CarthageFounded by Phoenicians in 814 BCOn the coast of North AfricaEnormous trading empire in the western MediterraneanControlled colonies from Spain to Sicily, largest & richest state (before Rome)Scared Rome, fought Punic WarsSacrificed children

Punic WarsPunic from the work Punicus = Carthaginian Began in 264 BCEFirst of three: Carthage had an excellent Navy, so Rome had to create a Navy, naval ships made exactly like Carthage ship; Romans won, 23 year war; received Sicily and Sardinia Second of three: Hannibal crosses the alps with thousands of men and elephants to have the element of surprise, they continued; Hannibal was winning and taking out Rome until he ran out of men; Rome gets SpainThird of three: 50 years later, Rome goes to Carthage and completely destroys it

HannibalSon of Carthaginian general, promised his dad he would kill the romansVery young when he became army generalArchenemy of RomeLead his army through the alps with elephants during second Punic warAlmost won against Rome until he didn’t have more men

SPQRMeaning: senate and people of RomeSet up by Octavian

PatricianWealthy landownersBecame Rome’s ruling classCould vote & be elected to politics

PlebeianLess wealthy landowners, small farmers, crafts people, and merchantsBasically anyone not a patricianCould voteCould not marry patrician; mad about this because they defend RomeHad the council of plebs so they could participate400 BCE, plebeians can marry patrician and treated more equal ccx

509 BCERome overthrows the last Etruscan KingBeginning of the Roman Empire

Rome establishes a republicRome’s goal: have complete control of the mediterranean

ConsulsChief executive officers of the Roman Republic2 consulschosen every yearran the govt, led the Roman Army into battle, and in charge of civil lawcan appoint a dictator in emergencies (pressure)elected senatorscould not veto/override things

Senate300 participants, served for lifeat first, only had to advise govt officials, but later it had the force of the lawinfluence over the consuls & armydecided how $$ was spent

AssemblyCenturiate AssemblyElected the senate and consuls & passed lawsControl of army/declares war and peace treatiesChooses what to conquer

Julius CaesarWanted full powerDefeated the forces lead by Pompey45 BC- made dictator/absolute rulergreat military man and politicianpoor people liked him because he came up with bread and circuseseveryone liked him besides the senate because they wanted the power divided evenly but Caesar wanted it allMarch 15 44 BC- assassinated by senate members; Ides of Marchgranduncle of Octavian

PompeyDefeated by Julius Caesar

First TriumvirateTried to keep the republic from falling by putting 3 generals into power (Caesar, Marcus Crassus, and Pompey)Had their own armies; army men were loyal to their general, not RomeBy 44 BC, everyone is dead

Octavian (Augustus)Grandnephew of Julius Caesar

in charge of Rome at only 18; very inexperiencedDefeated Mark Antony and took control of RomeCreated a new order which began the roman empire27 BC, Senate awards him with the title of “Augustus” meaning ‘the reverted one’became ‘imperator’ = emperor of Romeruled the west of Rome- at war with Antonyone of the smartest political propagandistsset up SPQR

Battle of ActiumAntony vs. Octavian battle

31 BCEend of TriumvirateEgypt is a part of Rome now31 BC- AD 14 is the Age of Augustus

Marc AntonyBoyfriend of Cleopatra so he could add Egypt to the empireRuled the East of Rome- at war with OctavianDefeated by Octavian

Second TriumvirateThe solutionAntony, Octavian, and Marcus LepidusAntony and Octavian team up to kill MarcusOctavian remains, everyone else deadLast Triumvirate

Pax RomanaThe Roman Peace27 BC- AD 1805 emperors ruled during it - Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius – all respected ruling classes, ended executions, and maintained peace

Colosseum = Flavian Amphitheatrebecame known as the colosseum because the other takes longer to say and the amphitheater replaces the colossus statuegladiator vs. gladiator games, gladiator vs. animalsnot pretty anymore because now it’s just the info structure; used to be marble (for wealthy) or wooden (for Bread and Circuses) seats and sand on the floorbeast held in a maze thinggladiator and beast have different entrancesduring summer, half the colosseum gets shaded with sunseats taken out when Christianity takes over

Flavian Amphitheatre= colosseumFlavian = the family that comes after Augustus

Roman ForumPompeii79 CE, mount Vesuvius spews hot rock and ashsimilar to Herculaneum homes, forums, and wall paintings

Herculaneum79 CE, Mount Vesuvius erupts hot mud/lavasimilar to Pompeii with homes, forums, and wall paintings

79 CEMount Vesuvius erupts all over Pompeii and HerculaneumCitizens thought it was just a big earthquake because they were used to those, but it just got shakier and shakier

“Bread and Circuses”Farmers wanted to move to the city after Hannibal; too little jobsSolution attempt: move the farmers back into the land and give small plots of land; this is too much $$Solution: give the poor free bread and free entertainment so they won’t cause trouble for the govt

Arch of TitusTriumphal ArchEvery time Romans one wars, they would build an arch of triumph, and the winning war general would ride through the archThe one devoted to Judea/PalestineSculpture has people with a menorah Symbolizes worst part in Jewish history (besides Holocaust)

Ara PacisAltar of peaceHas a wall sculpture that surrounds entire altar of everyone on opening day; includes children/family of OctavianPromotes a) having a family b) it’s safe for kids to be out (peace)Includes Augustus’ favorite things a) peace b) family/children c) livestock/animals (during war, crops are fought over, represents peace) There are also a) earth b) sky (represented by a goose) c) water (there’s a sea monster)Mainly propaganda because it advertises the beauty that’s because of him

Spartacus

SadduceePhariseeSanhedrinZealotEsseneDead Sea Scrolls“End of Days”HerodHillelJochanan Ben-ZakaiSicariiVespasianJosephusMount Vesuvius

Masada Ides of MarchThe 15th of every monthDeath of Caesar March 15 44 BCE