round table on “clean zones” - polis network · pdf filesenate depar tment for...

POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007POLIS Conference, Toulouse, March 2007

Round Table on “Clean Zones”

2Senate department for health, environment and consumer protection Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

Problems Problems withwith PM10PM10--pollutionpollution in European in European citiescities

0 50 100 150 200 250

Wien

Villach

Stockholm

Rotterdam

Riga

Rhein-Ruhr Gebiet

München

Milan

Mannheim

Madrid

Lyon

London

Lissabon

Linz

Leipzig

Klagenfurt

Hamburg

Graz

Frankfurt

Dresden

Berlin

Barcelona

Brüssel

days above 50 µg/m3 PM10

2002 2003 2004

EU-limit value


Lacking Lacking consistency between AQ standards consistency between AQ standards and vehicle emission standardsand vehicle emission standards

vehicle emission standards & deadline for entry into service

air quality standards & deadline for attainment

2010 2015

2005

2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016

PM10NO2

PM10ultimately NO2

ultimately

PM2.5

3 years

EURO 5PF:

deNOx: HDVs

EURO 4PF:

deNOx: cars LDV

HDV

EURO 5☺PF: deNOx:

cars LDV

EURO 6☺PF: ☺deNOx: cars LDV

5 years ~5 years


Berlin’s Low Emission ZoneBerlin’s Low Emission Zone

Martin LutzSenate Department for Health, Environment

and Consumer Protection

Directorate III, Environment Policy


•• 450 km road sections in non450 km road sections in non--attainmentattainment

•• 190.000 affected residents190.000 affected residents

24h limit valueannual limit value

reasonreason for a LEZ for a LEZ widespread nonwidespread non--attainment of attainment of PM10 PM10 in Berlinin Berlin

modelled modelled PM10PM10 in street canyonsin street canyons


ru_ka.cdr040224 ps

Messstelle mit miniaturisierten Probensammlern für verkehrsbezogende Schadstoffe an verkehrsreichen Straßen (Rubis)

Automatische Messcontainer in Wohngebieten und am StadtrandAutomatische Messcontainer an verkehrsreichen Straßen

Jahresmittelwert der Stickstoffdioxidkonzentrationin Mikrogramm pro Kubikmeter (der bis 2010einzuhaltene Grenzwert beträgt 40 µg/m³)

Überschreitung des EU-Grenzwertes für Stickstoffdioxid (Jahresmittel 40 µg/m³)

20

22

31

34

1731

30

1716

47

5946

59

5874

54

5548

60

6761

55 57 53

56

48

52 4956

48

60 6151

29

57

56/37

63

49

Luftgütemessnetz BLUMEMesswerte 2003

64

37

57

43

66

6042

5354

46

27

Annual average of NO2-concentration in microgramme per cubicmeter (the EU-limit value to be met in 2010 is 40 µg/m³)

Automatic monitoring site in residential areas and at the cities’ periphery Automatic monitoring site in busy roads at the kerbsidemonitoring site with passive sampling devices in busy roadsviolation of the EU-limit value for nitrogen dioxide (annual average of 40 µg/m³)

widespread nonwidespread non--attainment of attainment of NO2 in BerlinNO2 in Berlinmeasured NO2measured NO2


Berlin’s LEZ Berlin’s LEZ emission criteria emission criteria …based on national vehicle labelling scheme:based on national vehicle labelling scheme:

general exemptions for general exemptions for police, fire brigade, military, ambulance, etcpolice, fire brigade, military, ambulance, etctwo wheelers, mobile machinerytwo wheelers, mobile machinery

200019961992ban for Diesel veh. older than …

catalytic converter

minimum citeriafor petrol cars

Euro 4, Euro 3 plus particle filter

Euro 3, or Euro 2 plus particle filter

Euro 2, or Euro1 plus particle filter

minumum criteria for Diesel vehicles

sticker :


Euro 1 withcatalytic converter






sticker : 2S - UM 432S - UM 43 3-S- UM 433-3-S- UM 43S- UM 43

4S - UM 434

S - UM 43


catalytic converter






sticker :


Euro 1 withcatalytic converter






sticker : 2S - UM 432S - UM 43 3-3-S- UM 43S- UM 433-3-S- UM 43S- UM 43

4S - UM 434

S - UM 43S- UM 43S- UM 434

S - UM 434

S - UM 434

S - UM 434

S - UM 43


Berlin’s LEZ Berlin’s LEZ emission criteriaemission criteriatraffic restriction for polluting vehicles in the central city area…

stage I: 2008, Diesel vehicles need at least EURO II or Euro I & PF (cars: 100gPM/km)

gasoline vehicles need a catalytic converter (~EURO I)

stage II: 2010,Diesel vehicles need at least EURO II/III & PF (~upgrade to Euro IV)

covers basically all vehicleall vehicle typesnono general exemptionsexemptions for residents, commercial traffic

around 20 LEZ planned in German cities; most start in 2008 with switch to some years later

