rohana wijeweera - lessons from red october

frdayK úfÊùr

1

frdayK úfÊùr

r;= Tlaf;danrfha

mdvï

r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï

2

frdayK úfÊùr

3

kshuqjd m%ldYk

r;= Tlaf;danrfha

mdvï

frdayK úfÊùr

1978 fkdjeïn¾ 09 jk Èk fld<U kj k.r Yd,dfõ§ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa

foaYmd,k uKav, idudðl frdsayK úfÊùr ifydaorhd úiska

zzr;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvïZZ hk uefhka mj;ajk ,o foaYkh


4

ISBN 978-955-8696-26-2

r;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvï - frdayK úfÊùr

*elaia - 0112786050

m%ldYkh - kshuqjd m%ldYlfhda

uqøKh - à'ã't,a' ms%kag¾ia m%hsjÜ ,sñgâ"

43$43" j,õj;a; mdr"

.xf.dvú,"

kqf.af.dv'

m<uq uqøKh - 1979

fojk uqøKh - 2012 wfm%a,a

frdayK úfÊùr

5

jpkhla

zr;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvïZ kñka Tn w;g m;ajk fuu fmd;a

msxp ft;sydisl jeo.;alulska hq;= tlls' fY%aIaG Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jfha 61 jeks ixj;airh fjkqfjka 1978 fkdjeïn¾ 09

jeks Èk fld<U kj k.r Yd,dfõ§ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK

úiska zTlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvïZ hk uefhka m%isoaO

foaYkhla mj;ajk ,§' tys m%Odk foaYlhd jQfha" ck;d úuqla;s

fmruqfKa ks¾ud;D frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhdh' frdayK úfÊùr

ifydaorhd úiska tys§ meje;ajQ foaYkh tys jeo.;alu i,ld

fmd;amsxpla f,i uqøKh lrk ,§'

frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhd 1978 fkdjeïn¾j, zTlaf;dan¾

úma,jfha mdvïZ ms<sn| meje;ajQ fï foaYkfha wvx.=j jkafka"

tjlg fidaúhÜ foaYh iage,skajdoh ;=< msßyS ;sîu ms<sn|j

yd tys uÕ fmkaùu ;=< ,xldfõ fldñhqksiaÜ mCIh we;=¿

merKs jfï jHdmdrfha msßySï yd wjia:djdoh ms<sn|jh'

tfiau Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh i|yd f,kskaf.a ksjerÈ uÕ

fmkaùu ms<sn|jo th tjlg ,dflah foaYmd,kfha ;snQ ;;ajhka

yd ii|ñka frdayK ifydaorhd bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'

wo jk úg fYa%IaG Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh úiska ìysl< iudcjd§

fidaúhÜ foaYh ;jÿrg;a fkdmj;S' f,dal n, ;=,kh fjkia ù

;sfí' f,dal Okjdoh tys b;sydifha oreKq;u w¾nqohg yiqj

isà' wêrdcHjdoh ish mKk, /l.ekSu i|yd f,dj rgj,a u;


6

ish hqo" foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól wdêm;Hh jeä jYfhka mgjñka

isà' f,dj ck;dfjda ;uka mSvdjg m;alrk md,khkag tfrysj

ke.S isgñka ùÈ nisñka isá;s' fuu úIh uQ, ;;ajh úiska

mSä;hskaf.a wr., i|yd ksjerÈ jfï kdhl;ajhla b,a,d isà'

f,kskaf.a b.ekaùï fukau fYa%IaG Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvïo

jeo.;a jkafka fuu jgmsgdj ;=<h'

,xldfú jfï foaYmd,kh ;=<o úúO wjia:djd§ m%jK;d

u;=fjñka ;sfí' jrl oCIsKdxYsl wjia:djdoh f,io jfrl

w;sjdudxYsl wjia:djdoh f,io fulS m%jK;d l,a,s .efiñka

;sfí' fï ish¨ m%jK;d y÷kdf.k tajd mrdchg m;a lsÍu i|yd

w;a±lSï yd ±kqu wjYH fõ' frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhd 1978

§ m< l< woyiaj, yrh wogo jeo.;a jkafka ta ksidh'

frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhdf.a foaYmd,k Ndú;hg .õ .Kkdjla

wE;ska isák" ta wy,lgj;a <x ùug fkdyels iuyreka kQ;k

f,kska,d f,i ;ukaju y÷kajd .ksñka ̂ f,kskag wmydi lrñka&

frdayK úfÊùrhka blaujd hk njg jyis nia fodvkq isyska

fl¢ßhl ú,dYfhka úáka úg wefia' iq¿ OfkaYajr uu;ajfhka

msreKq ufkdardðl T¿f.ä iys; fuu ñksiqkag wkqlïmd l<

hq;=h' ta w;ru frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhdf.a b.ekaùï" Tyq

m%Yak ú.%y l< wdldrh" Tyqf.a ±lau kQ;k mrmqr fj; odhdo

l< hq;=h' zr;= Tlaf;danrfha mdvïZ keu;s fuu fmd;a msxp kj

uqøKhla f,i t<s olskafka" by; wruqK fjkqfjks'

fuu fmd;a msxfÉ we;s we;eï isÿùï ±ka b;sydihg wh;ah'

iuyr mqoa.,hka Ôj;=ka w;r ke;' foaYmd,k jgmsgdj fjkia

ù we;' tfy;a fuu fmd;a msxfÉ wvx.= foaYmd,k yrh yeuodgu

j,x.=h' tlS foaYmd,k yrh fï fudfydf;a wjfndaO lr

.ekSuu wm ieuf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= bgqlrkakla jkq we;' thu

ch.%yKhg udj; ilia lrkq we;'

kshuqjd m%ldYlfhda

2012 wfm%a,a 05

frdayK úfÊùr

7

wdorŒh ifydaor ifydaoßhks"

óg yeg tla jirlg m%:ufhka ;uhs f,dalfha m<uqjk

iudcjd§ úma,jh ch.%yKh lr, m<uqjk lïlre rdcH ìysjqfka'

fï Èkh cd;Hka;r jYfhka lïlre mx;sh b;d by,ska iurkjd'

wfma rfÜ kï lïlre mx;sh ú;rla fkfuhs";uqkakdkafia,d

l,amkd lr, n,kak tAl uyd úys¿jla njg m;afj,d' ±ka

Okm;s mx;sh;a Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh iurkj' uu fï m%YaKh

mgka.kak n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka tAfla jeo.;alula ;sfhk ksid'

óg ojia lSmhlg biafi,a,d wr fcdaka o is,ajd iure rÕyf,a

hQ'weka'mS kdhlfhla jk .dñŒ Èidkdhl uy;auh;a Y%S ,xldfõ

fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha iNdm;s fÞia;r weia'tA' úl%uisxy uy;auh;a

tA jf.au fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha ;j;a kdhlfhla jk fla'mS' is,ajd

uy;auh;a mËhl bo, fldfyao bkafk lsh, wms ;du okafk

ke;s ^fudk mËfhao lsh,& à'î' iqnisxy uy;auh;a fï fiaru

tlalyq fj,d ±ka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh iur, ;sfhkj' ±ka

Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh .ek hula"yß yeá fkdokakd ñksiaiq ys;kj

we;s fudllao fï Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh @ fï .dñŒ Èidkdhl

uy;auhhs ffu;s%md, uy;auhhs fÞia;r úl%uisxy uy;auhhs

fld,aúka wd¾ o is,ajd uy;auhhs tlalyq fj,d iurkj' wfkla


8

me;af;ka iu iudc mË ld¾hd,h we;=f,a fjku ieuÍula

;snqk¨' tA f.d,a,kaf.a ieuÍu ±ka ld¾hd,hlg" ldurhlg

iSudfj,d ;sfhkjd' fukak fï ;;ajh ksid tlla meyeÈ,s lrkak

´k'

Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh lshkafka ñksia j¾.hdf.a

b;sydifha fuf;la isÿjQ wk.s;u wmQ¾j;u" ft;sydisl jYfhka

jeo.;alulska hq;a isoaêhla' wehs wms fï isoaêh iurkafka@

Thf.d,af,d okakj Ôj úoHdj úiska Tmamqlr, ;sfhkj vdúka

biafi,a, bÈßm;a lrmq mßkdujdoh-Tmamqlr, ;sfhkjd i;aj

.ykhdf.a iïNjh yd mßkduh ms<sno l;kaorh' Bg miafi

udkj úoHdj úiska Tmamqlr, ;sfhkj óg wjqreÿ mkiaÞylg-

ye;a;E mkaoyilg fmr wE; w;S;fha j¾;udk ldhsl fmkqfuka

hq;a ñksid wjqreÿ mkiaÞyl ye;a;E Þyl ld,hla uq¿,af,a

fï f,dalfha .%y f,dal ;,h u; Ôj;a jqkd' fï Ôj;ajqk ld,

jljdkqj udlaiajd§ka jYfhka wms f;areï lrkj fï ld,h ;=,

ñksid fkdfhla iudc hq. miq lr, ;sfhkj lsh,' fukak fï

úÈhg m%d:ñl iudc l%uh ke;akï fkdÈhqKq >k f.da;% hq.h

lshk iudc l%uh ke;akï fkdÈhqKq iudc l%uh ;=, ñksid

Ôj;afj,d ;sfhkj' Bg miafi jy,a l%uhla ke;akï wdishd;sl

ksIamdok l%uhla mokïjQ iudchla ;=, Ôj;afj,d ;sfhkj'

tA jf.au jevjiï iudc l%uhla ;=, Ôj;a fj,d ;sfhkjd' tA

jf.au OfkaIajr iudc l%uhla ;=, Ôj;afj,d ;sfhkjd' fï tla

iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiaulska" iudc l%uhlska ;j;a iudc wd¾Ól

yev.eiaulg-iudc l%uhlg mßj¾;kh fj,d ;sfhkafka

iudc úma,jh u.skqhs' ñksia b;sydifha 1917 g biafi,a,d" 1917

fkdjeïn¾ 7 Þg biafi,a, fkdfhla ;ekaj, fkdfhla jljdkqj,

iudc úma,j miq lr, ;sfhkj' jevjiï l%ufha b|, Okjd§

iudc l%uhg tkak OfkaYaajr úma,jhka lr, ;sfhkj' kuq;a

b;sydifha m%:u j;djg w¿;au j._fha úma,jhla isÿjqfka 1917

fkdjeïn¾ 7 jeksÞhs'

wkak tA ksid tAl ft;sydisl jYfhka jeo.;a" b;sydifha

m%:u j;djg mqoa.,sl foam, l%uh u; mokïjQ iudc l%uh

fmr,,Þ, Bg fjkia wdldrhl foam, l%uhla" iduQysl iudcjd§

frdayK úfÊùr

9

foam, l%uhla lr,shg f.k wdmq iudc úma,jhla ;uhs tÞ

isÿjqfka' óg l,ska úma,j kï wr tla mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhla

wfydais lr, od, fjk;a wdldrhl mqoa.,sl foam, l%uhla ;uhs

lr,shg f.k wdfõ' tla wdldrhl ñksfil= úiska ñksfil=

iQrdlEfï l%uhla wfydais lr, fjk;a wdldrhl ñksfil= úiska

iQrd lEula ;uhs lr,shg f.k wdfõ'

1917 fkdjeïn¾ 7Þg biafi,a,d isÿjQ iudc úma,jh

ñksfil= úiska ñksfil= iQrd lEu iÞld,slj wfydaislr, Þkak

mshjr .;a;" uq¿ f,dalfhau yfhka tll m%foaYfha" fukak

fï ksid fïl ft;sydisl jYfhka jeo.;a fjkj' ifydaorjre

l,amkd lr, n,kak Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh lshkafka m<uq ch.%dyS

lïlre úma,jh' tA rfÜ OfkaYajr mx;sh yd mQ¾j OfkaYajr

iQrdlkakka iy Wkaf.a md,kh fmr,d ±óula ;uhs isÿjqfka'

kuq;a tA úma,jh ojia lSmhlg isoaê lSmhlg iSudlrkak neye'

wo ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ;djld,sl uOHu lñgqj

ug ±kqï§, ;sfhkafka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï lsh, lreKq

bÈßm;a lrkakhs ;uqkakdkafia,dg' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvu

