3.>4:) (3.423) (3.498)
Sdckgbary 1>.383** :.382 >.80 4.4:2
(>.64>) (9.123) (>.020) (>.099)
Idgbdr kn jdab
kn jkusdjkob
>1.6:: 30.389 1:.331 11.301
(26.::2) (23.822) (26.124) (26.:08)
Gulfdr kn
f`eds kwgdb
69.>2> 66.121 61.194
(66.939) (66.8:1) (66.163)Xassaf`o`ty kn rkab 8.>82 8.881 8.82>
(8.436) (8.424) (8.42:)
Vkab bdgs`ty 228.041* >:8.302*** >03.3:3***
(629.21>) (620.:80) (648.283)
Rkrkrk 169.184*** 163.>>4***
(39.292) (39.>00)
Irdatdr tjag
6 e`okldtdrs
66.492
(64.289)
Ckgstagt 3.89: 92.443 143.66>** 601.21*** 6::.106***
(62.:11) (41.694) (>4.>01) (94.420) (94.>:>)Gulfdr kn
kfsdrvat`kgs 193 198 1>0 1>0 1>0
V6 8.6680 8.6>31 8.3861 8.3202 8.3469
Skurcd= Autjkrs caocuoat`kgs.
Gktd= S`ig`n`cagcd= * < 18 pdrcdgt, ** < 4 pdrcdgt, *** < 1 pdrcdgt. Stagbarb bdv`at`kgs ard `g pardgtjdsds.
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36 Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
Rafod 6.2 Rragspkrt Bdtdrl`gagts kn @gckld Bdr`vdb nrkl Air`cuoturao Saods
`g Fure`ga Nask, 688:80
Bdpdgbdgt var`afod= casj `gckld nrkl air`cuoturao saods (CNAN tjkusagb)
Fas`c Ckgtrkos Bdgs`ty
Sajdo
rdi`kg
Irdatdr
tjag 6
e`okldtdrs
Sdoo b`rdct 34.10:*** 30.4>0*** 32.221*** 66.09>*** 64.263***
(0.812) (:.4>6) (9.094) (9.916) (9.003)
Crkp typd 42.6>2*** 2>.291*** 3:.999*** 48.24:*** 29.0:9***
(:.028) (:.434) (:.8>9) (9.:84) (:.168)
P`dob 8.810*** 8.861*** 8.819*** 8.880* 8.818**
(8.884) (8.884) (8.884) (8.884) (8.884)
Jkusdjkob s`zd 1.>18*** 8.099*** 1.628*** 1.632***
(8.380) (8.368) (8.386) (8.383)
Sdckgbary 0.1:1** :.432** 0.669** 0.920***
(2.1>8) (3.:46) (3.40>) (3.>31)
Gulfdr kn f`eds kwgdb 4.608*** 3.02:*** 2.894***
(1.338) (1.6>3) (1.6>0)
Xassaf`o`ty 8.8:4 8.82> 8.89:
(8.1:8) (8.198) (8.196)
Vkab bdgs`ty 1,62>.923** 2,839.242*** 2,110.04>***
(2:4.060) (>98.644) (>93.>8>)
Sajdo rdi`kg 21.83>*** 21.:>:***
(9.640) (9.609)
Irdatdr tjag 6 e`okldtdrs 2.42>
(3.:19)
Ckgstagt 61.62*** 3:.1>*** 48.>0*** 02.40*** 00.::***
(2.1:4) (4.6:8) (9.488) (18.242) (11.614)
Gulfdr kn kfsdrvat`kgs 619 619 619 619 61>
V6 8.4806 8.4>00 8.>3:4 8.>:>: 8.>::0
Skurcd= Autjkrs caocuoat`kgs.Gktd= S`ig`n`cagcd= * < 18 pdrcdgt, ** < 4 pdrcdgt, *** < 1 pdrcdgt. Stagbarb bdv`at`kgs ard `g pardgtjdsds. @g tjd
survdys g Fure`ga Nask, aoo jdabs kn jkusdjkob wdrd ldg5 tjdrdnkrd, tjd var`afod idgbdr kn jdab was gkt gcoubdb `g
tjd rdirdss`kg.
