rules of the road - pbps.org · rules of the road united states power squadrons ... inshore traffic...
TRANSCRIPT
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Rules of the Road
United States Power Squadrons
USPS University
Seminar and contents copyrighted by USPS 2008
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Seminar Reference
Per Inland Rules: Boats 12 m or greater must carry a copy of these rules
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Why Rules?
• Communicate actions
• Set level of expectation
• Provide guidance in various situations
• Identify other boats
AVOID COLLISIONS
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Framework
• Parallel sets of rules
Minor differences
• COLREGS –
International Regulations for the Prevention of
Collisions at Sea
• INLAND –
Bays, inland waters (U.S.)
Same language
Adds a few words
Can communicate via radio as well as sound
signals
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Line of Demarcation
U.S. Inland Rules
Demarcation Line
COLREGS
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Structure of Rules
• Define actions of 2 vessels 38 Rules
• Categories of Rules: General Steering & Sailing Rules
• Those that apply to all Vessels,
• Vessels in Sight of Each other,
• Vessels in limited visibility
Lights & Shapes
Sound and Light Signals
Annexes
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Some key thoughts
• Practical
• Rather than absolute right of way… “stand-on” and “give-way”
• except downbound on certain rivers
• Based on maneuverability
• Focus – collision avoidance
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International and Inland - General
• General: • Rule 1 – Application
• Rule 2 – Responsibility
• Rule 3 – General Definitions
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Rule 1: Application
• The rules apply to ALL VESSELS on the high seas and navigable waters.
wgh
wgh
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Rule 2: Responsibility
• No matter what happens, the person in charge of the vessel must do everything possible to avoid collision.
• Under certain circumstances you are allowed/expected to break rules to avoid collision.
• Rules do not protect a participant in a collision from fault.
Quackenbush
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Rule 3: General Definitions
• Underway: not anchored, grounded, or attached to shore. Includes vessels dead in water.
• In sight: seen with the eyes.
• Restricted Visibility: any atmospheric condition reducing visibility.
• Stand-on vessel: vessel obligated to maintain course & speed.
• Give-way vessel: vessel obligated to keep out of way of other.
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Rule 3: General Definitions 2
• Vessel: any watercraft.
• Power-driven Vessel: propelled by machinery.
• Sailing Vessel: propelled by sail alone.
• Seaplane: aircraft which can maneuver on water.
• Vessel not under command (NUC): Vessel unable to maneuver due to exceptional circumstances.
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Rule 3: General Definitions 3
• Vessel Engaged in Fishing: vessel fishing with equipment that restricts maneuverability (nets, trawls, etc.)
• Vessel Constrained by Draft: a power driven vessel which, because of draft, is severely restricted in ability to deviate from her course (COLREGS only).
• Vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver: vessel which, due to her nature of her work, cannot maneuver.
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Steering and Sailing Rules
• Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of Visibility: • Rule 4 – Application
• Rule 5 – Lookout
• Rule 6 – Safe Speed
• Rule 7 – Risk of Collision
• Rule 8 – Action to Avoid Collision
• Rule 9 – Narrow Channels
• Rule 10 – Traffic Separation Schemes
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Rule 4: Application
• Rules in this section apply in any condition of visibility
wgh wgh
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Rule 5: Lookout
• Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight, hearing and installed electronic equipment.
• Skipper appoints a separate (designated) look-out if there is more than one person aboard.
Stroub
e
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Rule 6: Safe Speed
• Requires every vessel proceed at a safe speed to avoid collisions under existing conditions and circumstances
wgh
wgh
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Rule 7: Risk of Collision
• Use all available means to determine if collision with another boat is possible.
• converging on a constant relative bearing…
• results in a collision
• remember skippers must avoid collision
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Rule 8: Avoiding Collision
• Give-way vessel must take significant and obvious action in ample time.
• Must be obvious to Stand-on vessel.
