rural community assistance program · 2018-06-13 · rural community assistance program (rcap) is a...

Rural Community Assistance Program (RCAP) is a national network of nonprofit organizations working to insure that rural and small communities throughout the U.S. have access to safedrinking water and sanitary wastewater disposal. The six regional RCAPs provide a variety of programs to accomplish this goal, such as direct training and technical assistance projects, leveraging millions of dollars to assist communities develop and improve water and wastewater systems, and an ex- tensive set of publications.

National Oflce: Rural Community Assistance Program (RCAP)

601 South King Street,.Suite 402 Leesburg, VA 22075

(703)77 1-8636

Southeastern Reg ion : Virginia Water Project (VWP)

P.O. Box 2868 Roanoke, VA 24001

Great Lakes Region: WSOS Community Action Commission

P.O. Box 590 Fremont, OH 43420

(4 19)334-89 1 1

Northeastern Region: Rural Housing Improvement

P.O. Box 370 Winchendon, MA 01475

(508)297- 1376

Midwestern Region: Western Region: Midwest Assistance Program (MAP)

P.O. Box 81 New Prague, MN 56071

Rural Community Assistance Corporation (RCAC) 2125 19th Street, Suite 203

Sacramento, CA 95818 (612)758-4334 (9 16)447-2854

ook was written in response to an identified need for a waste process and tools that are applicable for rural communities and

hesses. While other texts and resources are available on business most are geared to larger industries or urban settings which are not most useful for small businesses.

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eciates the long hours of review and comments on the early d by members of the Advisory Review Committee: s, Keep MT Clean and Beautiful, Inc., Helena, MT

Manager, McQuade-Dietrich, Inc., Bismarck, ND m e r , Sheridan County, MT

Carol Vance, Coordinator, Tri-Cyclers, Joliet, MT Dr. Michael P. Vogel, MSU Extension Service, Bozeman, MT

ck Worley, Public Works Director, City of Wolf Point, MT

evelopment Specialist D W S T ASSISTANCE PROGRAM, INC.

F%&lication of this Mdeboelr is made possible by a grant &om the U.S. De- Agriculture Rural Development Administration.

Printed on recycled paper with a minimum of 10% post consumer waste. Printed with soy

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uction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ~~

eting Your Material.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Caoperative Marketing

r Current Waste Disposal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 urrent Waste Disposal Practices Worksheet. . . 18

Waste Audit: Looking Into It. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 te Audit Survey Form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25-26

Evaluating Your Program Reduce-Reuse-Recy cle

Appendix A: List of Common Recyclables. . . . . . . . . . . .43 Appendix B: Conversion Charts.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Appendix C: Recycling Market Contact Log. . . . . . . . . . 51

Resource List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 ~~ ~

cling Guidebook is intended for small businesses e interested in looking at the potential for recycling

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. This project attempts to keep the small rural business as its

s, or a certain dollar volume of sales, the Guidebook is use by those businesses in rural communities having tradi- found in the municipal waste stream: wastepapers, glass,

Guidebook provides simple worksheets a business ownedmanager can

completing the waste audit and self-assessment process, you may ver waste handling methods and wasteful habits you can change. The

re-manufhcture into products that will return to consumers again.

e each business can begin recycling they will need to answer several

Is this business and its employees committed to a change in waste handling andor management practices?

-e Is there a cost effective and accessible market or an outlet for my

Ruraf Business Recycling Guidebook f I

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being generated in greater quantities than ever before. Approxi- 4Phpercent of municipal solid waste currently being generated in ted States originates with businesses. Some experts estimate that as

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dfills are reaching maximum capacities. Costs of landfill and closure have escalated. Compliance with tougher new ental standards is complex and costly.

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degradation on ewry level - local, national, and global. fied industrial pollution and the use of materials that are hazard-

the ehvirontnent as main areas of concern. Consumers want safe

e to impose tougher regulations to force business

‘(Anything that can be recycled should be recycled.”

.....,...-,A.,,t,A...,A,..- .A. .,.A .,.. ,,........A.. w,,. v.. ..*..&.* .,,a V.V.

the beginning steps of separation and aterials. The processing and returning of recyclable material

cturer to be made into a new product is the second step, and the duct by the public completes the cycle.

depicted by the familiar chasing arrows symbol. For our s, these chasing arrows represent collection, re-manufacture, and

as(: of products with recycled content. Each stage of the recycling nt on the others. Just as in a mathematical equation,

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side of the equation changes, it affects the other side of that If everyone recycled and purchased products made from recycled

als, the recycling; equation would be balanced. ~

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ce. You, the people you employ, and those you serve can become part of the solution.

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6 Rural Business Recycling Guidebook

she existence of a problem is usually the frst step toward fmd- . Understanding the seriousness of any given dilemma may be factor to taking action. What’s the problem? Our environment

. Can we do anythmg about it?

....... ..-.-.%...*.,...--.%-.%..-.-...>*...........*........ ........... re is no doubt that finding solutions for growing

worldwide efforts by both government and industry.”

(Xerox Corp., 1992, Page 1).

fronmental problems is going to require monumental

s Business Guide to Waste Reduction and Recycling

P.‘.,....--P ....-..,,.A. .......... U.A..~-.”~...Y..II...UII.Y ...........

ental problems require ‘monumental worldwide erious and some definite action is in order.

more aware of how industry, and they as indi- contribute to the solid waste problem. Public resistance makes

lmdfidls increasingly more difficult. Resource conservation, ction, and recycling have come into focus as significant factors

, within organizations, in communities, industry, businesses, and on every level. The public is speaking out.

