rule-following and basic normativity
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Frlnv
$ngelk ~hrsg`e pxbkgsdhf ge I%I% Lchr` lef _% Kh`elrfg $hfs%'Nlchvs `n C`echpvs+ _lf`~l+ gk
_`kgjrln`+ 2??>'
Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw n C`echpvs
L Rh-rhlfgej n Argpahs Schpvgclk Lrjxmhev
Hkgslbhvvl Klkxmhrl
Xeg~hrsgv fhjkg svxfg fg B`k`jel
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mhlegej ~legsdhs gev` vdge lgr8% Bxv Argpah lks` lf~lechs l nxrvdhr c`eckxsg`e% Dgs shc`ef
vdhsgs gs vdlv e` nlcv e`vdgej vdlv z`xkf nlkk zgvdge l elvxrlkgsvgc fhscrgpvg`e `n rhlkgvw cle
c`esvgvxvh l svleflrf `n c`rrhcvehss n`r vdh xsh `n z`rfs% Zdhvdhr Argpahs z`ra gs le
lccxrlvh gevhrprhvlvg`e `n Zgvvjhesvhge `r e`v+ gv gs jhehrlkkw vlahe ls prhshevgej l svgmxklvgej
pdgk`s`pdgclk lrjxmhev% Ge plrvgcxklr+ gv gs jhehrlkkw vlahe ls prhshevgej l clsh ljlgesv
elvxrlkgsv lppr`lcdhs v` mhlegej lef mhevlk c`evhev>% Ls l rhsxkv+ vdh e rmlvg~gvw
rh|xgrhmhev vhefs v` bh fhnhefhf nr`m zgvdge levgelvxrlkgsv lppr`lcdhs:+ lef gje`rhf `r
fgsmgsshf bw Elvxrlkgsvs4%
Ge zdlv n`kk`zs G zgkk fhnhef l blsgc shesh `n e`rmlvg~gvw n`r c`echpvs% Mw ngrsv svhp zgkk bh
v` sd`z vdlv Argpahs vz` cklgms sd`xkf e`v bh lssxmhf `r rhnxvhf he bk`c% G zgkk clkk
Argpahs ngrsv cklgm Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw Rh|xgrhmhev+ lef vdh nxrvdhr ehjlvg~h vdhsgs Vdgca
E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs% G zgkk lrjxh vdlv vdh Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw Rh|xgrhmhev gs lkk zdlv n`kk`zs
nr`m Argpahs fglkhcvgc% @e vdh c`evrlrw+ Argpahs lrjxmhevs n`r vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw
Vdhsgs lrh e`v h|xlkkw c`mphkkgej vdhrh gs e` lprg`rg lrjxmhev n`r vdh cklgm vdlv e` elvxrlk
nlcv cle c`esvgvxvh l svleflrf `n c`rrhcvehss n`r z`rf `r c`echpv-lppkgclvg`es%
Gn G lm rgjdv+ vdhe vdh e`rmlvg~gvw rh|xgrhmhev cxvs lcr`ss vdh nlmgkglr `pp`sgvg`e bhvzhhe
elvxrlkgsv lef levgelvxrlkgsv vdh`rghs `n c`echpvs% Ls G fhnhef vdh Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw
Rh|xgrhmhev+ G sgfh zgvd vd`sh zd` mlgevlge vdlv Elvxrlkgsvs ls zhkk cle lcc`xev n`r vdh
e`rmlvg~gvw `n z`rf lef c`echpv-lppkgclvg`e79 Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw gs ehxvrlk `e vdh elvxrh `n
shmlevgc pr`phrvghs% Gv khl~hs `phe+ d`zh~hr+ vdh |xhsvg`e `n zdlv mlw c`esvgvxvh l svleflrf
`n c`rrhcvehss n`r c`echpv-lppkgclvg`e+ `ech vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs dls bhhe fr`pphf%
Bxv gv gs vdgs klvvhr |xhsvg`e+ lef e`v e`rmlvg~gvw phr sh+ zdlv shvvkhs vdh gssxh `n elvxrlkgsm
~hrsxs levgelvxrlkgsm%
Vdgs plphr gs `rjlegyhf ls n`kk`zs% Vdh ngrsv shcvg`e gs fhfgclvhf v` le htp`sgvg`e `n Argpahs
schpvgclk plrlf`t lb`xv mhlegej% Ge vdh shc`ef shcvg`e G sahvcd l vlt`e`mw `n vdh svrlvhjghs
`n s`kxvg`e cxrrhevkw `e `nnhr+ zdgcd sd`zs d`z vdh e`rmlvg~gvw rh|xgrhmhev c`mhs v` bhgfhevgnghf zgvd le levgelvxrlkgsv cklgm lb`xv mhlegej% G lrjxh ge shcvg`e 3 vdlv sxcd le
gfhevgngclvg`e mlw rhsv `e l mgsxefhrsvlefgej `n Argpahs schpvgclk lrjxmhev+ prhcgshkw `e vdh
c`enklvg`e `n gvs vz` mlge cklgms+ vdh Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw Rh|xgrhmhev lef vdh Vdgca
8 Argpah N`f`r fhngehs Elvxrlkgsm ls vdh vdhsgs vdlv h~hrwvdgej vdlv h~hr dlpphes+ geckxfgej `xr bhgej rlvg`elk+ gs vdh c`en`rmgvw `nelvxrh v` klz% Lef `xr scghech gs vdh bhsv lvvhsvhf sv`rw lb`xv vdh c`en`rmgvw `n elvxrh v` klz vdlv zh ae`z d`z v` vhkk%Lcc`rfgejkw+ vdh pdgk`s`pdgclk pr`bkhms lb`xv mgef lef z`rkf dl~h v` bh sgvxlvhf zgvdge vdh jhehrlk scghevgngc hevhrprgsh+ gnkgvhrlk vrxvd gs zdlv pdgk`s`pdhrs lgm n`r $N`f`r
