rule 13 - overtaking

Rule 13 - Overtaking (a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of part B, sections

I and II, any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.

(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.

(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.

(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.

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Rule 13 - Overtaking

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► Overtaking another vessel Rule 13, § (a)

§  The overtaking vessel keeps out of the way §  Rule 13 is exclusive §  Rule 13 applies to any vessel overtaking:

►  Power-driven vessels ►  Sailing vessels ►  Seaplanes ►  WIG crafts ►  Vessels NUC ►  Vessels restricted to manoeuvre ►  Vessels constrained by their draught ►  Fishing vessels

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Rule 13 - Overtaking Overtaking another vessel Rule 13, § (a)

General considerations −  The main responsibility in an overtaking situation lays by the

overtaking vessel −  The overtaking vessel normally proceeds at a higher speed

and, −  The speed of approach is rather limited −  The overtaking vessel can easily keep out of the way by a helm

action or by an engine action −  In a narrow channel or fairway, both vessels should agree on

the best overtaking manoeuvre −  In an overtaking manoeuvre always beware for interaction

between both vessels −  In a narrow channel or near a shallow, banc suction should also

be considered 4


Stand-on vessel

Give-way vessel

The vessel that is overtaking is the give-way vessel, regardless of the type of vessel (power-driven vessel, sailing vessel, vessel engaged in fishing, etc. and regardless of its size and speed)

The vessel being overtaken is always the stand-on vessel

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Power-driven vessel overtaking another power-driven vessel

Stand-on vessel

Give-way vessel

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7



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Sailing vessel overtaking a power-driven vessel

A sailing vessel should preferably overtake another vessel on its windward side, not to be cut off when abeam of the vessel. It should pass at a reasonable distance not to drift towards the overtaken ship.

Stand-on vessel

Give-way vessel

Rule 13 overrides Rule Rule 18 (a) (iv)

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Sailing vessel overtaking a power-driven vessel Sailing vessel overtaking a power-driven vessel Sailing vessel overtaking a power-driven vessel

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Power-driven vessel overtaking a sailing vessel

Stand-on vessel

Give-way vessel

The sailing vessel will be normally drifting to the East Consequently, the power-driven vessel should, preferably, overtake the sailing vessel on her port side

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Sailing vessel overtaking a sailing vessel

Stand-on vessel

Give-way vessel Give-way vessel

Rule 13 overrides Rule 12

The give-way vessel being the larger vessel, she will probably drift more to the East and consequently, overtake the stand-on vessel on het starboard side

The overtaking sailing vessel must always take action, notwithstanding the point of sailing of both vessels

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Rule 13 also applies to vessels proceeding along a narrow channel or a traffic lane

These vessels must consequently keep out of the way of any vessel they are overtaking including :

−  Sailing vessels −  Small power-driven vessels −  Vessels engaged in fishing

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Rule 13 has precedence over Rule 18

A vessel listed in any of the categories in Rule 18 must keep out of the way of any vessel which she is overtaking

−  power-driven vessels −  sailing vessels −  seaplanes −  WIG crafts −  vessels NUC −  vessels restricted to manoeuvre −  vessels constrained by their draught −  fishing vessels

Thus:

must keep out of the way of any vessel they are overtaking 14



Is it justified that a vessels NUC, restricted to manoeuvre or constrained by their draught must take action when overtaking another vessel ????

According to Rule 2 (b), a vessel which is being overtaken by a NUC-vessel should take the necessary measures to avoid risk of collision 15



According to Rule 2 (b), a vessel which is being overtaken by a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre should take the necessary measures to avoid risk of collision 16



According to Rule 2 (b), a vessel which is being overtaken by a vessel constrained by her draught should take the necessary measures to avoid risk of collision 17



When intending to overtake another vessel in a narrow channel or fairway, make the signals prescribed in Rule 34 (c)

A judicious use of VHF is recommended, especially if the overtaking vessel is a NUC-vessel, a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre or a vessel constrained by her draft

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Make an appropriate sound signal (Rule 34 (d)) or use VHF if unable to avoid risk of collision with overtaking vessel

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Rule 13 - Overtaking When is a vessel overtaking (Rule 13 (b))

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Rule 13 - Overtaking Rule 13 - OvertakingWhen is a vessel overtaking (Rule 13 (b))

Crossing Stand-on vessel

Crossing Stand-on vessel

Crossing Give-way vessel

Crossing Give-way vessel

Head-on vessel

Overtaking Give-way vessel



Overtaking zone 135°

Crossing

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Rule 13 - Overtaking When is a vessel overtaking (Rule 13 (b))

The red vessel sees the sternlight of the green vessel and no sidelight. She is in the overtaking sector of the green vessel and must take avoiding action. She can pass behind the green vessel or ahead of her at a great distance (This last avoiding action is not recommended).

