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3. D:2048/B (.%., L5:9804E D.S. ?&9(37.9.+. S*:&7. 7.9.., 2001, (. 70, X 6 (0 :&,"(.).
4. P/29 %. ?.4.1" 0 '.46. 93&53 :313-&6.+. I.: !"$1", 1963, *. 138.
5. I&(32 93-&1$-+#63/ 2.6"9.1. 0 8.4.,&*13/ 7.9... C%. *("(&/. J32 #&2. Z.N. P30%.6". I.: !"$1", 1996, 336 *.
6. '9/227 O.K., %GJ49: D.O. O.3-35.,&*1"+ 7.9.+. I.: F)*;"+ ;13-", 2000, 479 *.
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8. C4846049 K.)., T:.77B &.U. Y.9.+ :#.0.()7 :30-63*(6)7 *3&2.6&6./ 1"1 ,"*(< 6"$1. 3 :30˻*(.. L3*. 7.9. '. (W. L3*. 7.9. 3%-0" .9. Q.G. I&62&-&&0"), 1996, (. XL, X 3, *. 65.
9. D;55 P.O. =*6306)& 136>&:>.. 13--3.263/ 7.9... P"9 '&, 1996, (. XL, X 3, *. 57.
10. ,/204E !.%., ,/20:H (.V. =#2.6"#6"+ 3#5"6.,&*1"+ 1#.*("--37.9.+. G6(&#:#&(">.+ 6".%3-&& 0+(6)7 539393-&1$-+#6)7 *(#$1($#. W. *(#$1(. 7.9.., 1998, (. 39, X 1, *. 126.
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16. ,/204E !.%. J36+(.& *(#$1($#) 0 *30#&9&663/ 7.-9... II. C(#$1($#63& 963533%#"4.& 1362&6*.#30"66)7 8"4. =%3%B&66"+ 1#.*("--37.9.+. P"9 '&, 1994, (. 35, X 3, *. 99.
17. ,/204E !.%., #45/=77B: #.)., !/@4X;0 &.!. C(#$1-($#6)& .**-&230"6.+ '.21.7 1#.*("--30. S*:&7. 7.-9.., 1989, (. 58, X 12, *. 1971.
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16
R M R M Nu+ Nu
R M Nu R M Nu
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.$.47++. ."@(+#;7$*#7 $.7-#+7+#) '7"75.-+15 67%(22.3, 3 *.%."15, *(* '"(3#2. (+. +7 3$7@-(), 31$:#6# 8(+)%16# ."4#%(2)6# )32),%$) +7$3)-813(,<#7 d-&".3+# 67%(22(. F.;7%(+#7 .*#$2#-%720+15 $3./$%3 @(2.@7+.3 # 3.$$%(+.3#%720+15 $3./$%3 67%(22.."@(+#;7$*#5 $.7-#+7+#/ '"#3.--#% * %.6&, ;%. .;7+0 ;($%. "7(*=## KC7012/-=4CI9/E/ 2:8A7<Ce94L $3)8# &@27".-�67%(22 '.- -7/$%3#76 @(2.@7+.3
R�M + Hal2 → RHal + MHal
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+� # (+#-
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1. I-+.$%(-#/+1/ SE2- #2# SEi -675(+#86 $ (%(*./ @(2.@7+( +7'.$"7-$%37++. '. &@27".-+.6& =7+%"&:
SE2 (- -$6!)("('"%)
Br
R M
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SE 2 (- '(0"!-'"7)
R�M + Br2 [Br...Br...R...M]
Br + BrR + M
SE i (- -$6!)("('"%)
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R M
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R = !"#$- ' 8"%!"$-PhCHDCHD-
Cp = C5H5 (*'#3$9"(2),'"('3)
(-$6!)("('")
$#'-3'2"34($"
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83'%'('!$0)('"
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E
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@&%+' 2. $%&'()*+, SE1(N) ) SEi
17
CH3 /
N�O
C
N
CH3
OH
DMG (,'%"2'3<3'$#-'%)2)
PhCH2Co(DMG)2 + IC1
[PhCH2Co(DMG)2 IC1 ]
PhCH2Cl + ICo(DMG)2
R(*./ 675(+#86 3.86.97+ -2) $.7-#+7+#/ '7"7-5.-+15 # +7'7"75.-+15 67%(22.3.
4. S.6.2#%#;7$*.7 4#6.27*&2)"+.7 8(67<7+#7 SN2 (=7'+() "7(*=#)) , +('"#67":
�h
2BrBr2 → ν
Me4Sn + Br� → Me3SnBr + �CH3
�BrBrCHBrCH� 323 ++ → # %.-.
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268 269 271 273 281
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14. '7;1/? (.O. R7."7%#;7$*#7 .$+.31 ."@(+#;7$*./ 5#6##. G.: ?8--3. GSW, 1964.
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21. +:8/C/ Q., $428/9 '. G75(+#861 +7."@(+#;7$*#5 "7(*=#/. G.: G#", 1971.
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34
43. Nevell T.P., Salas E., Wilson C.L. J. Chem. Soc., 1939, p. 1188.
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55. F6. [16], %. 1, @2. 3.