2S - UM 432

S - UM 43

4S - UM 434

S - UM 43

2S - UM 432

S - UM 43 3-S- UM 433

-3

-S- UM 43S- UM 43


Berlin’s LEZ Berlin’s LEZ spatial extensionspatial extension

covers an area of 85 km2 with 1.1 Mio inhabitants


Berlin’s LEZ Berlin’s LEZ environmental benefitsenvironmental benefitsimpactimpact of of transporttransport planningplanning ((„„StEPStEP““) ) andand LEZLEZ

-60,0%

-50,0%

-40,0%

-30,0%

-20,0%

-10,0%

0,0%

expe

cted

em

issi

on re

duct

ion

in %

of t

he tr

end

scen

ario

NOxexhaust-PMtotal-PM

all Diesel vehicles Euro III + particle filter(PF)

stage II 2010


Berlin’s LEZ Berlin’s LEZ environmental environmental benefitsbenefits

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

Trend scenario 2010 Low emission zone2010

Low emission zone 2010 and StEP Transport

No.

ofr

esid

ents

affe

cted

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

Lengthin km

Residents on roads exceeding the 24-hour PM10 limit value

Length of roads exceeding the 24-hour PM10 limit value

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

Trend scenario 2010 Low emission zone2010

Low emission zone 2010 and StEP Transport

No.

ofr

esid

ents

affe

cted

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

Lengthin km

Residents on roads exceeding the 24-hour PM10 limit value

Length of roads exceeding the 24-hour PM10 limit value

nonnon--attainment PM10attainment PM10

nonnon--attainment NO2attainment NO2

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Trend scenario 2010 Low emission zone 2010 and StEP Transport

No.

ofr

esid

ents

affe

cted

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Lengthin km

Residents on roads exceeding the annual limit value for NO2 Length of roads exceeding the annual limit value for NO2

Low emission zone2010

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Trend scenario 2010 Low emission zone 2010 and StEP Transport

No.

ofr

esid

ents

affe

cted

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Lengthin km

Residents on roads exceeding the annual limit value for NO2 Length of roads exceeding the annual limit value for NO2

Low emission zone2010

CSadleronsultants

www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk

LEZs in EuropeThere are around 50 LEZs in place or planned in the EU• Sweden - 4 in operation• Germany - around 20 planned • The Netherlands - 10 currently planned• Denmark - 5 planned, in 4 conurbations• UK - London planned, further considering• Norway - 3 planned• Spain - 1 planned• Italy - 3 in operation during winter• Greece - Athens a smoke test-based scheme• Are likely to follow in Eastern Europe



Issues for the discussion..(environmental) benefits vs. costs/constraints/caveats- of different LEZ options- in relation to other measures

stakeholder involvement - accepted by public, business, commerce- supported by auto industry, retrofit manufacturers- economic incentives- proportionality of measures, excemptions

Externalities- availability of retrofit devices across vehicle types- harmonisation: certification, LEZ schemes, labelling- emission standards as criteria for LEZ- Issues to be raised on EU level



Call for enhanced networking among citiesCITEAIR: Common operational websiteLEEZEN: Low Emission Environment Zone In Europe Network

City initiative: “new ambitious HDV standards earlier”

THE COMMON WEB SITE THE COMMON WEB SITE

www.airqualitynow.orgwww.airqualitynow.org

Currently 18 participating citiesBerlin, Leicester, Paris, Bratislava, Prague, Bristol, Reims, Bruxelles, Rome, Coventry,Rotterdam Gdansk, Sopot, Gdynia,Clermont ZürichTczew, Munich

Long process (data ownership, data producers ….)

Participating cities Participating cities

Value added of CITEAIR:

A simple, comparable and up to date AQ information- from different cities across Europe- for the pollutants of main concern - inspired by EU regulations- easy to consult

(international platform, common presentation)

• in addition to local information• but not for compliance checking

ConclusionConclusion

Participating cities Participating cities

Possible additional cities:

London, Leeds, Sheffield in UK,Cork in Ireland, Strasbourg in France,Vienna in Austria,Stuttgart in Germany …

Contacts with Oslo, Barcelona, Milan, and Madrid …

Additional city welcomed to join!

CSadleronsultants


LEZ workshop Brussels Issues raised• EU Freedom of Movement Principle means:

– Potential barriers to trade (eg traffic restrictions) must be equally easy for foreign vehicles, if applied to foreign vehicles

– Need to recognise retrofit certifications from other Member States until, and if, there is an EU-wide umbrella certification

– Information needs to be spread around the EU/ports etc • Enforcement against foreign vehicles

– Often difficult to find whether meet standards, and enforcing isparticularly difficult if the offence is not criminal

– Not enforcing foreign vehicles, or enforcing more loosely can be a political problem

• Sharing information– Many cities going through the same processes– Sharing information saves ‘re-inventing the wheel’, enable building on

work & researchLEEZEN: Low Emission Environment Zone In Europe Network

CSadleronsultants


What LEEZEN could offer• Joint website

– EU-wide information on LEZ, a ‘one-stop-shop’ for vehicle operators to find out about EU LEZs

– A members only area for LEZ implementers to share information, research & solutions

• Cross-border certification– Arrange interim mechanism for recognising PM-retrofit

certification from other Member States, until if/when a Commission EU-wide umbrella scheme

– Could work on a common NOx-retrofit standard, which would be harder to combine later than for PM-retrofit schemes

• Enforcement– Lobbying for better cross-border enforcement & compliance

information– Enable some cross-border information sharing on compliant

vehicles

CSadleronsultants


What LEEZEN could offer (2)• Sharing information

– Learning from others, sharing & discussing solutions– LEZ workshop/seminar twice a year – with write-ups &

remote involvement– Share information on compliant vehicles– Regular newsletters with updates on issues/developments– Help ensure that the DG ENT/TREN’s approach on e.g.

