rtg projekcije
DESCRIPTION
rentgenske projekcije u stomatologijiTRANSCRIPT
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Radiografske tehnike snimanja orofacijalnog područja
Doc.dr sc. Igor Barišić
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radiografske tehnike snimanja orofacijalnog područja
• intraoralne– apikalni i periodontalni
radiogram– okluzalni radiogram– “bite-wing” radiogram– lokalizacijske tehnike
• ekstraoralne– panoramski radiogram
čeljusti– obrnuta Towneova
projekcija– cefalometrijski
radiogram– kraniogram, Waters,
kose projekcije mandibule, TMJ
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radiografske tehnike snimanja orofacijalnog područja - principi
• izbor tehnike prilagoditi kliničkom pitanju• što manja deformacija objekta• pokušaj dobivanja realne veličine• zaštita od zračenja pomoću pregače s olovnom
impregnacijom i okovratnikom za štitnjaču
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Osnovni elementi rendgenske cijevi
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TRANSFORMATORI
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Koštana struktura na radiogramu
• kompakta, kortikalis• spongioza• mekotkivna sjena
koštane srži
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Receptori slike u stomatologiji
• zubni film• digitalni intraoralni detektor (RVG)
• film-folijski sustav + kazeta• digitalni ekstaoralni detektor
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Apikalni i periodontalni radiogram
• najmanja deformacija snimanog objekta• periapikalno područje i endodontalna
patologija• središnja zraka – kliničko pitanje• formati: 31x41mm, 22x35mm, 24x40mm
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Zakon ortoprojekcije
• centralna zraka mora biti okomita (ortogonalna) na ravninu koja spaja bukalne plohe dva susjedna snimana zuba
• ciljati točno između dva zuba okomito na film • poštovanje tog pravila sprječava međusobno
prekrivanje kruna susjednih zuba na snimci• kutovi horizontalnog otklona različiti za donju i
gornju čeljust
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Zakon izometrije
• uvećanje, izobličenje sjene zbog divergencije rdg zraka
• dobiti što realniju sliku• odrediti vertikalni nagib rdg cijevi• 2 tehnike: usporedna i bisekcijska• plastični nosač receptora slike ili bolesnik
pridržava dentalni film svojim prstom
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Efekt na sliku zbog različite odaljenosti izvora zračenja i objekta
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Idealni geometrijski odnosi filma objekta i rendgenskog snopa
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Efekt na sliku zbog loše pozicije filma, objekta i rendgenskog snopa
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Primjer 1
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Primjer 2
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Primjer 3
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Primjer 4
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Primjer 5
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Apikalni i periodontalni radiogram
• usporedna tehnika– plastični nosač– ravnine receptora i zuba
usporedne– središnja zraka okomita
na obje– zub i receptor su udaljeni– problem plitkog nepca– najmanja deformacija
• bisekcijska tehnika– u nemogućnosti
usporedne– receptor pridržava
prstom– koso postavljen zbog
debljine alveolarnog nastavka
– središnja zraka okomita na bisektor
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usporedna tehnika
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bisekcijska tehnika
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okomita i horizontalna angulacija
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angulacija u vertikalnoj ravnini
• kutovi su samo orijentacijski• prilagodba stvarnoj anatomiji• bezube osobe – skaćenje alveolarnog nastavka• djeca – pliće nepce, kraći alveolarni greben
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periapikalni radiogrami zubiju gornje čeljusti
• položaj apeksa (orijentacija): spojnica donjeg ruba nosnih krila sa tragusom
• namještaj glave kod otvorenih usta: linija gornjih apeksa mora biti horizontalna, grizna ravnina je također u horizontali
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osnovni položaj bolesnika za radiograme gornje čeljusti
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periapikalni radiogrami zubiju donje čeljusti
• položaj apeksa (orijentacija): 1 cm kranijalno od donjeg ruba mandibule
• namještaj glave kod otvorenih usta: spojnica grizne ravnine donjih sjekutića sa ušnom resicom je u horizontalnoj ravnini
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položaj intraoralnog receptora (bisekcijska tehnika)
• prst iza receptora• dentalni film prislonjen na oralnu stranu zuba i
alveolarnog nastavka• 1-2 mm prelazi okluzalnu ravninu• oznaka strane uvijek desno
• označavanje zuba: FDI, ADA (1-32)
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periapikalni pregled svih zuba (survey)
• ODRASLI - ukupno 14 filmova
• 7 filmova za svaku čeljust– sjekutići x 1– očnjak x 2– premolari x 2– molari x 2
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intraoralni okluzalni radiogram
• film 57x76 mm, djeca 31x41 mm• film potisnuti do ramusa mandibule• glatku stranu prema snimanoj čeljusti• veći segmenti na jednom radiogramu• indikacije: procjena položaja objekta u smjeru
oralno-vestibularno(prekobrojni zubi, zaostali korijeni, sijaloliti, ekspanzivne lezije, frakture)
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topografski okluzalni radiogram maksile
• središnja zraka 25° u odnosu na glabeloalveolarnu liniju
• prema receptoru 65°• središnja zraka kroz nosne kosti• prikaz gornjeg dentalnog luka, nosnog
septuma
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(uni)lateralni okluzalni radiogram maksile
• kraniokaudalni smjer i lateromedijalni nagib središnje zrake pod kutom od 60° prema receptoru
• okluzalni film pomaknut prema lateralno• zagriz kontroliranom snagom• prikaz jedne polovice gornje čeljusti
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aksijalni okluzalni radiogram mandibule
