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Miguel Martinez // 2011 // The Struggle for Social Autonomy: Squatting in Europe

The struggle to belong

Dealing with diversity in 21st century urban settings.

Amsterdam, 7-9 July 2011

The Struggle for Social Autonomy:

What a!e We "earnt a#out $r#an %olitics from S&uatting in 'uro(e )

*iguel *art+ne

%a(er (resented at the nternational ./21 conference 2011

Session: 1 $r#an (olitics #eteen contention and control .T12 .adical %otential

*iguel *art+ne

Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain)Departamento Sociologa IIFacultad de Ciencias Polticas SociologaCampus de Somosaguas s/n2!22" Madrid

miguelam#cps$ucm$es

%%%$miguelangelmartinez$net

3ote

& 'irst reision o' tis article as *een made tan+s to te +ind contri*ution o' &lan Moore$ Preious ideas %erepresented and discussed in seeral meetings o' S,-. (Suatting -urope .ollectie) *et%een 200 and 2011$ us Iam in de*t %it all mem*ers o' tis net%or+ 'or teir alua*le contri*utions during tese encounters$ Despite o' m

personal responsi*ilit 'or te present %riting man o' tese ideas too+ 'orm tan+s to tat collectie %or+$

1
mailto:[email protected]://www.miguelangelmartinez.net/mailto:[email protected]://www.miguelangelmartinez.net/


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A#stract

Suatting empt properties 'or liing or to deelop pu*lic actiities as lasted in -uropean cities 'or

more tan tree decades$ &ltoug local and national conte3ts di''er signi'icantl tere are alsosome general trends and patterns tat desere sociological attention$ 4en suatting occasionall

appears in pu*lic de*ates controers is generated and man gaps open *et%een academic social

and political perceptions$ In tis paper I use eidence 'rom seeral -uropean cities to argue tat te

suatters5 moement as produced an original impact in ur*an politics$ e main 'eature o' tis

impact as *een to legitimate a relatiel %ide autonomous and mainl non6institutional mode o'

citizen participation protest and sel'6management$ 7o% as tis *een possi*le8 4ic are te

speci'ic contri*utions made * tis ur*an moement8 I propose to ans%er tese uestions * goinga step *eond te le't radical claims e3pressed * political suatters$ us 'our modes o'

articulation *et%een discourses practices conte3ts and actors inoled ma *e distinguised9 1)

opportunities and actions: 2) local and glo*al dimensions: ") social diersit %ea+ ties and

contentious politics: ;) and te con'lictie edge o' institutionalization$ ese analtical dimensions

are com*ined in order to e3plain *ot te main 'actors conditions and opportunities *eind

suatting in -urope and te alua*le e''ects in ur*an politics tat are usuall idden

misunderstood or %idel repressed * autorities$

ntroduction

e occupation o' empt *uildings and ouses in order to satis' ousing needs or to deelop social

actiities as *een a %idel spread practice all oer -urope since te 1


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Despite particular ccles o' eolution in di''erent cities te tide o' suatting rolled troug oter

countries in te coming decades suc as Denmar+ Spain reece Poland etc$ ere is good

eidence (.oopmans 1 7erreros 200; Martinez 2002) tat tis e3pansion %as due to

transnational imitation and multiple personal connections %ic constituted di''use social andpolitical net%or+s$

Since te seminal %or+ o' Castells (1!") de*ates on te de'inition o' ur*an moements ae *een

ongoing (Pic+ance 200" Maer 200@)$ 4ile Castells empasized te e''ects o' moements on

5structural social cange5 and 5ur*an meaning5 oter autors 'ocused more 'or instance on

constraints coming 'rom a %ider conte3t organisational resources and internal dnamics (>illasante

1!;: Pic+ance 1! 1!@: Fainstein and 7irst 1)$ 4at are ten te main 'eatures o'suatting as an ur*an moement8 Firstl suatting o' empt *uildings encompasses *ot idden

and isi*le actions$ e latter emerge %en a set o' organised groups ma+es pu*lic claims 'or te

legitimac o' suatting 66*anners and 'lags on te %alls or lea'lets distri*uted to neig*ours are