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E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs% Shcvg`es 6 v` 7 sd`z vdlv vdh clsh n`r vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw vdhsgs
ge~`k~hs sh~hrlk |xhsvg elbkh m`~hs% G c`eckxfh vdlv zdlv Argpahs schpvgclk lrjxmhev
hsvlbkgsdhs gs vdh Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw Rh|xgrhmhev+ zdgcd gs ehxvrlk `e vdh elvxrlkgsv-
levgelvxrlkgsv fhblvh%
2% Argpahs schpvgclk plrlf`t
Argpahs schpvgclk plrlf`t brgejs `eh nr`m l sgmpkh lef xe`bihcvg`elbkh lssxmpvg`e v` l
fh~lsvlvgej c`eckxsg`e% Vdh lssxmpvg`e gs vdlv xp v` e`z G dl~h xshf hlcd `n vdh z`rfs `n mw
klejxljh l ngegvh lm`xev `n vgmhs% S` n`r lew z`rf+ vdhrh lrh vdgejs ge le gevxgvg~h shesh
zdgcd G eh~hr dlpphehf v` lppkw vdlv z`rf v`% Vdh c`eckxsg`e gs vdlv mw ehtv lppkgclvg`e `n
vdh z`rf v` l ehz clsh gs l khlp ge vdh flra+ ls e`vdgej c`esvgvxvhs mw bhgej rgjdv `r zr`ejzgvd lew z`rf n`r lew z`rf+ vdhrh lrh e` nlcvs lb`xv zdlv gv mhles%
Ge vdh schpvgcs ngrsv lef chevrlk htlmpkh vdh z`rf gs pkxs+ lef l ehz lppkgclvg`e+ slw v` vdh
c`xpkh `n elvxrlk exmbhrs >4 lef 8:+ lssxmgej vdlv e` `eh dls h~hr sxmmhf exmbhrs vdlv
bgj% Vdh Schpvgcs m`~h gs+ vdhe+ v` lsa9 d`z cle G bh s` sxrh vdlv gn pkxs gs lppkghf
c`rrhcvkw v` >4 lef 8:+ vdhgr sxm gs
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Zgvd l nxrvdhr m`~h+ vdh schpvgc vxres dgs cdlkkhejh lb`xv mw plsv gevhevg`es lb`xv pkxs gev`
l cdlkkhejh lb`xv vdh prhshev mhlegej `n vdlv z`rf% Gn G c`xkf dl~h mhlev lewvdgej ge vdh
plsv+ vdhrh gs e` rhls`e v` slw vdlv vdhrh gs s`mhvdgej G mhle zgvd pkxs e`z zgvd rhsphcv v`
mw nxvxrh lppkgclvg`es+ lef e` jr`xefs n`r mw ehtv cklgm vdlv >4 pkxs 8: gs
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dlpphe v` c`gecgfh zgvd vdh c`xpkhs `n exmbhrs G dl~h hec`xevhrhf s` nlr+ gv n`kk`zs vdlv zgvd
pkxs G c`xkf mhle ixsv lewvdgej%
Vdh ngelk rhkh~lev svhp `n vdh schpvgcs fglkhcvgc gs vdlv b`vd vdh cdlkkhejh lef vdh plrlf`t lrh
e`v c`engehf v` vdh sphcgngc htlmpkh% Lkk vdh svhps vlahe s` nlr cle bh rhphlvhf zgvd `vdhr
z`rfs+ kgah vdh gee`chev-k``agej vlbkh9
Qc]le G leszhr l schpvgc zd` sxpp`shs vdlv bw vlbkh ge vdh plsv G mhlev vlblgr+ zdhrh l
vlblgr gs lewvdgej vdlv gs l vlbkh e`v n`xef lv vdh blsh `n vdh Hgnnhk V`zhr+ `r l cdlgr
n`xef vdhrh0
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Vdh klvvhr svhp lm`xevs v` slwgej vdlv Qv]dhrh cle bh e` sxcd vdgej ls mhlegej lewvdgej bw
lew z`rf2?% Gn vdh schpvgc gs rgjdv+ zh vlka lef xefhrsvlef hlcd `vdhr+ bxv gv clev bh fhcgfhf
zdlv zh lrh vlkagej lb`xv% Ge Argpahs z`rfs ljlge+ Qg]v shhms vdlv vdh hevgrh gfhl `n mhlegej
~legsdhs gev` vdge lgr%
3% E` nlcvs vdhrhn`rh e`rms0
Ckhlrkw vdh schpvgc clev bh rgjdv% Vdh p`sgvg`e dh khl~hs xs zgvd mlahs ckhlr jr`xef `n lkk `xr
gevxgvg`es lef c`mm`eshesh bhkghns lb`xv c`mmxegclvg`e+ lef lb`xv vdh rhklvg`e bhvzhhe
z`rfs lef vdgejs9 zh xsh z`rfs v` rhnhr v` vdgejs+ lef zh xefhrsvlef hlcd `vdhr zdhe zh f`+
zdhrhls vdh schpvgc slws gv clev bh s`% M`rh`~hr+ vdh schpvgcs c`eckxsg`e z`xkf lks` fhprg~h
dgs `ze lrjxmhev `n lew mhlegej zgvd vdh Zgvvjhesvhgegle gmljh+ gv z`xkf bh kgah agcagej`nn vdh klffhr nr`m xefhr `ehs nhhv% Bxv zdhrh gs vdh schpvgcs nlxkv0
Vdh ~lrghvw `n p`sgvg`es `e vdgs mlvvhr mlw bh cklssgnghf gev` vz` br`lf clvhj`rghs% @e vdh `eh
dlef+ Elvxrlkgsvs cklgm vdlv vdh schpvgc gs zr`ej ge c`eckxfgej vdlv vdhrh lrh e` nlcvs `n vdh
rhkh~lev s`rv% Vdhw `bihcv v` svhps : lef 4 lb`~h9 hgvdhr vdh schpvgcs ge~hev`rw `n nlcvs gs e`v
htdlxsvg~h+ `r vdh rhihcvg`e `n `eh agef `n clefgflvh nlcvs gs zr`ej% Vdh ngrsv rhlcvg`e gs
vwpgclkkw lss`cglvhf zgvd Cd`msaw2
