roma in turkey european policy and practice towards ethnic minorities Özlem alioğlu Öznur...
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ROMA IN TURKEYROMA IN TURKEY
European policy and practice towards ethnic minoritiesÖzlem Alioğlu
Öznur KüçükerVolkan Şeysane
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““Çingene bizzat bahardır”Çingene bizzat bahardır”(Tchingene are the spring themselves)
Ahmet Haşim(1885-1933)
A famous Turkish poet
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Before the ReBefore the Repubpubliclic The System of Ottoman Empire
“MILLET SYSTEM” (or Millet Theory)Generally, Ottoman Empire Community was divided into 2 categories on religious basis. According to the Millet Theory:
• Muslim Community – “Müslim”: Arabs,Turks, Kurds, Caucasians, Iranians and others
• Non-muslim Community- “Gayr-i Müslim”: Armenians, Orthodox, Catholics and Jewishs
• Romani Community which stayed in Balkans had their autonomous administration as well. “Kıpti Milleti (Kıpti Community)”
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After The RepublicAfter The Republic-1923-1923• Article 66 of the Turkish
Constitution: “Everyone bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship is a Turk.”
• 3 officially recognized ethnic minorities in Laussane Treaty: Orthodox Greeks, Armenians, Jewishs
• Consequently, ethnic groups which are muslims but not originally Turkish did not have any cultural, linguistic and political rights untill the “EU” reform process in 2000s.
• So Romani Community is not recognized as an ethnic minority in Turkey officially.
Laussane System
Armenians
Jewishs
Orthodox Greeks
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Who are “Tchingene”?Who are “Tchingene”? • Tchingene (Çingene in Turkish): Roma• Indo-European origins • No commonly accepted definition of who
Roma is • 3 origins of Roma: Kaldera, Gitano and
Manushs.• The Roma in Turkey :“Kaldera” clan • Most of the Roma came to Turkey from
Balkans over Greece and Bulgaria during the World War I.
Number of population• The estimated number of population of
Tchingene: • In the world: 3-4 millions • In Turkey: 500.000 but according to the
NGOs’ statistics: around 1.000.000
Habitation• They reside not only in the biggest cities of
Turkey but also in rural areas.
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PLAN
I) The social situation of Roma
II) The cultural situation of Roma
III) The economic situation of Roma
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I) The social situation of Roma– Housing:A common life but not really ghettoMain problem:The project of urban
development
– Political RepresentationNo political Romani partyNo active participation in political sceneBut a Romani Prime Minister: PhDr. Nihat
Erim
– NGOs“Romani Solidarity and Public Spirit
Association”(1996)Good effects of EU process: associations
– Education80%: Primary school30%: illiterate
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II) The cultural situation of Roma• Religion:
Islam
• Language:
Turkish but with a special accent
• Music
Some famous Gypsy instruments: Darbuka, saz
Famous belly-dances, paticularly in Sulukule
Specific music and dances: “Roman Havası”
• Traditions
Some rites in the rituals of blessing, wedding, and burial
Cheerful people who like colorful clothes, golden jeweleries and flowers
• Problems:
Problem of “integration”: Sometimes an isolated population
• However...
Gypsy traditions: an important part of the Turkish culture
Some TV series based on Gypsy lifestyle: (ex: Cennet mahallesi)
Some songs about Gypsies
Gypsy traditions, dances and music in Turkish traditional weddings
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III) The economic situation of Roma
Occupation:Low-level workers(carpenter, florist,hawker,etc.)
56.9%Worker (public-private) 7.7 %Officials
2.2%Retiree
22.2%House-wife 23.2%
The main economic problems are:• Unemployment• Illegal working (working without insurance) • Lack of the marketable skills necessary to find jobs
among the Roma in Turkey.
• By participating in culture-turism in Turkey, Romani integration into the society is improving day by day.
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Some famous Roma...
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It is possible to meet well-integrated It is possible to meet well-integrated Roma in Turkey. Is there a similar Roma in Turkey. Is there a similar
example in the other countries in the example in the other countries in the world? Is there another country except world? Is there another country except
Turkey which had a Romani Prime Turkey which had a Romani Prime
Minister?Minister?
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Resources
• “Turkish Authorities Destroy Romani Neighbourhoods for Urban Development” http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2702&archiv=1
• “Issues Brief: Roma Rights in Turkey” http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2254&archiv=1
• Kolukırık, Suat, “Romani People in Workin Life” http://www.cingene.org
• Oran, Baskın, Minorities in Turkey, Istanbul, TESEV, 2004.
• http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ingene