• glavu zabaciti prema natrag• središnja zraka usmjerena kaudokranijalno
prema dnu usne šupljine, na središte receptora• prikaz većeg dijela donje čeljusti
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“bite-wing” radiogram (Raper) ili snimka ugrizom u traku (krilce)
• plastični omot filma, zagriz u krilce • krune i vratovi zuba obje čeljusti istodobno• interproksimalne površine i alveolarni greben
između zuba• poseban format, 27x54 mm ev. 31x41 mm• središnja zraka ukošena 10° kraniokaudalno• poštovati zakon ortoprojekcije
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“bite-wing” radiogram: indikacije
• rana dijagnoza proksimalnog karijesa• provjera marginalnog prilijeganja ispuna ili kruna u
proksimalnom području• procjena endodontalnih zahvata• prikaz kalkuloze u proksimalnim regijama, procjena
koštanih džepova • postojanje malokluzije u posteriornoj regiji zbog
nedostatka zuba, nedostatka antagonista ili prebliskog kontakta pojedinih zuba
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lokalizacijske tehnike
• dopunske projekcije za određivanje točnog položaja zuba ili drugog objekta u čeljustima
• Clarkova tehnika sa dvije ekspozicije uz različite kutove središnje zrake, paralaksijski pomak
• kombinacija standardnog apikalnog i okluzalnog radiograma
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pogreške kod intraoralnih radiograma
• idealan radiogram je vrlo teško dobiti zbog individualnih varijacija i slabe suradnje pojedinih bolesnika
• izostanak prikaza periapikalnog područja• kosi prikaz uzdužne osi zuba• preklapanje zuba (ortoprojekcija)• centriranje tubusa• savijanje intraoralnog filma
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Ekstraoralne snimke u stomatologiji
• panoramski tomogram čeljusti (ortopantomogram)• obrnuta Towneova projekcija• cefalometrijski radiogram• kraniogram• snimka baze lubanje (aksijalna snimka)• Watersova projekcija• TMJ• kose projekcije mandibule
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panoramska radiografija čeljusti
sveobuhvatan prikaznajpovoljniji omjer količine dobivenih informacija i izlaganja ionizirajućem zračenjucentralno mjesto u sistematskim pregledima čeljusti i zubanova dijagnostička strategija
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panoramska radiografija: indikacije
inicijalna pretraga novih bolesnika svih dobnih skupina rana dijagnostika razvojnih anomalija dentalnog aparatarazjašnjavanje razloga nedostatka zubasumnja na odontogeni uzrok sinusitisabolesti TMJ uzrokovane malokluzijomasimetrija lica i čeljustiotekline; asimptomatske, bolne ili bolne na pritisak
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panoramska radiografija: indikacije• loše cijeljenje ekstrakcijskih rana i sumnja na razvoj
osteomijelitisa• pretrage zbog suspektnih neodontogenih ili odontogenih
cista, tumora i sl.• sumnja na intraosalni ili invazivni tumorski rast,
suspektne metastaze• sistemske bolesti i sindromi • parestezija mandibularnog živca• maksilofacijalne frakture• predoperacijska i postoperacijska procjena
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temeljni principi
film i cijev rotiraju oko dentalnih lukova u suprotnom smjerueliminacija sjena ispred i iza tomografiranog slojavertikalni procjep na izlazu rendgenskog snopa, sektorsko snimanje
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nedostaci metode
nemogućnost optimalnog istodobnog prikaza prednjih maksilarnih i mandibularnih segmenataodnos udaljenosti fokus-film i objekt-film nije u svim segmentima ujednačen, zbog čega je i faktor uvećanja varijabilan za različite regije čeljustinisu moguća precizna mjerenjaproblem superpozicije nije potpuno otklonjen
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panoramski radiogram čeljusti
• artefakti zbog debljine sloja (najmanje 5 mm): tangencijalni efekt i sumacija
• maksilarni sinusi, nosna šupljina, orbite i epifariks (obostrano!) dovode do suptrakcije rendgenske sjene
• područje mentuma - superpozicija kralježnice i hioidne kosti
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obrnuta Towneova projekcija
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cefalometrijski radiogram
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kraniogram PA
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kraniogram, profil
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baza lubanje
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kose projekcije mandibule(ramus i korpus)
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Waters
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temporo-mandibularni
zglobovi
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dentalni radiografski film
• ukupno 7 slojeva• poliesterska plastična fleksibilna podloga• dvostruki fotografski sloj• plastični omot - štiti od kemijskog i mehaničkog
oštećenja• rendgenski film u crnom papiru koji štiti od utjecaja
svjetlosti • olovna ili kositrena pločica - štiti od povratnog
zračenja
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Slojevi rendgenskog filma
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Slojevi rendgenskog filma
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ulaganje zubnog filma u usnu šupljinu
• glatka strana omota prema rdg cijevi naslonjena na lingvalnu površinu zuba
• označeni kut filma je usmjeren uvijek udesno• rub filma za 1mm preko okluzalnog ruba
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ekstraoralna radiografija
• kazeta – zaštita od mehaničkog oštećenja i utjecaja svjetlosti
• folija – svjetlucanjem pojačava efekt zračenja na film, smanjuje dozu
• rendgenski film – osjetljiv na rendgensko zračenje, ali i na spektar folije
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Filmska kaseta
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Radiografija čeljusti i zuba u osoba s posebnim potrebama
• pojačan nagon na povraćanje, dodirivanje mekog nepca ili stražnje trećine jezika
• obrambeni mehanizam (dišni putovi)• redoslijed snimanja• prevencija: duboko disanje, anastetski sprej,
pristup bolesniku• djeca• fizički ili mentalno alterirane osobe