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pgcvxrh zdhe nlcvs lrh khnv bhdgef% E`rmlvg~gvw+ zdgcd gs phcxkglr v` dxmle lcvg~gvghs sxcd ls
rhls`egej lef c`mmxegclvgej vdr`xjd klejxljh+ gs vd`xjdv v` bh prhcgshkw zdlv elvxrlkgsv
lppr`lcdhs clee`v lcc`xev n`r ge McF`zhkks nlm`xs pdrlsh+ vdh svrxcvxrh `n vdh splch `n
rhls`es svxbb`rekw rhsgsvs bhgej lppr`prglvhf zgvdge l elvxrlkgsm vdlv c`echg~hs elvxrh ls vdh
rhlkm `n klz27% Vdxs+ ge c`evhmp`rlrw fgscxssg`es lb`xv mhevlk lef kgejxgsvgc c`evhev+
e`rmlvg~gvw `n c`evhev lef e`e-elvxrlkgylbgkgvw `n c`evhev lrh vlahe v` bh `eh lef vdh slmh
vdhsgs3?%
6% Vz` fgnnhrhev vdhshs
G vdgea vdh zgfhsprhlf ljrhhmhev ixsv mhevg`ehf mlw rhsv `e l mgsxefhrsvlefgej `n Argpahs
lrjxmhev
34+ 8:5+ 4+ 8:5+ 85 $ge vdhsh `rfhrhf c`xpkh vdh
ngrsv hkhmhev+ le `rfhrhf c`xpkh lv gvs vxre+ c`evlge vdh lrjxmhevs `n vdh nxecvg`e lef vdh
shc`ef hkhmhev gs gvs ~lkxh n`r vd`sh lrjxmhevs'% Lcc`rfgej v` Argpahs lrjxmhev+ d`zh~hr+
e` sxcd e`e-mhevlk `bihcv cle c`esvgvxvh l svleflrf `n c`rrhcvehss+ bhclxsh vdhe vdh pr`bkhm
z`xkf lrgsh lb`xv zdlvnlcv lb`xv mh c`esvgvxvhs mw jrlsp `n gv36%
E`z+ `eh mlw gmmhfglvhkw z`efhr zdw vdh lb`xv-mh rhsvrgcvg`e j`hs xecdlkkhejhf% Vdh
pr`bkhm gs vdlv vdhrh lrh lrjxmhevs n`r vdh c`eckxsg`e vdlv vdh schpvgcs fhmlef ixsv clee`v
bh mhv ge sxcd vhrms% _rhsxmlbkw+ l nlcv lb`xv mh gs l mhevlk pr`phrvw vdlv G p`sshss% Vdgs
s`rv `n pr`phrvw z`xkf bh mhlegej-c`esvgvxvgej n`r l z`rf z gn vdgs c`efgvg`e gs mhv9 vdlv e`
vz` ph`pkh cle p`sshss vdlv mhevlk pr`phrvw lef mhle fgnnhrhev vdgejs zgvd z% Vdgs+ d`zh~hr+
gs prhcgshkw zdlv Vzge-Hlrvd lrjxmhevs vlxjdv xs e`vv` htphcv9 gv gs p`ssgbkh vdlv vz` ph`pkh
p`sshss vdh slmh mhevlk pr`phrvw lef whv vdh mhlegejs `n vdhgr z`rfs bh fgnnhrhev% Vdh m`rlk
`n vdgs agef `n lrjxmhevs gs vdlv mhlegej pr`phrvghs `n z`rfs lrh e`v c`esvgvxvhf bw mhevlk
pr`phrvghs `n ph`pkh lk`eh+ rlvdhr+ vdhw crxcglkkw fhphef `e zdlv gs `xv vdhrh Argpahs
lrjxmhevs ge Elmgej lef Ehchssgvw p`gev v` vdh slmh c`eckxsg e9 mhevlk c`evhevs
$sphcgngclkkw+ fhscrgpvg`es' f` e`v gefg~gfxlvh vdh mhlegejs `n z`rfs38% S` gn vdh schpvgcs
lrjxmhev gs blshf `e sxcd l agef `n lb`xv-mh rhsvrgcvg`e `e mhlegej-c`esvgvxvgej nlcvs+ e`
sxrprgsh gn vdh c`eckxsg`e gs vdlv vdhrh lrh e` nlcvs vdlv c`esvgvxvh mhlegejs%Lcc`rfgej v` vdgs kgeh `n rhls`egej+ vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs cle bh rhsgsvhf+ ls gv gs
blshf `e le gevhrelkgsv prhmgsh+ zdgcd cle bh fgsmgsshf zgvd zhkk-ae`ze htvhrelkgsv
lrjxmhevs% Vdlv z`xkf bh vdh hef `n vdh schpvgcs sv`rw zh c`xkf rhnxsh v` lcchpv dgs
cdlkkhejh ls blshf `e l mgskhlfgej pgcvxrh `n mhlegej% Dhrh+ d`zh~hr+ G zgkk `pv n`r l m`rh
swmplvdhvgc lvvgvxfh v`zlrfs vdh schpvgc% Lcc rfgejkw+ G z`ev c`esgfhr vdh htvhrelkgsv
`bihcvg`e ls l ae`ca-f`ze lrjxmhev% Lnvhr lkk+ vdh schpvgc e`zdhrh cklgms htpkgcgvkw vdlv33 Argpah
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S` nlr+ lef sgech vdh lb`xv-mh rhsvrgcvg`e dls bhhe lkk`zhf+ vdgejs dl~h j`eh |xgvh sm``vd
zgvd vdh schpvgcs lrjxmhev nr`m hkgmgelvg`e% Vdh klsv e`e-klmhevhf ~gcvgm `n vdh schpvgcs
hkgmgelvg`e gs Crxfh Fgsp`sgvg`elkgsm% Lcc`rfgej v` \xgehs fhngegvg`e+ l fgsp`sgvg`e gs l
pdwsgclk svlvh vdlv clxslkkw wghkfs l chrvlge rhsp`esh xefhr l plrvgcxklr svgmxkxs62% Vdh jhehrlk
pr`bkhm zgvd fgsp`sgvg`es gs vdlv l svgmxkxs cle bh gje`rhf+ mgsvlahe n`r s`mhvdgej hksh+ lef
`~hrc`mh bw le`vdhr svgmxkxs9 ls l rhsxkv+ vdh rhsp`esh cle bh pr`fxchf zgvd`xv vdh svgmxkxs+
`r gv cle nlgk v` bh pr`fxchf h~he vd`xjd vdh svgmxkxs gs prhshev+ gn chrvlge c`efgvg`es d`kf% Ls
l mlvvhr `n nlcv+ e` lcvxlk swsvhm `n pr`chssgej gen`rmlvg`e gs gmmxeh nr`m vdh p`ssgbgkgvw `n
