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Rooms and Doors RNA virus opens the door from fittest type to RNA collectives: a personal account by Luis Villarreal Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine

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  • RoomsandDoors

    RNAvirusopensthedoorfromfittesttypetoRNAcollectives:apersonalaccountbyLuisVillarreal

    CenterforVirusResearch,UniversityofCaliforniaIrvine

  • Competition- oldroom(individualfittesttype,lyticvirus,selfish,

    mathematical,gametheory,populationgenetics)

    vsCooperation- newroom

    (symbiosis,diffusegroupselection,persistentcryptic-virus,synergisticsocialgenomes,contextdependent,

    regulatorynetworks)

    Lyticvs persistentvirusasanecessaryset?!Silenceisgolden(andsmallRNAusuallyinvolved)

    Thevirosphere isboth!

  • Nolifeisfitunlessitisinthecontextofitscurrentvirosphere

    CollectiveofRNAsub-agents

  • Eigen’s QS: mutant halo around master fittest type (no interactions)A theoretical construct – little experimental reference

  • VSVVirionandGenome

    • Bulletshapedvirus• 5proteinspresentindifferentamounts(N,G,M,PandL)

    • ~11,000bases,genesinoppositeorderofhowyouseemRNA

    • LandPfunctiontogethertocapmRNA,generatemRNA,polyA +-senseviralmRNAandreplicateviralgenome(RNAsynthesisenzymesinvirion)

  • Transcriptional Polarity

    éDefectiveproduct;small(stem-loop)RNAs:stronginterferencewith‘masterfittesttype’– canpromotepersistence

  • Fig. 7

    QS#mixture#with#subpopula3ons#Subpopula3ons#work#together#####and#against#each#other#Not#needing#consensus#change#Can#suppress#‘Master#fi>est#type”###

    Esteban#Domingo,#J.#Sheldon#and#C.##Perales.#2012.##“Viral#Quasispecies#Evolu3on.”#Microbiology*and*Molecular*Biology*Reviews#76#(2):#159–216:#

    Polio/YFV#vaccine:#HCV#transplants#

    Can#be#dis3nct#regions#under#dis3nct#pressure#

    QSYC##(coopera3ve)#

  • Perales,Mateo,Matue,Domingo.2007JMB

  • Established characteristics of

    quasispecies evolution¨ Not fittest type; a consortia that needs errors

    (group selection with consensus type)¨ Participation of defectives and

    mutants important (the lethal/unfit)¨ Complementation, cooperation, interference

    preclusion, competition all occur¨ Diversity per se provides fitness¨ Preclusion of prior consensus type: dynamic

  • TheHCVexamplar:QSbasedidentity/exclusion

    DynamicpersistenceviaongoingRNAsynthesisQuasispeciesdeterminedbiologyGroup(clade)preclusion(identity)

    Theroleofstem-loopRNAinteractions- consortia

    Laskus T,WangL-F,Radkowski M,VargasH,Nowicki M,etal.2001.Exposureofhepatitiscvirus(hcv)rna-positiverecipientstohcv rna-positiveblooddonorsresultsinrapidpredominanceofasingledonorstrainandexclusionand/orsuppressionoftherecipientstrain.J.Virol. 75(5):2059–66

  • Archer,EvaJ.,etal."Long-RangeArchitectureinaViralRNAGenome."Biochemistry (2013).

    Satellitetobaccomosaicvirus(STMV)asthe‘hydrogen’of+RNAviruses(McPherson):coreroleforstem-loopRNAinteractions(1058nucs)

    Strongevidencethat‘cooperative’longdistanceRNA-RNAinteractions(kissingloops)areneededforgeneexpressionandreplication.(FMDV,HCV- IRES)

    RNAstem-loopsaspredecessors(viroids/hammerheads)– awaytocreateinteractingnetworks

  • Secondarystructureofthe5ʹ-UTRoftheHIV-1genomicRNA(Deforges etal2011)

    StemloopinteractionscrucialforRNAvirusreplication,RNAdimerization,provirusformation,regulation,packaging(Identity),bindtranscriptionfactors,GAGtranslation

    RNAisinteractingasaQS-C,DNAisstable

    ViruscanprovidesLTRs(viadefectives)enmasstohostDNA:.NewQS-CbasedRNAnetworkacquisition?

    Similarly,defectiveviralDNAcolonizationevents(i.e.Maverick)canalsoprovidediffuseinteractingstem-loopRNAs(polyadenylation)

    Sleiman,Dona,etal."InitiationofHIV-1reversetranscriptionandfunctionalroleofnucleocapsid-mediatedtRNA/viralgenomeinteractions."Virusresearch (2012)

  • Virusroleinoriginoftheplacenta:Immunity/gametedevelopment/behavior

    Darwinianview– exapted viralenv genesconvenientserialsourceofgenesformembranefusion&immuneregulation.Errorgeneratednetwork(serial)

    Problems:10independenteventsdiversityofroles/biologyongoingERV/env displacementtransportsimmunity/notbarrieraffectthefirstcelltodifferentiatefailuretoexplainnetworkoriginsdoesnotaccountforcoherentcomplexity

    Avirus-firstview– PersistenceaskeyviadefectivesviruspersistencemodifiesimmunityviaERV/QSandaddictionmodules,allowsgroupsurvivalandcreatesidentity

    networksBehavior- motherhood

    DistinctviralrolealsoinparasitoidwaspreproductionEXVIRUSOMNIA!