round-trip time
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
• round-trip time
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 2: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ping (networking utility)
1 Ping is a computer network administration utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and to measure
the round-trip time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer. The name
comes from active sonar terminology which sends a pulse of sound and
listens for the echo to detect objects underwater.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 3: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ping (networking utility)
1 Ping does not evaluate or compute the time to establish the connection;
it only gives the mean round-trip times of an established connection
with an open session.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 4: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ping (networking utility) Other types of pinging
1 In various network multi-player games, a Video Game ping performs a similar
function as the ping program for Internet traffic. The game server measures the time required for a game packet to reach a client and a response to be received. This round-trip time is usually reported as the player's ping. It is an effective measurement of the
player's latency, with lower ping times being desirable. This style of ping typically
does not use ICMP packets.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 5: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Satellite Internet access - Geostationary unsuitable for low-latency applications
1 Factoring in other normal delays from network sources gives a typical one-way connection latency of 500–700
ms from the user to the ISP, or about 1,000–1,400 ms latency for the total
round-trip time (RTT) back to the user
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 6: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
High Speed Packet Access - Overview
1 A shorter transmission time interval (TTI), which reduces round-trip time
and improves the tracking of fast channel variations
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 7: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
General Packet Radio Service - Usability
1 The maximum speed of a GPRS connection offered in 2003 was
similar to a modem connection in an analog wire telephone network,
about 32–40 kbit/s, depending on the phone used. Latency is very high; round-trip time (RTT) is typically
about 600–700 ms and often reaches 1s. GPRS is typically prioritized lower than speech, and thus the quality of
connection varies greatly.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 8: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
General Packet Radio Service - Usability
1 Devices with latency/RTT improvements (via, for example, the extended UL TBF mode feature) are generally available. Also, network upgrades of features are available with certain operators. With these
enhancements the active round-trip time can be reduced, resulting in significant increase in application-
level throughput speeds.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 9: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Open Shortest Path First - Overview
1 The OSPF routing policies to construct a route table are governed by link cost
factors (external metrics) associated with each routing interface. Cost factors may be the distance of a router (round-trip time), network throughput of a link, or
link availability and reliability, expressed as simple unitless numbers. This provides
a dynamic process of traffic load balancing between routes of equal cost.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 10: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Videoconferencing - Technical and other issues
1 Signal latency: The information transport of digital signals in many steps need time. In a
telecommunicated conversation, an increased latency (time lag) larger than
about 150–300 ms becomes noticeable and is soon observed as unnatural and
distracting. Therefore, next to a stable large bandwidth, a small total round-trip time is
another major technical requirement for the communication channel for interactive
videoconferencing.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 11: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Mode-locking - Active mode-locking
1 If the modulation rate f is synchronised to the cavity round-trip
time τ, then a single pulse of light will bounce back and forth in the
cavity
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 12: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mode-locking - Active mode-locking
1 If the frequency of modulation is matched to the round-trip time of the cavity, then some light in the cavity sees repeated up-shifts in frequency,
and some repeated down-shifts
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 13: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Transmission Control Protocol - Congestion control
1 This SRTT value is what is finally used as the
round-trip time estimate.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 14: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ICMP Echo Request
1 'Ping' is a computer network administration utility used to test the reachability of a
host (network)|host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and to measure the round-trip
time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer.
The name comes from Sonar#Active sonar|active sonar terminology which
sends a pulse of sound and listens for the echo to detect objects underwater.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 15: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ICMP Echo Request
1 Ping does not evaluate or compute the time to establish the connection;
it only gives the mean round-trip times of an established connection
with an open session
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 16: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ICMP Echo Request - Other types of pinging
1 In various network multi-player games, a ping (video gaming)|video game ping performs a
similar function as the ping program for Internet traffic. The game server measures the time
required for a game packet to reach a client and a response to be received. This round-trip time is usually reported as the player's ping. It is an effective measurement of the player's latency (engineering)|latency, with lower ping times
being desirable. This style of ping typically does not use ICMP packets.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 17: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Laser - Continuous wave operation
1 (However the term is not applied to Mode-locking|mode-locked lasers,
where the intention is to create very short pulses at the rate of the round-
trip time).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 18: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dubai Metro - Signaling
1 To permit fully automated operation, Thales Rail Signalling Solutions is
supplying its SelTrac IS communications-based train control
and NetTrac central control technology. This is configured for a
minimum headway of 90 sec. Maximum speed of the trains will be 90km/h, giving a round-trip time of 2 h 23 min for the Red Line and 1 h 23
min for the Green Line.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 19: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Tests of general relativity - Light travel time delay testing