*-,....-.Au -.....,a ...... % this day of increased regulations, increased public awareness and strong public opinion against industrial

waites, the small business person can no longer just ignore the problem. It wiii not just ‘go away‘. .With the increased restrictions and costs of waste disposal, the

only viable option for small businesses is waste reduction-not only for a cleaner environment, but

as a fact of life for staying in business.” .

George Kelly, VP, JAC Corp., Anchorage AK 1988 Profiting fiom Waste Reduction in Your Small Business, Page 48.

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R m l B d m s Recycling Guidebook 7

a small business owner are probably asking, “That’s big business dustry - not me out here in rural America. What does this mean to

ow can my business in our m a l community make an impact?”

’s consumer likes to hear that businesses are assuming some for the environment. There is wide-spread support for

promote waste reduction, recycling and other

on ofrecycling may involve newspaper and local radio coverage the public’s image of your business. Even in rural

sses can receive media coverage for their efforts. This may translate into free

business involvement in waste diversion prsctices and recycling include:

Keeping reusable materials out of landfills;

Reducing waste transportation and disposal costs;

o Being environmentally responsible.

te reduction and recycling are fmancially sound business practices. or source reduction in the workplace, combined with recycling, may

save money on purchases within your business. Every effort makes a

e People Behind the Process

Recycling is a people-driven process. For a recycling effort to begin, some- t make a physical change in waste disposal and waste separation . You can start by talking to your employees and business

associates. Get everyone involved and help them recognize the need to m&e recycling a part of your business operation.

Rural Business Recycling Guidebook

enthusiasm and getting started will take some study, some time, s some funds. It will also require the cooperation of your

nal process to keep enthusiasm and with any business operation, someone ~

be designated to be ‘in charge’. As you solicit staff to assist or head

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project, look for a leader who:

interest in recycling;

as good communication skills;

t the time and effort needed.

on is one of the first steps to kicking off a recyclinp effort. Some- or a staffmeeting can introduce goals and

tives. Posters or other visual reminders in key areas can help avoid n and break the old habits of throwing materials away rather than

information to develop interest and keep

to your employee’s ideas is critical to success and to avoiding . Employees may be your best resource for ideas and ways to

anting. Their cooperation and enthusiasm is essential to success. Be le and willing to try suggestions that sound workable.

will be greater if they are involved in

sibility should be clearly outlined. Each employee should know t their work and what is expected of

e aware of employee health and safety as you plan.

9 RuralBusinessRcycliq Guidebook

nization

is unique, but with carefbl study, you can find ways to ~

recycle materials that may otherwise find their way to al planning and promotion should be geared to fit your

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efforts will require involvement fi-om the management financial value of recycling will increase manage- operation and on-going participation. A policy or s e w to give direction and purpose to the process.

g activities will help to develop a goal statement on recycling:

ck urith city or county officials to determine if they e a recycling program;

Contact local recyclers for information about services that are available in your area;

Ask if local clubs, organizations, churches, schools, or community

with neighboring larger towns to determine if they ommercial recyclers;

onsor recycling programs;

Complete a waste audit (see audit form in Chapter 4).

Recycling a percentage of your waste volume by the end

Recycling two, three or four materials within a given time fi-me;

Reduction of waste disposal costs and reducing waste volume

Reward or incentive program for your employees;

Public awareness programs.

of your fiscal year;

(by a certain amount by a determined time);


is key to recycling! A business, as well as a community ollection program, needs to have reasonable assurance that T recovered materials exist before collection. Without markets,

collection efforts will result in nothing more than the landfilling of d trash. Without markets, there is no recycling.

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industry is driven by market forces, just like et or the real estate market. The economic pply and demand need to be considered.”

Balancing the Recycling Equation, Mike Lightle & Michael P. Vogel, Montana State University Extension

Service, Bozeman, MT, May 1992, Page 2. w w , v . . , . . A - P P .~~,~~*~~~,~~~,,,~~*,,,~,~~*.........,~.. %. ....*..,,

practice. Material is COLLECTED, .

ACTURED into another usem product, PURCHASED again.

e and define a market. A market may be an actual roker who will pay you for the material

collected. Or, a market may be an “outlet” - a local community will accept, or even pay for, your

rids. Some recyclers/outlets charge a small fee for taking less than your present waste disposal

arket may be an area charity that will accept donated

ptions

For rural businesses there are many different marketing options available. most accessible market may be a local community recycling program,

a local recycler, or a charity. If your community does not have a residential recycling collection program, you will need to check on regional recycling

Rural Business Recycling Guidebook 13

solid waste program or the local Cooperative Extension errvice office may have a list of area recycling activities.

your collection effort, take time to carefully study the in the area. Local mwketing opportunities will dictate

of your recycling program design. Market requirements will als to collect, material preparation, storage containers

services. The Recyclers Market Contact Log found in

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endix C may be helpful.

are businesses themselves. Their business is to e recovered materials from the waste stream and sell them to a national,

s, international marketplace. Therefore, recyclers, or markets, are waste; they are collecting a secondary recovered material

o a new product. Don’t try to sell your market dnty

m a t e d is very important in securing a long term market s, garbage. The assurance of a consistent quantity

Market Specifications

Four main things you will need to know from your markets are:

Materials they handle;

Specifications and preparation requirements;

ing locations and requirements;

hase and/or contract terms.