'reuent indicators$ =ot long6lasting political organizations 'or %om suatting is a central

struggle and coordination plat'orms set up * suats at cit %ide or district leels are also proo's o'

te consistenc o' social net%or+s lin+ing suatters %it eac oter$ In addition man inisi*le

suatters are elped * political actiists and ma+e use o' in'ormal ties tat allo% tem to suatremain and oppose treats o' eiction$ Secondl *eond te immediate satis'action o' suatters5

material needs a more general political 'rame underlies eer %ae o' suatting initiaties$

&ccording to tis 'rame suatting callenges ousing sortages ur*an speculation a*solute priate

propert rigts and te capitalist production o' ur*an space as it is conducted * te State and

priate interests$ us suatting 'its into te *road categor o' le't6li*ertarian social moements

(Della Porta and Auct 1)$

Suatting is an ur*an moement in %ic tere is a close connection *et%een a *road range o'

political actiities (meetings demonstrations direct actions campaigning etc$) and a practical

deelopment o' collectie sel'6management on man dimensions o' li'e$ ese include te

rea*ilitation o' *uildings te saring o' 'ood and arious resources te etics o' do6it6oursel'

and mutual6aid te promotion o' counter6cultural e3pressions and radical le't ideas etc$

(Mc.a1! otes 'rom o%ere 200") is connection indicates te constitution o' a persistent

autonomousand radicalur*an moement %it a pragmatic orientation altoug some institutional

"


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*onds and constraints can also pla a signi'icant role in its e3pansion$

Strong repression and generalised attempts to legalise suats 'or instance can reduce te autonom

and radicalism o' te suatters5 moement (Mi++elsen and .arpantsco' 2001)$ Priatization andoutsourcing o' collectie consumption can also treaten te in'luential model o' sel'6organisation at

suatted social centres (Moroni et al$ 1@ Mem*retti 200


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contradictions in terms o' segregation and te reproduction o' ineualities (?o%e 1!@ &dil+no

1; Martinez 2002 G%ens 200 &guilera 2010) in tis paper I %ill empasize %at made

suatting possi*le and %at social benefitsit as ad 'or *ot te people inoled and ur*an politics

in general$ is re'lection distinguises 'our modes o' articulation *et%een discourses practicesconte3ts and actors inoled (see Figure 1)9 1) opportunities and actions (conditions 'or te

moement5s emergence and e3pansion): 2) local and glo*al dimensions (conte3t singularities): ")

social diersit %ea+ ties and contentious politics (social construction o' identities): ;) te

con'lictie edge o' institutionalization (as part o' te di''erent impacts produced * te suatters5

moement)$ For te sa+e o' *reit I %ill concentrate m e''orts in ans%ering te t%o main

uestions 66%at made suatting possi*le and %at %as suatting 'or66 %ile com*ining tese 'our

analtical dimensions$

& sort remar+ on metodolog9 I ae *een researcing on suatting in Spain since 1!

collecting documents interie%ing actiists attending actiities in suats and participating msel'

as an actiist in seeral suatted social centres$ In Januar 200 S,-. (Suatting -urope

.ollectie) %as 'ounded and no% includes more tan ;0 mem*ers$ e meetings promoted * tis

net%or+ (in Madrid Milan ?ondon =erlin and &msterdam) gae me an opportunit to contrast m

data and interpretations o' suatting in Spain %it oter scolars and actiists across -urope$Aegular de*ates site isits and te reciprocal e3cange o' insigt'ul papers %ere an e3cellent

inspiration$ M present depiction o' a 'e% patterns o' te suatters5 moement in -uropean cities is

still a %or+ in progress *ut stems 'rom te participator actiist6researc %e deeloped in S,-.

during te last t%o and a al' ears$ &ccordingl I 'ound tat uestions a*out te social conditions

o' possi*ilit o' suatting and a*out its social and political impacts %ere some o' te most releant

ones 'or *ot actiists and researcers$ ere'ore I re'lect on tem no% and s+ip oter aspects or

side e''ects o' tis moement$


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4igure 1 Analytical frameor5 for researching on the s&uatters6 mo!ement

Source9 autor$

1 What ma5es s&uatting (ossi#le)

&*oe all suatting consists o' a set o' collectie actions aimed to use empt or a*andoned

properties 'or ousing purposes and/or 'or te promotion o' social actiities$ e +ind o' o%ner and

te duration o' acanc aries$ e important condition ere is te e3istence o' a su''icient amount

o' *uildings a*le to *e occupied directl or a'ter ligt %or+s o' rea*ilitation$ Suatters tend to do a

serious researc on te speci'ic legal and economic situation o' eac apparentl in disuse *uilding$