fhchpvg~h c`efgvg`es+ bxv Crxfh Fgsp`sgvg`elkgsm dls e` fh~gch n`r htckxfgej vdhm% Ls l
vdhsgs lb`xv mhlegej+ gv dls vdlv zdlvh~hr G lm fgsp`shf v` lppkw z v`+ vdlv gs vdh mhlegej `n
z9 Crxfh Fgsp`sgvg`elkgsm mlahs e` r``m n`r l fgnnhrhech bhvzhhe c`rrhcvehss lef hrr`r63%
Vdgs sxnngchs n`r htckxfgej vdlv vdh mhevlk pr`phrvw vdlv fhvhrmgehs vdh mhlegej `n l chrvlge
z`rf gs sphcgnghf ge vhrms `n d`z G lm fgsp`shf v` lppkw vdlv z`rf+ zgvd e` nxrvdhr
|xlkgngclvg`es66%
E`z+ vdh sd`rvc`mgejs `n Crxfh Fgsp`sgvg`elkgsm ls l vdh`rw `n mhlegej n`r lcvxlk nlkkgbkh
swsvhms `r `rjlegsms dls eh~hr rhlkkw bhhe pxv gev` |xhsvg`e% Vdh pr`bkhm lb`xv vdh schpvgcs
hkgmgelvg`e `n Crxfh Fgsp`sgvg`elkgsm nr`m clefgflvh mhlegej-c`esvgvxvgej nlcvs gs prhcgshkw
ge vdhsh vhrms9 vdh pr`bkhm gs vdlv gv lm`xevs v` vdh hkgmgelvg`e `n lsvrlz mle% E` `eh vdgeas
vdlv xec`esvrlgehf fgsp`sgvg`elk pr`phrvghs `n vdgeahrs `r sphlahrs lrh sxnngcghev v` gfhevgnw
mhlegejs% Vdh gfhl vdlv mlew pdgk`s`pdhrs fhnhef e`zlflws gs rlvdhr vdlv fgsp`sgvg`elk
pr`phrvghs `n vdgeahrs `r sphlahrs ge gfhlkc`efgvg`es c`esvgvxvh mhlegejs9 z mhlesp bhclxsh
z gs clxshf bw+ xshf n`r+ `r fgrhcvhf lv ps ge cgrcxmsvlechs ge zdgcd mgsvlahs f` e`v `ccxr%
Clxslk vdh`rghs+ xsh vdh`rghs lef vhkh`k`jgclk vdh`rghs `n c`evhev lrh ~lrghvghs `n vdgs blsgc
gfhl68% Vdh schpvgcs `bihcvg`es v` Crxfh Fgsp`sgvg`elkgsm mgss vdh vlrjhv zdhe Gfhlk
Fgsp`sgvg`elkgsm gs ge |xhsvg`e% S` vdh schpvgc ehhfs fgnnhrhev lrjxmhevs ge `rfhr v` rxkh `xv
vdh gfhl vdlv ph`pkhs fgsp`sgvg`es xefhr gfhlk c`efgvg`es c`esvgvxvh mhlegejs%
v` f`js%
62 \xgeh ?%
63 Argpah
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>% Vdh lrjxmhev nr`m hkgmgelvg`e9 gfhlk fgsp`sgvg`es
Argpahs fgscxssg`e `n Gfhlk Fgsp`sgvg`elkgsm gs vhe pljhs k`ej6>% M`rh`~hr+ vdgs gs mlwbh vdh
m`sv fhblvhf |xhsvg`e ge vdh shc`eflrw kgvhrlvxrh lb`xv Argpahs Zgvvjhesvhge%
G vdgea vdhrh gs l xshnxk fgsvgecvg`e v` frlz dhrh% @e vdh `eh dlef+ vdhrh lrh lrjxmhevs vdlvsd`z vdlv s`mh plrvgcxklr fgsp`sgvg`elk vdh`rw nlgks v` pr`~gfh le lfh|xlvh lcc`xev `n
mhlegej pr`phrvghs% N`r htlmpkh+ mlew dl~h lrjxhf vdlv l sgmpkh clxslk vdh`rw `n c`echpvs gs
xelbkh v` c`ph zgvd vdh pr`bkhm `n hrr`r% @e vdh `vdhr dlef+ vdhrh lrh lrjxmhevs ljlgesv vdh
~hrw p`ssgbgkgvw `n dl~gej l fgsp`sgvg`elk lcc`xev `n mhlegej pr`phrvghs% Zdgkh lrjxmhevs `n
vdh ngrsv agef slw vdlv gfhlk fgsp`sgvg`es f`evc`esvgvxvh mhlegejs n`r s`mh plrvgcxklr rhls`e+
lrjxmhevs `n vdh shc`ef agef slw vdlv gvs lprg`rg vdlv gfhlk fgsp`sgvg`e clev c`esvgvxvh
mhlegejs%Vdlv vdh vz` agefs `n lrjxmhev cle bh ahpv lplrv gs |xgvh gevxgvg~h% C`mplrh+ n`r htlmpkh9 le
lrjxmhev n`r vdh c`eckxsg`e vdlv mw clr z`ev brgej mh v` Sh~gkkl ge khss vdle 6 d`xrs+ lef le
lrjxmhev n`r vdh c`eckxsg`e vdlv e` clr cle p`ssgbkw brgej mh v` Sh~gkkl ge khss vdle 6 d`xrs%
Vdh p`gev gs vdlv lrjxmhevs `n vdh ngrsv agef pr`~h mxcd khss vdle lrjxmhev `n vdh shc`ef
agef% Gn gvs ixsv l pr`bkhm lb`xv mw clr vdlv gv clev brgej mh v` Sh~gkkl ls |xgcakw ls G ehhf v`
jhv vdhrh+ G cle svgkk d`ph n`r s`mh`eh v` khef mh dhrs+ `r n`r l kgnv% Fgnnhrhevkw+ gn e` clr cle
p`ssgbkw phrn`rm vdh fhsgrhf vlsa+ vdhe Gf bhvvhr rhshr~h l shlv `e l nlsv vrlge `r fhklw mw
lpp`gevmhev% Vdh slmh zgvd fgsp`sgvg`es9 zgvd l lrjxmhev ljlgesv vdh p`ssgbgkgvw `n le
lfh|xlvh gfhlk fgsp`sgvg`elkgsv vdh`rw+ zhf bhvvhr n`rjhv fgsp`sgvg`es ls mhlegej-c`esvgvxvgej
nlcvs% @e vdh c`evrlrw+ lrjxmhevs ljlgesv plrvgcxklr pr`bkhms `n plrvgcxklr fgsp`sgvg`elkgsv
vdh`rghs clev htckxfh vdlv s`mh m`rh rhngehf vdh`rw zgkk jg~h l slvgsnlcv`rw lcc`xev `n