.ek l:dlrk fldg Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh iq¿ ;eklg iSud

lrkak nE' fkdjeïn¾ udifha ojia .kklg' 1917 fkdjeïn¾

7Þ Wfoa 10 g je,eäó¾ b,sõ f,kska ifydaorhd ,shmq ,shú,a,la

f,dalhg olskak ,enqkd' tA ,shú,a, mgka.;af;a fukak

fufyuhs' zz reishdfõ mqrjeishka fj;ghsZZ lsh, mgka wrf.k

lsõj zz;djld,sl wdKavqj my lrk ,§ZZ fmfg%da.Eâ ks¾OkSkaf.a

yd .eßikfha kdhl;ajfha isák fmfg%da.Eâ lïlre iy

fin, ksfhdað;hkaf.a fidaúhgfha wjhjh jk hqoaO úma,ùh

fldñáh w;g rdcH n,h udreù we;' ck;dj wr.,fha fhÿk

mrud¾:h m%cd;ka;%jd§ iduhla jydu fhdackd lsÍu" bvï u;

bvï ysñhkaf.a foam, whs;sh wfydaislr,Su " ksIamdokh u;

lïlre mx;sfha md,kh we;s fidaúhÜ wdKavqjla ks¾udKh lsÍu"

tA mrud¾:h iqrËs; f,i uqÿka muqKqjd ;sfí' lïlrejkaf.a

fin¨kaf.a yd f.dùkaf.a úma,jh È.=l,a Èfkajd-hqoaO úma,jldÍ

lñgqj' fmg%da.Eâ lïlrejkaf.a yd fin, ksfhdað;hkaf.a

fidaúhghZZ


10

fukak fï m%ldYkh;a iu.u f,dalhg w¿;a hq.hla

WÞ jkakg mgka.;a;d' fï hq.h WÞdjqfka ojia lSmhl isoaêkaf.

kao@ kE ifydaorjreks" 1917 fkdjeïn¾ udifha reishdj Wvq

hál=re l< wfkla me;a;g fmr,, Þmq tA pkav udre;h i|yd

iQÞkï jqfka Bg yq.la l,lg fmr b|,d' wkak tA jljdkqj

ms<sn|j tA l%shdÞuh f;areï .kak kï wms tA jljdkqj ms<snoj

wOHhkh lrkak Tk' tfyu ke;akï wmsg Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh

.ek f;areï .kak neye'

wms meyeÈ,s f,i okakj wms wo fu;kg weú,a,

;sfhkafka" wms ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK f.dvk., ;sfhkafka tla

uQ,sl iudc wjYH;djhla bgqlrkak' tAl ;uhs wms f;areï wrka

;sfhk" fï mj;sk wms wo Ôj;afjk fï iudc l%uh ;=, ;j

ÿrg;a fï rgg" fï rfÜ ÿla úÈk ck;djg bÈßhg hkak neye

lsh,' fï nxfldf,d;a OfkaYajr ixj¾Ok udj; Tiafia bÈßhg

hdula keye lsh,' tA ksid wo wmg wjYH fj,d ;sfhkj fï

nxfldf,d;a OfkaYajr iudc l%uh fjkqjg" OfkaYajr iudc

ixj¾Ok udj; fjkqjg ienE iudcjd§ ixj¾Ok udj;la

wdfoaY lr.kag' wmg wo wjYHfj,d ;sfhkjd fï nxfldf,d;a

OfkaYajr wd¾Ól yev.eiau fjkqjg iudcjd§ iudc wd¾Ól

yev.eiaula ia:dms; lrkak' fukak fï lghq;a; i|yd ;uhs

wms lreKq fidhñka bkafka' wms iudcjd§ ixj¾Ok udj;la

we;slr,Su i|yd" ìyslr,Su i|yd bÈßhg hdug iQÞkï jkafka'

wkak tA ksid tA mrud¾:h fmr±ß lrf.k wmg wo wjYHfj,d

;sfhkj Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï wOHhkh lrkak'

ug u;la fjkj 1974 foieïnrfha Bkshd wmrdO hqla;s

úksYaph fldñIka iNdj u.ska wmg o~qjï l<dg miafi Èú

we;s f;la isrf.j,aj, bkak" tA jf.au o~qjï ÿkakg miafi"

ysrf.j,aj, fldyq wUrñka bkak ld,fha fâ,s ksjqia ^Daily News& Èkm;d m;%fha ;sìÉp m%ldYhla uu lsfhõj ue.iska

nkaOkd.drfha§' tA ldf, ug u;l yeáhg tl f,aLlfhla

úfõpkhla ,sh, ;snqk Ñ;%máhla .ek' tA Ñ;%máfha ku ug

u;l yeáhg zz fludvdZZ " fï fludvd lshk Ñ;%máh 1975 uq,a

ld,fha fld<U k.rfha fmkak, ;sfhkjd' tA Ñ;%máfh .eífj,d

frdayK úfÊùr

11

;snqk l;kaorh ;uhs ,;ska wefußldkq leÍìhka fldfoõjl

lïlre mx;s wr.,hla .ek' fñ l;dkaorfha m%Odk k¿jd tla

;ekl lshkj¨

zz hkafka fldfyao lsh, okafka ke;sj hdhq;= wdldrh

±kf.k isàu"hkafka fldfyao lsh, ±kf.k hdhq;= wdldrh

fkd±k isàug jvd Nhdklh lsh,ZZ wms tA ojia j, l,amkd l<d

ysrf.j,aj,È fï m%Yakh .ek' we;a; jYfhkau merKs jdudxYsl

jHdmdrh .;a;yu" wfma rfÜ lïlre mx;s jHdmdrhg fuf;la

l,a wrla.;a;= iq¿ OfkaYajr jdudxYsl jHdmdrh .;a;u" t;k

bÈßm;ajk m%YaKh Thsg jvd fYdaldl+,hs' tA f.d,af,d hkafka

fldfyo lsh, ±kf.k ysáfh;a kE' hk wdldrh ±kf.k

ysáfh;a kE' wo wmg wjYHfj,d ;sfhkafka hkafka fldfygo

lsh, f;areï lrkak;a" hkafka fldfyduo lsh, f;areï lrkak;a'

hkafka fldfyduo hk wdldrh l=ulao lshk m%Yakhg ms<s;re

fidhkúg wmg meyeÈ,s f,iu Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka mdvï

bf.k.kak mq¿jka'

Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg fmr reishdj yuqfjys ;snqk fuu

m%Yak fol frdufkdõ rdcjxYfha w;a;fkdau;sl md,k ld,h

;=, reishdkq lïlre mx;shg" È<sÿ f.dú ck;djg bÈßhg hdula

;snqfka keye' fkdfhla úÈfya foaYlfhda" wr nqÿka jykafiaf.a

ld,fha iÉplfhd msßila ysáhfka foaYkd lr lr ysáh' tA jf.a

fkdfhla foa foaYkd lr lr ysáhd' hkak Tk fldydgo lshk

m%Yakh u;=fj,d ;snqk' u;=fj,d ;snqk ;;ajh hgf;a tA rfÜ

jdudxYsl jHdmdrh fNao ìkak fj,d ;snqk'

ifydaorjre okakj we;s fnd,afIúla fukafIúla lsh,

jpk folla wy, we;s' fï fnd,afIúla fukafIúla lshk jpk

fol wdfõ;a" hkafka fldfygo lshk m%Yakh;a" hkafka fldfyduo

lshk m%Yakh;a" fmr±ß lrf.khs' reishdj OfkaYajr ixj¾Okh

w;ska bÈßfhkau ;snqk rgla fkfjhs' id¾ reishdjg jvd yq.la

bÈßfhka ;sìÉp rgj,a ;uhs m%xYh"c¾uksh" tx.,ka;h jeks

ÈhqKq Okm;s rgj,a' udlaia Ôj;aj isáh ld,fha olskakg ;snqk

;;ajh hgf;a Wml,amkhla bÈßm;a l<d biafi,a, iudcjd§

úma,jh ÈhqKq Okjd§ rgj,aj, we;sfõh lsh,' tAl weú,a,


12

W;a;¾-ft;sydisl isoaOdka;hla fkdfjhs' Tkak Tl wrf.k

reishdfõ iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ka msßila udlaiajd§kah lshd.

kak iq¿ OfkaYajr foaYmd,k{hska msßila lSjd reishdj kï

OfkaYajr ixj¾Okh w;ska miq.dóhs" fndfydu miafika bkafk"

OfkaYajr iudc ixj¾Okfha§" tA ksid reishdfõ wo fjkak

;sfhkafka iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhla fkdfõh lsh,' tA ksid wo

udlaiajd§kaf.a lghq;a;" ish¿ iudcjd§kaf.a lghq;a; OfkaYajr

mx;sh;a tlal tlalyq fj,d tA OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh

lrkak OfkaYajr mx;shg iyfhda.h fok tlhs lsh,' fukak fï

m%YaKfha§ f,kska tlÕjqfka kE ú;rla fkfjhs tA whg úreoaOj

úYd, wr.,hla l<d' fukak fï úYd, wr.,fha m%;sM,hla

jYfhka ;uhs wo wmg r;= Tlaf;danrhla .ek l:dlrkak

mq¿jka fj,d ;sfhkakfka'

wo wfma rfg;a ;sfhkj fï uqLH m%YaKh u;=fj,d'

uu fï ixikaokh lrñka l:dlrkakg W;aidy lrkafka

;uqkakdkafia,dg tÞ reishdfõ ;snQ m%YaKh wo wfma rfg;a

u;=fj,d ;sfhk whqrehs'

wfma rfg;a lïlre mx;s jHdmdrh ;=,g OfkaYajr

mx;sfha u;jdoh f.k tkak jdykh fjÉp iq¿ OfkaYajr

foaYmd,k{hska msßila lshkjd ,xldj miq.dó OfkaYajr

ixj¾Okhla iys; rglah' fukak fï rfÜ ;du;a ;sfhkjdh

bIaG lrkak OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%Sh l¾;jHhka" fukak fï

OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%Sh lghq;= bgqlrkak ;sfhk ;;ajh hgf;a

tf;k flfrkak ´k OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhlah"

OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh lrkak OfkaYajr mx;sh;a yjq,a

lr.kak ´kh lsh, tA f.d,af,d lshkjd' OfkaYajr mx;shla

bkakj¨ m%.;sYS,S'

fukak fï m%YaKh;a tlal wms l:d lrkak mgka

.ksuq' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï bf.k .kak' ifydaorjreks"

OfkaYajr mx;sh tla;rd ft;sydisl jljdkqjl m%.;sYS,S lghq;=

bIaGlrkj' tAl i;Hhla" fko¾,ka; OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

úma,jh lf,a fko¾,ka; OfkaYajr mx;sfha kdhl;ajfhka"

17jk ishjfia m%xY OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh lf<a m%xY

frdayK úfÊùr

13

Okm;s mx;sfha kdhl;ajfhka" 18 jk ishjfia OfkaYajr l%uh

W;amd; wjêfha mj;soa§ lïlre mx;sh ;du;a ixj¾Okh

fj,d bÈßhg weú,a,d lïlre mx;sh ;ukaf.au u;jdohla

f.dvk., th ;ukaf.au u;jdofhka ikakoaO lr, ;ukaf.

au mx;s b,a,Su bÈßhg bÈßm;a lr, lïlre mx;sh ;ukaf.au

wruqKq bIaG lr.kak iajdëkj mx;shla yeáhg ixúOdkh fj,d

bÈßhg wefok jljdkqj fjkl,a tla;rd hq.hl OfkaYajr

mx;sh m%.;sYS,S lghq;= bgql<d' kuq;a udlaiau lshmq úÈyg

ksoyi" iudkd;au;djh iy ifydaor;ajh lsh, tÞ OfkaYajr

m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha Och by,ska Tijdf.k bÈßhg .shmq

OfkaYajr mx;sh ál l,lg miq tA jpk igkamdG udre l<d'

lïlre mx;sh iajdëkj mx;s n,fõ.hla yeáhg j¾Okh

fj,d bÈßhg tkfldg" ;ukaf.au mx;s wruqKq bIaGlr .kak

bÈßhg hkfldg ;ukaf.au b,lal ;shdf.k bÈßhg tkfldg

wkak OfkaYajr mx;sh NS;shg m;afj, OfkaYajr mx;sh ksoyi"

iudkd;au;djh iy ifydaor;ajh lshk jpk" tA igka mdG udre

l<d' udlaiau lshmq úÈyg ld,;=jlal= yuqÞ" wYajdfrdayl yuqÞ

yd mdn, yuqÞ lshk jpk j,ska tA lshkafka mSä; mx;Skag úreoaO

u¾okh f.kdj' f.ke,a, tA ld,h ;=, tA f.d,a,kaf.a m%.;sYS,S

l%shdldß;ajh wfydais l<d' wfydais jqkd' uq¿ b;sydihu tA ms<sno

kso¾YKj,ska .ykfj,d' 19 jeks ishjfia ueoÈ 1848 ld,a udlaia

yd f*ä%la tx.,aia iyNd.S jQ c¾udkq OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