Freuentl neig*ours are te *est source o' in'ormation$ 7iger proportions o' acanc correlate

%it seeral 'actors apart 'rom te actiists5 %ises9 economic crisis and slumping construction

reduction in rental ousing stoc+ priatization o' 'ormerl pu*lic ouses increasing leels o'

priate o%nersip o' ousing canges o' use in speci'ic *uildings decline o' industrial actiities

ur*an rene%al processes etc$ &ccordingl te opportunities 'or suatters see+ing a place depend

upon tese macro dnamics to proide a uantit o' e''ectie spaces read to *e suatted$

@

Ccles o' eolution o' te Suatters5 Moement

Socio6CulturalEr*anPolitical K?egal/onte8t

Singularities

/onditions and ((ortunities'or -mergence and -3pansion

Social

/onstructionof dentities9PracticesDiscourses and

et%or+s

nstitutionaliation.egimes9 Interactions*et%een &ctiists /State / G%ners

Social, %olitical and $r#an m(acts9Socialization Innoation ParticipationProtest Socio6Spatial Aestructuring


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Fortunatel 'or suatters capitalist ur*an speculation is *ased on a conenient stoc+ o' empt

*uildings %ic allo%s o%ners to dela %or+s or sales 'or a certain period o' time %ile

negotiating te *etter price$ e ideal speculator %ants is or er o%nersip to *e rene%ed sold or

rented at te igest price and at te earliest moment$ is %ould result in a total occupation o' te*uilt enironment in a gien moment %itout an loss or %aste o' o%ned space and suatting

%ould *e impossi*le$ ,uite te contrar tat ideal situation neer occurs and permanent *lac+ oles

%itin priate and pu*lic real6estate mar+ets are usuall protected * la%s$ &s a conseuence all

te in'ormation tat suatters o*tain a*out tat essential gap and tensions %itin te process o'

capitalist accumulation (7are 1!9 10) %ill open a %indo% 'or going aead %it suatting

actions (Martnez 200; PLcu 200@)$

e crucial 'actor o' emptiness o'ten depends upon ur*an planning and restructuring o' speci'ic

areas$ Displacement o' industrial 'actories acant scools or pu*lic 'acilities %ic ae moed to

a di''erent location residential units su*Bect to ne% regulations 6all o'ten occur %en a %ole area

as *een designed 'or accomplising ne% 'unctions$ &utorities planners and inestors %ould

argue tat old6'asioned areas poert crime ruins su*6standard ousing and pollution demand a

trans'ormation o' pu*lic space and simultaneousl o' te residential *uildings and e3isting

population tere in$ e% roads or mega proBects (li+e museums stadiums %ater'ronts commercialmalls etc$) ma also account 'or te elites6drien acanc o' a great part o' d%ellings in a particular

ur*an area (Fainstein 1; Martin and Moroni 200


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local and glo*al perspecties$ -ac suat as local6ur*an roots in a speci'ic neig*ourood$

Suatting is tus an end itsel' once is pu*licl claimed and de'ended$ 4itout losing tis local

ground suatting is also a means to 'oster oter local protests *ut some more general class and

glo*al struggles too$ actics and strateg ten rein'orce eac oter$ is discourse perades tepu*lic 'ace o' most political suatters *ut it is not necessaril accepted or reproduced * man o'

te di''erent groups %o suat or participate in suats$ &mong te internal diersit o' suatters

some can empasize suatting onl as an ends %ile oters empasize suatting solel as a means$

In addition tese di''erent political identities %itin te moement are im*ricated %it conte3t

'actors relating to te cit or te %orld at large$ e easiest %a o' discoering tis im*rication is

attending to te multiple connections tat suatters ae %it oter alternatie or counter6cultural

social moements$ e latter as I %ill argue later is %ell proen %en 5social centres5 acuire aprominent isi*ilit %itin and outside te moement (Martinez 200; Mudu 200; 7od+inson and