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35
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$&92*#$$ ./5:*335' )$"451(ȵ 54$30*#$7 5/-6(#$2*34$- '*I*38' [3, 4]. @38(#5'0*#5, 285 =8$ ./5:*33; ./58*4(H8 2*/*& 38("$H 5>/(&5'(#$7 .*/543$"#;- 35*"$#*#$+, /*6*#*/$/9HI$- #5';* /("$4(0?#;* 2(38$:; (3-*%( III). K 45#:* 1950-- 65"5' >;0( 584/;8( #5'(7 6/9.-.( :*.#;- /*(4:$+, ' 4585/;- ./5"50)*#$* :*.*+ 539I*38'07*837 ./$ 92(38$$ %*8(005' .*/*%*#-#5+ '(0*#8#538$ [2]. P8$ ./5:*33; .5 ./$/5"* (48$'#;- 2(38$:, '*"9I$- :*.?, #* 7'07H837 /(-"$4(0?#;%$. R/$%*/5% ./5:*335' "(##5+ 6/9..; 7'07*837 :*.#5+ 15854(8(0$8$2*34$+ /(3.(" .*-
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ȵ #$8/5'(#$7 (04(#5' [10]. K 6/9..9 /(&'*8'0*##;- :*.#;- /*-(4:$+ '-5"78 ./5:*33; 65/*#$7, ./*)"* '3*65 65-
<4%5/ II
U<41R09;69 S9>6
R O O R 2RO
G4101ER9;69 S9>6
RO + C C
RO C C + C C
RO C C
RO C C C C
G949249:3;KD 1H4KA S9>6
RO + C C (C C ) ORn
n+ 1(C C ) ORCCRO
<4%5/ IV
U<41R09;69 S9>6
H2O2 2OH
OH + H2O2 HO2 + H2O
G4101ER9;69 S9>6
Cu + + OH + OHCu+ + H2O22 �
HO2 + Cu + Cu+ + H+ + O2 2
#H4KA S9>6
Cu+ + HO2 Cu + + HO22 �
<4%5/ III
U<41R09;69 S9>6
RH + O2 → R• + HO2
•
RH + O2 + RH → 2R• + H2O2
G4101ER9;69 S9>6
R• + O2 → RO2
•
RO2• + RH → ROOH + R
•
&K41R09;;19 4<@A93AE9;69 S9>6
ROOH → RO• +
•OH
2ROOH → RO2• + H2O + RO
•
ROOH + RH → RO• + H2O + R
•
.A<04<368;KD 1H4KA S9>6
R• + R
• → R�R
RO2• + RO2
• → R�O�O�R + O2
G949249:3;KD 1H4KA S9>6
RO2• + R
• → R�O�O�R
37
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.5%5I?H 3.*:$(0?#;- %*85"5'. K 45#:* 70--�80-- 66. XX '*4( /(&/(>58(##;* ./$#:$.; $ .5"-5"; 4 $&92*#$H :*.#;- /*(4:$+ >;0$ 93.*,#5 $3.50?&5'(#; "07 5.$3(#$7 4$#*-8$2*34$- &(45#5%*/#538*+ 8*2*#$7 $5#-/("$4(0?#;- :*.#;- ./5:*335' � /*(4:$+, '40H-2(HI$- 38("$H .*/*#53( =0*48/5#(, 285 7'$053? '()#*+,$% =8(.5% ' /(&'$8$$ 92*#$7 5 :*.#;- ./5:*33(-. O(33%58/*#$* ./5:*335', $#$:$$/5-'(##;- .*/*#535% =0*48/5#(, 3 .5&$:$+ :*.#5+ 8*5/$$ .5&'50$05 #(+8$ %*385 =8$% /*(4:$7% ' 5>I*+ 40(33$1$4(:$$ -$%$2*34$- ./5:*335'. J(4, /*(4:$7 #$8/5'(#$7 %5#5#$8/5(04(#5' .50$#$8-/5(04(#(%$ ' I*052#5+ 3/*"* >;0( /(33%58/*#( $ 5.$3(#( 4(4 :*.#5+ #*/(&'*8'0*##;+ ./5:*33 (3-*%( V, 9/('#*#$7 1�4). G"*3? 38("$7 (1) � &(/5)"*#$* :*.*+, 9/('#*-#$7 (2)�(4) � ./5"50)*#$* :*.*+. !>/;' :*.*+, 4(4 >;05 938(#5'0*#5 "07 =8565 ./5:*33(, 539I*-38'07*837 0$#*+#5 .98*% #*+8/(0$&(:$$ /("$4(0(
NO2• [11].