Work closeiy with your recycier or market to maintain the highest quaiity of your recovered material. Contaminants, such as moisture in used

agecans, ceramic material in glass, food or plastics in old corrugated s, can ruin an entire batch of recyclables.


s and/or community programs will have “target specifica- material collected. A target specification (TS) is the set of

meters for a given recyclable commodity that is acceptable to er of alternative end-use consumers. These target

e sure to check your local market for specifications. Some material specifications are:

liG.nhw material quantities;

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influence, or can dictate, how materials are collected and

ch waste papers can be stored together;

er to flatten cans, or crush glass;

wable levels of “acceptable” contaminants.

s in rural areas do not pay for materials since transporta- -users is expensive. With fewer, more distant landfills and higher

sal charges, recycling can reduce the fiequency and overall cost of aste disposal, It is important to keep this in mind when looking for

The decision to recycle should be based on the recycling rogram’s potential to lower the communities [businesses]

rall solid waste management costs, rather than on the peetation that the recycling program be financially

self-sustaining or profit-making. Markets may not pay for recyclables, but solid waste management costs avoided may

exceed the amount paid to the market.” Recycling: A Planning Guide for Communities, Page xiii.

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Consider Cooperative Marketing

There is strength in numbers. That is the idea behind the concept of

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marketing of recyclable materials. Cooperative marketing is an rtUnity for rural businesses to work together to turn individual smaller

15 Rural Business Recychg Guidebook

ties of material into greater llected by a cooperative effort improve your marketing options.

couraging involvement of neighboring businesses in ~~

ling programs. Together you may be able to promote community- efforts, increase public awareness, which can result in further ess and individual participation.

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s very important in rural areas distant from final end-use al market collapses, look to other management alterna-

as are using old newspaper or other wastepaper for aI bedding, while others are using glass as aggregate in road

. The best way to sustain and strengthen recycling markets is made with recycled materials.

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the idormation needed, your designated recycling personnel may visit with the janitorial staff, your waste hauler, bookkeeper,

or other employees. Take notice of the procedures within your eration that contribute to your waste volume or inefficient use

rials. Begin to pay close attention to what is thrown away.

ations begin internally, before the trash is actually put r or put on the curb for pick-up by the waste hauler.

ractices. Because businesses vary greatly, make e form to suit your specific operation. Take some

have looked at your waste disposal system you will be ready to your waste audit, which is addressed in Chapter 4.

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.t. is a Waste Audit? ~

waste generated by your business operation. The audit is a tool for ~~

. It is a starting point to help you make informed decisions as you

your business can work on the audit - the owner, the janitor,

business and the volume of waste you generate, you may select one sons to head the team. They can select additional persons if

by-products enter your waste stream. The audit will help

. Identi& activities and areas that generate the most waste;

_____-- i-- L--L--LA.. xx.:*L:- AI\PPII&*m 2. Determine the rate of waste B"Iit;iLLiiuiu11iuuu~uuii w l u u l y v u u y ~ ~ a w u I ~ ~

on a weekly or monthly basis;

3. Determine the amounts and kinds of potentially recyclable materials that me available to you;


Detemine if any recycling is actually being done already and how it can

ewe as baseline documentation for comparisons as you -~

k ro determine if you are meeting the goals you have set. You will tly how your waste stream has changed as your u with a before and after look. It may also help you

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ce, if that is an issue.

Do You Actually DO a Waste Audit?

out the waste audit will involve a walk through your facility to e the composition and quantity of the waste currently being

. The initial waste audit will iden@ waste generation pat- fluctuations in your waste generation, you will sual inspection of what you throw away after during seasonal changes.

d in this guidebook to help you assess your lude every area of your business where waste

$MY lounge/restroom

Supply/stock/mail room

Officeddesks

0 Cafeteriakitchedlunch room

Assembly linedwork areas

Copy/fax machine sites

Public waihghestrooms

Customer service aredcheck-out


,*.n__. .,,,A m .,,.A .... . .v.v ....A,, v.,, .a,. w..,,

s befbre you empty them to determine total

baskets or bags onto it for sorting;

each recyclable material separately;

Determine cment diversion from waste stream due to recycling;

if you have enough materials to interest a market.

composition data: commercial building waste is 65% paper. Restaurant waste is 37% paper and 6v0 food waste. Education and government offices produce about 50% paper waste. Construction

debris is 33% wood waste... 9 9

....“....“Izw .... N._. ,,.... *


80 Merent grades of paper classified by the Paper Stock erica. While the majority of these grades are pre-consumer, s of newsprint, cuttings from envelope manufacturers, etc.,

t for past-consumer paper such as office paper is growing substan- e grades of post-consumer papers acceptable to most recyclers are

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ific. Your local market will be able to help determine the grade ~~

business has available for recycling.

aste Your Waste Audit

ompleted your audit, put it to work for you. Use it to make re you can reduce waste, what you can reuse, and what

hasize waste management’s affect on the bottom line audit can be used to present fmdings to management and

ste audit will help you:

Determine what will remain waste;

Defermine what can be reused;

I&nw materials to recycle - starting with one or two;

i Identifj. the most valuable recyclable materials.

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. 24 Rural Business Recycling Guidebook

Waste Audit Survey Form plete the first two columns below during the walk-through. Indicate whether es or actual measurements, precede each figure in the second column with either

or “M” for measurement. Use the conversion table in Appendix B to help

Give % of Total Volume of Material

Conversion to Cubic Yds

Volume of Each Materialmeek

Weight #/month

ncluding cans)

es @DPE &/or PET)


waste audit has shown you exactly what materials you have available.