mhlegej pr`phrvghs9 zgvd sxcd lrjxmhevs ge pklch+ gvs ixsv le `phe |xhsvg`e zdhvdhr Gfhlk
Fgsp`sgvg`elkgsm nlgks `r e`v+ lef gvs le `phe |xhsvg`e zdhvdhr vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs
gs vrxh% Bxv ls N`f`r rhmlras+ le `phe-|xhsvg`e rhsxkv gs e`v ~hrw p`zhrnxk ljlgesv vdh
nhlsgbgkgvw `n l pdgk`s`pdgclk pr`jrlmmh6:%
Zdlv agef `n lrjxmhevs f`hs Argpah pr`~gfh ge `rfhr v` hkgmgelvh gfhlk fgsp`sgvg`es nr`m
clefgflvh mhlegej-c`esvgvxvgej nlcvs0 Dh rlgshs vdrhh gegvglk `bihcvg`es v` Gfhlk
Fgsp`sgvg`elkgsm% Ngrsv+ dh slws vdlv lew vdh`rw vdlv sphcgnghs gfhlk c`efgvg`es ge vhrms `n
shmlevgc `r e`rmlvg~h e`vg`es gs gelfh|xlvh bhclxsh plvhevkw cgrcxklr64% Shc`ef+ dh rhmlras
vdlv lew vdh`rw vdlv f`hsev lcc`xev n`r swsvhmlvgc hrr`r nlgks67% Vdgrf+ dh cklgms vdlv vdh
v`vlkgvw `n `ehs fgsp`sgvg`es gs ngegvh+ lef z`efhrs d`z fgsp`sgvg`es c`xkf bh gfhlkgyhf s` v`
6> Argpah
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lkk`z n`r l ngegvh mgef v` dl~h fgsp`sgvg`es v`zlrfs dxjh exmbhrs+ `r hpgsvhmgclkkw
gelcchssgbkh sgvxlvg`es8?%
E`z+ vdh vdrhh `bihcvg`es c`esgsv ge rlgsgej pr`bkhms n`r Gfhlk Fgsp`sgvg`elkgsm9 D`z v`
sphcgnw gfhlk c`efgvg`es ge elvxrlkgsvgc vhrms0 D`z v` fgsvgejxgsd swsvhmlvgc hrr`r nr`m
c`rrhcvehss0 D`z v` lcc`xev n`r fgsp`sgvg`es vdlv rh|xgrh htvhefhf hpgsvhmgc clplcgvghs0
E`eh `n vdh lrjxmhevs+ d`zh~hr+ slws vdlv gvs ge prgecgpkh gmp`ssgbkh n`r Gfhlk
Fgsp`sgvg`elkgsm v` s`k~h sxcd pr`bkhms% Ge `vdhr vhrms+ gvs le `phe |xhsvg`e zdhvdhr Gfhlk
Fgsp`sgvg elkgsm cle lcc`xev n`r gfhlk c`efgvg es+ swsvhmlvgc hrr`r+ lef hpgsvhmgc
fhngcghecghs% Gv mgjdv zhkk vxre `xv vdlv l vdh`rw gs lbkh v` ngef l prgecgpkhf zlw v` pgca `xv
mhlegej-fhvhrmgegej fgsp`sgvg`es nr`m fgsp`sgvg`es v` hrr`rs+ h~he zdhe vdhw lrh swsvhmlvgc1
lef vdlv vdh slmh vdh`rw dls vdh rhs`xrchs v` htvhef gvs sc`ph bhdgef hpgsvhmgclkkw p`ssgbkh
clshs+ `r v` htckxfh sxcd clshs ls grrhkh~lev8
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svgkk gv z`ev bh lfh|xlvh ls l vdh`rw `n mhlegej% Vdh rhls`e z`xkf bh vdlv vdhrh gs l e`e-
d`m`jhehgvw+ l s`rv `n mhvlpdwsgclk jlp bhvzhhe mhlegej pr`phrvghs lef fgsp`sgvg`elk
pr`phrvghs9 vdh n`rmhr lrh e`rmlvg~h+ vdh klvvhr lrh e`v% Vdlv vdgs gs l ahw p`gev `n Argpahs
fglkhcvgc gs lkm`sv vlahe n`r jrlevhf86%
Dhrh+ vdhe+ gs vdh plssljh nr`m Argpah vdlv z`xkf c`evlge vdgs agef `n Jlp Lrjxmhev9
Sxpp`sh G mhle lffgvg`e bw !% Zdlv gs vdh rhklvg`e `n vdgs sxpp`sgvg`e v` vdh |xhsvg`e
d`z G zgkk rhsp`ef v` vdh pr`bkhm >4!8:0 Vdh fgsp`sgvg`elkgsv jg~hs l fhscrgpvg~h
lcc`xev `n vdgs rhklvg`e9 gn ! mhlev lffgvg`e+ vdhe G zgkk leszhr
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`xjdv-e`v+ htprhsshs s`mh ehz rhklvg`e `n lnngrmlvg`e+ vgs ehchsslrw vdlv gv sd`xf bh
`bshr~f lef htpklgef1 lef lv vdh slmh vgmh vdlv l rhls`e sd`xkf bh jg~he+ n`r zdlv
shhms lkv`jhvdhr gec`echg~lbkh+ d`z vdgs ehz rhklvg`e cle bh l fhfxcvg`e nr`m `vdhrs+
zdgcd lrh hevgrhkw fgnnhrhev nr`m gv8>%
E`z+ vdh gs-`xjdv gssxh dls bhhe l zgfhkw fhblvhf `eh sgech Dxmhs vgmh% Vz`
c`esgfhrlvg`es+ d`zh~hr+ mgjdv bh pxv n`rzlrf ge nl~`xr `n vdh gfhl vdlv vdhrh gs svgkk r``m n`r
fgscxssg`e% Ngrsv+ Dxmh svlrvs nr`m vdh h~gfhech vdlv v` fhrg~h e`rmlvg~h nr`m pxrhkw nlcvxlk
svlvhmhevs gs |xgvh c`mm`e% Vdgs gs svgkk vrxh gn zh c`esgfhr h~lkxlvg`es lef prhscrgpvg`es ge
lffgvg`e v` m`rlk e`rms% N`r htlmpkh+ zh slw vdlv nr`m vdh nlcv vdlv I`ehs agkkhf Smgvd+ gv
n`kk`zs vdlv I`ehs `xjdv v` bh pxegsdhf1 lef nr`m vdh nlcv vdlv Leels plphr dls sxcd lef
sxcd cdlrlcvhrgsvgcs lef Hmmls plphr dls sxcd lef sxcd fgnnhrhev cdlrlcvhrgsvgcs+ Leels
plphr gs bhvvhr vdle Hmmls% Ge b`vd clshs+ levhchfhevs lrh nlcvxlk+ zdgkh c`esh|xhechs lrh