Course change may be more apparent
Unless Stand-on is abeam, then speed change may be better
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Rule 9: Narrow Channels
• No specific definition Based on relation between
size of boats and channel
• Stay near outer limit to starboard As far as safe and practical
• Other boats Stay clear of vessels
constrained by draft Cross channel at right
angles
• INLAND Downbound vessel has
right-of-way
wgh
wgh
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Rule 10: Traffic Separation
• Inbound and outbound traffic lanes
• Divided by separation lines or zones
• One-way lanes for large ships
• Vessels under 20 m or fishing shall not impede vessels following lanes
• Cross lanes at right angles
wgh
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Traffic Separation Schemes
inbound
outbound separator
Inshore traffic zone
Inshore traffic zone
inbound
outbound separator
Navigation Aid
Southern Approach
Eastern Approach
Cross traffic zones at Right angles
Southeastern Approach
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• Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another : • Rule 11 - Application
• Rule 12 - Sailing Vessels • Rule 13 - Overtaking • Rule 14 - Head-on • Rule 15 - Crossing Situations
• Rule 16 - Action by the Give-way Vessel
• Rule 17 - Action by the Stand-on Vessel
• Rule 18 - Responsibilities Between Vessels
• Rule 19 - Restricted Visibility
Steering and Sailing Rules
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Rule 11: Application
• Rules in this section apply to vessels in sight of one another.
wgh
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Rule 12: Sailing Vessels
• Sailing vessels Under sail alone
• No engine
• Sailing vessels approaching each other… one shall keep out of
the way of the other: • Wind different sides
• Wind same side
• Can’t tell
•Give way •Stand-on
wgh
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• Sailing vessels Under sail alone
• No engine
• Opposite Tacks Port Tack: Give-Way
• Same Tack Windward: Give-Way
• Downwind Port Tack: Give-Way
• If uncertain Give-Way
port tack
port tack
Rule 12: Sailing Vessels
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Rule 13: Overtaking
• Overtaking vessel keeps out of the way All vessels
• Vessel being overtaken maintains course and speed
• Overtaking vessel is give-way until past and clear
• Stand-on Vessel
• Give-way Vessel (overtaking)
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• Power-driven vessels meeting head-on
Both are Give-Way vessels
Both should alter course to starboard and pass port-to-port
Sound or VHF to signal agreement on which side
• Exception: Great Lakes and Western Rivers
Downbound have right-of-way over upbound boats
Rule 14: Meeting - Head-on Situation
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• Two power vessels cross, the one to the port side of the other is the GIVE-WAY vessel.
• Power vessel GIVES- WAY to sailing vessel
Rule 15: Crossing Situation
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Rule 16: Action by Give-Way Vessel
•Stand-On vessel
•Give-Way Vessel
Turn to starboard
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Rule 17: Action by Stand-on Vessel
•Stand-On vessel
•Give-Way Vessel
Maintain Course & Speed
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Rule 18: Responsibilities Between Vessels
Overtaken
WIG
Only
New
Reels
Catch
Fish
So
Purchase
Some
Worms
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Rule 19: Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
• Applies to vessels not in sight of each other when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility.
wgh wgh
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Lights and Shapes • Rules:
Rule 20 - Application
Rule 21 - Definitions
Rule 22 - Visibility of Lights
Rule 23 - Power Driven Vessels Underway
Rule 24 - Towing and Pushing
Rule 25 - Sailing Vessels
Rule 26 - Fishing Vessels
Rule 27 - Vessels not under command / restricted in ability …
Rule 28 - Vessels constrained by draft
Rule 29 - Pilot vessels
Rule 30 - Vessels aground/at anchor
Rule 31 - Seaplanes
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• Lights shall be displayed: From sunset to sunrise
In conditions of restricted visibility
In all other circumstances when deemed appropriate
• Purpose of Lights and Dayshapes: Helps determine stand-on/give-way status.
Indicates the occupation of certain vessels.
Aids in the determination of target angle and course.
Rule 20: Application of Lights
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Rule 21: Definitions
• Masthead light - white light over centerline with an unbroken 225° arc and when combined with the stern light covers the entire 360° arc.
• Sidelights - green starboard side and red port side light. Each covering an unbroken 112.5° arc.
• Sternlight - white light on or near the stern showing an unbroken 135° arc.