Separation of materials is critical to your recycling program. Prioritize materials to be separated. Make it practical by using what is available and

is marketable. Determine how much must be separated and what can -mingled. Based on available space, determine what you can store.

confusion and frustration because of lack of under- Keep in mind that you may have to extend kind reminders and

oyees regarding contamination and separation of

s until habits are established.

of waste is generally the responsibility of personnel within the business. Individual collection sites on desk-tops or near desks, workstations, or check-outs encourage participation. Proper receptacles near the source of generation makes collection easy and helps avoid messes. Containers should be clearly marked when separadon is done

-up or emptying schedules should be followed to avoid

participation. Establish a routine and determine which personnel are flowing baskets or bins. A k l l container does not encourage

r getting material to storage areas. Provide appropriate equip- from individual sites to storage areas.

torage sites should be easily accessible, have adequate space, and codes. Safety regulations should be posted in a highly visible

OIL Be sure that you and your staf f are familiar with all safety

and recyclables by your waste hauler or e curbside pickup, or drop-off of recyclables. Persons

elivery should be kept updated on schedules -up of excess materials, causbg ovefflow of

Avoid the Pitfalls

of the threats to a successful recycling program are:

Lack of commitment on the part of employees and/or management;

Lack of participation or unwillingness to cooperate;

Poor communication between vendors, management, s t f l ,

contamination of materials with food or foreign material;

e Fluctuating markets or poor service by vendors.

Ongoing educatiodmotivatiodcommitment of your employees;

* ShUiEg the .W?rk?!Md &?c?Eg S t L f

I Making it convenient and safe;

Pick-up/delivery of materials regularly;

Financial responsibility/commitment maintained.

Cost effectiveness was the reason cited most fiequently by businesses for uhg waste reduction and recycling in a League of Women Voters of

on 1988 survey. Waste disposal costs in m a l communities have the past while urban areas have seen a continual rise

cost of disposal. It is now anticipated that disposal costs in rural areas next several years. With this in mind, cost avoidance

own on the volume of waste sent to landfills] is a powerful adopting waste reduction and recycling in your business.

‘‘...interviewers found that many firms had only a vague idea of what garbage disposal cost them, and even fewer included the cost-avoidance benefits of

reduced costs of purchased materials and/or reduced disposal costs in their financial calculations when evaluating company policies. Those that did came

up with some very impressive figures,” Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling, Washington

State Office of Waste Reduction, Page 3. mm,-,.s...,..~.+..”.. ..,,..,.A,.., x,..”. ...A. ,.,. ~,.,~..,..,....V ..... .A,. . .\

isn’t always easy to quantify savings your business might get fiom ed waste services. You will need to talk to your waste hauler to

e whether there will be savings in a reduced volume needing in fewer containers for your waste, in less frequent collection,

or by some combination of all of these.

_- t- .- ,I-+,.-:-:+.,-. +ha .,,,lIlm r\ctx,aa+a -A Carl Ut; 01 tt33lSLzUIbG L1 U G L C l 1 l l l l l l l l ~ UIC v a l u b VI waaLb ~ b -

duction and recycling efforts or AVOIDED COSTS.

Some,recycled materials may produce income for your business. Again, the quantity and quality of your recovered material is a factor in income generation. Worksheet 6-B, with information from your local recycler, will help you determine recycling income.


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Reduc tion/Recy cling (Avoided Cost) Worksheet ~~

e volume (from former worksheets)

e of reduction (from waste audit) (minus)

mined by waste hauler)

1. Net sale of recydables

(sales minus any transportation deducted by the recycler)

~ r TOTAT., WTIMATED RECYCLING INCOME: ~~

MET PROGRAM VALUE:

* Maintenance costs do not include the capital cost for purchase of storage containers or equipment. The capital cost of these items are included in the Recycling Program Start-up Worksheet.


m e of materials is determined, you may have need for special maintain the quality of the recyclables. Specialized equipment (small

shers, plastics granulators) may also be warranted with sufficient q m t y and available markets. Purchase of these items would be capital expendi-

that can be amortized over a period of years. Worksheet 6-C looks at program

g Program Start-up Costs Worksheet

START-UP COST FORMULA:

divided by JWT PROGRAM VAI.UFIYR = F!AXBACKJN

can determine whether there will be a cost savings enting recycling. Only you can determine if your

iness can absorb additional costs that may be involved in committing to a change

R u d Business Recycling Guidebook 31

ating Yout Track Record

ou tell if what you are doing is working? Is it making a differ- e you reaching any of your goals? All of these questions will come

as you proceed with your recycling program. ___

waste stream evaluation and waste audits are valuable aterials. An additional waste audit several weeks or months

lementing your recycling program will show a Mference if you clables out of your trash.

worksheets in Chapter 6 will help determine whether sportation costs have been reduced. Waste reduction (to be

scussed later in $lis chapter) may make a measurable difference in rhead costs.

periodic evaluation of your recycling program is important. You can use

1. What percentage of materials have been recycled?

2. What are the program costs?

3. Is the program cost-effective?

4. Is storage space adequate and safe?

5. Are there problems with the market?

6. Is the pick-up/delivery schedule suitable?

the following questions to help determine how the program is workihg.

eve1 of employee participation?