e`rmlvg~h% Lnvhr lkk+ Dxmh dgmshkn mgjdv bh shhe ls rhsvgej `e vdgs nlcv lb`xv `xr prlcvgch ge
`rfhr v` pr`p`sh l zlw `xv `n vdh gmplssh%
Shc`ef+ nr`m vdh plssljh lb`~h gv shhms vdlv Dxmh blegsdhs xeixsvgnghf`rxehtpklgehf gs-
`xjdv fhrg~lvg`es+ lef e`v gs-`xjdv fhrg~lvg`es ls sxcd% Blsgclkkw htpk`gvgej vdhsh vz` p`gevs+
`eh mgjdv vlah Dxmhs plssljh ls l cklgm+ lef e`v s` mxcd ls le lrjxmhevn`r vdh gkkgcgvehss
`n gs-`xjdv fhrg~lvg`es%Vdgs gs D`rzgcds p`gev9 vdhrh gs e` lrjxmhev n`r vdh cklgm vdlv ge prgecgpkh lef ge vdh jhehrlk
clsh+ gs-`xjdv gmpkgclvg`es lrh gkkgcgv% Sxcd le lrjxmhev c`xkfev bxv c`evlge l nlkklcw9 vdh
gfhl vdlv vdh levhchfhev lef vdh c`esh|xhev `n l ~lkgf gmpkgclvg`e ehhf v` bh d`m`jheh`xs ls
v` zdgcd agef `n pr`phrvw vdhw rhnhr v`+ bxv vdgs gfhl ge vdh jhehrlk clsh gs nlksh8:% Dhrh+ l
zhlahr ~hrsg`e `n Dxmhs p`gev gs lcchpvhf9 gs-`xjdv fhrg~lvg`es ehhf v` bh jr`xefhf
s`mhd`z% Vdh svr`ejhsv cklgm `n jhehrlk gmp`ssgbgkgvw gs e`v lcchpvhf+ lef vdh vd`xjdv gs vdlv
~lkgfgvw `n ged`m`jheh`xs fhrg~lvg`es ehhf v` bh fgscxsshf `e l clsh-bw-clsh blsgs%S`+ gn gv gs e`v vrxh ge jhehrlk vdlv nlcvs clev gmpkw e`rms+ cle gv bh vrxh ge plrvgcxklr vdlv
nlcvs clev gmpkw e`rms `n c`rrhcv xsh0 Ge `vdhr z`rfs+ gs vdhrh s`mhvdgej sphcgngclkkw lb`xv
vdh clsh `n mhlegej pr`phrvghs lef fgsp`sgvg elk pr`phrvghs+ zdgcd sxpp`rvs vdh Jlp
Lrjxmhev0 Gn vdh leszhr gs lnngrmlvg~h+ vdhe vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs zgkk ngelkkw bh
pr`~hf%
8> Dxmh 7%
8: D`rzgcd
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4% Vdh ixsvgngclvg`e lrjxmhev
Dhrhs l vhmpvgej kgeh `n rhls`egej vdlv z`xkf mlah vdh Jlp Lrjxmhev pklxsgbkh+ lef vdh
Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs vrxh% Ge nlcv+ gv gs sxjjhsvhf bw Argpah dgmshkn ixsv lnvhr vdh plssljh
|x`vhf lb`~h9
vdh nlcv vdlv vdh schpvgc cle mlgevlge vdh dwp`vdhsgs vdlv G mhlev |xxs sd`zs vdlv G dlf
e` ixsvgngclvg`e n`r leszhrgej
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vrlesplrhev v` mh% Ge rhkglbgkgsv vhrms+ G lm ixsvgnghf ge bhkgh~gej s`mhvdgej gn vdhrh gs l
rhkglbkh pr`chfxrh G cle n`kk`z ge `rfhr v` jhv v` vdlv bhkghn+ e` mlvvhr gn G lm lzlrh `n sxcd
pr`chfxrh>2% Vdgs gevhrprhvlvg`e gs sxpp`rvhf bw vd`sh plssljhs ge zdgcd Argpah slws
vdlv nlcvs lb`xv mhlegej+ gn vdhrh lrh lew+ sd`xkf jxgfh `ehs xsh `n z`rfs >3% Vwpgclkkw+
rhkglbkh bxv e`e-vrlesplrhev pr`chfxrhs clee`v bh `ehs jxgfh%
Zgvd sxcd c`esgfhrlvg`es ge pklch+ vdhe+ prhmgsh < cle bh rhzrgvvhe ls n`kk`zs9
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7% Le`vdhr hpgsvhm`k`jgclk schpvgc0
Zdw Argpahs schpvgc clee`v bh le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk schpvgc >60 Zhkk+ ngrsv `n lkk n`r rhls`es `n
gevhrelk c`dhrhech `n Argpahs fglkhcvgc9 Argpah htpkgcgvkw fheghs vdlv vdh lffgvg`e-|xlffgvg`e
pr`bkhm gs le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk pr`bkhm lb`xv vdh p`ssgbgkgvw `n ae`zgej nlcvs lb`xvmhlegej>8% D`zh~hr+ gevhrelk c`dhrhech clee`v bh vdh hef `n vdh sv`rw+ ls `eh c`xkf sxsphcv
vdlv Argpah dgmshkn mgjdv bh zr`ej lb`xv vdh elvxrh `n dgs `ze lrjxmhev% Vdh rhlk pr`bkhm
gs vdlv gn zh lkk`z vdh vrlesn`rmlvg`e `n vdh schpvgclk plrlf`t gev` le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk
schpvgcs plrlf`t+ vdhe gv bhc`mhs mxcd hlsghrv` rhnxsh%
N`r khvs sxpp`sh vdlv vdh schpvgclk plrlf`t gs le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk plrlf`t+ lef e`v l
mhvlpdwsgclk plrlf`t ls Argpah zlevhf gv v` bh% Vdhe gvs sgmpkgnghf svrxcvxrh gs ls n`kk`zs9
W`x f`ev ae`z vdlv pkxs mhles lffgvg`e xekhss w`x rxkh `xv vdh p`ssgbgkgvw vdlv pkxsmhles |xlffgvg`e%