Aosk `gtdrdst`gi `s tjat wjdg tjd bdpdgbdgt var`afod casj `gckld
nrkl air`cuoturd saods `s rdpoacdb fy crkp typd, passaf`o`ty `s aolkst sta-
t`st`caooy s`ig`n`cagt tk dxpoa`g tjd sjard kn j`ij-vaoud prkbuct saods.
Jkwdvdr, irdatdr b`stagcd nrkl a rkab dxpoa`gs wjy j`ij-vaoud prkbuct
saods `gcrdasd. Rj`s n`gb`gi ckgn`rls tjd prd`gbustr`ao, g`gdtddgtj-cdgtury
kg Rjgdg lkbdo, wj`cj statds tjat nartjdr nrkl tjd c`ty, kgoy j`ij-vaoud
prkbucts (agb okw-pdr`sjafod ikkbs) ard dckgkl`caooy v`afod (tk a cdrta`g
b`stagcd o`l`t5 sdd appdgb`x I nkr bdta`os).
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Gktds
1. Rjd Vurao Accdss @gbdx ldasurds jkusdjkob rdlktdgdss as lkrd tjag 6 e`ok-
ldtdrs nrkl ag aoo-sdaskg rkab. Rjd 6-e`okldtdr fagbs tk dacj s`bd kn tjd rkab
cklpr`sd tjd 6-e`okldtdr funndr.
6. Rj`s n`gb`gi `s ckgs`stdgt w`tj rdsdarcj cdgtdrdb `g Laoaw` (Ykrob Fage
6880f), wj`cj rdvdaodb tjat tjd kpt`lao tragspkrt t`ld nkr j`ijdr air`cuoturao
irkwtj `s 6.6 jkurs. Assul`gi kgd ckuob waoe kr f`cycod at 2 e`okldtdrs pdr
jkur, tjd rdsdarcj sjkwdb tjat tjd kpt`lao tragspkrt b`stagcd nkr air`cuoturao
Yjat Sjkuob tjd Kfmdct`vd Fd tk S`ig n`cagtoy Vdbucd @skoat`kg `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca; 33
Rafod 6.4 Rragspkrt Bdtdrl`gagts kn @gckld Bdr`vdb nrkl Air`cuoturao Saods
`g Caldrkkg, 688:80
Bdpdgbdgt var`afod= casj `gckld nrkl air`cuoturao saods (CNA Nragcs tjkusagb)
Fas`c Ckgtrkos Bdgs`ty Ldld
Irdatdr
tjag 6
e`okldtdrs
Sdoo b`rdct 3:8.441** 306.:2:** 381.:80* 1:0.093 1:0.3:6
(1>6.8:0) (1>>.:86) (1>9.262) (686.:99) (683.100)
Crkp typd :62.189*** :66.694*** :>9.>29*** :::.61>*** ::9.132***
(93.831) (92.6:4) (94.23>) (9:.36:) (9:.90>)
P`dob 8.3:>*** 8.3::*** 8.392*** 8.390*** 8.390***
(8.820) (8.848) (8.848) (8.848) (8.848)
Jkusdjkob s`zd >.>3: 18.60 0.306 0.300
(13.::0) (13.::0) (13.068) (13.030)
Sdckgbary 3.>66 31.294 34.68> 32.380
(2>.13>) (2>.>42) (2>.:12) (29.601)
Idgbdr kn jdab 160.402 94.2:4 181.461 186.929
(62>.:>6) (62>.686) (629.>4:) (62:.12>)
Gulfdr kn lktkrf`eds
kwgdb
383.3>2 602.8>6 609.611
(610.>:>) (610.089) (661.609)
Xassaf`o`ty 6.91 6.930 6.96>
(6.>4:) (6.>40) (6.>>2)
Vkab bdgs`ty 93.:::*** >3.>6:** >3.466**
(6>.441) (6:.449) (6:.>8>)
Ldld b`str`ct 61>.>13 610.306
(661.:04) (663.828)
Irdatdr tjag 6 e`okldtdrs 66.061
(140.268)
Ckgstagt 419.68*** >00.81*** 1834.32*** :94.28*** :03.8>**
(18:.>:1) (6>2.::1) (6:6.09:) (369.884) (320.969)
Gulfdr kn kfsdrvat`kgs 391 3>9 3>9 3>9 3>9V6 8.322: 8.32>8 8.3>:8 8.3>09 8.3>09
Skurcd= Autjkrs caocuoat`kgs.