8. Are there employee complaints or problems?

9. Do employees have ideas or comments for program improvement?

10. Do you have an employee incentive/motivation program? Is it working?


s are necessary to

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. . . . . . . 1. .. . . . . . . ..

“We have a big incentive program with our employees.

receives 10% of a year’s savings from the idea.” If one makes a suggestion that we adopt, the person ~~

or your recycling coordinator begin to look at waste generation a ” d your business, you will be able to idenw areas for change. reduction program can be quite simple. It is an important way of

osal needs and can be implemented in conjunction with a am. The following list of reduction practices or strategies

ces will help conserve resources and funds.

other packaging for reuse.

3 paper or Styrofoam.

e double-sided copies.

in bulk, whenever possible.

single &use packaging.

Use cloth rags instead of paper towels. ~

Avoid using softwood pallets. Hardwood or plastic pallets can be reused numerous times.

Reduce junk mail by obtaining a form at the post office to remove your name from all third-party mailing lists.


0 You will also want to analyze your work areas and habits, looking for ways to reuse materials you generally toss. Here, again, are some ideas to get your thwght process going.

0 Reuse shipping cartons as packaging for customers. ._

W e d mixed office paper or newspaper to be used as packing

Create note or scratch pads fiom paper used on one side.

anila envelopes for mailing or in-house circulation.

duction process, return overruns and trimmings, when

ent and durable goods with longer warranties and service

toner cartridges and typing ribbons for refilling or rebuilding.

if the initial costs is slightly higher.

can grow in proportion to the materials you have ent and effort you put toward making it happen.

have done in your business by encouraging do the same. Urge your employees to do

ling on a personal level.

pact of your efforts may look insignificant er, everydung that is done to divert

is positive action:

Material is being diverted fiom the landfYls.

Costs of disposal and transportation are reduced.

Markets will continue to develop as demand increases.

usable glass, plastic, paper, and metals are put back into consumer

Natural resources are being conserved.


s to implement the suggestions outlined in this Guide- ahead. Continue to keep your employees informed.

an effort to support their accomplishments. Keeping motivated is the

oards or posters can motivate and educate

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se rewards for participation

rk with other businesses in your community

biggest hurdle is breaking old habits and

ss is PURCHASING RECYCLED PRODUCTS7 ‘closing the loop’. To do recycling ‘full circle’, request and cled products whenever they are available from your vendors.

so, you will strengthen your recycling markets. Make recycled cts available to your customers if that is possible in your business.

to protect the environment and improve the quality of life

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defined are solid waste, recycling and marketing terms.]

Avoided costs: the reduced cost of disposal due to the reduction of the volume of waste destined for disposal by the process of recycling or reuse.

a machine in which materials are compacted to reduce volume and transportation costs,

paperboard used in the manufacture of cartons and rigid . boxes.

individual or firm that acts as an agent between the sellers and buyers of recyclable materials. Brokers do not normally take physical possession of materials.

facility which pays a fee to individuals for source separated recyclable materials.

pick-up of materials.

waste, including trash and garbage, generated by businesses.

recyclable materials that are mixed together for collection purposes. Commingled material is not recyclable

rs:

Commercial waste:

ess separated after collection.

any power-driven mechanical equipment designed to compress waste materials, usually attached to an enclosed container.

an unwanted or undesirable component of a product or Cantaminant: process that diminishes its recyclability or utility.

operative m;erk&i=g:the Jcining tegether r?f org.nizz~nns!firs fQr the purpose of selling an increased volume of recyclable materials.


paper products made from stiff pasteboard formed into fluted ridges and grooves, including kraft paper with ruffled inner liners. Corrugated does not include paperboard or boxboard such as cereal boxes.

glass that has been processed for reuse by crushing into small pieces and removing paper and/or metal contamination.

processing of materials to make them more dense, such as compacting trash, crushing glass, and baling paper.

consumer products, items, and packaging used once or a few times and discarded.

discarding of materials, waste, or environmentally controlled material that has no significant recycling value.

the percent of waste diverted from landfills or incinera- tion via recycling, composting, or reuse.

industrial user of secondary recovered (recycled) materials.

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polystyrene: a polystyrene foam commonly known by the trade name Styrofoam (TM). It is very light and bulky, therefore more diEcult to recycle unless compacted.

all animal and vegetable solid wastes arising from food facilities, that result from the storage, preparation, cook- ing or handling of food.

the trade name for a large reusable corrugated container used for shipping materials (dimensions approx. 40x48~37").

source of a waste or recycled material - the individual or business generating the waste. ~

agh-density golygthylene - a type of plastic commonly used to make milk jugs and other rigid plastic bottles.

Generator:


a process for making virgin fiber by chemical digestion process, used in the manufacture of “kraft” products such as grocery bags, corrugated boxes, and milk cartons. ~~

a method of disposal of waste material in or on the land

ted to dispose of non-hazardous waste to minimize haz- ards to public health and safety.

Low-density polygthylene - a type of commonly used in plastic wraps. Market development: strategy andlor efforts to create or expand markets for recyclables. Actions might include identieing existing users of recycled material, or incentives for new or existing businesses such as tax credits, siting or zoning assistance, loans or grants.

the return of recyclables to productive use. Marketing may include sale of materials, a donation without pay, or in some instances marketing may involve payment to a user.

businesses or firms that accept recycled materials for reuse, either by their own consumption or for resale.

a variety of waste paper that has not been separated by type and does not contain food waste or other major contaminants. It can include unsorted ofice papers, envelopes, direct mail items, etc. Some mixed waste paper dealers will also include newspapers and magazines in this category.