M07 $&92*#$7 =85+ /*(4:$$ >;0 93.*,#5 ./$-
<4%5/ V
� �CH3CHNO2 + [C(NO2)4]CH3CH(NO2) + C(NO2)4
(1)
� �C(NO2)3 + NO2[C (NO2)4]
(2)
��CH 3CH(NO2) + NO2 [CH 3CH(NO2)2]
(3)
� �[CH3CH(NO2)2] + C(NO2)4 CH3CH(NO2)2 + [C(NO2)4] ... (4)
<4%5/ VI
CH3CHNO2 CH3C(Cl)NO2 Cl�
+ +CH3CH(NO2)Cl CH3C(Cl)NO2+�
(5)
CH3C(NO2)Cl O2 CH3C(Cl)(NO2)OO+
(6)
CH3C(Cl)(NO2)OO CH3C(Cl)(NO2)+�
CH3C(Cl)(NO2)OO CH3C(Cl)(NO2)+�
(7)
CH3C(NO2)(CI)OO� + BH
+ → CH3C(NO2)(CI)OOH + B (8)
CH3C(Cl)(NO2)OOH CH3C(Cl)(NO2)�
2+ CH3C(Cl)NO2 CH3C(Cl)(NO2)O OH�
2 + +
(9)
CH3C(Cl)NO2 NO2 [CH3C(NO2)2Cl]+� �
(10)
CHC(NO2)2 Cl�+
�[CHC(NO2)2Cl]
(11)
CH3C(NO2)2 CH3C(Cl)NO2+�
CH3C(NO2)2 CH3C(Cl)NO2+�
(12)
CH3C(Cl)NO2 CH3C(Cl)NO2 + �CH3C(Cl)(NO2) C(Cl)(NO2)CH3
(13)
38
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ȵ 54$30*#$7 #$&45%50*4907/#;- 5/6(#$2*34$- 35-*"$#*#$+ [17] (3-*%( VII, 9/('#*#$7 14�21). G"*3? 38("$7 (14-15) � &(/5)"*#$* :*.*+, (16)�(18) � ./5"50)*#$*, (19) $ (20) � /(&'*8'-0*#$*, (21) � 4'("/(8$2#;+ 5>/;' :*.*+. G(.$-3(##;+ %*-(#$&% 58/()(*8 40(33$2*34$+ 3.535> $#$:$$/5'(#$7 :*.#;- /*(4:$+ [18]. R/$ =85% 30*"9*8 58%*8$8?, 285 .5%$%5 Fe
2+-&('$3$%565
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� 0$.5./58*$#5', $%*HI$- ' 3'5*% 3538('* 0$.$"#9H #*>*045'9H 3538('07H-I9H [21]. M54(&(##5* 2/*&';2(+#5 ,$/545* 92(38$* /("$-4(05' 4$305/5"( ((48$'#;- 15/% 4$305/5"() ' '()-#*+,$- ./5:*33(- )$&#*"*78*0?#538$ [22, 23] .5&'5-0$05 .5"5+8$ 8(4)* 4 5.$3(#$H .*/543$"#565 .5'/*-)"*#$7 >*045' 4(4 4 :*.#5%9 /("$4(0?#5%9 ./5:*3-39 [24]. R*/543$"#5* .5'/*)"*#$* >*045', $330*-"5'(##5* #( ./$%*/* ./538565 >*04( � 3;'5/5-852#565 (0?>9%$#(, ' 580$2$* 58 .*/543$"#565 .5'/*)"*#$7 0$.$"5' /(33%(8/$'(*837 4(4 :*.#5+ #*/(&'*8'0*##;+ ./5:*33 3 .*/*4/*38#;% 5>/;-'5% :*.*+ (3-*%( VIII, 9/('#*#$7 22�29), 6"* ' 4(2*38'* #940*51$05' (Nu
�) %5698 ';389.(8? $5#$-
&5'(##;* SH, OH-1/(6-%*#8; >$5%50*490, ./585-0$8$2*34$ (48$'#;* $ 5>0("(HI$* ';/()*##;%$ N-"5#5/#;%$ 3'5+38'(%$ 43*#5>$58$4$, 455/"$#$-/5'(##;+ 1*//54(8$5# (Fe
2+), ./538*8$2*34(7
6/9..( 6*%5605>$#( $ /7" "/96$- 35*"$#*#$+.
<4%5/ VII
�32Fe + + O2 Fe + + O2
(14-15)
H O2 HO2 ++ �
(16)
R O2 RO2+
(17)
RO2 RH ROOH R+ +
(18)
ROOH + Fe + RO + Fe + + OH2 3 �
(19)
RO + RH ROH + R
(20)
RO2 RO2+ C50*4907/#;* ./5"948; (21)
39
R5092*##5* 8(4$% 5>/(&5% 6$"/543$./5$&'5"-#5* >*04( (/*(4:$7 28) 3.535>#5 /(3.("(8?37, 6*#*/$/97 4(/>5#$0?#;* 1/(6%*#8;, 7'07HI$*37 45#*2#;%$ ./5"948(%$ .*/543$"#5+ "*38/94:$$ .50$.*.8$"#5+ :*.$.
�CH(R)C(O)NHC(R)(OH)C(O)NHCH(R)� → (30)
→ �CH(R)C(O)NHC(R)=O + O=CHNHCH(R)�
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bO2) 3 6$"-/543$0(%$#5% (3-*%( IX, 9/('#*#$7 31�38) [26].