Catterton 200@, Mem*retti 200


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tat aoids eictions during te %inter term (&guilera 2010 Colin 2010)$ &n euialent light

restriction applies in Spain %en Budges are not a*le to clearl identi' %o as te willto remain

and to o*tain te possession o' a suatted *uilding (=aucells 1 Martinez 20029 !;6;)$ us

een %en eictions increased a'ter 1 (%en te criminal la% %as passed on) 'e% people %as'inall sentenced to Bail$ e eterlands is e3periencing a ne% situation a'ter te criminalization o'

suatting in 2010$ Suatting is still possi*le and encouraged * 'ormer political organizations *ut it

is rapidl repressed$ ere suatters enBo te eritage o' tousands o' suatted places suatted in

te past decades %en tere %as a greater tolerance$ Suatting %as legal in te case o' liveable

*uildings le't acant 'or more tan one ear and cruciall in case te o%ner ad no read6to6act

plan 'or te *uilding$ is legac te accumulation o' e3periences can *e sarpl reduced *ut

cannnot *e easil destroed in te sort run (G%ens 200 PruiBt 2010)$ e Enited .ingdom is tesole -uropean countr tat still 'its te tird categor altoug te coalition o' conseraties and

li*erals in te central goernment intends to legislate against suatting 'ollo%ing te pat o' te

Dutc goernment$ In conclusion not onl sould te legal 'rame%or+ *e not too restrictie in

order to allo% a certain degree o' suatting (to open a *uilding and remain 'or some %ee+s or

monts at least) *ut also te Budicial macine and te police repression must not act too 'ast and in

an ine''icient manner so tat suatters can ris+ part o' teir assets to de' te la%$

& 'inal strand o' te constitution o' an autonomousur*an moement is independence 'rom political

parties la*our unions 'ormal organisations priate companies State *ureaucracies pro'essionals

and mass media (Castells 1!" Maer 200@ oret et al 200!)$ is does not mean a complete

impermea*ilit or te a*sence o' an mutual lin+s$ -er group o' suatters as te po%er to de'ine

a proper strateg in order to de'end teir sta (Martinez 2010)$ o pa an attorne is a tpical

forced participation in te State apparatus een toug some suatters also re'use to do it$

&lternatie and independent media are pre'erred oer commercial media *ut all means are li+el to

*e used %en tension is at its pea+$ In case o' negotiations punctual contacts %it and support

'rom 'riendl political parties and ciil societ associations can *e e3tremel elp'ul$ e autonom

o' te moement ten resides in tis unsta*le *alance$ Gn te one and suatters need to strengt

on te internal cooperation among actiists and smpatisers and te transmission o' e3perience

'rom pioneers to ne%comers$ Gn te oter and te %ea+ness o' ties and resources o' te core

group 6 6altoug surrounded * tousands o' participants users isitors 'riends oter moements5

militants and supporters (Moroni et al$ 1@)66 reuires occasional alliance %it more sta*le social


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structures (arro% 1!)$ ere'ore a regular and not too aggressie mass media coerage een i'

it treats suatters %it some un'air stereotpes can legitimate te struggle in te ees o' a %ide

audience$

2 What is s&uatting for)

During te alle stages o' te suatters5 moement ccle (see Figure 1) academic de*ates

o*literate te %ole picture o' its eolution intentions and conseuences$ Controersies tend to

'ocus on some unintended e''ects o' suatting li+e teir consideration o' earl gentri'iers$ 7o%eer

tese e''ects are due to di''erent interacting 'actors o' neoli*eral policies and pressures torestructure cities rater tan solel to te actions o' suatters$ I %ill set aside tis discussion no%

and *rie'l loo+ at te beneficialconseuences o' suatting 'or suatters temseles *ut also 'or

oter social groups and te democratic ualit o' ur*an politics in general$

Follo%ing PruiBt5s (200;a) classi'ication I ae tried to associate te autonomyand radicalismo'

te suatters5 moement %it te strategic persistent net%or+ed and openness tendencies o' te

initiaties and circleso' people inoled (see Figure 2)$

10


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4igure 2 Ty(es of s&uatting and autonomous-radical orientation of the s&uatters6 mo!ement

Source9 autor$

Suatted social centres are placed in te centre o' te grap *ecause te accomplis t%o *asic

'unctions 'or te constitution o' te suatters5 moement9 a) te proide a pu*lic resource 'or

meetings in'ormation leisure e3pression and socia*ilit %ic are essential *ot to get in touc

%it +indred people and to launc ne% suats: *) *eond its alue as a material in'rastructure 'or

actiists suatted social centres are te most isi*le e3amples o' suatting (pu*lic opinion mass

media local autorities and neig*ours) and te most open to recruit ne% actiists and attract

participants isitors and smpatisers %it lesser degrees o' commitment$ Some o' te *uildings