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Rule 21: Definitions (cont.)
• Towing light - a yellow light having the same characteristics as the “sternlight.”
• All-round light – a light showing an unbroken light over a 360° arc.
• Flashing light - a light flashing at regular intervals with a frequency of 120 flashes or more per minute.
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Rule 22: Visibility of Lights
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Rule 22: Visibility of Lights
TYPE OF LIGHT COLOR ARC
MINIMUM RANGE Boat Length
>50 m 12-50 m
Masthead white 225° 6 nm 5 nm
Sidelight red / green 112.5° 3 nm 2nm
Sternlight white 135° 3 nm 2 nm
Towing yellow 135° 3 nm 2 nm
All around various 360° 3 nm 2 nm
Flashing yellow / blue 360° 3 nm 2 nm
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Rule 23: Power-Driven Vessels
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Rule 24: Towing/Pushing
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Rule 25 : Sailing Vessels
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Rule 26: Fishing Vessels
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Rule 27: Vessels Not Under Command
• If making way, side/stern light
• “Red over red, Captain is dead”
McGraw-Hill
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Rule 27: Vessels Restricted in Their Ability to Maneuver
• Dayshape = ball-diamond-ball • “A” for diving operations • 3 green lights (not vertical) for mine clearing
USN
USN
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Rule 28: Vessels Constrained by Draft
Day
McGraw-Hill
Night
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Rule 29: Pilot Vessel
“White over red, pilot ahead”
USN
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Rule 30: Vessels Anchored
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Rule 30: Vessels Aground
McGraw-Hill
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Rule 31: Seaplanes (& WIGs)
• Shall exhibit lights and
shapes as closely similar
in characteristics and
position as is possible.
US Army Wing in Ground (WIG)
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Sound Signals
• Rules: Rule 32 – Definitions
Rule 33 – Equipment for Sound Signals
Rule 34 – Maneuvering and Warning Signals
Rule 35 - Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility
Rule 36 - Signals to Attract Attention
Rule 37 – Distress Signals
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Rule 32: Definitions
• Whistle - any sound appliance capable of producing the prescribed blasts and meets the Regulations Annex III specifications.
• Short blast - a blast of about one seconds’ duration (.)
• Prolonged blast – a blast of from four to six seconds (-)
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Rule 33: Equipment for Sound Signals
wgh
• A vessel 12 m or more shall have a whistle.
• A vessel 20 m or more shall have a bell in addition to whistle.
• A vessel 100 m or more shall have a gong in addition to whistle & bell.
• A vessel less than 12 m shall have means to make an efficient sound signal.
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Rule 34: Maneuvering and Warning Signals
COLREGs INLAND
Signal
Intended action Proposed action
Answer
Meeting / Crossing
None required
Respond: Same signal (<½ mi)
Overtaking narrow channel
Acknowledge Respond: Same signal
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Rule 34: Maneuvering and Warning Signals (Cont.)
Meeting/Crossing – I intend/propose* going to:
Starboard
Port
Astern
Warning (disagree)
Approaching Bend or departing dock (inland)
* COLREGS/INLAND
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Rule 34: Maneuvering and Warning Signals (Cont.)
Overtaking – I propose (INLAND) overtaking to:
Starboard
Port
Agree to be overtaken* echo same signal
Warning (I don’t understand)
Approaching Bend or departing dock (inland)
* Agreement required before taking action
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Rule 34: Maneuvering and Warning Signals (Cont.)
Overtaking – I intend (COLREGS) overtaking to:
Starboard
Port
Agree to be overtaken*
Warning (I don’t understand)
* Agreement required before taking action
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Rule 35: Sound Signal in Restricted Visibility
Power
Making way
Stopped
Manned tow
NUC, Restricted Maneuver including: Sail, fishing, restricted draft
Anchored
Aground (<20m) any sound every 2min
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Rule 36: Signals to Attract Attention
• Any vessel may make light or sound signals that can not be mistaken… to attract attention of another vessel…
• Note: Inland Rules allow use of strobes
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Rule 37: Distress Signals
•“I need assistance”