úma,jh bÈßm;a lrk fYdal ckl l:dkaorh Th jf.a tlla'

c¾uksfha OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh 1848 § c¾uka

OfkaYajr mx;sh úiskau w;ru.§ mdjdÿkakd'

wehs@ c¾uka Okm;s mx;sh ±lald tA f.d,a,kaf. mx;s

Wjukdj ;uhs ro, jevjiï iQrdlEu wfydais lr, tA fjkqjg

w¿;a mkakhl w¿;a wdldrhl iQrdlEula" OfkaYajr iQrdlEula

we;s lsÍu" tAl ;uhs OfkaYajr mx;sfha Wjukdj' OfkaYajr

mx;sfha Wjukdj fkfuhs iQrdlEu iuia; jYfhka iy iyuq,ska

wfydaislr ±óu' tAl tAf.d,a,kaf.a Wjukdj fkdfjhs' OfkaYajr

mx;shg tÞ wjYHfj,d ;snqfka ro, foam, l%uh wfydais lr,Þ,

OfkaYajr foam, l%uh lr,shg f.k tAu" ro, ksYamdok l%uh

wfydais lr,Þ, OfkaYajr ksIamdok l%uh lr,shg f.k tAu' wkak


14

tA lghq;a;g tA f.d,af,d iyNd.S fjkfldg tA f.d,a,;a tlal

tÞ iyNd.S jqkd" tAlg jevjiï úfrdaë OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

úma,jfha l¾;jHhka bgqlr .kak c¾uka lïlre mx;sh;a"

c¾uka lïlre mx;sh m%udKfhka úYd, fj,d isáfha" m%xYfha

lïlre mx;shg jvd m%xY OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh

fjkfldg c¾uka lïlre mx;sh iajdëkj ;ukaf.a mx;s b,a,Sï

bÈßm;a lrkakg mgka .;a;' fukak fï ;¾ckh ±lal OfkaYajr

mx;sh" tA ;¾ckh ±l, c¾uka OfkaYajr mx;sh fudlo lf<a @

;ukaf.a Bfh y;=r fjÉp ro<hska iu. tl;=jqkd ;ukaf.a jvd

Nhdkl wo y;=rdg úreoaOj" lïlre mx;shg úreoaOj' fï jf.a

kso¾Ykj,ska uq¿ ñksia b;sydihu msß,'

fukak fï ;;ajhka hgf;a tl me;a;lska f,kskq;a wfkla

me;af;ka fukafIúla kdhlfhda fjpp Üfirf;a,s," fp¾fkdma,"

vEka, w;r úYd, u;jd§ wr.,hla flrek' reishdkq úma,jhg"

Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg mQ¾j wjqreÿ lSmh ;=," fukak fï u;jd§

wr.,fha§ f,kska m%uqL fnd,afIúlajd§ka lrmq ch.%yKh Wvhs"

reishdkq iudcjd§ úma,jh ch.%yKh lrkak mq¿jka jqfka' tÞ

tA u;jd§ wr.,fhka f,kska m%uqL fnd,afIúlajd§kag ch.%yKh

lrkak neß jqkd kï wo reishdfõ wmg l:dlrkak iudcjd§

úma,jhla flß, keye' wehs@ reishdj miq.dó OfkaYajr

ixj¾Okhla ;sìÉp rgla" reishdkq iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ lïlre

mËh mgka.kak úg reishdj ;snqfka id¾ md,kh hgf;a id¾

md,kh lshkafka jevjiï w;a;fkdau;sl md,khla" reishdj

OfkaYajr ixj¾Okh w;ska ngysr hqfrdamfha rgj,g jvd yq.la

miafika" tA miafika ysáh reishdj bÈßhg mek, iudcjd§ iudc

úma,jh lrkak ngysr hqfrdafha ÈhqKq Okm;s rgj,g biafi,a,'

fukak fïl fldfyduo f;areï .kafk' f;areï hkafk'

ifydaorjreks"

1905 b|, 1917 fmnrjdß fjkl,a" fmnrjdß udifha

id¾ md,khg tfrysj OfkaYajr rdcH md,khla ia:dms; lrkl,a

;djld,sl wdKavqj kñka tA jljdkqj ;=, fukafIdúlfhdhs"

fnd,afIdúlfhdhs fof.d,af,du tlÕjqkd tl foalg" reishdfõ

OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhla lrkak ;sfhkjd lshk tlg'

frdayK úfÊùr

15

kuq;a f,kskq;a fukafIúla kdhlfhd;a w;r tlÕ;ajhla we;s

fkdjqfka tl foalghs' OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh w¿;a

;;ajhka hgf;a OfkaYajr mx;sh yjq,a fjkjo keoao hk m%YaKh

Wv" f,kska meyeÈ,s f,iu lsõj" fï miq.dó reishdfõ miq.dó

OfkaYajr mx;sh ;jÿrg;a m%.;sYS,S l¾;jHhka bIaG lrkafka

keyehs lsh,' tA f.d,af,d OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhg

kdhl;ajh fokafk ke;sj ú;rla fkfjhs tAfl .dul n,fõ.

hla jkafka keyehs lsh,' tA ksid reishdfj OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

úma,jh lrkak fj,d ;sfhkafk reishdkq lïlre mx;shghs"

f.dú ck;djghs lsh, t;fldg fukafIúla ldrfhda ;¾l l<d

OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh lshk kñkau lshkafka OfkaYajr

mx;sh tAlg yjq,aùu fkdfjhso lsh,' 1904zz lefâÜZZ mËh

lsh,-jHjia:dkql+, m%cd;ka;%jd§ mËh lsh, tAfla kshu ku-

OfkaYajr mËhla- ,snr,a OfkaYajr mËhla ixúOdkh l<d'

1904 È tAf.d,a,kaf. fojk iïfï,kh meje;ajqkd ú;rhs" ál

Èklg miq fukafIúlajd§ka tA lshkafka iq¿ OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ka

tA Okm;s foaYmd,k mËh iu. yjq,a iïuq;s we;s lrf.k

iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh miaig w|skak mgka.;a;' ;uqkakdkafi,

okakj fydog" wfma rfÜ b;sydifha- jdudxYsl jHdmdrfha

b;sydih wrx ne¨fjd;a tA jf.a fYdal ckl l:dkaorhla'

reishdfõ iq¿ OfkaYajr fukafIúla kdhlhkag tA brKu w;ajqfka

tA f.d,a, Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal iïuq;s we;slr.;a; ksid' wfma

rfg;a merKs iq¿ OfkaYajr fukafIúla kdhlhkag iuiudc"

fldñhqksiaÜ- wo w;afj,d ;sfhk fï brKu Bg iudk brKula'

tAf.d,af,d Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal tlalyq fj,d iudcjd§ iudc

úma,jh miaig wÈkak l=kalagdâjre ^miaig wÈkakka& jYfhka

lghq;= l<d'

fo;ekÈu tlu foa fj,d ;sfhkafk' wms tA ksid

Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï bf.k .kak hkfldg fï fol

ixikaokh lr, n,uq' fndfydu f,aisfhka tAflka f;areï .kak

mq¿jka wmg Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï fudkjo lsh,'

ifydaorh" ifydaoßh" reishdfj OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

úma,jh lrkakj;a tAlg kdhl;ajh fokakj;a .dul n,fõ.


16

jYfhka l%shdlrkakj;a reishdfõ OfkaYajr mx;sh" miq.dó

OfkaYajr mx;sh yjq,ajqfka keye' tAf.d,af,d wêrdcH úfrdaë"

jevjiï úfrdaë l¾;jHka bIaG lrkak wfmdfydi;a lshk tluhs

tÞ f,kskaf. ;¾lh jqfka' wo ,xldj .;af;d;a ,xldfj iq¿

OfkaYajr mx;sh ;¾l lr,d ;sfhkafka" fuf;la l,a OfkaYajr

m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhka ú;rla fkdfjhs" iudcjdohg

hkak;a fï rfÜ m%.;sYS,S OfkaYajr mx;shla bkakjh yjq,alr.

kak lsh,hs' l,amkd lr, n,kak 1956' 1956 ;uhs fï rfÜ lïlre

mx;sh kdhl;ajfha ysáh iq¿ OfkaYajr kdhl;ajh úiska lïlre

mx;s jHdmdrh mdj, §, fl,skau Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal tlalyq

jqfka' ms,sma .=Kj¾Ok uy;auhf.a kdhl;ajfhka ;sìÉp uyck

tlai;a fmruqK- tÞ úma,jldÍ iuiudc mËh- fï úma,jldÍ

iuiudc mËh Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh lshk OfkaYajr foaYmd,k

mËh;a tlalyq jqkd fl,skau' tlalyq fj,d Okm;s wdKavqjla

msysfgõj' Okm;s wdKavqj msysgqj, Okm;s mx;shg iemfhõj

Wmdh Wml%u lïlre mx;sh u¾okh lrkak' ;uqkakdkafi,

okakj 1956 g biafi,a," nKavdrkdhl Wkakefy,df.a wdKavqjg

biafi,a, fï rfÜ lïlre mx;sh jevj¾ck l<d' jevj¾ck

lr, Okm;s wdKavqj" Okm;s ydïmq;a;= oK.eiaiqj fkdfhla

wjia:dj,È' 1956 § lïlre mx;s kdhlfhd .sys,a, Wmfoia ÿkak"

Okm;s mx;sfha weu;slï wrf.k' Okm;s mx;sfhau wdKavqjg

lïlre mx;sfha idOdrK wr., fudglrkafka fldfyduo lsh,'

ljqre;a okakj nKavdrkdhl Wkakefya n,hg wdjg miafi thd

lïlrejka iag%hsla lr, bkakfldg lïlrejka iu. idlÉcd

fkdlr b§fï m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh l<d' fï m%;sm;a;sh

Okm;s wdKavqjg lsh, ÿkafk lõo@ lïlre mx;sfha m%Yakj,

ienE ;;ajh f;areï wrf.k ysáh Woúh' tA Woúh ±kf.k

ysáh lïlre mx;shg f.dv.eiqk m%d.aOkhla ke; lshk tl'

jegqma Y%uh Wvuhs Ôj;afjkafka' Y%uh úl=Kqfj ke;akï Ôj;a

fjkak úÈhla kE' iag%hsla tlla lr, th Èk .Kkla l,a hkj

kï weoaÈ, hkj kï" tA iag%hsla tl w,a, bkak ;;ajhla kE' wehs

ñksy leu;shs-lïlrej- tA iag%hsla tl È.g f.kshkak mdj,

fokafk ke;sj' kuq;a øjHuh yelshdjla kE thdg tA iag%hsla tl

w,a,x bkak' f.or <uhg lkak fokak" fndkak fokak lsßmsá

frdayK úfÊùr

17

ál wrx fokak yelshdjla kE' i,a,s kE' iag%hsla tl È.g w,a,x

bkak fldg lïlrejkag isoaOfj,d ;sfhkj" ;ukaf.a leue;a;g

mgyeksj Ôú;h /l.ekSu i|yd ydïmq;dg hgfjkak' fukak

fï ;;ajh ±kf.k ysáh lïlre mx;s kdhlfhd Okm;s mx;shg

Wmfoia ÿkak' tAl fufya ú;rla Wk fohla fkdfjhs' tA fi,a,u

mgka.;a; reishdfj' fukafIdúla kdhlfhd Okm;s mx;sh;a

tlal tlalyqjqkd" tlalyqjqk .uka Thsg iudka;r l%shdÞuhla

tys we;sjqkd'

ifydaorh"ifydaoßh" ;uqkakdkafi, okakj miq

ld,hl Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal tlalyq jqkd iuiudc mËhhs

fldñhqksiaÜ mËhhs' tlalyqfj,d 1971 uyd NSIKhg" uy Oj,

NSIKhg kdhl;ajh ÿkakd' iu iudc flñhqksiaÜ fukafIúla

kdhlfhda iq¿ OfkaYajrfhda" tAl fuys biafi,a, jqk fohla

fkdfjhs' Bg biafi,a,d tAl f,dalfha wfkla ;ekaj,;a jqkd'

reishdj .;af;d;a reishdfõ reishdfõ OfkaYajr wdKavqjg

tlalyq fj,d ysáh Üfirf;a,s lshk fukafIúla kdhlh' iq¿

OfkaYajr jdudxYsl kdhlh' thd ;uhs Wmfhda.S fldg .;af;

fldkaiagEâj, kdúlfhdhs- úma,jldÍ kdúlfhdhs- Okm;s

wdKavqjg úreoaOj ler,s.ykfldg tAf.d,a,kaf.a whs;sjdislï

fjkqfjka' tAl u¾okh lrkak wdKavqj bÈßhg heõfõ

áfirf;a,s,' 1917 áfirf;a,s, reishdfõ lrmq foau ;uhs

tka'tï' fmf¾r;a" mSg¾ flkukq;a 1971 ,xldfõ lf<a' tAl w¿;a

fohla fkdfjhs' tfy lrmq foa' tA jf.au 1919 c¾uka fldñhqksiaÜ

mËfha myf<dia oyilg wêl idudðl ixLHdjla >d;kh l<

c¾uka fldñhqksiaÜ mËh f,hska kEõj c¾uKsfha fukafIúla

kdhlfhda" fihsâudka, l<foau ;uhs fufya lf<a' tA ksid wms

fï Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï .ek lshkfldg f;areï .kak

yeu fj,dfju W;aidy lrkak ´ks fudkjo wmg .kak ;sfhk

mdvï lsh,' wehs reishdfõ Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh wms;a tlal ne|s,