G"*3? 38("$7 (31) � &(/5)"*#$* :*.*+, (32)�(37) � ./5"50)*#$* :*.*+, 38("$7 (38) � 5>/;' :*.*+. D 6/9..* :*.#;- #*/(&'*8'0*##;- ./5:*335' %*86*%5605>$#55>/(&5'(#$7 3 .*/*4/*38#;% 5>-
<4%5/ VIII
H2O2 + Nu OH + OH + Nu� �
(22)
CH(R)C(O)NHCH(R)C(O) + CH(R)C(O)NHC(R)C(O) + H2OOH
(23)
CH(R)C(O)NHC(R)C(O) + O2 CH(R)C(O)NHCR(OO)C(O)
(24)
CH(R)C(O)NHCR(OO)C(O) + CH(R)C(O)NHCH(R)C(O)
CH(R)C(O)NHCR(OOH)C(O) + CH(R)C(O)NHC(R)C(O)
(25)
CH(R)C(O)NHC(R)(O)C(O)NHCH(R) CH(R)C(O)NHC(R) O + CH(R)NHC O (26)
CH(R)C(O)NHCH(R)C(O) + CH(R)NHC O
CH(R)C(O)NHC(R)C(O) + HC(O)NHCH(R)
(27)
CH(R)C(O)NHC(R)(O)C(O) + CH(R)C(O)NHCH(R)C(O)
CH(R)C(O)NHC(R)(OH)C(O) + CH(R)C(O)NHC(R)C(O)
(28)
CH(R)C(O)NHC(R)(O)C(O) + CH(R)C(O)NHC(R)C(O) CN O
N
R
NH
N
R
O
OO
O
HH
H
(29)
<4%5/ IX
NH2OH + HbO2 Hb + HO2 + NH2O
(31)
NH2O + HbO2 HNO + HO2 + Hb
(32)
HbO2 + HO2 MetHb + HO2 + O2�
(33)
HO2 + H+ H2O2�
(34)
H2O2 + HbO2 M etHb + HO + HO + O2�
(35)
NH2OH + H2O2 NH2O + HO + H2O
(36)
HO + H2O2 HO2 + H2O
(37)
HO2 + HO H2O + O2
(38)
40
/;'5% :*.*+ 58#53$837 8(4)* 54$3-0*#$* 6*%5605>$#( #$8/5=8(#5% [27]. R/$#:$.$(0?#5 580$2#;% ' =85% 3092(* 7'07*837 0$,? ./5:*33 &(/5-)"*#$7 :*.*+:
CH3CH2NO2 + HbO2 →
→ CH3C•HNO2 + Hb + HO2
• (39)
F8("$$ )* ./5"50)*#$7 :*.*+ 5.$3;'(H837 9/('#*#$7%$ (33)�(35), (37), ( 5>/;' :*.*+ 539I*38'07*837 3560(3#5 9/('#*#$H (38). K;/5)"*##5-/(&'*8'0*##;+ :*.-#5+ ./5:*33 %*86*%5605>$#55>/(&5-'(#$7 ./*"38('0*# '&($%5"*+38'$*% #$8/$8( #(8/$7 3 543$6*%5605>$#5% (3-*%( X, 9/('#*#$7 40�45). G"*3? 38("$7 &(/5)"*#$7 :*.*+ 5.$3;'(*837 9/('#*#$*% (40), /*(4-:$$ (41) $ (42) ./*"38('07H8 35>5+ ./5"50)*#$* :*.*+, (43) $ (44) � ';/5)"*##5* /(&'*8'0*#$* :*.*+, ( 38("$7 (45) � 4'("/(8$2#;+ 5>/;' :*.*+. !4$30*#$* 6*%5605>$#( 1-6(056*#-1-#$8/5-(04(#(%$ ' #*+8/(0?#5+ $ 30(>5I*052#5+ 3/*"* (pH 7,0�8,0) [28, 29] /*(0$&9*837 .5 :*.#5%9 $5#-/("$4(0?#5%9 %*-(#$&%9, 5305)#*##5%9 ';/5)-"*##;% /(&'*8'0*#$*% :*.*+, 285 %5)#5 ./5$0-0H38/$/5'(8? #( ./$%*/* /*(4:$$ 6*%5605>$#( 3 1--05/-1-#$8/5=8(#5% (3-*%( XI, 9/('#*#$7 46�52), 6"* "5#5/5% =0*48/5#( .5 58#5,*#$H 4 $5#$-&5'(##5+ 15/%* 1-6(056*#-1-#$8/5(04(#( $ 543$-
6*%5605>$#( ';389.(*8 (#$5# α-6(056*#-α-#$8/535*"$#*#$7 (pKa 1--05/-1->/5%#$8/5=8(#( $ 1--05/-1-$5"#$8/5=8(#( 0*)$8 ' ./*"*0(- 7,0�7,4 [12�14]). G"*3? 9/('#*#$* (46) � 5.$3;'(*8 &(/5)"*#$* :*.*+, 38("$$ (48) $ (49) � ./5"50)*#$*, 38("$$
(50) $ (51) � /(&'*8'0*#$*, ( 38("$7 (52) �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i
2+, Cr
2+, V
3+,
Ce3+
[30]. N#$:$$/5'(#$* /*(4:$$ 539I*38'07*837 3 .5%5I?H 3$38*%; Nu
��.*/543$" '5"5/5"( .5
3-*%*:
Nu + H2O2 Nu + OH + OH� �
(54)