1 The mere curvature of the path of a photon passing near the Sun is too small to have an observable delaying effect (when the round-trip time is compared to the time
taken if the photon had followed a straight path), but general relativity predicts a time delay which becomes progressively larger when the photon passes nearer to the Sun due to the time dilation in the gravitational
potential of the sun
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 20: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Video conferencing - Technical and other issues
1 #'Signal latency': The information transport of digital signals in many steps need time. In a
telecommunicated conversation, an increased latency (engineering)|latency (time lag) larger than about 150–300 ms becomes noticeable
and is soon observed as unnatural and distracting. Therefore, next to a stable large bandwidth, a small Internet Control Message
Protocol|total round-trip time is another major technical requirement for the communication
channel for interactive videoconferencing.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 21: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
IEEE 1588 - Synchronization
1 The transit time is determined indirectly by measuring round-trip time from each clock to its master
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 22: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment - Details
1 In actuality, the round-trip time of about 2½ seconds is affected by the relative motion of the Earth and the Moon, the rotation of the Earth, lunar libration,
weather, polar motion, propagation delay through Earth's atmosphere, the motion of
the observing station due to plate tectonics|crustal motion and tides, velocity of light in various parts of air and Theory of relativity|relativistic effects.Seeber, Gunter
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 23: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
GPRS - Usability
1 The maximum speed of a GPRS connection offered in 2003 was
similar to a modem connection in an analog wire telephone network,
about 32–40 kbit/s, depending on the phone used. Lag|Latency is very
high; round-trip time (RTT) is typically about 600–700 ms and
often reaches 1s. GPRS is typically prioritized lower than speech, and
thus the quality of connection varies greatly.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 24: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Capacity Management - Factors affecting network performance
1 *Lag|Delay: It can take a long time for a packet to be delivered across intervening networks. In reliable
protocols where a receiver acknowledges delivery of each chunk of data, it is possible to measure this
as round-trip time.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 25: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Asteroid mining - Mining considerations
1 Due to the distance from Earth to an asteroid selected for mining, the
round-trip time for communications will be several minutes or more, except during occasional close
approaches to Earth by near-Earth asteroids. Thus any mining
equipment will either need to be highly automated, or a human
presence will be needed nearby. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 26: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
HSDPA - Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)
1 Since HARQ retransmissions are processed at the physical layer, their 12 ms round-trip time is much lower
compared to higher layer retransmissions.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 27: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Traceroute
1 Ping (networking utility)|Ping, on the other hand, only computes the final
round-trip times from the destination point
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 28: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Round-trip time
1 In telecommunications, the 'round-trip delay time (RTD)' or
'round-trip time (RTT)' is the length of time it takes for a signal to be sent
plus the length of time it takes for an acknowledgment of that signal to be received. This time delay therefore consists of the propagation times
between the two points of a signal.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 29: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Data URI scheme - Advantages
1 * For transferring many small files (less than a few kilobytes each), this can be faster. Transmission Control Protocol|TCP transfers tend to slow-
start|start slowly. If each file requires a new TCP connection, the transfer speed is limited by the round-trip
time rather than the available bandwidth. Using HTTP keep-alive
improves the situation, but may not entirely alleviate the bottleneck.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 30: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Slow-start - Basic slow-start
1 If the receiver supports delayed ACKs, the rate of increase is lower, but still increases by a minimum of
one MSS each round-trip time
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 31: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
HTTP proxy - Improving performance
1 A proxy that is designed to mitigate specific link related issues or degradations is a
Performance Enhancing Proxy (PEPs). These typically used to improve TCP performance in the presence of high round-trip times or high packet loss (such as wireless or mobile phone
networks); or highly asynchronous links featuring very different upload and download rates. PEPs can make more efficient use of the network, for example by merging TCP ACKs or compressing data sent at the application layer
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 32: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Internet Cache Protocol - Operation
1 The ICP protocol was designed to be lightweight in order to minimize round-trip
time between caches. It is intended for unreliable but quick connections. This
approach can reduce numbers of server retrievals, and also prevent the storage of multiple copies of an instance of data, but
leads to the potential drawback of increased intercache communication, which can slow
the system down. publisher|IEEE
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 33: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Radio navigation - Bombing systems
1 By measuring the total round-trip time on a radar's oscilloscope, the aircraft's range could be accurately
determined even at very long ranges
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 34: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
3D scanner - Time-of-flight
1 If t is the round-trip time, then distance is equal to \textstyle c \! \cdot \! t / 2
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 35: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
3D scanner - Strengths and weaknesses
1 Due to the high speed of light, timing the round-trip time is difficult and the
accuracy of the distance measurement is relatively low, on the
order of millimeters
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 36: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Theory of relativity - Tests of special relativity
1 That possibility was thought to be too coincidental to provide an acceptable explanation, so from the null result of
their experiment it was concluded that the round-trip time for light is the same in all inertial reference
frames.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 37: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Point-to-point (network topology) - Centralization