;sfhkafk fldfyduo lsh,'

uQ,sl m%Yakhla ;sfhkj ifydaorh" tlla ;uhs

Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh;a wfma rfÜ m%Yak;a .;a;u" wfma rfÜ;a

foflau ;snqfk fldydgo hkafka" uu biafi,a, lsõj jf.a


18

fldfyduo hkafka lshk m%Yafk' fukak fï fldfyduo hkafk

fldydgo hkafka lshk m%Yakhg jdudxYslfhdhs lshd.kakd Woúh

udlaiajd§ka lshd.kakd Woúh fufyu ms<s;=re §, ;sfhkj' uu

biafi,a,d lsõj jf.a tA f.d,af,d lshkj fï hq.fha m%.;sYS,S

OfkaYajr mx;shla bkakjh" OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,ùh

l¾;jHhka bgq lsÍu i|yd tA wh;a yjq,a fjkjh' tAl ksid

ks¾Ok mx;s iudcjd§ úma,jhla i|yd hk .ufka§ fukak

fï m%.;sYS,S lshk OfkaYajr mx;sh;a tl;=lr .kak ´keh

lsh,' B,.g wm bÈßfha we;s wfkla ms<s;=r ;uhs fï hq.fha

OfkaYajr mx;sh m%.;sYS,S l¾;jHhka bgqlsÍug wfmdfydi;ah"

OfkaYjr mx;sh ks¾Ok mx;sh bÈßhg hk tlg Nhh tA ksid

OfkaYajr mx;sh iQÞkï ke; OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,ùh

l¾;jHhka wjidkh olajd f.khkak' tA ksid wo ;sfhk m%Yakh

;uhs" uQ,sl m%Yakh ;uhs f,dalhd mqrd weú,a,d ;sfhk" iudcjd§

iudc úma,jhla lrkak ´kehs lshk tl' fukak fï ks¾Ok

mx;s iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh" tAfl w;=re M, yeáhg b;sßfj,d

;sfhk OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ l¾;jHhka bgqlrkjh fuf;la

bIaGfj,d ke;s' Tkak Th úêhg m%Yakhg fohdldrhlska úi|qï

bÈßm;afj,d ;sfhkjd' tÞ reishdfj fukafIúlfhd lsõfj

reishka Okm;s mx;sh m%.;sYS,sh" reishdfj lrkak ;sfhkafk

OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhlah iudcjd§ úma,jh fkdfõh

lsh,hs' tA ksid wms OfkaYajr mx;shg iyfhda.h §, bkak ´k

Okm;s iuQydKavqjla msysgqjkl,a' f,kska Bg msgia;r lsõj" kE

iudcjd§ úma,jhla lrkak ;sfhkafk lsh,'

fï iydaorjre okakj 1832 § flda,anDDla leurka

m%;sixialrK f.kdj' flda,anDDla leurka m%;sixialrK u.ska

rfÜ OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ l¾;jHhka lSmhla i|yd jHqyd;aul

fjkialï l<d' wms okakj rdcldß l%uh wfydaisl<d' wfydais

lr, jegqma Y%uh y|qkajd fokak mgka .;a;' uq¿ rgu tlu

tl rdcH md,khla hg;g .;a;' tA jf.au bvï úlsŒug yels

;;ajhla we;s l<d' bvï OfkaYajr foam, njg m;al<d' fukak

fï jf.a OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhka lSmhla

we;s lrkak mgka .;a;d' tA 1832 §' 1861 fjkl¨;a reishdfõ

;ju jevjiï m%fõksÞi l%uh wfydais lr, ;snqfka keye' fofjks

frdayK úfÊùr

19

wef,laiekav¾ 1861 ;uhs ks, jYfhka wfydais lf<a m%fõksÞi

l%uh' tA;a ld,dka;rhla ;siafia tA m%fõksÞi l%uh reishdfõ

;snqkd' úfYaIfhkau id¾ rÊcqrefjda hgm;alrf.k ;snQ cd;Ska

w;r Wiafnlsia:dkh" gðlsia:dkh" lilia:dkh" ,s;=fõkshdj"

,eÜúhdj jf.a m%dka; rdcHhka j,;a wE; fmrÈ. ihsîßhdfõ;a

iïmQ¾Kfhkau jevjiï iudc ino;d ;snqk' úfoaY m%d.aOkh

;uhs OfkaYajr ksIamdok wxYfha- lfIa;%fha wdêm;Hh ±refõ'

fukak fï ;;ajh hgf;a ;uhs fukafIúla kdhlfhda lsõfj

reishdfõ OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhla lrkak ;sfhkafka"

tAl OfkaYajr mx;sfha kdhl;ajfhka lrkak ;sfhkafka lsh,'

kuq;a tfyu fohla reishdj ;=, Wfka keye'

wfma rg ms<sn|j .;a;;a iuyre ;¾l lrkj" OfkaYajr

mx;sh m%.;sYS,S jev lghq;= lrkjhs" m%.;sYS,S cd;sl Okm;s

mx;shla bkakjhs" tAf.d,af,d tlalyq lr.kak Tkehs" iudcjd§

úma,jh lrkak Tkehs lsh,' tA f.d,a,kag fok iykhla jYfhka

tA f.d,a, yjq,a lr.ekau i|yd iudcjd§ úma,jh lrkak ´ke

ke;ehs Bg fuydhska kj m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhla lrkak ´kehs

lsh,' iuyre lshkj cd;sl m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhla lrkak

´kehs lsh,' wms fï m%Yakh wrf.k n,uq" reishdkq úma,jh;a

iu. ii|,' reishdfõ fukafIúlfhd lshmq úÈyg fï f.d,af,d;a

,xldfj iudcjd§ úma,jh miaig wÈkak yokjd'miaig wÈkak

tA f.d,a,kag reishdfj fukafIúlhkaf.ka Khg .ksmq ;¾l

lSmhla ;sfhkjd' tA f.d,af,d lshkj OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

úma,jh fufya lrkak ;sfhkj lsh,' fudkjo n,uq OfkaYajr

m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha fufya lrkak ;sfhkafka lsh,' wvq

;rñka miq.sh ;sia fojir uq¿,af,a ,xldfõ n,fha isáfha

Okm;s mx;sh' tA f.d,af,d lshk cd;sl Okm;s mx;sh ysáh'

1956 isg 1960 ud¾;= fjkl¨;a' 1960 cQ,sj, isg 1965 fjkl¨;a

" wdfh 1970 isg 1977 fjkl¨;a" wfkla ld,hg wfkla Okm;s

mx;s fldgiq;a ysáhd tlai;a cd;sl mËfha' fï OfkaYajr mx;sh

l%shdlr, ;sfhk wdldrh .;a;u f,kskq;a Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka

W.kak, ;sfhk mdvï yßhg yß' fudlo@ fï rfÜ Okm;s mx;sh

iudcjdoh lrd hdu fldhs yeá fj;;a OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

úma,jfha b;sßfj,d ;sfhk" fYaIfj,d ;sfhk lghq;= álj;a


20

iïmQ¾K lrkak ksu lrkak ;ukag Wjukdjla kef;hs" ;uka

wfmdfydi;ah" ;uka tAl lrkafka ke;ehs lshk tl fï ;sia

fowjqreoao uq¿,af,a Tmamqlr, ;sfhkj'

ifydaorjreks" OfkaYajr úma,jhla lsh, lshk fldg

OfkaYajr úma,jhl foaYmd,k l¾;jHh ;uhs jevjiï iudc

wd¾Ól yev.eiafï wdêm;Hh ork bvï ysñ ro, mx;sh fmr,,

OfkaYajr mx;sfha rdcH n,h ia:dms; lsÍu' wfma rfÜ ro,hkaf.a

rdcH n,h fmr,, Þ, OfkaYajr rdcH n,h ia:dms; l<d' ì%;dkh

wêrdcHjd§kaf.a kdhl;ajfhka' ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kaf.a rdcH

n,h ro, rdcH n,hla fkdfjhs' tAl OfkaYajr rdcH n,hla' tA

OfkaYjr rdcH n,h ;uhs fï we;slr, ;sfhkafka' tA OfkaYajr

rdcH n,h úiska ;uhs rg iEfyk ld,hlg miafia uOH.;

lf<a' tAl;a OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhla' tA

rdcH n,h úiska ;uhs rdcldß l%uh wfydais lr, Þ, jegqmg

Y%uh úlskSfï ;;ajh we;s lf<a' tA rdcH n,h úiska tA jf.a

mshjrj,a lSmhla .;a;g ;j;a fkd.;a; mshjrj,a ;sfhkj'

iïmQ¾K bvï m%;sixialrKhla lf<a keye' tAl wêrdcHjd§kaf.a

Wjukdj fkdfjhs' wêrdcHjd§kag j;=lrh mgka.kag wjYH;dla

ÿrg muKhs tAl lf<a' tA ksid b;=refj,d ;snqk iudc wd¾Ól

l¾;jHhka" OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha ksu fkdjQ OfkaYajr

bvï m%;sixialrKh cd;Skag whs;sjdislï §u" tAl;a OfkaYajr

m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhla' tAl;a bgq lr, ;snqfka kE'

ldka;djkag iudk whs;sjdislï ,nd§u;a OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

úma,jfha l¾;jHhla' tAj;a bIaG lr, ;snqfka keye' fukak fï

jf.a OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhka ÈhqKq Okm;s

rgj,;a bIaG lr, keye' fkdfhla ;ekaj,' Okm;s úma,jh

w;rueo mdj, fokj Okm;s mx;sh' iudcjd§ úma,jhg ;sfnk

ìh ksid' tAl ;uhs tÞ f,kska lsõfj fï rfÜ ;uqkakdkafia,d

okakj we;s jevjiï rgdfõ wd¾Ól wxYfha b;sßfjÉp

kIaGdjfYaIhka ;sfhkj' úydr.ï"foajd,.ï ;sfhkjd' tAjfha

;sfhkafka OfkaYajr iudc in|lï fkdfjhs' jevjiï iudc

in|;djhka' tAjd wfydaislr, kE' wêrdcHjd§ wdKavqj' Bg

miafia 1947 fï rfÜ OfkaYajr mx;sh n,hg m;al<d" m;a jqkd

wêrdcHjd§kaf.a Wjukdj msg' kuq;a t|d bo, ;sia fojirla

frdayK úfÊùr

21

uq¿,af,a fï rfÜ OfkaYajr mx;sh OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

l¾;jHhhkaj, fYaIfj,d ;sfhk lghq;= ál bIaG lrkak

wfmdfydi;a Wkd' OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha b;=refj,d

;sfhk lghq;= ál bIaG lrkak wfmdfydi;a Okm;s mx;sh bka

tydg hkjhe' kE iudcjdoh lrd hkafka kE' tAlg ysksfm;a;la

jYfhka¨ kj m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhla ' tA lshkafka OfkaYajr

m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhg;a ke;s" iudcjd§ úma,jhg;a ke;s tlla

foaYkd lrkafka' tAl lrkak Okm;s mx;sh yjq,a lr.kak ́ ke¨'

kuq;a l;dj kï tfyuhs' flrejdj kï fufyuhs' reishdfj;a

f,kska meyeÈ,s jYfhkau ±lal OfkaYajr mx;sh m%.;sYS,S

lghq;= bIaG lrkafka keye' OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha

b;sß lghq;= bgq lrkafka keye lsh,' wkak tA ;;ajh hgf;a ;uhs

f,kska ifydaorhd meyeÈ,s f,iu fhdackd lf,a reishdjg hkak

;sfhkafka hkak ;sfhk ;ek ;uhs iudcjdohgh lsh,' hkak

;sfhk udj; ;uhs iudcjd§ udj; lsh,' Okm;s mx;sh tlal

yjq,a fj,d ixOdk fj,d iyfhda.fhka hk .ukla fkdfjhs tAl'

Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj ks¾Ok mx;sh;a È,s|q f.dú ck;dj;a

we;=¿ fiiq mSä; mx;s fldgiq;a yjq,a lrf.k lïlre mx;sfha

kdhl;ajfhka hkak ́ kE' wkak tA fhdackdj bÈßm;a lf<a' wkak

tA udjf;a .sys,a, ;uhs Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh ch.%yKh lf<a'

ifydaorh" ifydaoßh" wms fu;kos f;areï .kak

´ke fukak fïl' reishka úma,jhg biafi,a, úYd, u;jd§

wr.,hla flrek' fukak fï foaYmd,k l%shdud¾. fol

w;f¾" fï l%shdud¾. fol w;r flrek u;jd§ foaYmd,k

wr.,fhka fnd,afIúlajd§ ienE ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jjd§"

f,kskajd§ l%shdud¾. ch.%yKh flrefka ke;akï iq¿ OfkaYajr

fukafIúlajd§ wjia:djd§ l%shdud¾.h mroao, reishdkq iudcjd§

lïlre úma,jh ch.%ykh lrkak neye' tÞ tA u;jd§ wr.,h

ch.%ykh l< ksid ;uhs reishka iudc úma,jhg ch.%ykh

lrkak yelsjqfka' wms m<uqfjks mdvu t;kska bf.k.kak ´k'

wo wms yuqfõ ;sfhk l¾;jHh bIaG lrkak kï fï rfÜ ;sfhk

nxfldf,d;a OfkaYajr iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiau fjkia lr,"

fmr,, Þ, tA fjkqjg iudcjd§ iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiaula

f.akak kï nxfldf,d;a OfkaYajr ixj¾Ok udj; fjkqjg


22

iudcjd§ ixj¾Ok udj;la wdfoaY lrkak kï" wms meyeÈ,s

f,iu f;areï .kak Tke wmg meyeÈ,s f,i ;sfhkafka" hkak

yelafla kj m%cd;ka;%jdohgj;a wr f,kska lshmq úêhg iq¿

OfkaYajr wfodakdjgj;a fkdfjhs" meyeÈ,s f,iu wo ojfia

l¾;jHh jYfhka bÈßhg weú,a,d ;sfhkafka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh

fmkakqj jf.au iudcjd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhka bIaG lsÍuhs' wo

wmg kE Okm;s mx;shla n,hg m;a lsÍfï l¾;jHhka' Okm;s

mx;sh n,fha bo, ;sfhkj tA ;dla ÿrg f,kska lshmq úÈhg

OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha l¾;jHhka bIaGfj,d ;sfhkj'

bIaGfj,d ke;s foaYmd,kuh" wd¾Óluh"iudcuh l¾;jHhka

bIaG lrkak Okm;s mx;sh ;jÿrg;a wfmdfydi;a" OfkaYajr

mx;shg wjYH;djla ke;ehs lshk tl Tmamqfj,d ;sfhkj'

tfyu kï b;=refj,d ;sfhk OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha

l¾;jHhka f,kska meyeÈ,s f,i wjOdrkh l< mßÈ bÈßhg

hk ch.%dyS ks¾Ok mx;s iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh ;=,ska tys

w;=re M, f,i bIaG lrkq we;s' wfma rg ms<snoj;a i;H ;;ajh

thhs' wkak tA ksid wms biafi,a,du f;areï .kakj Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jfha mdvïj, m<uqjk tl yeáhg" wo rgg" wms jdf.a

miq.dó OfkaYajr ixj¾Okhla ;sfhk kj hg;a úð;jd§ hg;a

úð;lrfha rgj,aj,g" uq¿ f,dalhgu" iuia; jyfhka .;a;u

wo uq¿ f,dalh i|ydu" úIhuQ, jYfhka mßk; fj,d ;sfhkj"

iuia; jYfhka .;a;u" ;;ajhka" iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhg"

tA ksid wm yuqfjys ;sfhkafka f,kska lsõjd jf.au Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jh fmkakqj jf.au iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhla ch.%ykh

lrkak' fukak fïl lrkak iudcjd§ úma,jfha n,fõ. yeáhg

lghq;= lrkafka ljqo@ iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhg yjq,alrefjda

fjkafka lõo@ meyeÈ,s f,iu Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh Tmamq l<d

miq.dó reishdfõ iudcjd§ iudc úma,jfha kdhl;ajh .;af;a

tA rfÜ lïlre mx;sh nj' tA rfÜ lïlre mx;sfha kdhl;ajfhka

tA iudc úma,jh bÈßhg ;,a¨ lrkak .dul n,fõ.hg lïlre

mx;sh;a tlal tlalyq Wkd" È,s|q f.dú ck;dj" .%dóh ks¾Ok

mx;sh yd .%dóh w¾O ks¾Ok mx;sh' wfma rg .;a;;a meyeÈ,s

f,iu fukak fï ;;ajhka ;sfhkj'

frdayK úfÊùr

23

wfma rg hg;a úð;lrfha mer‚u OfkaYajr

ixj¾Okhla iys; rgla' fïl lsõju Thf.d,af,d n,hs

fudllao fï lsõfj lsh,' ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§ka ika;lj f,dj

mqrdu ;snqk hg;a úð;' tA ksid ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kag lsõj

ysre fkdnisk wêrdcHh lsh,' wêrdcHjd§ rgj,ska w.%.kH rg

fj,d ;snqfka fojk f,dal hqoaOhg biafi,a,d ì%;dkH wêrdcHh'

fï ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§ka ika;lj ;snqk iqÿ cd;Skau mÈxÑ lrmq

hg;a úð;" lekvdj" TiafÜ%,shdj" kjiS,ka;h" wefußldj"

jf.a hg;a úð; yerekfldg wêrdcHjd§ka úYd, jYfhka

mÈxÑ lrmq hg;a úð;-iajfoaYslhka jeä jYfhka ysáh" hg;a

úð;j, ì%;dkHhkaf.a wdo¾Y hg;a úð;h yeáhg mej;sfha

,xldjhs lsh, ì%;dkHh wêrdcHjd§kau ms<s.kakj' fï wdo¾Y

hg;a úð;h lshkafka fïlhs' wfma rg iïmQ¾Kfhkau hg;a

l<d ì%;dkHhka wfkla rgj,g biafi,a,' 1796 ;uhs ì%;dkHhka

uqyqÿnv m%foaY hg;a lr .;af;a' 1815 lkao Wvrg jevjiï

rdcHh;a hg;alr .;a;' 1815 jk úg uq¿ rdcHhu ì%;dkHh

wêrdcHjd§ka wf;ahs mej;=fka' 1818 Wvrg ro, kdhlhskaf.a

kdhl;ajfhka le/,a,la we;s Wkd' fï le/,a, uev meje;aùug

.kakd ,o ;SrKd;aul mshjrhka lSmhla ksid ,xldfõ jevjiï

l%uhg jHqyd;aul ;on, myrj,a lSmhla jeÿk' úYd, m%udkhla

ro,hka ur, >d;kh lr, Þkag isoaO Wkd' ro,hskaf.a foam,

wmyrkh lrkak isoaO Wkd' Bg miq hqoaOuh fya;= ksid Wvrgg

uxudj;a újD; lrkak isoaO Wkd' tA tlalu fldams j.dj mgka

.;a;' flda,anDDla leurka m%;sixialrk ksid Bg jdisÞhl

;;ajhka we;s lr, ÿkak' Bg miafia f;a j.dj we;s Wkd' fukak

fï úÈhg OfkaYajr l%uh wfma rfÜ wfkla hg;a úð;j,g jvd

fõ.fhka tla;rd ÿrlg ixj¾Okh fjkak mgka .;a;' fukak

fï isoaëka isoaO fjoaÈ bkaÈhdj .;a;;a fudlo Wfka@ bkaÈhdj

iïmQ¾Kfhka hg;a lf<a ì%;dkHhka úiska 1870 .Kka j,È' 1870

.Kka j,È ;uhs mxcdnh wdl%uKh lf<a' th wka;su m%dka; rdcH

bkaÈhdfõ ;sìÉp ì%;dkH wêrdcHhjd§kag' tA rdcHhka hg;alr

.;a;g tAjd iaïmQ¾Kfhkau fl,skau ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kaf.a

md,kh hg;g .;af;a keye' ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kaf.a hgf;a tA

tA rgj, ro, md,lhskag iajdëkj jevjiï iQrdlEï lrf.k


24

hkak jevjiï md,kh lrf.k hkak bvÿkak' kuq;a wfma rfÜ

;;ajh Bg fjkia" fjkia udj;la .;af;' ±ka Ökh jf.a rgla

.;a;;a Ökh iïmQ¾Kfhkau hg;a lf<a kE' lsisu wêrdcHjd§

n,fõ.hla úiska" Ökfha uqyqÿnv m%foaY" ld¾ñl jYfhka

ixj¾Okhla ;snqk m%foaY mukla hg;a l<d' kuq;a uq¿ Ökhu

hg;a lr, uq¿ Ökfhau ;snqk jevjiï iudc wd¾Ól yev.

eiaug n,mEula lrkakg wêrdcHjd§kag mq¨jka Wfka keye'

kuq;a wfma rfÜ ;;ajh Bg jvd fjkia'

fukak fï ;;ajh hgf;a ft;sydisl jYfhka .;a;u

OfkaYajr l%uh ixj¾Okh fjkak mgka.;a merKsu hg;a úð;

rg jYfhka fukak fï rfÜ" ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kaf.a ueÈy;aùu

hgf;a OfkaYajr l%uh ixj¾Okh lr, ÿkak' wo wfma rg

.;af;d;a wfma rfÜ ;sfhk uQ,sl ksIamdok rgdj' OfkaYajr

ksIamdok rgdjla' tAl jevjiï ksIamdok rgdjla fkdfjhs'

jevjiï ksIamdok rgdjl kgnqka tfyka fufyka ;sfhk tl

we;a;hs' tA kgnqka Wv fkdfjhs udlaiajd§ka iudc wd¾Ól yev.

eiaula ;SrKh lrkafka" ksIamdok rgdjla ;SrKh lrkafka' hï

lsis iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiaul iudc l%uhl ;sfnk ;SrKd;aul

ksIamdok rgdj fudllao hkak Wv ;uhs" tA ;SrKd;aul ksIamdok

rgdj fudllao hkak Wv ;uhs" tA iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiau

;SrKh jkafka' wo wfma rfÜ ;sfhk ;SrKd;aul m%n, ksIamdok

rgdj ;uhs OfkaYajr ksIamdok rgdju; ;uhs j;auka ,dxlSh

iudch mj;skafka' tAl OfkaYajr iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiaula'

md,k n,fha bkafka Okm;s mx;sh" wo wjYHfj,d

;sfhkafka Okm;s mx;sh md,k n,fhka fmr,, Þ, ks¾Ok

mx;sfha md,k n,hg f.akak' OfkaYajr rdcH n,h fjkqjg

ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH n,h wdfoaY lrk iudc úma,jhla' wkak

tAl ;uhs wo wmsg Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha m<uqjk mdvu yeáhg

bf.k .kak ;sfhkafka'

ks¾Ok mx;sh rdcH n,hg m;alsÍu" iudcjd§ iudc

úma,jhla f.ktAu" iudcjd§ foam, l%uhla we;s lsÍu iudc

wd¾Ól lghq;a; kï tAl lrkafka fldfyduo lshk tlhs B,.g

mek k.sk m%Yakh' tAl lrkafka fldfyduo lshk uQ,sl m%Yakh

frdayK úfÊùr

25

;uhs fnd,afIúlajd§ka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka wmg b.ekakqfj'

ljÞj;a Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal yjq,a fj,d tAl lrkak nE'

meyeÈ,s f,iu iQrdlk foam, ysñ mx;Ska iu. yjq,afj,d tAl

lrkak nE' meyeÈ,s f,iu iQrdlk foam, ysñ mx;Skag úreoaOj

tAf.d,a,ka iu. u;jd§uh" foaYmd,kuh" wd¾Óluh" wr.,hla

;=,ska muKhs fï lghq;a; lrkak mq¨jka fjkafka' b;sydifha

fkdfhla wjia:dj, lïlre mx;sfha ixúOdk OfkaYajr mx;sh

iu." OfkaYajr mx;sfha ixúOdk iu. tlg neÈ, ;sfhkj"

tlg mEiais, ;sfhkj' tA ms<snoj Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh wmg fydo

mdvula W.kaj, ;sfhkj' l,amkd lr, n,kak fukafIúlajd§kag

fÄockl w;a±lSulg uqyqkmdkak isÿjqkd reishdfj" tA fÄockl

brKu tA f.d,a,kag w;ajqfka uQ,sl jYfhkau tA f.d,a,kaf."