%or+ing as social centres ost man political discourses and eents closel related to oter social

moements (migrants5 and precarious %or+ers5 rigts ac+tiism and artiism ur*an gardens and

organic 'ood etc$)$ e also o''er teir 'acilities to di''erent social and political organizations$

Some oters com*ine %ea+er political concerns %it a stronger dedication to organising music

concerts %or+sops or ceap meals and drin+s$ &rtists militants and seeral social groups mi3

togeter in most o' te counter6cultural or entrepreneurialsocial centres *ut te can also split o''

into more specialised enues$

11


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Conservationalsuatting reclaims and preseres istorical sites or ur*an areas so tat suatting o'

ouses eents at te pu*lic space and social centres can *e com*ined as in oter tpes o' suatted

*uildings$ 4en residence and social centre coe3ist %itin te same *uilding a neat separation o'

*ot actiities tends to *e esta*lised$ ere'ore sel'6managed social centres pla a crucial role inte sm*olic legitimation and promotion o' suatting as a radical tool 'or grassroots ur*an

interention$ In Ital Spain and te E. actiists and scolars sometimes re'er to a 5social centre

moement5 (Mudu 200; 7od+inson and Catterton 200@ oret et al$ 200!) more tan to an

am*iguous suatters5 moement as suc$ -en %en social centres are not suatted an more te

can *e considered part o' te autonomous and suatters5 moement / scene i' te continue %it a

similar stle o' sel'6management and political priorities$

Social centres o'ten su*stitute 'or te lac+ o' esta*lised organizations and cit coordination o'

suats$ Social net%or+s o' actiists arise 'rom demonstrations and in'ormal encounters *ut social

centres add a direct and tangi*le e3ample o' o% tings can *e managed collectiel and ope'ull

%itout paing a rent$ ese alua*le outcomes are more di''icult to attain 'or te suats %ic are

ta+en Bust 'or liing space$ e less %ell connected suatters are among tem and %it te nodal

point o' social centres te less pro*a*ilit to stand * eac oter and to create a coesie and

po%er'ul moement$ Pu*lic isi*ilit is also a *igger callenge 'or suatted ouses tan 'orsuatted social centres$ ese needs can *e 'illed * ousing and 'ormal organizations %o

occasionall support suatting *ut te also uit supporting tat tactic as soon as te get su*sidies

or accessi*le social ousing 'or teir mem*ers (=aile 1


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portrait$ e itboe!(4ite =oo+) pu*lised * Dutc suatters *e'ore te *an on suatting in

2010 and a recent pu*lication made * -nglis suatters 'acing a similar treat (S,E&S7 2011)

constitute e3cellent responses to te strategic callenge o' communicating te goal tat nurtures te

core o' tis moement$

4it te centralit o' suatted and some non6suatted social centres and te emerging structures o'

coordination o' suatted ouses %e can see some o' te least +no%n contri*utions o' suatting to

saping an autonomous arena in ur*an politics$ First o' all suats proide spaces %ere actiists

*elonging to di''erent social moements can meet$ is proision is administered troug collectie

principles o' orizontal and direct democrac sel'6management non6*ureaucratic regulation or

State control (Piazza 200


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opportunities and sel'6con'idence tat tese collectie actions entail (4a+e'ield 1 Martinez

2002 PruiBt 200; ?lo*et 200 7ellstrm 200@ =ouillon 200)$ It as not *een %idel recognised

tat in comparison to oter 'orms o' actiism suatting comprises almost te %ole eerda li'e

o' te people inoled$ Domestic tas+s gender relations and te emotional dimensions o' actiismare regularl tac+led o*liging suatters to trans'orm teir preious approaces to tese uestions$

&mong te s+ills suatters gain is te capa*ilit to deal %it teir o%n psical space in te conte3t

o' ur*an a''airs o' te local neig*ourood te cit and te metropolitan area$ Priate li'e and

communal liing demands as muc e''ort as pu*lic li'e and ur*an struggle especiall in relations