Gktd= S`ig`n`cagcd= * < 18 pdrcdgt, ** < 4 pdrcdgt, *** < 1 pdrcdgt. Stagbarb bdv`at`kgs ard `g pardgtjdsds.
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18. Rjd 6883 Fure`ga Nask gat`kgao jkusdjkob survdy was ckgbuctdb `g :,488
jkusdjkobs. Rjd survdy ases nkr `gnkrlat`kg kg waoe`gi t`ld tk laredt agb
nkkb ckgsulpt`kg. Rjd waoe`gi t`ld tk laredt qudst`kg was agswdrdb `g
ragids, wj`cj `s wjy tjd bata pk`gts ard gkt lkrd scattdrdb5 tjd ckgsulpt`kg
qudst`kg rdndrs tk tjd nkkb ckgsulpt`kg kn tjd jkusdjkob kvdr tjd prdv`kus
14 bays.
11. A lkrd bdta`odb agaoys`s ckuob javd fddg bkgd `n tjd gat`kgao survdy jab
asedb nkr tjd ckllkg lkbd kn tragspkrt agb tjd t`ld gddbdb kg tjat lkbd
kn tragspkrt tk rdacj tjd coksdst laredt.
16. Rjd tjrdd abl`g`strat`vd rdi`kgs stub`db `g Fure`ga Nask ard Fkucod bu
Lkujkug, Cdgtrd-Gkrb, agb Sajdo.13. @g tjd rdsuots nrkl tjd Fure`ga Nask rdirdss`kgs, tjd fdtwddg > agb 14 e`okld-
tdrs agb tjd irdatdr tjag 14 e`okldtdrs bull`ds ard gkt s`ig`n`cagt, wj`cj
ckuob fd dxpoa`gdb fy tjd ckugtrys noat tdrra`g agb dasy rkab accdss`f`o`ty.
Yjat Sjkuob tjd Kfmdct`vd Fd tk S`ig n`cagtoy Vdbucd @skoat`kg `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca; 34
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39
Rjd Air`cuoturd Ckgtdxt
Nrkl a j`stkr`cao agb iokfao pdrspdct`vd, acrkss ckugtr`ds, air`cuoturds
`lpkrtagcd tk tjd kvdraoo dckgkly tdgbs tk b`l`g`sj kvdr t`ld, w`tj a
strkgi `gvdrsd ckrrdoat`kg fdtwddg air`cuoturds sjard kn irkss bkldst`c
prkbuct (IBX) agb IBX pdr cap`ta.1 A sdckgbagb ckgs`stdgt
kfsdrvat`kg `s tjat air`cuoturds sjard kn IBX jas bdco`gdb `g aoo ckug-
tr`ds, `gcoub`gi tjksd w`tj a strkgi cklparat`vd abvagtaid `g
air`cuoturao act`v`t`ds. A tj`rb pk`gt `s tjat tjd bdco`gd kn tjd sjard kn
rdskurcds `g air`cuoturd jas fddg oaridr nkr ckugtr`ds w`tj okwdr
`gcklds, wj`cj javd lkrd sckpd nkr `lprkv`gi air`cuoturao prkbuct`v-
`ty agb nkr sj`nt`gi rdskurcds `gtk gdw gkgnarl act`v`t`ds.6 Yjdrdas
air`cuoturds sjard kn IBX jas naoodg sufstagt`aooy nkr gdaroy aoo bdvdo-
kp`gi ckugtr`ds, tjd oafkr abmustldgt jas fddg oaridr nkr l`bbod-
`gckld ckugtr`ds tjag nkr okwdr-`gckld ckugtr`ds. Rjd rdaskg wkuob
appdar tk fd tjat wj`od tjd sjard kn IBX nkr gkgair`cuoturao act`v`t`ds