OfkaYajr mx;sh flf¾ ±lajQ wdl,amh ksihs" OfkaYajr mx;sh

iu. ixOdkhla we;slr .;a ksihs' f,kska meyeÈ,s f,iu lsõj

lïlre mx;s ixúOdk" ks¾Ok mx;sfha ixúOdk" úma,jjd§

ixúOdk OfkaYajr mx;sh;a iu. m%.;sYS,S fõjd" cd;sl fõjd"

,snr,a fõjd ´kEu kulska y|qkajk OfkaYajr mx;s ixúOdk

iu. iïnkaO lf<d;a" ixOdk we;s lf<d;a fmruqKq we;slf<d;a

thska jkafka tlu fohhs' wr ks¾Ok mx;sfha igkaldókaf.a

igkaldñ;ajh fudÜgù hk tl ú;rhs" miaig wÈk tl ú;rhs

lsh,' tAl b;sydifha yeu;eku kej; kej;;a ikd: lr,

;sfhkj' fï yeu ;eklu tA jf.a ixúOdk j,ska" ixúOdk

;=,ska Wfka tAlhs' wfkla me;af;ka OfkaYajr mx;sh .;a;u

tAf.d,af,d yq.la leu;shs ks¾Ok mx;sfha ixúOdk tA f.d,af,d;a

tlal ydfjkak mQÜgq fjkak tkjg' Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal ks¾Ok

mx;sh mQÜgq fjÉp yeu ;eklu Tmamqfj,d ;sfhkafka Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jhg fmr reishdj jf.au tA yeu;eklskau m%fhdack ,ndf.k

;sfhkafka OfkaYajr mx;sh' Okm;s mx;sh ks¾Ok mx;sh ;=,g

;ukaf.a u;jd§ n,mEï lrkj" OfkaYajr iudcfha wdêm;H

ork mx;sh ;uhs OfkaYajr mx;sh' fï f.d,af,d i;= wdh;k

yeáhg ;sfhkafk" fï f.d,a,kaf.a øjHuh moku yq.la úYd,hs"

fï f.d,a,kaf.a yelshdjka yq.la úYd,hS" lïlre mx;shg fï

f.d,a,kaf.a u;jdoh ishqï f,i ldkaÿ lrkak'


26

wo wfma rg;=, ;sfhk uQ,sl m%Yakh ;uhs lïlre

mx;s jHdmdrh ;=, OfkaYajr u;jdoh iEfyk ÿrlg ch.%yKh

lr, ;sîu' OfkaYajr u;jdoh ie,lsh hq;= ÿrlg ch.%yKh

lr, ;sfhk ksid ;uhs OfkaYajr mx;shg fï wdldrfhka is;eÕs

mßÈ l%shd lrñka lïlre mx;s jHdmdrh fmdämÜgï lr, Þkak

yelsfj,d ;sfhkafk' fïl reishdfjÈ;a tla;rd jljdkqjlÈ

mq¿jka Wkd fukafIúlajd§ka iq¿ OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ka tA rfÜ

l%shd lf<a yßhgu fï rfÜ iu iudc" fldñhqksiaÜ kdhlfhd;a

wfkla fldgiq;a l%shdl< wdldrhg Okm;s mx;sfha u;jdoh

lïlre mx;sh ;=,g f.k tk jdykh yeáhg ;uhs' tA jdykh

yeáhg tA u;jdoh f.ke,a, lïlre mx;sh ;=, b|ka foaYkd

lrkj" Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal yjq,a fjkak ́ kehs lsh," m%.;sYS,S

Okm;s mx;sh;a iu." tA f.d,af,d Okm;s mx;sh fldgia follg

fnokj' fno, tl fldgilg Þkj m%.;sYS,S f,an,a tl' wfkla

fldgi m%;s.dó OfkaYajr mx;sh' b;ska yeuodu;a m%.;sYS,S Okm;s

mx;sh;a tlal tlalyq fjkj m%;s.dó Okm;s mx;sh mroaokak'

wka;sug fj,d ;sfhkafk fudllao@ Okm;s mx;sh Èk, ;sfhkj'

tA f.d,a,kaf.a wjYY;djhka bIaG lrf.k ;sfhkj' lïlre

mx;sh yeuÞu merÿkd' wfma rfg;a ;snqfka tAlhs' tia' ví,sõ'

wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;a;h tlai;a cd;sl mCIfha Wm

kdhlh jYfhka ysáfh 1947 b|,' tlai;a cd;sl mCIh lshk

OfkaYajr foaYmd,k mCIh yeÿfj 1947 È ,xld cd;sl ix.uh

lshk hQ'weka'mS' tfla ;d;a;hs' hQ'weka'mS' tfla isxy, uy iNdj

lshk wïuhs tlalyq fj,d ;uhs yeÿfj' tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã'

nKavdrkdhlf.a kdhl;ajfhka ;snqk isxy, uy iNdj" tAlhs

,xld cd;sl ix.uhhs fol tlalyq fj,d ;uhs tlai;a cd;sl

mCIh yeÿfj 1947 §' fï tlai;a cd;sl mCIh y|, ckaohg

.sh .uka fudlo lf<a wfma rfÜ jdudxYsl kdhlfhd" fmdâvla

f;areï .kak n,kak' reishdfj f,kska lshmq lrmq wdldrhgo

,xldfõ fldñhqksiaÜ mCIh l%shd lf<a@ kE' f,kska meyeÈ,sju

lsõj tlaoyia kjish .kkaj,È Okm;s mx;sh;a iuÕ tlalyq

fj,d lïlre mx;sha whs;sjdislï Wjukdjka mdj, fokjg

úreoaOhs lsh,' thg úreoaOjhs l:d lf<a'

frdayK úfÊùr

27

kuq;a fufya@ wms .;af;d;a z ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mCIfha

25 jirla ZZ lsh, tA f.d,af,du .ymq fmdf;a tA f.d,af,d lshmq

foa fmdâvla n,uq" 1947 tA f.d,af,d fudlo lf<a lsh,' 46 jk

msgqfõ ;sfhkj zz wêrdcH úfrdaë tlai;a fmruqK ;=, tlai;a

cd;sl mCIfhkao m%fhdackhla isÿfõhhs is;Sfuka 1947 uq,a

Nd.fha§ w¨;ska msysgqjk ,o tlai;a cd;sl mCIfha iajrEmh

.ek jerÈ ;lafiarejla lsÍu ;=,ska fldñhqksiaÜ mCIfhka

oËskdxYsl ksldhjd§ jrola isÿúhZZ 1947 w¨;ska msysgqjd.;a

tlai;a cd;sl mËh ms<sn|j jerÈ ;lafiarejla lr, tA f.d,af,d

wêrdcH úfrdaë tlai;a fmruqK ;=, tlai;a cd;sl mËfhkao

m%fhdackhla isÿfõ hhs ys;," tA f.d,a,kag iydh ÿkak nj

m%isoaO /iaùï j,§ lsõj' 1947 ckaofha§ ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ

mËfha kdhlfhd Wmfoia ÿkak¨ mËfha idudðlhkag iu

iudc mËhg úreoaOj tlai;a cd;sl mËhg ckaoh fokafkhs

lsh,' tAl Tmamq fjkj" fu;kska ms<s wrf.k fjk;a wdldrhlska

fldfyduo fï f,kskaf. f.da,fhdhs lshd.;a;= ñksiaiq' f,kska

Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha l%shd l,dg jvd iïmQ¾Kfhkau mgyeksjhs

,xldfõ l%Shdlf<a' f,kskaf. f.da,fhdhs lshd .;a;g tA f.d,af,d

ljÞlj;a b;sydifha f,kskaf. f.da,fhda Wfka keye' tA f.d,af,d

ljÞj;a Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka mdvï bf.k .;af;a keye' tA

f.d,af,d ljÞj;a r;= Tlaf;dan¾ udjf;a hkak iQÞkï Wfka

keye' tA f.d,af,d yeuÞu lf<a tA fjkqjg tA f.d,a,kaf.a mx;shg

wkqj tA f.d,a,kaf.a mx;s ,ËKj,g wkqj" tA f.d,a,kaf.a mx;s

Wjukdjkag wkqj iq¿ OfkaYajr mx;sh reishdfõ iq¿ OfkaYajr

fukafIúlhka wkq.ukh lsÍuhs' 1947 yomq hQ'weka'mS' tl

ljqre;a okakj tAl Okm;s mx;sfha foaYmd,k mËhla j.'

Okm;s mx;sfha foaYmd,k mËfhka wêrdcH úfrdaë wr.,

lrkak yo, fukak fï f.d,af,d' tlai;a cd;sl mËh yeÿfj

ldg;a biafi,a, ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kaf.a Wjukdj msg' ì%;dkH

wêrdcHjd§kag isoaO Wkd" kj hg;a úð;jd§ Wml%uhla jYfhka

fï rfÜ md,k n,h ;uka úiska f.khkafka ke;sj fuf;la

jf.a fï rfÜ .e;a;rhska ,õju" fï rfÜ OfkaYajrhska ,õju

lr.kak' tAl fofjks uyd f,dal hqoaOfhka miafi cd;Hka;r n,

;=,kfha we;sfjÉp fjkia lula' tA ;;ajh m%fhdackhg wrf.k


28

hg;a úð; j, we;s jQ úma,ùh igka /,a,;a fya;=fldg f.k fï

w¨;a Wml%uh mdúÉÑ lrkak isoaO jqkd' tA kj Wml%u mdúÉÑ

lsÍu i|yd ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§kaf.a Wjukdj msg yomq tlai;a

cd;sl mËh;a tlal wêrdcH úfrdaë lghq;= lrkak .sys,a,

fukak mSg¾ flkuka,' fï f.d,af,d tÞ bo,u lghq;= lr,

;sfhkafk fukafIúlajd§ka jYfhka'

ifydaorjreksæ B,Õg tlai;a cd;sl mËhg mQÜgq Wkd

ú;rla fkdfjhs" tlai;a cd;sl mËh yokak biafi,a, cd;sl

ix.uhg neÿk fï f.d,af,d' Okm;s foaYmd,k ixúOdkhlg

ne|qk fï f.d,af,d wêrdcH úfrdaë wr., lrkak" mSg¾

flkuka fÞia;r úl%uisxy 1947 g fmr i¾ ã'î' ch;s,lf.a

kdhl;ajfhka ;snqk ,xld cd;sl ix.uhg ne|s, ysáh' fudlo

m%.;sYS,S l¾;jHhka lrkako@ lïlre mx;shg úuqla;sh w;am;a

lrkako@ iudcjdoS iudchla f.dvk.kafkhs@ fï m%YaKj,§

meyeÈ,s f,iu f;areï hkafka 1917 weiamkdmsg Tmamq lr,

fmkakmq foag mhska .y, fï f.d,af,d 1947 § lghq;= l<d'

wjqreÿ ;sylg miafi tÞ 1917 fukafIúlhka lrmq foau ;uhs

fï f.d,af,d kQ;k fukafIúlfhd yeáhg lghq;= lf<a' tÞ

bo, wo fjkl,a ,xldfõ iq¿ OfkaYajr fukafIúla jHdmdrh

iq¿ OfkaYajr merKs jfï jHdmdrh úkdYhg ;=vq ÿkak uQ,sl

.eg¿j Wfka fukak fïlhs' 1947 tfyuhs' 1951 § nKavdrkdhl

fm!oa.,sl fya;+ka Wv tlai;a cd;sl mËfhka leä, .sys,a,

;ukaf.au jQ fjk;a iudka;r OfkaYajr foaYmd,k mËhla

msysfgõj Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh jYfhka' tA msysgjmq .uka

fï f.d,af,d yeÿj kHdh zzwkak æ wkakæ OfkaYajr mx;sfha

m%.;sYS,S fldgi ;uhs tA leä, wdfj tA f.d,a,kag iyfhda.h

fokak ´kZZ lsõj' 1952 ue;sjrKhg hkúg fldñhqksiaÜ mËh

kï újD;ju tA f.d,a,kag iyfhda.h ÿkak' uE;§ fy<sorõ Wk

wkaoug wms ysf¾ bka±oaÈ iu iudc mËh tia' ví,sõ' wd¾'