MSW is all the garbage your community has to handle.

at a designated or licensed location, where it is permit- .. ~

materials such as plastic, foam, corrugated containers, molded pulp, and paper that are used to contain, protect and transport products.

a platform used in connection with a fork-lift for mov- ing shipments, bales, or other large items. Usually made from wood. (Also know as a “skid.”)


following the rules or procedures for recycling and making material available for collection by placing it in designated containers in the designated place at the correct time.

the number of generators that participate as compared to the total number of generators in an area or business.

Polyethylene terephthalate - plastic commonly used in transparent plastic soda bottles.

te: any product that has been used by a consumer and has served its intended purpose. Post- consumer waste may or mBy not be recyclable.

recyclable waste from,the production of a product that can be re-introduced into the manufacturing process.

the operations performed on recycled materials to ren- der them reusable or marketable. Processing can include crushing cans, baling newspaper, grinding glass, or granulating plastic. Processing generally results in adding value to a particular product.

the percent os usable recycled materials removed from the waste stream in a specific area or by a specific business.

items that are being or can be recycled.

process of taking defective or worn-out parts and repair- ing or replacing them. The product is then returned to the market as a “new” product. Or the process of using secondary recovered materials in the production of usable consumer goods.

ability to use a product, which might otherwise enter the waste stream, more than once in its same form and for the same purpose.

:

materials: materials that have been removed or diverted from the waste stream and used in the place of raw or virgin materials in the manufacturing of a product.


the sorting of mixed recyclable materials. See separation.

source

any garbage, refuse, trash, or material that is discarded or abandoned and is intended for disposal.

any action that prevents waste from occurring in the _.

first place, such as purchase or production of items in just the quantity needed, and items that use less material, have a longer life and can be readily recycled.

the segregation of various potentially recyclable materials from the waste stream, usually at the point of waste generation. Source separation might also take place at a material recovery facility (MRF) or transfer station.

the set of quality parameters for a given recyclable commodity that is acceptable to the greatest number of alternative end-use consumers.

the charge to waste transporters to dispose of solid waste at landfills or other solid waste facilities.

a facility where waste materials are taken from smaller collection vehicles and placed in larger vehicles for transport to more distant disposal sites. Recycling and some processing may also occur at transfer stations.

that part of the value of an item or material that is attrib- utable to some type of manufacturing operation. The greater the degree of processing, the greater the amount of value added.

an analysis of a company’s processes, waste stream, and disposal costs to produce detailed information on the solid waste management system.

the prevention of waste via source reduction or reuse.

a general term used to describe all garbage generated in a certain location, area or facility.

ce separation:

Twget specification:

Waste reduction:

Waste stream:

R@ Business Recycling Guidebook 41

._

White office paper such as letterhead and typing paper, dry process copier paper, note pad paper, can usually include white tissue sheets (onion skin). Most markets do not want paper run through laser printers included in the white ledger grade.

Computer printout paper with blue or green lines. Do not include paper with a groundwood content. Greenbar computer paper has had the highest resale value.

Sometimes called “Office Pak”. Mixed cplors and types of paper found in an office. Can usually include pastel paper, note-pad paper, junk mail, index cards, and adding machine tapes.

forms or carbon paper, sticky notes, bright colored paper, waxy paper, manila file folders, plastic windowed envelopes, metal or paper clips.

Newspapers and the inserts that come in them. Keep separate from

Glossy magazines, catalogs, glossy brochures. Keep separate from newspapers for recycling.

Shredded paper is not desirable because a small amount of non- recyclable papers (such as groundwood content) mixed in with a larger batch of high grade can contaminate the whole batch, making it un-recyclable. Some recyclers can insure confidentiality without shredding. Always check with your market on your confidentiality requirements.


dboard Regular corrugated boxes such as shipping cartons. (Corrugated means wavy material between the plys). Some recyclers will accept brown kraft paper (brown grocery bags) with corrugated. However, this category does NOT include chipboard (cereal or shoe boxes), nor single ply paper packaging).

~

~

: Aluminum beverage cans are perhaps the most common recyclable material. Aluminum cans are acceptable crushed or uncrushed.

Some recyclers will accept aluminum material, as a non-ferrous metal, separate from used beverage cans. These might include foil food containers (TV dinner trays, pie plates) or aluminum tubing (old lawn furniture). Check the market.

Includes tinned cans. Cans must be rinsed, labels removed. Most recyclers will accept cans flattened with the ends inserted in the cans. Old rusted cans are usually accepted by most recyclers.

Includes various types of iron and steel. Check with your local recyclers or scrap dealer on the types of ferrous metals they accept.

Includes metals such as brass, copper, aluminum, etc. Check your local market.

Glass should be sorted by color.

Clear glass food and beverage containers. Containers must be rinsed of all food residue; metal caps, rings and lids should be removed. Labels can usually be left on the container. Most recyclers want the containers unbroken as a safety factor for their

ceramic cups or plates, window panes, crystal, drinking glasses, heat resistant cook or ovenware.

emp!eyes. NOT zC.r.ep?zb!e rp swh it" zs mirrcrs, !ight bn!hs, ~


Brown colored food and beverage containers. Like the clear, containers should be rinsed with metal caps and lids removed.

Same requirements as clear and brown.

TE: Some recyclers will accept blue colored beverage containers. Check with your market to see if these can be mixed with either clear or green, or if they are to be

..

kept separate by color also.

