On road emissions: Results fromlatest remote sensing campaign

Dr James TateInstitute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK

CONTENTS

2

▶ Remote sensing Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Method Verification

▶ Results 2015 EuroVIPassenger carsHGVs✘ LGVs✘ Buses

▶ Manufacturer comparison | Diesel passenger cars

▶ Recommendations

METHOD

3

METHODVerification of speed & acceleration measurements

4

v = speed, a = acceleration, = road gradient

METHODVerification of concentration measurements

5

Distribution of the measurement distribution of a controlled gas mixture with known relativeabundances.The binned data shows the measurements with the solid line showing a Normaldistribution derived from the measured data (solid) and theoretical (dashed).

METHODInter-comparison of two Remote Sensing Devices

6

Emission ratiosFrom peak exhaust plume conc.

ଶ

ଶ

ைூ

ଶ

ଶPredict NO2 and total NOX

contribution using f-NO2 reportedby Carslaw (2014)

Camera(Number plate)

Vehicle Detector(Speed andAcceleration)

Source/Detector

Mirror Box

Source

Detector

Emissions Analyser(Common

Configurations)

Camera(Number plate)

Vehicle Detector(Speed andAcceleration)

Source/Detector

Mirror Box

Source

Detector

Emissions Analyser(Common

Configurations)

METHODMeasurements

ESP RSD-4600 instrumentwww.esp-global.com

7 Carslaw, D., Priestman, M. 2014. Analysis of the 2013 vehicle emission remote sensing campaigns data. King’s College London, Finaldraft, 10th November 2014

Euro Standard Petrol f-NO2 Diesel f-NO2

Euro 0 2 8

Euro 1 2 8

Euro 2 3 8

Euro 3 4 16

Euro 4 7 26

Euro 5 12 26

Euro 6 12 34

METHODEstimation of Emission Factors

8

ܯܧ ܫ ܫ Ǥݎ�ܥܣܨ� ଵோௌ =

ଶܥ ோௌ

×ଶܥ

ெ ே

× ݎݎܥ ݐ ܨ� ݎݐ ூ2000

2005

2010

2015

120

140

160

180

200

220

Year of registration

CO

2(g

ram

s.km

1)

https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Impact-of-real-world-driving-emissions-for-UK-cars-and-vans.pdf

Euro VIPassenger cars, Spring/ Summer 2015

9

Die

sel_

E0

Die

sel_

E1

Die

sel_

E2

Die

sel_

E3

Die

sel_

E4

Die

sel_

E5

Die

sel_

E6

Petr

ol_

E0

Petr

ol_

E1

Petr

ol_

E2

Petr

ol_

E3

Petr

ol_

E4

Petr

ol_

E5

Petr

ol_

E6

qH

ybrid_E

4

qH

ybrid_E

5

qH

ybrid_E

6

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

NO

X(g

ram

s.k

m1

)

Euro VIPassenger cars, Spring/ Summer 2015

10

Die

sel_

E0

Die

sel_

E1

Die

sel_

E2

Die

sel_

E3

Die

sel_

E4

Die

sel_

E5

Die

sel_

E6

Petr

ol_

E0

Petr

ol_

E1

Petr

ol_

E2

Petr

ol_

E3

Petr

ol_

E4

Petr

ol_

E5

Petr

ol_

E6

qH

ybrid_E

4

qH

ybrid_E

5

qH

ybrid_E

6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PM

(index.

km

1

)

Euro VI% of Passenger cars registered since Sept 2014 that are Euro VI

11

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

MER

CED

ES

MIN

I

PO

RSC

HE

BM

W

AU

DI

VO

LKSW

AG

EN

FOR

D

VO

LVO

HYU

ND

I

CIT

RO

EN

VA

UX

HA

LL

SEA

T

PEU

GEO

T

SKO

DA

KIA

HO

ND

A

JAG

UA

R

LAN

DR

OV

ER

MA

ZDA

NIS

SAN

TOYO

TA

%Eu

roV

I

Diesel Petrol

Euro VINOX Heavy Commercial Vehicles, Spring/ Summer 2015

12

Art

ic_E

2

Art

ic_E

3

Art

ic_E

4

Art

ic_E

5

Art

ic_E

6

Rig

id_E

2

Rig

id_E

3

Rig

id_E

4

Rig

id_E

5

Rig

id_E

6

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350N

OX/

CO

2ra

tio

*10000

Euro VINOX HCVs – Corroboration TfL data

13

aN

2rigid

0%

load

aN

3rigid

0%

load

bN

2rigid

100%

load

bN

3rigid

100%

load

cR

SD

rigid

d

dN

3art

ic0%

load

dN

3art

ic100%

load

zR

SD

art

ic

0

20

40

60

80

NO

X/

CO

2ra

tio

*10000

https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/In-service%20emissions%20performance%20of%20Euro%206VI%20vehicles%20WEBSITE%20COPY.pdf

Manufacturer comparisonEuro V 2.0-litre diesel cars with EA189 engine

14

#A

UD

I

#S

EA

T

#S

KO

DA

#V

OLK

SW

AG

EN

BL

AN

K

OT

HE

RS

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0N

OX(g

ram

s.km

1

)

DIESEL

Euro V Standard

OTHERS:2.0-litre dieselengines from otherMarquese.g.BMWFORDKIATOYOTAVAUXHALL

Manufacturer comparisonEuro VI

15

#A

UD

I

#V

OLK

SW

AG

EN

BM

W

MA

ZD

A

ME

RC

ED

ES

PA

2

PE

TR

OL

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

NO

X(g

ram

s.k

m1

)

Euro VIStandard

EuroV EuroVI#A

UD

I

#S

EA

T

#S

KO

DA

#V

OLK

SW

AG

EN

BLA

NK

OT

HE

RS

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

NO

X(g

ram

s.k

m1

)

DIESEL

Euro V Standard

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Year of registration

NO

X(g

ram

s.k

m

1)

Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI

Emission standard

Manufacturer comparison – Diesel carsNOX emissions by manufacturer & Year of 1st registration

Euro VI

17

RECOMMENDATIONS

18

▶ RDE regulations

▶ Sooner rather than later i.e. before Jan 2017

▶ Transparency in RDE testing

▶ In-service RDE testing (deterioration emission controls, SCR dosing, DPF removal)

▶ Independent + Open data

? Environmental labelling for CO2 and air quality pollutants ? A marketing incentive ?

▶ Shift inTax landscape to include NOX penalty

▶ Price fuel e.g. Belgium Diesel +10cts per litre 2016-2017

▶ VED

▶ Company car Benefit in Kind (BiK) tax

▶ Car free City centres

▶ Sustainable mobility & Active travel & Green space

▶ Noise

And finally…. improving air quality

Dr James TateInstitute for Transport Studies,

University of Leeds, UKEmail: j.e.tate@its.leeds.ac.uk

Twitter: drjamestate