W`x f`ev ae`z lew nlcv vdlv mlahs pkxs mhles lffgvg`e vrxh $lef pkxs mhles
|xlffgvg`e nlksh'%
W`x f`ev ae`z vdlv pkxs mhles lffgvg`e%
E`z+ vdgs agef `n lrjxmhev gs ~xkehrlbkh v` vdh vrlfgvg`elk `bihcvg`es ljlgesv
hpgsvhm`k`jgclk schpvgcgsm% N`r htlmpkh+ `eh mlw `bihcv v` vdh ngrsv prhmgsh lef rhnxsh v`
vlah xp vdh schpvgcs cdlkkhejh9 zdw sd`xkf G ehhf v` rxkh `xv |xlffgvg`e ge `rfhr v` ae`z vdlv
pkxs mhles lffgvg`e0>> G clee`v bh c`mmgvvhf v` rxkgej `xv lewvdgejzdgcd gs gec`mplvgbkh
zgvd mw ae`zkhfjh-cklgms+ ls vdlv z`xkf rh|xgrh `megscghech `e mw plrv>:% Lnvhr lkk+
|xlffgvg`e gs e`vdgej m`rh vdle l k`jgclk p`ssgbgkgvw `n hrr`r+ lef vdlv gs sgmpkw e`v he`xjd%
Ls J`kfnlrb pxvs gv9
Qh]~he gn zh jrlev vdlv vdhrh lrh p`ssgbkh nxvxrh rhsp`eshs vdlv z`xkf xef` vdh cxrrhev
lscrgpvg`e+ lkk Argpah `nnhrs gs l blrh p`ssgbgkgvwL shrg`xs sahpvgc mxsv lcchpv l bxrfhe
`n pr``n lef pr`~gfh s`mh jr`xef nr`m zdgcd vdh lvvlca pr`chhfs% Vdh sgvxlvg`e dhrh gse` fgnnhrhev nr`m vdlv zgvd sahpvgcgsm `n m`rh nlmgkglr agefs9 l schpvgclk pr`bkhm clee`v
bh lssxmhf v` lrgsh ixsv nr`m vdh k`jgclk p`ssgbgkgvw `n hrr`r% V` vlah vdlv schpvgcgsm lb`xv
mhlegej cle s` lrgsh gs v` ljrhh v` l ihixeh jk`blk schpvgcgsm lb`xv lkk `xr ae`zkhfjh
$J`kfnlrb 8 Argpah FhR`sh :Frhvsah
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Le lkvhrelvg~h svrlvhjw n`r sgkhecgej le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk schpvgc lb`xv mhlegej gs sxjjhsvhf bw
Argpah dgmshkn% Gn vdh pr`bkhm gs le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk pr`bkhm+ `eh cle lrjxh vdlv `n lkk vdh
lkvhrelvg~h dwp`vdhshs c`echregej vdh mhlegej `n pkxs+ vdh dwp`vdhsgs vdlv G mhle lffgvg`e
sd`xkf bh prhnhrrhf+ ls gv gs vdh sgmpkhsv dwp`vdhsgs% S` h~he vd`xjd G clee`v jhv v` ae`z
zdlv pkxs mhles+ ls vdh rhkh~lev h~gfhech kghs bhw`ef mw hpgsvhmgc rhlcd+ G cle `pv n`r vdh
dwp`vdhsgs vdlv lffgvg`e gs vdh gevhefhf mhlegej+ bhclxsh vdh dwp`vdhsgs `n lffgvg`e htpklges
vdh slmh nlcvs ls lkk vdh `vdhrs zgvd`xv fhmlefgej v`` mxcd c`jegvg~h hnn`rv `e mw plrv>4%
B`vd vdh `bihcvg`e `n vdh grrhkh~lech `n schpvgclk lkvhrelvg~hs lef vdh `bihcvg`e `n sgmpkgcgvw
sd`z vdlv ls s``e ls zh cdlejh vdh pkxs clsh gev` le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk schpvgcs lrjxmhev+ gv
chlshs v` bh cdlkkhejgej lef gevrgjxgej% N`r Argpahs schpvgc v` rhmlge slnh lef $lkm`sv'
ge~xkehrlbkh+ dh sd`xkf bhvvhr svlw lzlw nr`m hpgsvhm`k`jgclk c`echres%
@eh rhmlra bhn`rh khl~gej vdh Ixsvgngclvg`e Lrjxmhev% E`vdgej slgf s` nlr fgsljrhhs zgvd
Zrgjdvs c`eckxsg e vdlv Argpahs schpvgclk plrlf`t pr`~hs vdlv vdhrh gs e` geehr
hpgsvhm`k`jw `n rxkh-n kk`zgej>7+ lef zgvd dgs nxrvdhr rhmlra vdlv l svrlgjdv-s`kxvg`e
lppr`lcd v` vdh pr`bkhm k`clvhs vdh clkkhf-n`r mhlegej-c`esvgvxvgej nlcvs `ekw lv vdh c`sv `n
`bscxrgej sxbihcvs e`e-genhrhevglk ae`zkhfjh `n vdhgr `ze mhlegejs% Vdh p`gev G dl~h bhhe
svrhssgej gs vdlv ls nlr ls vdh |xhsvg`e Zdlv lrh mhlegej pr`phrvghs0 gs c`echrehf+
hpgsvhm`k`jgclk rhsvrgcvg`e `e vdh l~lgklbkh flvl+ lef hpgsvhm`k`jgclk z`rrghs+ sd`xkf bh
bhvvhr khnv lsgfh%
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hkgmgelvg`e9 Argpah htlmgehs clefgflvh nlcvs+ lef rhihcv vdhm ls e`e-lfh|xlvh n`r vdh r`kh `n
mhlegej-c`esvgvxvgej nlcvs%
E`z+ zdlv dls bhhe jrlfxlkkw ckhlrhf xp ge vdhsh shcvg`es zls vdlv vdh lrjxmhev nr`m
hkgmgelvg`e c`evlges sh~hrlk |xhsvg`elbkh lssxmpvg`es% Ngrsv+ vdhrhs vdh lb`xv-mh rhsvrgcvg`e9
rhkh~lev nlcvs lb`xv mhlegej sd`xkf ge~`k~h mhevlk pr`phrvghs `n gefg~gfxlks% Vdgs gs nlr nr`m
`b~g xs+ ls zhkk-ae`ze htvhrelkgsv lrjxmhevs sd`z% M`rh`~hr+ vdh lrjxmhev nr`m
hkgmgelvg`e dls le gmplssh zdhe nlcgej vdh clsh `n gfhlk fgsp`sgvg es% Argpah `nnhrs