ã' nKavdrkdhl lshk OfkaYajr foaYmd,k{h;a tlal tka'tï'

fmf¾rd ue;sjrK fldÜGdY fnÞ fjkalr .ekSfï iïuq;shla

.ek idlÉcd lr, ;snqkhs lsh,' tAl fy,sorõ Wfka tka'tï'

fmf¾rdf.au l:dfjka' isßud nKavdrkdhl thdj mekakqjg

miafi iu.s fmruqfKka'

frdayK úfÊùr

29

yßhg reishdfj fukafIúlfhd l<d jf.a OfkaYajr

foaYmd,k mËfha levÜjre tlal tfya" fufya Y%S ,xld ksoyia

mËh tlal wdik fnÞ.ekSfï iïuq;s we;slr .;a;' iïuq;s

lv, nKavdrkdhl fldñhqksiaÜ mËhg §mq wdik;a ;rÕ

l<d' ylauk ;uqkakdkafia, okakj we;s' tlai;a cd;sl mËh

wdik 8 g neiaid 1956 §' wdik 8 ka tlla ;uhs ylauk' fudlo

ylaukg tfyu Wfka@ ylauk Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËfhkq;a

;rÕ l<d' fldñhqksiaÜ mËhg §mq wdikh' iïuq;s lvl<d

Okm;s mx;sh' tA f.d,a,kag ´k úêhg lghq;= l<d' tfy;a

tA .ek wd~md,s lsõj tA f.d,a,kaf. tka'tï' fmf¾rd isßud

nKavdrkdhl mekakqjg miafi' 1952 lïlre mx;shg tlla lshk

fldg" wfkla me;af;ka Okm;s mx;sh;a tlal wdik fír .kak

iïuq;sj,g tkj' 1956 § wdj' B,.g 1960 cQ,s j, wdhs iïuq;s

j,g wdj' 1956 ud l,ska lSj jf.a lïlre mx;s kdhl;ajfha

ysáh iq¿ Okm;s foaYmd,k mË" úma,jldÍ iuiudc mËh

ms,sma .=Kj¾Okf.hs" ú,shï is,ajf.hs kdhl;ajfhka ;sìÉp

kdhlfhda Okm;s wdKavqjg .sys,a, Okm;s wdKavqfjka weu;slï

.;a;' weu;slï §, Okm;s mx;sh lf<a fudllao@ tA lïlre

mx;sfha ysáh iq¿ OfkaYajr kdhlhkaf.ka m%fhdack .;a;

OfkaYajr l%uh /l.kak' reishdfj;a tAl l<d' flfrkaials,

;uhs tAl lf<a' ,afjda*a, ;uhs tAl lf<a' tA foau fufy;a l<d'

tA fohskaj;a mdvï bf.k .;af;a keye' B,.g wdfh;a ierhla

iq¿ OfkaYajr fukafIúlfhda fudlo lf<a@ 1964 wrka n,kak'

tA jljdkqfõ ÿIalr ;;ajhlg m;afj,d ysáfha Okm;s mx;sh'

ÿIalr ;;ajhg m;af,d ysáh fï Okm;s mx;sh wdrdOkd l<d fï

iq¿ OfkaYajr kdhlhskag" lïlre mx;sfha kdhl;ajh veyef.k

ysáh' ;uqkakdkafi, okakj isßud nKavdrkdhl,f.a wdKavqj

1960 cQ,s ue;sjrKfhka Èk, bjrfj, mS,slaia vhia nEkd uqo,a

weu;s Wkd' uqo,a weu;s fj,d thd yd,a fiare nd.hla lmkak

fhdackd l<d' wh jeh ysÕh mshjkak'

miq fmf,a uka;%Sjre lsõj nE" ´lg bv foka nE lsh,"

hQ'weka'mS' tlg 1952 yd,a fiarejg w; ;sh, 1956 f.or hkak

Wkd jf.a wmg;a f.or hkak isoaO fjhss lsh,' t;fldg wh

jefha fï nr mgjkafka ldf.a msgo@ lshk m%YaKh wdj' B,.g


30

wfkla me;af;ka lïlre mx;sh ixúOdkh Wkd' b;sydifha m<uq

jrg tÞ ,xldfõ lïlre mx;sh Ochla hgf;a tlalyq Wkd'

jD;a;Sh iñ;s tAldnoaO n, uKav,h hg;g ( J.C.T.U.O.)

fï jD;a;Sh iñ;s tAldnoaO n, uKav,h ;=, b;sydifha m<uq

j;djg ,xldfõ kd.ßl lïlre mx;shhs" .%dóh lïlre

mx;shhs" j;=lrfha lïlre mx;s fldgiqhs tlu Ochla hgf;a

tlu b,a,Sï ud,djla bÈßm;a lr.k tlalyq Wkd' ,xldfõ

wefrkak ljÞj;a tfyu fj,d keye' bka biair fj,d fyda bka

miafi' b,a,Sï 21 la yeÿj j;=lrfhhs k.rfhhs.fuhs ish¨u

lïlrejkag n,mdk' tA b,a,Sï 21 Okm;s mx;shg ÿkak' ÿkaku

Okm;s mx;sh ìh Wkd' ìhg m;afj, fudlo lf<a@ wkak wudre

;;ajhg" w¾nqohg m;afj,d ysáh wjia:dfõ yßhg reishdfõ

l<d jf.a - reishdfõ Okm;s mx;sh;a Thfoau l<d Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jhg biafi,a, fukafIúla wjia:djd§ kdhlhskg wdrdOkd

l<d jf.a tfya" fufy;a wdrdOkd l<d wudrejg m;afj,d bkak

wjia:dfõ lïlre mx;sfhka fír.kak Okm;s l%uh' kdhlfhda

fudlo lf<a@ iuyre foaYmd,k n, uKav,hg;a fydrd .sys,a,

idlÉcd l<d' idlÉcd lr, bjrfj,d lïlre mx;sh mdj,§,

b,a,Sï 21 hs" jD;a;Sh iñ;s n, uKav,hhs" jdudxYsl tlai;a

fmuqKhs" fiaru úkdY lr, Þ, Okm;s wdKavqjg tlalyq Wkd'

Bg miafi Okm;s wdKavqj tA whj tlalyq lrf.k m%fhdack

.;a;' reishdfõ fj¾fkda*a, f.ka vEka,f.ka Üfirf;a,s, f.ka

.;a;= m%fhdack fufya tka'tï' f.ka" mSg¾ flkuka,f.ka .;a;'

f,ia,s .=Kj¾Ok f.ka" mSg¾ flkuka, f.ka .;a; tfya w;ayÞ

n,mq foa" tfya w;a±lmqfoa " tfya mdvïu ;uhs fufy;a'

ifydaorjre l,amkd lr, n,kak wo m%Yakhla ;sfhkj

iudcjdohg hkak' fndfydu fyd|hs lshhs' iudcjdohg hkak

lïlre mx;sh tlalyq lrkak ´ko@ tmdo@ ±ka m%Yakh Okm;s

mx;sh tlal tlalyq l<d tAl jerÈhs' tAflka m%fhdackhla

fj,d keye' wjdishla fj,d ;sfhkafk' yeuÞu ,xldfj;a fj,d

;sfhkafk tAl' 1956 ;a Wfka tAl' 1956 ms,sma .=Kj¾Ok f.kqhs"

ú,shï is,ajd f.kqhs" m%fhdack wrx wka;sug .y, mekakqj' Bg

miafi tka'tï' fmf¾rf.ka " mSg¾ flkuka f.ka m%fhdack .;a;'

wrf.k wjYH ke;s fj,djg .y, mekakqj" Okm;s mx;sh'

frdayK úfÊùr

31

úma,jjd§ jHdmdrh u¾okh flfrõj tA f.d,af,d ,õj' lïlre

mx;sh whs;sjdislï b,a,kfldg u¾okh flfrõj' tAj tfy;a

l<d' fufy;a flfrõj' fyd|hs ±ka m%Yakh fldfyduo@ fï iq¿

OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ jfï kdhlfhd iu. iu.sh fldfyduo@

tAl jeo.;a m%Yakhla' Th m%Yakhu Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg fmr

reishdfj u;= Wkd' úma,jfha mdvï bf.k .;a;' Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jhg biafi,a, f,kskag lSfõ fukafIúla kdhlfhd" reishdfj

lïlre mx;s jHdmdrfha isák wxl tfla lÜájdÈhd lsh,' f,kska

ie¨ko@ fnd,afIúlajd§ka ie¨ko@ kE' wms lÜájd§ka fkdfjhs

WU,;a tlal tlalyq fjkakï mQÜgq fjkakï lsh, wdfõ kE'

wehs@ meyeÈ,s m%;sma;suh ia:djrhl ysáh' Okm;s mx;sh iu.

yjq,aùu úma,jfha bÈß .ukg j, lemSula jf.au ienE ks¾u,

udlaiajd§ka jYfhka ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jjd§ka jYfhka" f,kska

m%uqL fnd,afIúlajd§ka f;areï .;a; wjia:djd§ka iu. lsisu

wdldrhl ixOdkhla we;slr .ekSfuka jkafka tA rfÜ iudcjd§

iudc úma,jfha ixj¾Okh wvd, lsÍula" fudg lsÍula" miaig

;,a¨ lsÍula lsh,' wkak tA ;;ajh hgf;a f,kska .sfha kE iu.s

jkak' fnd,afIúlajd§ka .sfha kE iu.s jkak wjia:djd§ka iu.

lsisu wdldrhl ixOdkhla we;slr .ekSfuka jkafka tA rfÜ

iudcjd§ iudc úma,jfha ixj¾Okh wvd, lsÍula" miaig

;,a¨ lsÍula lsh,' wkak tA ;;ajh hgf;a f,kska .sfha kE iu.s

jkak" fnd,afIúlajd§ka .sfha kE iu.s jkak wjia:djd§ka iu.'

tÞ wjia:djd§ka iu. tlalyq fj,d l%shd l<d kï wo wmg

ifydaorjreks" fidaúhÜ ix.uh lsh, f,dalfha m<uqfjks lïlre

rdcHhla keye' Üfirf;a,s," fj¾fkda*a," vEka, jf.a ñkaiaiq

tlal fnd,afIúlhka .ys,a, idlÉcd lr, iïuq;s j,g tlÕ

Wkdkï" tA fjkqjg meyeÈ,s m%;sm;a;suh ia:djrhl fnd,afIúla

jd§ka ysáh' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg kdhl;ajh §mq tAl fufyhjmq

tA ienE ks¾Ok mx;s mCIh ysáh tl ;ekl" tl ia:djrhl'

tAl ;uhs fukak wms .dj meyeÈ,s foaYmd,k o¾Ykhla" jev

ms<sfj,la" l%shd ud¾.hla ;sfhkj' fukak fï l%shd ud¾.fha wms

hkafk' Bg jvd iïmQ¾Kfhka mgyeks ;uqkakdkafi,df. tl'

;uqfi,d hkafk" fhdackd lrkafka wms hk ;ekg fkdfjhs'

wkak tA ksid ;uqfi,;a tlal wmg u;jd§uh" foaYmd,kuh"


32

ixúOdkuh tlÕ;ajhlg tkak nE' wdfõ keye'

1912 fya§ yeÿj wfkla fiaru jhsjdrkak wjia:djd§ka

tlalyq fj,d wf.daia;= yjq,la" wf.daia;= yjq, uu kso¾Ykhg

.kafka fukak fï ksid' ,xldfõ wf.daia;= yjq,a .kkdjla yo,

;sfhkj' fnd,afIúla mCIh yer wfkla fiaru tlla yeÿj"

tlla yo, Wmka f.hsu lE,a,la" m;=rla .,j, hkj' wjqreoaola

folla hkfldg iuqmQ¾Kfhkau Èhfj,d .shd" wfma rfg;a"

l,amkd lr, n,kak" fï rfÜ iudcjd§ iudchla f.dvke.

sh hq;=hs lsh, úYajdi lrk l,amkd lrk" tA i|yd Wkkaÿjla

olajk wh jYfhka ,xldfõ wfma merKs jfï kdhlfhd lS

j;djla iu.s Wkdo@ lS j;djla fNao Wkdo@ fï wjqreÿ y;,sy

;=,' biafi,a, yeÿj iuiudc mCIh Bg miafi th fg%dÜialsjd§

iage,skajd§ lsh, fNao jqkd' Bg miafia ysr f.orÈ fg%dÜialsjd§"

mCI folla yeÿk' iu iudc mCIhhs fnd,afIúla f,ksksiaÜ

mCIhhs lsh,' wdhs fof.d,af,d tlalyq Wkd fof.d,af,d tlalyq

Wkdg miafi wdhs ms,sma .=Kj¾Ok leä, .shd' leä, .shdg

miafia wdhs ms,sma .=Kj¾Okhs fldñhqksiaÜ mCIhhs ál l,lg

tlalyq Wkd' fldñhqksiaÜ mËfhka wdhs levqk' leä, ms,sma

.=Kj¾Ok .sys,a, wdhs Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh;a tlal tlalyq