J56"( /(&'$8$* :*.#565 ./5:*33( 54$30*#$7 EVME 35*"$#*#$7%$ .*/*-5"#;- %*8(005' %5)*8 >;8? 5>9305'0*#5 6$"/543$0?#;% /("$4(05% (3-*%( XII, 9/('#*#$7 55�59). !8%*8$%, 285 &'*#5 :*.$ ' &(.$3(##5+ 3-*%* '40H2(*8 $&'*38#9H /*(4:$H W(>*/(�K*+3( (59). K =85% 3092(* 2(38$:*+, '*"9I*+ :*.?, 7'07*837 6$"/543$0?#;+ /("$4(0. !"#(45, *30$ 92*38? 3/('#$8*0?#5 #$&49H 345/538? ./5:*33( (59) [30, 31], 85 /*(0$&(:$H :*.#565 %*-(#$&%( %5)#5
<4%5/ X
H+
HbO2 + NO2 HO2 + NO2 + Hb�
(40)
Hb + NO2 NO2 + M etHb�
(41)
H+
NO2 + HO2 NO2 + H2O2�
(42)
H2O2 + NO2 HO + HO + NO2� �
(43)
HO + NO2 NO2 + HO� �
(44)
NO2 + NO2 N2O4
(45)
<4%5/ XI
2CH3C(Cl) NOO + H+ + CH3CH(Cl)NO2 + HbO2�
2CH3C(Cl)NO2 + CH3CHNO2 + Hb + HO2 + Cl�
(46)
CH3C(Cl)NO2 + Hb CH3C(Cl) NOO + MetHb�
(47)
CH3C(Cl)NO2 + O2 CH3C(Cl)(NO2)OO
(48)
CH3C(Cl)(NO2)OO + CH3(Cl) NOO�
CH3C(Cl)(NO2)OO + CH3C(Cl)NO2�
(49)
CH3C(Cl)(NO2)OO + H+ CH3C(Cl)(NO2)OOH�
(50)
H3C(Cl)(NO2)OOH + 2CH3(Cl) NOO�
2CH3C(Cl)NO2 + CH3C(Cl)(NO2)O + HO� �
(51)
CH3C(Cl)(NO2)OOH R/5"94 8; /(3.("(
(52)
CH3C(Cl)NO2 + CH3C(Cl)NO2 C50*4 907/#;* ./5"94 8; (53)
41
./*"38('$8? .5 #*3450?45 $#5%9 %(/,/989, '40H-2(HI*%9 /*(4:$$ (55)�(57) $ "(0** (60)�(61):
O2 + 2�Mn2
+(SO4 )3 M n +(SO4 ) + O23� �22
(60)
M n +(SO4 ) + H2O22�2
2�Mn2 +(SO4 )3 + OH + OH3 �
(61)
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u
2+
';&;'(*8 54$30$8*0?#5* .5'/*)"*#$* MED, 285 3'7&(#5 3 6*#*/(:$*+ (48$'#;- 15/% 4$305/5"( [32�34]. O(7>/(&#;* ./5:*33; .5'/*)"*#$7 >$5-
38/9489/ ' /*&90?8(8* /("$50$&( '5"; 8(4)* 940(-";'(H837 ' 5>I9H 3-*%9 :*.#565 ./5:*33( 3 ';-/5)"*##;% /(&'*8'0*#$*% :*.*+. P858 ./5:*33 >;0 .5"/5>#5 $&92*# #( %5"*0?#5+ 3$38*%* =8(-#50/'5"( (3-*%( XIII, 9/('#*#$7 62�67) [35]. !2*'$"#5, (#(056$2#;+ ./5:*33 ./*8*/.*'(H8 65%5- $ 6*8*/5.50$3(-(/$";, ( 8(4)* 15315/#;* =1$/; 3(-(/5' (#940*58$";), .53450?49, 4(4 $&-'*38#5, $- .5'/*)"*#$* 3 92(38$*% 6$"/543$0?#5-65 /("$4(0( 539I*38'07*837 2*/*& 5>/(&5'(#$* 4(/>5#$0?#;- 1/(6%*#85' [36] $ $#"9:$/9*837 E2!2 [35�38]:
CH(OH)CH2OH ... CH2CH O
(68)
R/5:*33 %5)*8 >;8? 5.$3(# 3-*%5+, $"*#8$2-#5+ ./5:*339 54$30*#$7 =8(#50(. TH>(7 $& ./*"38('0*##;- ';,* /*(4:$+ 3 93-8(#5'0*##;% %*-(#$&%5% %5)*8 309)$8? .*/'$2-#5+ =43.*/$%*#8(0?#5+ %5"*0?H "07 .5">5/( -$%$2*34$- 3/*"38' /*690$/5'(#$7 345/538$ :*.-#565 ./5:*33(. E(./$%*/, /*(4:$7 #$8/5'(#$7 %5#5#$8/5(04(-#5' .50$#$8/5(04(#(%$ ' I*052#5+ 3/*"* =11*4-8$'#5 85/%5&$837 #$8/543$0?#;%$ /("$4(0(%$
NO•, 90('0$'(HI$%$ '*"9I$* :*.? /("$4(0;
NO•2 [11]. C*86*%5605>$#55>/(&5'(#$* .5" "*+38-
'$*% #$8/$8-$5#(, ./58*4(HI** 2*/*& 5>/(&5'(-
#$* /("$4(05' NO•2 (3%. 3-*%9 X), 8(4)* =11*4-
8$'#5 85/%5&$837 38(>$0?#;%$ #$8/543$0?#;%$ /("$4(0(%$ [39]. E$8/543$0?#;* /("$4(0; 3.5-
35>#; 90('0$'(8? _•!E $ E!