Polyethylene terephthalate or PET. PET soft-drink bottles are the most common material of this type. This material has the #1 recycling symbol imprinted on the bottom of the container. Some recyclers will also accept other PET bottles with soft-drink containers, be sure to check your market.

High-density polyethylene or HDPE. Milk andlor water containers are the most common accepted material of this type. These containers have the #2 recycling symbol imprinted on the bottom. Other examples of this acceptable material might include laundry soap, household detergent jugs, shampoo bottles. Some recyclers will also accept used motor oil containers, if collected separate from other HDPE containers. NOT acceptable in most programs are items such as ice cream pails, margarine tubs, or ridged-sided containers.

Low-density polyethylene or LDPE. A number of whole-sale businesses, together with their retailers, are beginning recycling programs for their customer shopping bags made from LDPE. Some recyclers also accept quantities of plastic wrap or sheeting used to protect products during shipping. Check your local market and wholesaler to see if they are accepting this material.

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) carries the #6 recycling symbol and is identified by its beadcell structure. Examples of this material include packing peanuts,insulation sheeting, packaging, foam cups,

-1--11, rno -----&-A t.. E-..... ,,.fllpl.o io lloll(lll~l or fast-fwd ciam sneiib. nra t i ~ = p i ~ ; u uy luall lGbJb1bl3 u9ucusJ

of the shipping packaging variety and must be in clean condition, and should not include food waste, dirt, glue adhesives or other plastic materials. Check your market.

Rural Bushss Recycling Guidebook 45

ion Of Volume To Weight For Recyclable Materials ~~

pal Solid Waste volume to weight estimates:

350 pounds of uncompacted household waste per cubic yard 620 pounds of waste per cubic yard in a refhe hauling truck 1 ton = 3.23 cubic yards in a refuse hauling truck

containers (full of mixed household trash)

250-300 lbs. per cubic yard 5-30 lbs. each

1 cubic yard = 45 lbs. 1 cubic yard = 285-350 lbs. 1 cubic yard = 500-550 lbs.

ream of 20# bond (8 1/2xll): 5 lbs.

1 cubic yard = 110-205 lbs. 1 cubic yard = 380 lbs. 500 lbs.

2" stack of 8 1/2 x 11 paper: 4 - 5 lbs.

1 cubic yard bulk container:

2.5" stack of 11 x 15 15# bond: stacked:

10 Ibs. 1 cubic yard = 655 lbs.

-

Newspaper:

one 12" stack (bundled): neatly stacked (loose):

35 lbs. 1 cubic yard = 360-500 lbs.


16 Ibs. per reg. grocery bag

1 cubic yard = 500-600 lbs. 22 lbs.

case): 12 lbs.

175 lbs. per 55 gallon drum ~~

e soft drink bottles: 22 lbs, ~~

hed (manually broken): 300 Ibs. per 55 gallon drum (5.45 lbs. per gallon)

1 cubic yard = 1,000 lbs.

550 lbs. per 55 gallon drum 1 cubic yard = 1,800 lbs.

1 cubic yard = 50-75 Ibs. 1.5 Ibs. 21 Ibs. 1 cubic yard = 250 lbs.

1 cubic yard = 150 lbs.

1 cubic yard = 850 lbs. grocery bag/wBole cans: 4-5 Ibs.

grocery baghlattened: 30-32 Ibs.

1 cubic yard = 30-40 lbs. litter sized) boffles: 1 Ib.

1 Ib. 1 cubic yard = 25 lbs. 1 cubic yard = 50 lbs. 1 Ib.

~~


ling Market Contact Log

#1 :q Phone:

Location of pick-up/purchase:

Charge for taking material? $

Lowtion of pick-up/purchase:

Processing required: Yes

Charge for taking material? $

Payment method Freight charged $

Location of pick-up/purchase:

Frequency: Minimum quantity:

Processing required: Yes No If yes, how?

Pay for material? $ Charge for taking material? $

Payment method Freight charged $

(Make copies of this page to use as needed)

R d Business Recycling Guidebook 51

BALANCING THE RECYCLING EQUATION ael P. Vogel, Ed. D., Montana State University Extension Service,

Fact sheet on recycling principles and waste reduction for Montana residents (4 pages).

I%E BOTTOM LINE: A Guide to Waste Reduction for New York State Businesses New York State Department of Economic Development, Office of Recycling Market Development, Albany, NY 1992

This publication was written to help businesses develop effective waste management programs that emphasize waste reduction. Text focuses on wastes generated in an ofice setting, however the guide can be applied to other businesses (23 pages).

SS GUIDE TO WASTE REDUCTION AND RECYCLING han, Environment Leadership Program, Xerox Corporation, Palo Alto, CA

s guide combines charts and graphs with its text as it addresses the areas of waste ated management, and the processes of recycling. Contains steps to

ork, educating employees, and analyzing the waste stream, storage s a comprehensive overview of the details of implementing a recy- o contains a section on environmental impact, resources, a directory

of waste exchanges, worksheets, and factsheets, correspondence and ,marketing helps

LING A Seven Step Guide to Planing and Implementation

Step-by-step guideline for waste reduction and recycling on a business level. Provides information for developing policy statements and a recycling plan, selecting staff for operating your program education and training of employees, actual implementation of a plan, determining success of the program, establishing a buy-recycled procedure, and d e w of goals and feasibility. Includes list of resources (1 1 pages).