`s r`s`gi acrkss ckugtr`ds, kgoy `g tjd l`bbod-`gckld ckugtr`ds javdaotdrgat`vd dlpokyldgt pkss`f`o`t`ds fdckld lkrd w`bdoy ava`oafod,
aookw`gi tjd trags`t`kg kn oafkr nrkl sdl`sufs`stdgcd narl`gi tk rdaooy idt
ugbdr way. N`gaooy, tjd pacd kn abmustldgt `s spddb`gi up= `g tjd ckugtr`ds
kn tjd Kriag`sat`kg nkr Dckgkl`c Ck-kpdrat`kg agb Bdvdokpldgt, tjd
C J A X R D V 3
Yjat @s tjd Avdraid Rragspkrt
Bdlagb nrkl a Narldr agb tjd
@bdao Suppoy nrkl a Rrabdr;
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naoo kn air`cuoturds sjard kn IBX nrkl 28 pdrcdgt tk 9 pdrcdgt tkke a
cdgtury, fut l`bbod-`gckld ckugtr`ds javd acj`dvdb tjdsd cjagids `g
tjrdd bdcabds kr odss. Rj`s accdodrat`gi cjagid `s latcjdb fy a rap`b
rdodasd kn oafkr nrkl air`cuoturd.
@g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca, air`cuoturd rdla`gs prdbkl`gagt nkr rurao
pkpuoat`kgs (aotjkuij `gcrdas`gioy, gkgnarl`gi `gckldsratjdr tjag
narl`gijavd a lamkr dnndct kg pkvdrty rdbuct`kg3). Vap`b urfag`zat`kg
jas rdsuotdb `g sufstagt`ao bdlagb irkwtj `g tjd urfag laredts kn Anr`ca.
Rjd j`ijdr vaoud kn jkrt`cuoturao crkps rdoat`vd tk stapod nkkbs `s a edy nac-
tkr. Jkrt`cuoturao prkbucts ard aosk lkrd pdr`sjafod, wj`cj laeds tjdl
lkrd o`edoy tk fd cuot`vatdb `g urfag agb pdr`-urfag ardas `g a ckgtdxt knpkkr tragspkrt kr stkraid `gnrastructurd. Rjdrd `s a idgdrao ckgsdgsus tjat
tjd jkrt`cuoturao sufsdctkr jas strkgi prkbuct`kg agb trab`gi pktdgt`ao,
o`l`tdb fy tjd oace kn `gnrastructurd, sucj as stkraid nac`o`t`ds agb rurao
rkabs. Ikcekwse` agb Gbkulf (6882), nkr dxalpod, sjkw tjat, br`vdg
fy irkwtj `g urfag laredt bdlagb agb j`ij rdoat`vd pr`cds, jkrt`cuoturd
prkv`bds a patjway nkr `gtdgs`n`cat`kg alkgi slaoojkobdrs `g skutjdrg
Caldrkkg. Jkwdvdr, gkt aoo narldrs `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca nkookw tjd
sald patj agb stratdiy= narldrs dgbkwldgts agb cjaractdr`st`cs layb`nndr w`bdoy (sdd fkx 3.1 agb appdgb`x J).
Gdvdrtjdodss, rurao Anr`ca `s usuaooy cjaractdr`zdb fy sdl`sufs`stdgcd,
okw-`gput, okw-prkbuct`v`ty systdls. Oueagu, Irddg, agb Ykrtj (6889)
i`vd tjd dxalpod kn G`assa prkv`gcd `g skutjdrg Lkzalf`qud agb
dxpoa`g tjat lkst slaoojkobdrs i`vd pr`kr`ty tk cuot`vat`gi nkkb crkps nkr
ckgsulpt`kg. Yjat oafkr t`ld `s odnt kvdr `s usdb tk cuot`vatd casj crkps.