Freedom of Movement issues are consistently and advantageously interpreted

– Central point for DG ENV on LEZs– Information be more easily transmitted to new LEZs, rather

than requiring separate approaches to existing LEZs

CSadleronsultants


What LEEZEN could offer (3)

• Stronger voice– Lobby for what needed to help LEZs, eg EU-wide

certification, enforcement for foreign vehicles– Joint LEZ-relevant consultation responses– Ensure correct information on satellite navigation systems

• Reinforcement - help ease political pressure against LEZs– Already in place & planned elsewhere– Make enforcing foreign vehicles easier & more visible

• Produce guidance– Potentially produce informal ‘Ways to do an LEZ’ guidance– Could be adopted by the Commission, so their guidance is in

line with current practices



Advertisement for a joint city initiative for…“new ambitious HDV standards earlier”


new new stricterstricter standards standards earlierearlier !!consistency with AQ compliance needs of new CAFconsistency with AQ compliance needs of new CAFÉÉ DirectiveDirective

vehicle emission standards & deadline for entry into service

air quality standards & deadline for attainment

2010 2015

2005

2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016

3 years 3 years

PM10NO2

PM10ultimately NO2

ultimately

PM2.5

EURO 6☺PF: ☺deNOx:

HDV

EURO 5PF:

deNOx: HDVs

EURO 5☺PF: deNOx:

cars LDV

EURO 6☺PF: ☺deNOx: cars LDV

EURO 4PF:

deNOx: cars LDV

HDV

5 years ~5 years


new new ambitiousambitious HDV standards HDV standards earlierearlier !!reasons for a city initiativereasons for a city initiative……

ambition level of Euro5/6 for cars/LDVs already decided☺ Euro 5 requires particle trap, PM emission should drop

we’ll have to wait until 2015, for only Euro 6 yields sufficient NOx reduction

what is left: Euro 6 for Euro 6 for HDVsHDVstimingtiming for proposal: envisaged for 2nd half of 2007

demands from cities…shorter time period for introduction of standard

precedence: Euro 4 Euro 5 for HDVs is 3 years, I.e. by 2012Control technology available and cost-effectivecommon interest of manufacturers for global standards (U.S., Asia)

ambitious emission standards, which require particle traps & SCR for every lorry


new new ambitiousambitious HDV standards HDV standards earlierearlier !!city initiative: how to proceedcity initiative: how to proceed……

draft for a resolution by citiescall for endorsement of the resolution

by the city networks (EUROCITIES, POLIS, IMPACTS)by individual cities

disseminate together with background paperto key players…

Commission (Verheugen, Dimas) in EP (rapporteurs, chairs of committees, etc.)in Council (ministers of MS governments)



Thank you for your active participation !


new new ambitiousambitious standards standards earlierearlier !!proposed proposed ELVsELVs for Euro 6 for for Euro 6 for HDVsHDVs

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0

NOx emission in g/kWh

Part

icle

em

issi

onin

g/k

Wh

Japan 1997

Japan 2005

Japan 2003 Euro III 2000

Euro V 2008Euro IV 2005

USA 1987

USA 2007

USA 2004

0,27

0,013Euro VI:

0,003 g/kWh

proposal city initiative Euro VI: 0,5 g/kWh


Why Why stricterstricter standards standards earlierearlier ??insufficient downward trend of pollution levels...despite decreasing NOx-emissions

NOx-emissions: road transport in Germany

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

t/a HDVCar DieselCar PetrolMotorcyclesLDV CILDV PIBUS


Why Why stricterstricter standards standards earlierearlier ??

insufficient downward trend of pollution levels...

Trend of Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Berlin

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

year

Con

cent

ratio

n [µ

g/m

³]

NO urban traffic

NO2 urban traffic sites

NO2 urban backround sites

NO2 sites at the cityperiphery

2004 korr Aug06

limit value 2010


Berlin’s LEZ Berlin’s LEZ environmental benefitsenvironmental benefits

exceedances of the PM10 24h-limit valueimpacts of various scenarios

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

2002 Trend 2005

Trend 2010

LEZ 2010 (Euro III & PF)

LEZ 2010(EURO III + PF)

&"StEP"

LEZ 2010(EURO IV + PF)

&"StEP"

affe

cted

resi

dent

s

0

50

100

150

200

250

lenght of non-attainment road

sections in km

residents affected by LV exceedances

length of street sections in non-compliance

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