Iowa Waste Reduction Center, Univ. of N. Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA

LING MANUAL Inform, Inc, and Recourse Systems, Inc., Concord, MA 1991

This manual stresses that recycling efforts can be profitable and cut a company's waste disposal fees. Contains numerous step-by-step worksheets and self-evaluation forms. It

copier toner cartridges, textiles, and obsolete fbmiture and equipment (196 pages). lays U U C niii n i + m i n A n n ~ U U L u ~ W U fnr L V I rnptrclinn l V V J V 1 . l l ~ m7~mith;no V'V', U.."LB frnm **VI.* varrl J...-.- 2nd rpctaiimnt .------ -- waste ..-- -- $0 used

BUSINESS WASTE RECYCLING Clean Vdley Council, Inc., 1992

An Instruetional Video.

~ Rural Business Recycling Guidebook 53

I

ON AUDIT MANUAL

nes 5 steps to establishing a recycling program, including worksheets and eviduatiq information (28 pages plus audit questionnaire).

SS WASTE RECYCLING GUIDE

handling options and costs, asks key questions a workable recycling plan, along with a form

G THE LOCAL ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF RECYCLING: A Strategy for

emment Commission, Sacramento, CA 1992 of infomation an recycling activities from collection to procurement for local

omic development and marketing (144 pages).

NG - MAKING IT WORK” mbermecember, 1991, Page 18,20,27-28

d e providing a review of commercial recycling programs showing how several munities took steps beyond collecting recyclables from residences.

VERNmNT WASTE REDUCTION GUIDE FOR IOWA BUSINESSES agement Assistance Division, Iowa DNR, Des Moines, IA September 1992

ation on opportunities, challenges and actual on of recycling at the business level. Includes government regulations, planning

emtion, information on cost, staffing, and education. Contains lists of trade ages plus appendices).

MARKI$T-BASED PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE FOR LOCAL CYCLING PROGRAMS

ncil, Council of State Governments, Lexington,

ality demands of the materials marketplace and processing systems for recyclables.

Guide addresses four broad areas associated with planning and implementing local tream analyses, identifying and securing opment (43 pages plus appendices).

54 R d Business Recycling Guidebook

HE POSSIBILITIES & PRACTICALITIES OF BUSINESS WASTE RECYCLING Materials provided by Browning Ferris Industries (1987) and Mecklenburg County, NC

on regarding waste generation and recycling possibilities from waste, asks a estions with factors to consider to determine feasibility of recycling. In-

a waste generation guideline. Provides resources to begin waste recovery; Offers -

estions and tips on collection, storage, education and follow through. ist for preparation, implementation and maintaining program, and a

sts (14 page booklet).

FROM WASTE REDUCTION IN YOUR SMALL BUSINESS help you identify, implement and evaluate an industrial waste reduction program.

ska Health Project has produced a set of on-site consultation audits and fact By David Wiggleworth,Alaska Health Project, Anchorage, AK, 1988

help Alaskan businesses reduce their waste production. Each audit includes practical low-cost waste reduction techniques that businesses can implement in current operation. Each audit averages 25 pages including usefbl appendices. Audits sell for $5 ewh. Each fact sheet is 6 pages long and sells for $2 each (48 pages).

G GUIDE FOR COMMUNITIES State Dept. of Environmental Conservation, Division of Solid Waste, Albany, NY,

information on solid waste management in NY. Contains recycling of program options, marketing, costs and financing, and record

CLING IN THE WORKPLACE: Business Guide to a Successful Recycling Program versified Recycling Systems, New Hope, MN, 1990 A compact handbook that provides a simple step by step process for conducting a waste audit for businesses with ofice paper wastes (32 pages).

S O D WASTE MANAGEMENT TRAINING MODULES for Local Government Officials dwest Assistance Program, January 199 1 This training module includes educational information regarding integrated waste management, yard waste composting, community recycling programs and landfill manage-

ASTE REDUCTION AND RECYCLING dbook of Strategies Employed by Business in Washington State. Prepared by League

shington. Office of Waste Reduction, Washington State Dept. of ~~

book highlights efforts of practical and successful waste reduction and recycling ities by firms in Washington state. The handbook contains information on reduc-

strategies for a large variety of recoverable materials (40 pages plus ~~

DUCTION NOW: How to Implement a Source Reduction Program Brown, Minnesota Office of Waste Management, St. Paul, MN, February 1993

at defines source reduction in a comprehensive manner. Provides anizing a successful program and methods of measurement for the es purchasing guidelines for reducing waste as well as case studies

cost savings where source reduction has been implemented. ‘‘Source WM training video is designed to accompany the manual (1 16 promotion of programs).

FOR THE ’90’s WILL CUT WASTE IN HALF” RECYCLING, March 1991, by Jeffrey Morris & Lawrence W. Dicky, Pages

cle sets out three guidelines for source separation recycling programs. While cwes on residential source separation it states that there are substantial opportu-

to recover materials from business waste stream.

HE WORKPLACE Keep America Beautiful, Inc., Stamford CT 1991

This small business guide contains information and forms for auditing commercial waste, identifying recyclables minimizing waste and managing disposal costs (28

REDUCTION AUDIT HANDBOOK FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS pared by the Meramec Regional Planning Commission, Rolla, MO 199 1 This manual contains information to help local government officials establish a waste reduction program, determining a waste stream, and provides worksheets on volume, costs, and planning. Also addresses collection, storage, workers and education, and waste wa!uiit:ti~a (33 pges).


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