%it te cit councils o''icials politicians Budges la%ers priate o%ners companies real estate

deelopers Bournalists researcers and all +inds o' neig*ours *e te in 'aour o' suatters

against tem or seemingl indi''erent$

/onclusions

e main argument in tis paper is tat te suatters5 moement as eoled in -urope during te

last 'our decades as a genuine autonomous ur*an moement$ Its practices around collectie

consumption ousing sortages and alter6glo*al moements contri*uted to te satis'action o'social needs and to te legitimation o' a radical democratic approac to ur*an politics$ &s I ae

argued a*oe te mi3 o' suatters enduring arious degrees o' precariousness and te ric set o'

political e3periences te displa cannot support la*elling suatting as simpl li'estle anarcism or

as a ague le'tist and radical discourse$

&long te last decades most o' te -uropean countries ae approed legislation tat 'or*ids

suatting %it 7olland and Enited .ingdom until recentl te most tolerant$ &t te same time tis

general prosecution o' suatting opened room 'or institutional arrangements allo%ing some cases to

*e legalized$ Far 'rom losing autonom or *ecoming isolated 'rom oter social moements man

'ormer suatters remain inoled in ur*an politics$ Still te 'irm conclusion o' tis analsis is tat

%ereer te a'orementioned structure o' political ur*an and cultural opportunities 6 6 despite

constraints6 6 appears it is li+el tat groups o' suatters %ill ta+e adantage o' it$ is means tat

een in a repressie conte3t +e in'ormation and actions carried out * suatters ma+e use o'

'aoura*le conditions suc as a su''icient amount o' a*andoned properties te slo% rtm o'

1;


15/18


restructuring and rene%al o' ur*an areas connections and 'ruit'ul e3canges %it alternatie social

moements appeal to rigts and e3ceptions %itin te legal 'rame%or+s strengt and internal

coesion and a not too critical coerage * mass media$

In addition te suatters5 moement as spread out according to di''erent con'igurations$ Social

centres and political suatting proided pu*lic isi*ilit political legitimation and strategic ur*an

locations capa*le o' interconnecting te di''erent and specialised 'orms o' suatting$ et%or+s

inole *ot suatted social centres and ouses *ut also non6suatted social centres rural suatting

and tactical suatting$ &ltoug ties %it oter moement organizations are %ea+ te persistence o'

te %ole net%or+ indicates a signi'icant strengt *ased on speci'ic impacts on te ur*an politics o'

eac cit$ In particular suatted social centres constitute accessi*le meeting spaces 'or manindiiduals groups and moements$ =esides te %ole domain o' eerda li'e is a''ected * te

collectie practices o' sel'6management$ ot te least suatting 'or liing purposes o''ers

a''orda*le ousing and empo%er people %it ne% s+ills o' sel'6elp and social cooperation$

&ll o' tese transnational patterns desere more care'ul and ongoing researc$ Aeleant internal

di''erentiation te need o' acting togeter at di''erent spatial scales and speci'ic local coalitions

%it oter citizens5 and *roader social moements can set te 'uture agenda$ oneteless ne%political issues and innoatie repertoires o' action con'ronting te ongoing %ae o' neoli*eral

ur*an goernance also pae te %a 'or more in6dept insigts on te conditions and impacts o'

te suatters5 moement$

.eferences

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&EI?-A& omas (2010) #ouverner l$illegal : les politiques urbaines face au% squats & 'aris" MLmoire derecerce Master StratLgies erritoriales et Er*aines$ Paris9 SciencePo$

&?FGAD Ao*ert A$ FAI-D?&D Aoger (1!) 'owers of Theory" Capitalism( the State( and )emocracy"Cam*ridge9 Cam*ridge Eniersit Press$

=&I?- Aon (1


16/18


=GEI??G Florence (200) Squats" Un autre point de vue sur les migrants" Paris9 &lternaties$

C&S-??S Manuel (1!") The City and the #rassroots" A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements $=er+ele9 Eniersit o' Cali'ornia Press$

CG?I =aptiste (2010) R Pas de uartier pour les suatters T ?Uespace controersL des suatts 9 repVres de militanceou repaire de militants 8 In =ar*ara &iosa FaWza aWt6=ouda et Marie Lenon (dir$)9 .ep/res et Espace0s1" )e lapluralit2 & la polys2mie"reno*le9 Presses Eniersitaires de reno*le 2262@@$

CGAA &ndre% (1) 3o trespassing" Squatting( rent stri!es and land struggles worldwide$ Cam*ridge M&9 Sout-nd Press$

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