lrjxmhevs n`r vdh cklgm vdlv gv gs fgnngcxkv v` vrw lef hklb`rlvh le gfhlk fgsp`sgvg`e vdh`rw
zdgcd gs e`e-cgrcxklr+ lef htvhesg`elkkw c`gecgfhev zgvd vdh gevhefhf mhlegejs `n z`rfs% Bxv
dh `nnhrs e` htpkgcgv lrjxmhev n`r vdh c`eckxsg`e vdlv gv gs ge prgecgpkh gmp`ssgbkh vdlv sxcd l
vdh`rw pr`~gfhs le lfh|xlvh htpklelvg`e `n mhlegej pr`phrvghs%
Ge nlcv+ le lrjxmhev n`r vdlv c`eckxsg`e l Jlp Lrjxmhev gs sxjjhsvhf zdhrh Argpah slws
vdlv fgsp`sgvg`es clev lcc`xev n`r mhlegej bhclxsh fgsp`sgvg`es lrh nlcvxlk pr`phrvghs+ zdgkh
mhlegejs lrh e`rmlvg~h pr`phrvghs% G lrjxhf vdlv vdh `ekw zlw v` fh~hk`p vdgs sxjjhsvg`e
zgvd`xv lvvrgbxvgej l phvgvg` prgecgpgg v` Argpah gs v` lvvrgbxvh dgm l nxrvdhr rhsvrgcvg`e `e
clefgflvh mhlegej-c`esvgvxvg~h nlcvs9 sxcd nlcvs ehhf v` bh sxcd vdlv vdhw ixsvgnw l phrs`es
xsh `n l z`rf zgvd l chrvlge mhlegej+ lef jxgfh dgm vdr`xjd z`rf-lppkgclvg`e%
Vdgs ixsvgngclvg`e rhsvrgcvg`e phrmgvs vdh rhc`esvrxcvg`e `n l Ixsvgngclvg`e Lrjxmhev9 gfhlk
fgsp`sgvg`es clev htpklge mhlegejs bhclxsh vdhw clev bh vlahe ls ixsvgngclvg`es `n `ehs xsh
`n l z`rf zgvd l chrvlge mhlegej% Ge vdh ngelk shcvg`es G lrjxhf vdlv vdh Ixsvgngclvg`e
Lrjxmhev rlgshs l fgkhmml n`r vdh schpvgc9 hgvdhr ixsvgngclvg`e gs gevhefhf ge l rhkglbgkgsv
shesh+ bxv vdhe fgsp`sgvg es cle bh vlahe ls ixsvgngclvg`es lef vdh lrjxmhev nlgks+ `r
ixsvgngclvg`e rh|xgrhs vrlesplrhecw v` vdh phrs`e ae`zkhfjh% Gn vdh schpvgc vlahs vdh klvvhr
d`re `n l fgkhmml+ dgs mhvlpdwsgclk pr`bkhm lb`xv mhlegej bhc`mhs gefgsvgejxgsdlbkh nr`m
le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk schpvgcs lrjxmhev% G sd`zhf vdlv ls s``e ls vdh schpvgcs plrlf`t gs
lssgmgklvhf v` le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk plrlf`t+ gv bhc`mhs ~xkehrlbkh v` mlew `bihcvg`es%Vdh c`eckxsg`e gs vdlv vdh Ixsvgngclvg`e Lrjxmhev gs e`v l j``f m`~h `e vdh schpvgcs plrv+ bxv
zgvd e` Ixsvgngclvg`e Lrjxmhev vdhrh gs e` pklxsgbkh Jlp Lrjxmhev9 e` rhls`e zdw nlcvs clev
gmpkw h~lkxlvg`es ge vdh clsh `n mhlegej% Lef gn vdhrh gs e` pklxsgbkh Jlp Lrjxmhev+ vdh
schpvgc dls e` rhls`e v` htckxfh gfhlk fgsp`sgvg`es nr`m p`ssgbkh mhlegej-c`esvgvxvgej nlcvs%
Zdgcd mhles vdlv vdh schpvgcs lrjxmhev nr`m hkgmgelvg`e gs zr`ej lv khlsv `e vdgs p`gev% Gv
n`kk`zs+ h~hevxlkkw+ vdlv vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs dls e` sxpp`rv+ lef ge plrvgcxklr gv f`hs
e`v n`kk`z nr`m Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw% Ge nlcv+ vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs cle bh fr`pphf+ lefBlsgc E`rmlvg~gvw cle bh lf`pvhf ls l ehxvrlk c`efgvg`e `n lfh|xlcw `e vdh`rghs `n mhlegej%
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Vdhrhn`rh+ ge spgvh `n l zgfhsprhlf ljrhhmhev `e vdh c`evrlrw+ vdh e`rmlvg~gvw `n mhlegej gs
e`v l sphcglk lcdgh~hmhev `n levgelvxrlkgsv vdh`rghs+ bxv rlvdhr le `phe cdlkkhejh n`r b`vd
levgelvxrlkgsv lef elvxrlkgsv vdh`rghs `n vdh elvxrh `n c`echpvs:?%
:? Vdgs plphr fh~hk`phf nr`m vdh ngrsv cdlpvhr `n mw _dF vdhsgs+ fgscxsshf lv vdh Xeg~hrsgvw `n Hlsvhre _ghfm`ev+ ^hrchkkg+ ge Mlw 2??3% Gvdlea _l`k` Kh`elrfg n`r dhkpnxk sxphr~gs`e `n vdh zd`kh z`ra+ lef Blrrw C% Smgvd zd` zls mw htvhrelk htlmgehr% Vdleas lks` v` LefrhlBglecdg lef Leelkgsl C`kg~l n`r c`mmhevs e vdh prhshev ~hrsg`e%
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7/30/2019 Rule-following and basic normativity
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Rhnhrhechs
Lksv`e+ Z%_%
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7/30/2019 Rule-following and basic normativity
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Ylklblrf`+ I%