•2 [40], '30*"38'$*
2*65 =8$ /("$4(0?#;* 05'9,4$ =11*48$'#5 85/%5-&78 :*.#5+ ./5:*33 .*/543$"(:$$ >*045', 6"* '*-"9I$% :*.? /("$4(05% 7'07*837 6$"/543$0?#;+ /("$4(0 [24]. V#(056$2#;+ =11*48 54(&;'(H8 (#-8$543$"(#8; (/5%(8$2*34565 /7"( [41]. J(4, :*.#5+ ./5:*33 %*86*%5605>$#55>/(&5'(#$7 .5" "*+38'$-*% #$8/$8-$5#( 85/%5&$837 #* 850?45 #$8/543$0?-#;%$ /("$4(0(%$, #5 $ ./538/(#38'*##5 &(8/9"-#*##;%$ 1*#50(%$, '$509/5'5+ 4$30585+ $ ** ./5$&'5"#;%$ $ /7"5% "/96$- '*I*38' [15]. R/5-
'5"7 58>5/ ./*.(/(85', 85/%5&7-I$- ./5:*33 .5'/*)"*#$7 >$55>L-*485' in vitro, %5)#5 /*45%*#"5'(8? $- "07 $330*"5'(#$7 in vivo, 285 $ >;05 3"*0(#5 "07 #$8/543$0?#;- /("$4(05' [42]. N&92*#$* .5'*"*-#$7 in vivo =8$- /("$4(0?#;- 05'9-,*4 .54(&(05, 285 53#5'#;* 8*#-"*#:$$ /(&'$8$7 ./5:*33( (:*.#5+ /("$4(0?#;+ -(/(48*/) 35-/(#7H8-37 $ ' )$'5% 5/6(#$&%*, 285 584/;-'(*8 #5';+ .98? .5$34( 0*4(/38-'*##;- 3/*"38'. J(4, #( 53#5'* &#(#$7 :*.#565 %*-(#$&%( %*86*-%5605>$#55>/(&5'(#$7 >;0 .5"5>-/(# /7" 3/*"38', =11*48$'#5 85/-%5&7I$- /(&'$8$* 8543$2*345+ %*8-6*%5605>$#*%$$ in vivo [43, 44].
<4%5/ XII
2� 2�Mn2 +(SO4 )3 + OHOH + M n +(SO4 )
�2 3 (55)
2M n +(SO4 ) + EVM + H+�2
2�M n2 +(SO4 )3 + EVME3
(56)
EVM + O2 EVM+ + O2�
(57)
�O2 + H+ HO2
(58)
HO2 + H2O2 OH + H2O + O2
(59)
<4%5/ XIII
H2O OH + H
(62)
CH 3CH2OH + OH CH3CHOH + H2O
(63)
CH 3CH2OH + O2 CH3CH(OO)OH
(64)
CH3CH(OO)OH + CH3CH2OH
CH3CH(OOH)OH + CH3CHOH
(65)
CH 3CH(O)OH + OH + NuCH 2CH(OOH)OH + Nu�� (66)
CH 3CH(O)OH + Nu CH3CH (O) + OH + Nu� �
(67)
42
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3+) ' 1*//515/%9 (Fe
2+).
N5# Fe2+
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2+ /*(6$/9*8 3
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./*.(/(8, '5'0*4(73? ' /("$4(0?#;* ./5:*33;, "50)*# 6*#*/$/5'(8? /("$4(0;, 5>0("(HI$* &#(-2$8*0?#5 %*#?,*+ /*(4:$5##5+ 3.535>#538?H, 2*% 8*, 4585/;* 5# 90('0$'(*8. O*6907:$7 $ 38(->$0$&(:$7 /("$4(0?#;- ./5:*335' 0*)$8 ' 53#5'* .5">5/( %#56$- 0*4(/38'*##;- 3/*"38' .530*"#*-65 .5450*#$7 [49, 53]. @2*#$* 5 /("$4(0?#5-:*.#;- ./5:*33(- .5&'5-0$05 5>L73#$8? 8543$2#538? %#56$- -$%$2*34$- '*I*38'. J(4, .5'/*)"*#$* 40*854 .*2*#$ 2*8;-/*--05/$38;% 960*/5"5%, 93969>07*%5* ./$39838-'$*% %(0;- 450$2*38' $5#5' .*/*-5"#;- %*8(0-05', ';&'(#5 6*#*/(:$*+ /("$4(0?#;- 2(38$: 8$.( •CCI3 $ CCI3(OO
•) $& $3-5"#565 CCl4 [49, 54].
