routing protocols

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Routing ProtocolsCarolina Orjuela CastilloMsc. Electrical Engineering Student12/8/20101Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo1

BasicsMoving Information across the network from ABR. Protocols allows a router toDynamically recognize and learn new routesDetermine which route is availableMore efficient routes.Layer 3 (Network) OSI Model.Routing packets:-Interior Routing: Within Autonomous Systems-Exterior Routing: Between the autonomous systems12/8/20102Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo2

BasicsMain Types of Routing AlgorithmsDistance Vector Routing: Determine the best path by calculating the distance of the destination. + Use Metrics to calculate the distance+ Are simple an efficient in small networks+Requ. Little management+Problems of scalability.Link state Routing: more sophisticated, Link Variables (Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability and Load)+Shared Routing tables+needs a partial Map of the network +changes?... Recompute and share new tables.+Flexibility, make better decisions.12/8/20103Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo3

Routing Protocols Classification12/8/20104Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo

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IGRP: Interior Gateway Routing ProtocolCisco in the mid of 1980Useful for routing small to moderated Networks, but no very flexible for complex NetworksCompare the routes by measurement of the distanceSend routing table in a routing-update message at regular intervals to each of their neighboring routers. So they can detect changes and failures in the network and calculate distances to all known destinations.Multipath routing12/8/2010Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo68162432bitVersionOpcodeEditionASystemNinteriorNsystemNexteriorChecksumFig . Protocol Structure IGRP 6

EIGRP: Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing ProtocolEnhance version of IGRPUsed for TCP/IP and OSI Networks, well scalabilityStores all neighbors routing tables to adapt alternative routes quickly .Just send partial updates automatically (just to the routers that really need the inf. ) when the network changesLess Bandwidth consume12/8/2010781632 bitsVersionOpcodeChecksumFlagsSequence numberAcknowledge numberAsystem: Autonomous system numberTypeLengthFig . Protocol Structure EIGRP Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo7

RIP and RIP2: Routing Information ProtocolExchanges routing inf. Between Gateways and Host.Moderate-size networks Use Hop count as metric: Max # of hops 15.Runs over UDP an is used for IPv4.Described in RFC 1058RIP2 is a extension, add measure of security and expand useful inf. Of the msg Described in RFC 2453

12/8/2010881632 bitCommandVersionUnusedAddress family identifierRoute tag (only for RIP2; 0 for RIP)IP addressSubnet mask (only for RIP2; 0 for RIP)Next hop (only for RIP2; 0 for RIP)MetricRouting ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo8

RIPng: Routing Information Protocol for IPv6Next generation of RIP-RIP2For use in more complex Environments Support of IPv6 NetworkingDescribed in RFC 2080

12/8/2010Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo981632bitCommand (1 byte)Version (1 byte)0 (2 bytes)Route table entry 1 (20 bytes). .Route table entry N (20 bytes)9


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IS-IS: Intermediate System to Intermediate System Develop by ISO, support IPv6, scalable, support very large netw.End systems (Users), Intermediate systems (Routers), local groups of routes are areas, several areas together into a IS-IS domain.Datagram) are forwarded based on the best topological path through the network.2 level Hierarchical use. Routing information is exchanged between Level 1 routers, and Level 2 routers only exchange information with other Level 2 routersDescribed in RFC 1142 12/8/201011816 bitIntradomain routing protocol discriminatorLength indicatorVersion/protocol ID extensionID lengthRRRPDU typeVersionReservedMaximum area addressesRouting ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo11

OSPF: Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPFv2)Designed for TCP/IPRouting between routers that belongs to a single Autonomous system.Send direct inf. About the links with another routers.Routing Table is calculated with the shortest path tree. Enables flexible configuration of IP subnets, route have IP destination and mask (Subnets), so con OSPF find the better match to route a packet.12/8/20101281632 bitVersion No.Packet TypePacket lengthRouter IDArea IDChecksumAuTypeRouting ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo12


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EGP: Exterior Gateway Protocol 12/8/2010Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo15Fig . Message structure EGP8162432bitVersionTypeCodeStatusChecksumAutonomous System numberSequence number(The rest of the format is msg type specific.)Exchanging routing information between two neighbor gateway hosts in a network of autonomous systems.Normally used to exchange routing tables on the internet.Used periodic polling(120 to 480 sec), Hello/I-Heard-You (I-H-U) message exchanges, monitoring neighbor reachability and Poll commands to solicit Update responses.15

NHRP: Next Hop Resolution Protocol12/8/201016Fig . Protocol Structure - NHRP: Next Hop Resolution Protocol8162432 bitar$afnar$pro.typear$pro.snapar$pro.snapar$hopcntar$pkstzar$chksumar$extoffar$op.versionar$op.typear$shtlar$sstlRequest response protocol. Runs for ATMTo participate in a NHRP communications the router have to do a NHRP request.Allow multi-access subnetworksNHRP-Protocol assigns dynamically MAC Address of the other routers in the network to generate an efficient subnetworks routing doing direct communication.Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo16


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BGP (BGP4 or BGP-4): Border Gateway ProtocolRuns over TCPVery flexibleDesigned to deal with a very size large network (internet)Able to have multiple connections to unrelated routing domains.Exchanges network reachability inf. With BGP systems.With this information is able to construct a graph of the AS.Allow aggregation of routs including aggregation of AS pathsSupport subnetting.12/8/201018Marker (16 byte)Length (2 byte)Type (1 byte)Fig . Protocol Structure - BGP Border Gateway Protocol

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IDRP: Inter-Domain Routing ProtocolFor OSI networks. (OSI network layer address)End systems (Users), Intermediate systems (Routers), Area and domains. IDPR Provide routing between Domains.Router (Boundary Intermediate System BIS) from a domain is responsible to chare inf. Between the neighbors.Ability to group domains (Routing Domain Confederation), reduce of topological information, and simplifies route selection policies12/8/2010Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo19Fig . Protocol Structure - IDRP

1byte2bytes2-4bytes0-13bytes1-8bytes1byteIDPDSPAFIIDICDPCDSPAFIIDICFICDIRDAAIDSEL19


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Mobile IP for IPv4 and IPv612/8/201021Fig . Protocol Structure Mobile IP

8162432 bitNext HeaderLengthTypereservedChecksumData (variable)Enable mobile computing and networking. (Internet +Mobile communication). Provide 2 IP address to the computers (IP address Fixed and care-IP address, which changes with mobility).New mobile location new care IP

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RSVP: Resource ReSerVation Protocol12/8/2010Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo22Fig . Protocol Structure - RSVP

481632 bitVersionFlagsMessage typeRSVP checksumSend TTL(Reserved)RSVP lengthDesigned for Q integrated Serv. (Not really a Routing protocol itself); it encharge to the QoS of the packets that are routed.A Host request specific QoS from the network for data stream flows.Allows reserve of BandwidthIP multicast routingRoutes deliver OoS request to all nodes in the path, establish and maintain a state (refreshed periodically)Datagram's are periodically sent to refresh the state.22

VRRP: Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol12/8/2010Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo23Fig . Protocol Structure - BGP Border Gateway Protocol

Designed to increase the availability of thedefault path host.Election dynamically of virtual routers to of a MASTER (physical router in the LAN), Control IP address an send packets to this address. Higher availabilitydescribed in RFC 3768VRRP can be used over Ethernet,MPLSandtoken ring networks

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Thank you!!!!12/8/2010Routing ProtocolsInformation Networks Carolina Orjuela Castillo2424

routing protocols

Documents

routing small

nterior routing

routing packets

link state routing

routingupdate message

distancesend routing

osi networks

moderated networks