3: Vurao Vkab @gvdstldgt Dnn`c`dgcy
Fkx 3.1
^ar`kus Rypds kn Narldrs `g Suf-Sajarag Anr`ca
Xdr`-urfag narldrs dgmky j`ijdr pr`cds bur`gi tjd pkstjarvdst pdr`kb tjag bk
rurao slaoojkobdrs. Rjdy aosk dgmky okwdr pr`cds bur`gi tjd prdjarvdst jugiry
sdaskg tjag bk rurao slaoojkobdrs.
Slaoojkobdrs w`oo sw`tcj fdtwddg gdt sdoodr agb gdt fuydr pks`t`kgs bur`gi tjd
ckursd kn tjd air`cuoturao ydar. Rjd`r prdndrdgcds vary sdaskgaooy w`tj nkkb pr`cd
b`str`fut`kgs.
Vurao, oarid cklldrc`ao narldrs ard lkrd o`edoy tk sdoo bur`gi tjd prdjarvdst
pdr`kb pdaes wjdg slaoojkobdrs fdckld purcjasdrs.
Skurcd= Autjkrs coass`n`cat`kg.
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Ts`gi bata nrkl tjd 68848> Ijaga O`v`gi Stagbarbs Survdy, Cjalfdro`g
(688:) n`gbs tjat rurao bdvdokpldgt stratdi`ds fasdb kg dxpagb`gi dx`st-
`gi laredt cja`gs nacd cjaoodgids `g ckggdct`gi w`tj tjd fuoe kn slaoo
prkbucdrs, wjk ard odss wdoo dgbkwdb tjag avdraid stat`st`cs `gb`catd agb
ard fy nar tjd lkst guldrkus. Rjdrdnkrd, tj`s cjaptdr la`goy bdaos w`tj
slaoojkobdrs.
Argbt, Scj`oodr, agb Rarp (6881) sjkw tjat tk cklpdgsatd crdb`t
`lpdb`ldgt `g rurao zkgds, prkbucdrs lust sdoo at a okwdr pr`cd tk ckvdr
d`tjdr tjd j`ij rurao stkraid cksts kr tjd cksts kn tragspkrt tk okwdr-ckst
stkraid s`tds. @g tjd pdr`kbs `lldb`atdoy nkookw`gi jarvdst, rurao zkgds
tdgb tk rdoy kg okcao stkces. As tjd laredt`gi sdaskg prkirdssds, tjd pr`cd`gcrdasd `g rurao zkgds lay pusj rurao pr`cds sunn`c`dgtoy j`ij tk ckvdr
cksts kn tragspkrt face nrkl urfag zkgds. Kgoy tjdg bk rurao jkusdjkobs
fdi`g tk dgmky tjd fdgdn`ts kn lkbdratd pr`cd `gcrdasds asskc`atdb w`tj
urfag stkraid. Ckgsdqudgtoy, rurao ckgsuldrs rdap a rdoat`vdoy slaoo sjard
kn tjd fdgdn`ts.
Rjd Vkod kn @gtdrldb`atd Ldags kn Rragspkrt nkr Slaoojkobdrs
As nar as tragspkrt `s ckgcdrgdb, tragspkrt fy truce `s, fy nar, tjd cjdap-
dst lkbd (pdr tkg-e`okldtdr) nkr air`cuoturao prkbucts= `t `s aolkst
18 t`lds cjdapdr tjag tragspkrt fy f`cycod agb : t`lds cjdapdr tjag
tragspkrt fy lktkrcycod (sdd tafod 3.1). Jkwdvdr, tjd stkry `s lkrd
cklpodx, fdcausd pdr e`okldtdr, tragspkrt fy truce `s lkrd tjag
18 t`lds lkrd dxpdgs`vd tjag tragspkrt fy f`cycod kr lktkrcycod, agb
`g tdrls kn casj gddb, tragspkrt fy truce `s lucj j`ijdr tjag trags-
pkrt fy f`cycod kr lktkrcycod. Rjdrdnkrd, dxcdpt `g tjd casd kn oaridprkbu