V#(056$2#5 :$858543$2*345* "*+38'$* 6(056*-#(04(#5' 8(4)*, '*/578#5, 3'7&(#5 3 /(&'$8$*% :*.#;- 54$30$8*0?#;- ./5:*335' 3 92(38$*% (4-8$'#;- 15/% 4$305/5"(, 3/*"$ 4585/;- 40H2*'(7 /50? 58'5"$837 39.*/543$"#5%9 (#$5#-/("$4(09:
O2 + RCl ROO + Cl��
(69)
�O2 + RI ROO + I�
(70)
C$4/535%(0?#5* 54$30*#$* 43*#5>$58$45' 8(4-)* '40H2(*8 =0*%*#8; :*.#;- ./5:*335' 3 92(-38$*% (48$'#;- 15/% 4$305/5"( [55]. J(4, 3$%%*8-/$2#;+ "$1*#$06$"/(&$# .5" "*+38'$*% 39.*/54-3$"#565 (#$5#-/("$4(0( .5"'*/6(*837 30*"9HI$% ./*'/(I*#$7% [56]:
O2 + PhNH NHPh NPh]H 2O2 + [PhN
PhN NPhO2
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43
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NO2 + O2� O NOO�
(75)
O NOO + H+ O NOOH�
(76)
O NOOH + H2O2 HO2 + NO2 + H2O
(77)
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NO2• 3'7&;'(*8 "(##;+ ./5:*33 3 /*(4:$*+ %*86*-
%5605>$#55>/(&5'(#$7, ( 6*#*/(:$7 /("$4(05' •!E � 3 ./5:*33(%$ .*/543$"#565 .5'/*)"*#$7 >$538/9489/. K &(40H2*#$* 58%*8$%, 285 ' #(3857I** '/*%7 305)$0(3? 9#$'*/3(0?#(7 3-*%( $330*"5'(#$7 305)#*+,$- ./5:*335' 3 92(38$*% >$5056$2*34$- 5>L*485' [69], '40H2(HI(7: 1) $&92*#$* %*-(#$&%( ./5:*33(, $"*#8$1$4(-:$H $#8*/%*"$(85' $ .538/5*#$* %50*4907/#5+ 4(/8$#; 7'0*#$7 3 $3.50?&5'(#$*% %*85"5' -$%$-2*345+ 4$#*8$4$;
2) 5.$3(#$* 4$#*8$4$ ./5:*33( $ ./*"34(&(#$* 353857#$7 ./5:*33( #( &("(##;+ %5%*#8;
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<4%5/ XIV
NO + HO2 HO + NO2
(71)
Hb + NO2 NO2 + MetHb�
(72)
HNO2�NO2 + H+
(73)
HNO2 NO + NO2 + H2O
(74)
44
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)!I*$'IQ$'
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:-,& ;,#",6, ,)%*"-'DI#6, "#I#()"*, " )#3+,-,-6.0#($.3 =#-'3 5,/",-'#) %#*-./,"*)1 5%,=#((2, 5,-+,()1D /*&$+4)2# 5, 3-,%4. J*+,+.0#($.& 5%.&#%,& (-49.) ).)*+,-&*6+.#",# 5%,./",7()",, ,(+,"+,? =.$- $,),%,6, ,5.(2"*#)(' 4%*"+#+.'&.:
MgCl2 → Mg0 + Cl2(6*/) (8-#$)%,-./)
TiO2 + C + 2Cl2 → TiCl4 + CO2
TiCl4 + 2Mg → 2MgCl2 + Ti
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3#(2+,/1":, 1/8*/,#(11<F 1/ *(;(1"( /9)5/#$-1<F 1/5-1+-)(F1"-(39"F 8*+0#(& */?,")"% 8*+"?-,+23),/. PA(19+: ,9#/2/ %,#%()3% 8*"3,+(1"( !.'. ./*/0/1+,5 ?,/1"% «'+-()1<: F"&"9 @@@>». B1+4+ 3"# " ,*(&(1" !.'. ./*/0/1+, +)2/() 8+24+)+,9( 1/5-1<F 9/2*+,. '+2 (4+ *59+,+23),+& ,<8+#1(1+ 0+#(( 40 2+9)+*39"F " 9/12"2/)39"F 2"33(*)/A":. P1 %,#%()3% 3+/,)+*+& «K*/)9+4+ 95*3/ G"?"-(39+: F"&""», ,<85O(11+4+ "?2/)(#$-3),+& «!<3;/% ;9+#/»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� 4#/,1+: +*"(1)"*+,+-1+: +31+-,( ,3(: "F 2(%)(#$1+3)". >/?*/0+)/11<( "& 8+2-F+2< 9 &()+2"9( F"&"9+-)(F1"-(39+4+ +0*/?+,/1"% , 3+,*(&(11<F 53#+,"%F 3G+*&5#"*+,/1< , &1+-4+-"3#(11<F 1/5-1+-&()+2"-(39"F 3)/)$%F, 5-(0-1<F 8*+4*/&&/F, 2+9#/2/F 1/ &(E251/*+21<F 9+1G(*(1A"%F 8+ "1E(1(*1+&5 +0*/?+,/1"=, /,-)+*39"F #(9A"%F. '*+G(33+*+& ./*/0/1+,<& */?-*/0+)/1< &1+4"( /,)+*39"( #(9A"+11<( 95*3<, , -/3)1+3)", A"9# #(9A": «@+,*(&(11<( 9+1A(8A"" (3)(3),+?1/1"%», 9+)+*<( +1 3 5,#(-(1"(& -")/() 2#% 8*(8+2/,/)(#(: ,5?+,, 5-")(#(: ;9+#, /38"-*/1)+,, 3)52(1)+, " ;9+#$1"9+,. !.'. ./*/0/1+, � +0#/2/)(#$ 2"8#+&/ «7,*+8(:39": 8*(8+2/,/-)(#$ "1E(1(*1+4+ ,5?/»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�1984 44. � 8*+*(9)+* 8+ 5-(01+: */0+)(, 1984�1989 44. � 8*+*(9)+* 8+ 1/5-1+: */0+)(, 3 1973 4+2/ � ?/,(-25=O": 9/G(2*+: G"?"-(39+: " 9+##+"21+: F"-&"" K/?/139+4+ 4+352/*3),(11+4+ )(F1+#+4"-(39+4+ 51",(*3")()/. P),(-/% 1/ )*(0+,/1"% 8*+&<;-#(11+3)" 8+ 8+24+)+,9( "1E(1(*+, , +0#/3)" 8+-#"&(*1+: F"&"", +1 3+?2/# " &1+4+ #() ,+?4#/,-