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Rule 13 - Overtaking In doubt whether or not overtaking (Rule 13 (c))

In doubt whether or not overtaking

1

2 A

3

3 4

Vessel 2 is definitely overtaking vessel A. Vessel 3 and 4 are definitely crossing vessels Vessels 1 and 3 find themselves on the border of seeing or NOT seeing vessel A’s sternlight. Therefore, several doubtful situations can occur (See following slide)

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Rule 13 - Overtaking Rule 13 - Overtaking In doubt whether or not overtaking (Rule 13 (c))

1

A

3

Vessel A considers herself as being overtaken so that she should stand-on. Vessels 1 and 3 should give-way

Vessel A considers herself as being crossing, so she should give-way for vessel 3

Vessels 1 and 3 consider themselves as overtaking vessel A, so they should give way. Vessel A should stand-on

Vessel 1, whether crossing or overtaking should give way for vessel A

If vessel 3 considers herself as overtaking, she should give way for vessel A and A should stand-on. If vessel 3 considers herself as crossing, she should stand-on and vessel A should give-way

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Rule 13 - Overtaking Rule 13 - OvertakingIn doubt whether or not overtaking (Rule 13 (c))

With so many possibilities in case of doubt, whether a vessel is overtaking or crossing (vessels 1 and 3 in previous slide), Rule 13 (c) is very clear; she should consider herself as overtaking

The OOW should not only look ahead of his ship but also astern

In case of doubt, judicious use of VHF is also recommended. For vessel’s identification, make adequate use of the AIS 25


► Finally past and clear Rule 13 (d)

§  Stern of overtaking vessel has past bow of vessel being overtaken

§  Vessels do not approach each other any more §  Overtaken vessel can alter course freely without

creating a new danger of collision

§  Be careful of interaction

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Rule 13 - Overtaking Finally past and clear Rule 13 (d)

5 miles

2 miles

In B1 the distance between the two vessels is 5 miles. Although B1 is in the overtaking sector of A1, the distance is too big and there is no risk of collision. In B3, the distance is only 2 miles and B3 is now considered to be a crossing vessel. There is now risk of collision and according to Rule 15, B3 is the stand-on vessel and A3 the give-way vessel. A3 must take adequate action. 27


Overtaking

Overtaking Past and clear

WRONG

OK

OK

OK

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Vessel B1 is in the overtaking sector of vessel A1 and about 1 mile from vessel A. In position 2, vessels are still about 1 mile apart. If vessel B decides to turn to port on a crossing course, she shall still be assumed to be overtaking although she has left the overtaking sector. She shall therefore take appropriate action to keep clear of vessel A

WRONG

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The distance at which the Rules apply depends mainly on the speed of approach and on the sizes of the vessels. For two slow vessels, on similar courses and little difference of speed, it may be less than a mile

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In narrow channels and fairways, very often there is a pilot on board who is completely familiarized with the overtaking procedures See Rule 9 (e) (i) and (ii) and Rule 34 (c) (i), (c) (ii) and 34 (d)

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The same remarks apply to vessels in a Traffic Separation Scheme where vessels have a tendency to overtake each other at close quarters (sometimes one cable or less which definitely is not a safe overtaking distance)

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Risk of collision is not yet over, even if the overtaking vessel has past the bow of the overtaken vessel

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► Action by overtaking vessel

§  Positive action in ample time §  Avoid crossing ahead §  Generally alter course and speed: ►  To pass astern or ►  To follow parallel courses

§  Assume to be overtaking until overtaken vessel is finally past and clear

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Rule 13 - Overtaking Action by overtaking vessel

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Rule 13 - Overtaking Action by overtaking vessel

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Rule 13 - Overtaking Rule 13 - OvertakingAction by overtaking vessel - Interaction

Beware of interaction when overtaking

Interaction can especially occur when vessels overtake each other at close distance or when a vessel is too close of a bank or shallow. It varies with the size and speed of the vessel and with the depth of water. For more details, see Rule 6, slides 32 and further.

Overtaking vessels are more affected by interaction than vessels meeting on reciprocal courses

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Rule 13 - Overtaking Action by overtaking vessel - Signals

Overtaking signals must only be given in a narrow channel or fairway, when the overtaken vessel has to take action to permit safe passing (see Rule 9 (e) (i) and (ii).

The overtaking signals are given in Rule 34 (c) (i) and (ii) and Rule 34 (d).

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rule 13 - overtaking

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