1 If the central node is passive, the originating node must be able to tolerate the reception of an echo (phenomenon)|echo of its own transmission, delayed by the two-way round-trip time|round trip transmission time (i.e. to and from the
central node) plus any delay generated in the central node. An active star network has an active central node that usually has the means to prevent echo-related problems.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 38: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
List of algorithms - Networking
1 * Karn's Algorithm: addresses the problem of getting accurate
estimates of the round-trip time for messages when using TCP
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 39: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Network emulation - Methods of emulation
1 Devices incorporate a varying amount of standard network attributes into their designs
including: the round-trip time across the network (Lag|latency), the amount of available bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth, a given
degree of packet loss, duplication of packets, reordering packets,
corruption and modification of packets, and/or the severity of
network jitter
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 40: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Positioning (telecommunications) - SIM-based
1 The measurements that are available can include the serving Cell ID,
round-trip time, and signal strength
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 41: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Transmission time - Roundtrip time
1 The round-trip time or ping time is the time from the start of the transmission from the sending node until a response (for example
an ACK packet or ping ICMP response) is received at the same computer. It is affected by packet delivery time as well as the data
processing delay, which depends on the load on the responding node. If the sent data
packet as well as the response packet have the same length, the roundtrip time can be
expressed as:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 42: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Tooway - Performance
1 The result is roughly a half a second round-trip time which may be
unsuitable for real-time data|real-time critical applications, including many games, though it is sufficient
to support other applications, including (with minimal delays), VoIP.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 43: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
TCP tuning - TCP speed limits
1 Maximum achievable throughput for a single TCP connection is
determined by different factors. One trivial limitation is the maximum
bandwidth of the slowest link in the path. But there are also other, less
obvious limits for TCP throughput. Bit errors can create a limitation for the
connection as well as round-trip time.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 44: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
TCP New Reno - TCP Tahoe and Reno
1 Although the initial rate is low, the rate of increase is very rapid: 'for every packet' acknowledged, the congestion window increases by 1
MSS so that the congestion window effectively doubles for every Round-trip delay time|round-trip time (RTT)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 45: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Karn's Algorithm
1 'Karn's Algorithm' addresses the problem of getting accurate
estimates of the round-trip time for messages when using Transmission Control Protocol|TCP. The algorithm was proposed by Phil Karn in 1987.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 46: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
TCP Vegas
1 TCP Vegas detects congestion at an incipient stage based on increasing Round-Trip Time (RTT) values of the
packets in the connection unlike other flavors like Reno, NewReno, etc., which detect congestion only after it has actually happened via
packet drops
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 47: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
One-way delay
1 'One-Way Delay', abbreviated as 'OWD', is a common term in IP
network monitoring, and differs from 'Round-trip delay time|Round-Trip
Time' (RTT).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 48: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
One-way delay
1 The measurement method makes obvious that this value is
substantially different from the 'Round-Trip Time/2' value.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 49: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Sliding Window Protocol - Selective repeat
1 The advantage, however, is that it is not necessary to discard following
correct data for one round-trip time before the transmitter can be
informed that a retransmission is required. This is therefore preferred for links with low reliability and/or a
high bandwidth-delay product.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 50: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Ping command
1 'Ping' is a computer network administration utility used to test the reachability of a host (network)|host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and to measure the round-trip time
for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer. The name comes from active sonar terminology which
sends a pulse of sound and listens for the echo to detect objects
underwater.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 51: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Zion National Park - Activities
1 Seven trails with round-trip times of half an hour (Weeping Rock) to 4
hours (Angels Landing) are found in Zion Canyon.#NPSwebsite|NPS
website, Day Hiking ([http://www.nps.gov/archive/zion/act
ivities/dayhiking.htm archive]) Two popular trails, Taylor Creek (4 hours round trip) and Kolob Arch (8 hours
round trip), are in the Kolob Canyons section of the park, near Cedar City
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 52: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Oboe (navigation) - Technical details
1 Oboe used two stations at different and well-separated locations in
England to Transmitter|transmit a signal to a De Havilland Mosquito|
Mosquito pathfinder (RAF)|Pathfinder bomber carrying a radio transponder. The transponder re-transmitted the
signals, which were then received by the two stations. The round-trip time of each signal gave the distance to
the bomber.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 53: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Dolphin brain - Communication
1 * Clicksquick broadband burst pulsesare used for animal echolocation|echolocation, although some lower-frequency broadband vocalizations may serve a non-echolocative
purpose such as communication; for example, the pulsed calls of Orcas. Pulses in a click train are emitted at intervals of ~35–50 milliseconds, and in general these inter-click intervals are slightly greater than the
round-trip time of sound to the target.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 54: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Proper velocity - Proper velocity addition formula
1 Hence the round-trip time on traveler clocks will be Δτ =
4(c/α)cosh−1[γmid], during which the time elapsed on map clocks will
be Δt = 4(c/α)sinh[cosh−1[γmid.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
![Page 55: Round-trip time](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649ec45503460f94bcecbe/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
For More Information, Visit:
• https://store.theartofservice.com/the-round-trip-time-toolkit.html
The Art of Servicehttps://store.theartofservice.com