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�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«'*+0#(&< 9+&8#(931+4+ +3,+(-1"% )*521+"?,#(9/(&<F ?/8/3+, 1(G)" " 8*"*+2-1<F 0")5&+,», &(E251/*+21<( 9+1G(*(1A"" 8+ F"&"" 3(*<, G+3G+*/, /?+)/, 8+ 8*+0#(&/& H9+#+-4"". >(45#%*1+ 8*+,+2%)3% 8+85#%*1<( 3*(2" /3-8"*/1)+, " 3)52(1)+, F"&"-(39"F ,5?+, >+33"" &(E251/*+21<( 9+1G(*(1A"" &+#+2<F 5-(1<F «@"1)(?, "33#(2+,/1"( 3,+:3),, &+2"G"9/A"% " 8(*(*/0+)9/ ,<3+9+&+#(95#%*1<F 3+(2"1(1":», 9+1G(*(1A"" 8+ "1)(13"G"9/A"" 1(G)(F"&"-(-39"F 8*+A(33+, (4. R"E1(9/&39), */0+)/=) &(E25-1/*+21<( ;9+#< «N1E(1(*1/% F"&"-(39/% 1/59/ 2#% 8(*(2+,<F )(F1+#+4":», 8+ H#(&(1)++*4/1"--(39"& 3+(2"1(1"%&. >LP 95*"*5() !3(*+33":-395= F"&"-(395= ;9+#5 «P*0")/#$», 9+)+*/% ,+3-8")/#/ &1+4"F 5E( "?,(3)1<F )(8(*$ 5-(1<F. ! 1999 4+25 ,<;(# 38(A"/#$1<: 1+&(* >+33":-39+4+ F"&"-(39+4+ E5*1/#/ «L"&"% , M/)/*3)/1(: 1/59/, 8*+&<;#(11+3)$, +0*/?+,/1"(». !.'. ./*/0/1+,5, %,#%,;(&53% 1/5-1<& 9+135#$-)/1)+& 1+&(*/, 52/#/3$ 3+?2/)$ 3"3)(&15=, 8+#-15= 9/*)"15 3+3)+%1"% " 8(*38(9)", */?,")"% 1(G)(F"&"-(39+4+ 9+&8#(93/ � 9#=-(,+4+ " 0=2-E()++0*/?5=O(4+ 2#% *(3850#"9" M/)/*3)/1, "1-)(13",1+ */?,",/=O(4+3% , 3+=?( 3 +0*/?+,/-)(#$1<&" 3)*59)5*/&". !.'. ./*/0/1+, � 8*(23(2/)(#$ @+,()/ KQMU 8+ "3)+*"9+-&(&+*"/#$1+: 2(%)(#$1+3)", 8*(23(-
99
2/)(#$ =0"#(:1+: *(2/9A"+11+: 9+##(4"", "?-2/,;(: 9 100-#()"= )(F1"-(39+4+ +0*/?+,/1"% , *(3850#"9( M/)/*3)/1 3(*"= 91"4 " 0*+;=*, ,+-0*/,;"F , 3(0% A(115= "1G+*&/A"= + 1/5-1+-8(2/4+4"-(39+: 2(%)(#$1+3)" 1(39+#$9"F 8+9+#(-1": 5-(1<F, 8*+G(33+*+,, 8*+3#/,",;"F >+33"=, *(3850#"95 " *+21+: ,5?. P4*+&1<: ,9#/2 !.'. ./*/0/1+,/ , */?,")"( 1/59", , 8+24+)+,95 ,<3+9+9,/#"G"A"*+,/11<F 38(A"/#"3)+,, (4+ 0+#$;/% /2&"1"3)*/)",1/% " +0O(3),(11/% */0+)/ 8+#5-"#" ,<3+95= +A(195: +1 1/4*/E2(1 +*2(1/&" «'+-()/» " «I*5E0< 1/-*+2+,», '+-()1<&" 4*/&+)/&" B"1,5?/ @@@>, >W, +)*/3#(,<F &"1"3)(*3),, &1+4"&" &(2/#%&".
!"#$-%&''#()&$*#$+ ,-., *&%+&' /010!#(%0/ $23%, )'&4#((&'
=.>. ?',7@',
*&%+&' )#*25&50!#(%0/ $23%, )'&4#((&'
:.A. B"),*C
P31+,1+( 3+2(*E/1"( 1/5-1<F "33#(2+,/1": !.'. ./*/0/1+,/ "?#+E(1+ , 3#(25=O"F 850#"9/-A"%F.
1. 6&!#'50$ 7.8., 92'2:2$&; <.=. !<3+9+&+#(9. 3+(2., 1962, ). 4, 3. 135, 1210.
2. 92'2:2$&; <.=. M*52< KLMN, 1964, ). 33, 3. 254.
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5. 92'2:2$&; <.=., >2?'3""0$ ,.<. M*52< KLMN, 1969, ). 40, 3. 93.
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10. 92'2:2$&; <.=., 9&5*2$&; 9.<. M/& E(, 1968, ). 4, 3. 707.
11. 92'2:2$&; <.=., 72$$0%&; 7.B. M/& E(, 1970, ). 6, 3. 992.
12. 92'2:2$&; <.=., 63'12#;2 -.@. M/& E(, 1971, ). 7, 3. 1186.
13. 92'2:2$&; <.=., 72$$0%&; 7.B. M/& E(, 1972, ). 8, 3. 563.
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17. 92'2:2$&; <.=., <C(#"#;2 B.D., D'&E#;(%2C >.8.,
B'&1&;2 F.G. !<3+9+&+#(9. 3+(2., 1983, ). 25., 3. 99.
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