Wkd' Bg miafi ms,sma .+Kj¾Ok wdhs t,shg wdj' t<shg weú,a,

iu iudc mËhhs fldñhqksiaÜ mËhhs" uyck tlai;a fmruqKhs

tlalyq l<d' u;lo 1963 §' tlalyq lr, .syska lsõj' tÞ lsõj"

l¿ .¨hs" isfuka;shs" hlvhs Þ, fldkal%SÜ tlla yeÿjhs lsh,'

tA fldkal%SÜ tl wdhs lvd .;a; isßud nKavdrkdhl weu;slï

folyudrla fokak fhdackd l<dhska miafi' Bg miafi n,kak Y%S

,xld ksoyia mËh;a iu. iu iudc mËh tl;= Wkd' iu.shla

we;s Wkd Bg ál l,lg miafi fldñhqksiaÜ mËh;a fya;a;=

Wkd' fya;a;= fj,d ;=kaf.d,af,d ysáh' ysg, ál l,lg miafi

iu iudc mËh mekakqjg Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËhhs fldñhqksiaÜ

mËhhs ál l,lg tlg ysáh' ál l,la tA fokak tlg bo,

wdfh;a fldñhqksiaÜ mËh wiafj, iu iudc mËh;a tlal

fof.d,af,d tlalyq fj,d Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËfha le,a,l=;a tlal

tlla yeÿj' ±ka Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËfha lE,a, wdfhu;a keye'

iu iudc mËhhs fldñhqksiaÜ mËhhs ú;rla b;=re fj,d' fï

frdayK úfÊùr

33

úêhg .;a;u wjqreoafoka wjqreoaog" udfika udfig jf.a w¿;a

fmruqKq " yßhg reishdfõ wf.daia;= yjq, jf.a wjia:djd§ lsisu

m%;sm;a;shla ke;s" lkak ysf;k fldg lnrf.dh;a ;,f.dhd

lshkj jf.a" wehs uqka wo iuiudc kdhlfhdhs" fldñhqksiaÜ

kdhlfhdhs isßud nKavdrkdhlg Okm;s mx;sfha kdhsldj lsh,

ú;rla kj;skafka keye ro,fhda lsh,;a lshkj' kuq;a 1964

iu.s fjk fldg lSfõ iu iudc mË kdhlfhda Y%S ,xld ksoyia

mËh Okm;s foaYmd,k mËhla fkdfjhs lsh,hs' tAl iq¿

Okm;s mËhla lsh,' wehs" iuiudc tA jkúg fg%dÜialsjd§ lshd

.kakj' fg%dÜialsjdohg wkqj kï tA;a tAf.d,a,kag lshd .kak nE

tA f.d,af,da tlalyq fjkafk Okm;s mËhla tlalhs lsh,d' tA

ksid tAl iq¿ Okm;s mËhla' tA ksid tAl;a tlal tlalyq fjkjhs

lsh,d' ±ka iq¿ Okm;s mËhla lsh, lshkafka kE" tA f.d,af,da

Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh' ±ka wdfh;a ierhla weú,a,d lshkjd ztAl

ro,hskaf. mËhlaZ lsh,d' zOkm;s mËhla ú;rla fkdfjhsZ

lsh,d' úáka úg wjia:djd§j m%ldY lrkj' m%ldY lr, ;sfhkjd

b;sydifha' fldñhqksiaÜ mËh lsõjd m%.;sYS,S cd;sl Okm;s

mx;shhs lsh,d tlalyq jqkd' t<shg wdmq .uka tAl m%.;sYS,S

cd;sl Okm;s mËh fkdfjhs' Bg miafia tAl hQ'weka'mS' tl jf.a

m%;s.dó" wêrdcH .e;s OfkaIajr l,a,shl kdhl;ajfhka ;sfhk

mËhla' tAl;a kdhl;ajfha ú;rhs ;sfhkafk'

tA ú;rlahe' Bg miafi ±ka tA ,hska tfla wdj' yenehs

±ka uu fï l;dj lr,d ojia lSmhla hkfldg Th ,hska tl

fjkia lrhso okafk keye' fudlo wmg wdrxÑhla ;sfhkjd

tfyu' iuiudc fldñhqksiaÜ mË ±ka /iaùï ál kj;a;,

Þ, fkao@ ;j ud´jd§ l,a,s lKavdhï álla fï rfÜ fyd,auka

l<d' tA f.d,af,d;a ydjla yQjla kE' .shmdr Thf.d,af,d fiaru

PkafoÈ tA f.d,af,d n,hg m;a lrkak isßuf.a Y%S ,xld tlg

úreoaOj lsh lshd .shd miq.sh ojia j,' kuq;a ±ka wr ud´jd§

l,a,s lKavdhï ál Tlafldu isßu nKavdrkdhlf. ;=re,af,' tA

f.d,af,d tlalyq fj,d bjrhs' ±ka tAf.d,a,kag w¾nqo¨' fudlo

;ukaf. ysgmq f.da, nd,fhda álg fïl ikd: lrkak .sys,a,d"

wehs udi myf,djlg biafi,a,d ro, wïuKaä ±ka m%.;sYS,S kj

m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh lrkak hk kdhsldj njg m;afj,dfk'


34

B<Õg iuiudc mËhhs fldñhqksiaÜ mËhhs' ±ka wmg ielhla

we;sfj,d ;sfhkjd" ck;dj úiska fudjqkaj m%;sfËam lr,

;sfhk ;;ajh Wv tAf.d,a,kag lrlshd.kakg fohla ke;=j

tAf.d,a,kag;a wr Y%S,xld ksoyia mËfha kdhl;ajh m%.;sYS,S

fjkak mq¿jka kej; jrla' tfyu fjkak mq¿jka'

fukak fu;k§ m%Yakh fïlhs ifydaorjreks' f,kska

meyeÈ<s f,i lsõj Okm;s mx;sh lïlre mx;shla tlal

iïuq;Ska .ykak tk fj,dj,a ;sfhkjd' tA b;sydih uq¿,af,u

tfyu lr,d ;sfhkafka fukak fufyu ;;ajhka hgf;a' lïlre

mx;sh Okm;s mx;sh úiska u¾Okh lr,d lïlre mx;sh hgm;a

lrkak neß úg lïlre mx;shg jrÞkhka §,d tA f.d,a,

hgm;a lrkak yokjd' jrÞkhka lsh, uu fu;k lsõfõ

zlkafIikaiaZ (concession) hï hï foaj,a §,' tA jf.a lsÍfï

tla Wml%uhla ;uhs lïlre mx;sfha bkakjkï iq¿ OfkaIajr

kdhl;ajhla" wjia:djd§ kdhl;ajhla" wkak tA kdhlhka ál

wrf.k tAf.d,a,kag ;dkak udkak ;k;=re fokjd' ;k;=re §,d

hgm;a lrkak yokjd' 1964 § isßud nKavdrkdhl lf<a ́ l' tAl

tAf.d,af,d keyehs lshkj kï uu lreKq álla lshkakï' tka'tï'

fmf¾rdg weu;s lï ÿkakd ;uhs" tAl ú;rhs ldg;a fmakafk'

u;=msáka fï tka'tï' fmf¾rdghs" wks,a uqKisxyghs" l¿;r pï,s

.=Kj¾Okghs weu;slï' pkaød .=Kfialrg Wm weu;slu' Bg

háka ;j;a foaj,a jqkd' tAf.d,af,da iuiudc kdhlfhda Y%S ,xld

wdKvqjg .syska ál ojihs ysáfh' tA ál oji ;=< rdcH wxYfha;a

hï hï fjkialï fjkak mgka.;a;d' ixia:d j,g fomd¾;=fïka;=

j,g wOHËl, yeáhg" lïlre mx;s jHdmdrh ;=< bÈßfhka

ysgmq kdhlfhd ál;a we;=,a fjkak mgka .;a;d' 1970 Y%S ,xld"

iuiudc" fldñhqksiaÜ yjq, wdmq .uka tAl jqkd' fu;k bkak

lïlre ifydaorjre fyd|g okakjd mKaä; ljqo lsh,d' mKaä;

lõo lsh,d weyqfjd;a lshhs ,xld jD;a;sh iñ;s iïfï,kfha

f,alï lsh,' fyd|hs 1970 isg 1977 f;la ld,h ;=< thd jD;a;Sh

iñ;s iïfï,kfha f,alï ;uhs' tA ld,h ;=< tAfl f,alï ú;ro@

kE mKä; lshkafka gh¾ ixia:dfõ wOHËl jrfhla" 1970 isg

1977 ld,fha' iurúl%u-iurúl%u;a Thf.d,af,d lshhs mKaä;

jf.au Y%S ,xldfõ fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha jD;Sh iñ;s kdhlfhla

frdayK úfÊùr

35

- fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha foaYmd,k uKav,fha idudðlfhla lsh,d'

Tõæ foaYmd,k uKav,fha ;uhs' 1970-1977 fjkl,a hkaf;%damlrk

rdcH kS;s.; ixia:dfõ wOHËl jrfhla' uu fïjd lshkafka

fmdâvla f;areï .kak' Okm;s mx;sh lïlre mx;s jHdmdrhg

wrlaf.k bkak wjia:djd§ kdhlhskag ÿkak lgq álla' ´l

l<d reishdfj;a Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg biafi,a,d' f,kska ´l

meyeÈ<sju —úma,jfha mdvï˜ lshk lD;sfha lsõjd'

Okm;s mx;sh fohdldrhl l%shdud¾.hla .kakj

ks¾Ok mx;s lïlre jHdmdrh jki, Þkak' tlla ;uhs fl,skau

újD;j .eá, mq¿jkakï hgm;a lr, Þkj' tfyu neßkï neß

wjia:dj, t;k bÈßfhka bkak ÿ¾j,fhda wjia:djd§ kdhlfhda

msgia;r mx;sj,g wh;a Woúh kdhl;ajfha bkakj kï wkak

tA whj ì,snd .kakj' ì,snd f.k tA f.d,a,kag fokj ;dkak

udkak ;k;=re' §, tA f.d,af,d u.ska fï lïlre mx;s jHdmdrh

OfkaYajr mx;sfha Wjukdjkag hgm;a lrkj' tAl Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jhg biafi,a,;a l<d' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhaÈ tAl reishka

lïlre mx;sh f;areï .;a;' f;areï .;a; ksid ;uhs fukafIúla

jHdmdrh mroao, fnd,afIúla mËhg ch.kak yelsjqfka' wfma

rfg;a fj,d ;sfhk ;;ajh ́ lhs' wfma rfÜ lïle mx;s jHdmdrh

.;a;u tAl iïmQ¾Kfhkau iq¿ OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ka úiska

úkdY lr, Þ,'

wo ;uqkakdkafi, okakj Okm;s hQ'weka'mS' wdKavqj

lïlre mx;sh md,kh lrkak lïlre mx;sfha whs;sjdislï

Wÿrd.kak lïlre mx;sh u¾okh lrkak Oj, m;%sldjla

f.k,a, ;sfhkj' fï Oj, m;%sldj kj;a;kak lïlre mx;sh

bÈßhg hkak nE' wo" wjia:djd§ kdhlhskag' wehs@ wjia:djd§

kdhlhska lïlre mx;sfha igkaldñ;ajh fudg lrd' lïlre

mx;sh OfkaYajr mx;shg ;sh, neo, ±ïu'

wo wfma rfÜ lïlre mx;sh tAl ksid l=rej,a lr,

ie,lsh hq;= fldgila wl¾ukH lr," WÞiSk lr, Þ, ;sfhkj'

lïlre mx;sfha fldgila f;areï wrka ;sfhkjd fï kdhlhskaf.a

ienE iajrEmh' tlla" tA ksid tA kdhlhska miafia hkak iQÞkï

keye' lïlre mx;sfha kdhlfhda fkdjk ksid ienE lïlre


36

mx;sh fjkqfjka bÈßhg hkak" lïlre mx;sh fjkqfjka Th

ñksiaiq ljrÞlj;a ysrf.g .sys,a, ;sfhkjo@ ysrf.hla ±l,

;sfhkjo@ iQÞkïo Oj, m;%sldj kj;ajkak ysrf.g hkak

mehlg@ kE ifydaorjreks" tAl tAf.d,af,d kej; kej;;a Tmamq

l<d' reishdfõ fukafIúlfhd l<d jf.a'fufy fukafIúlfhd;a

tA jf.a l<d' wkak tA jf.a fldgia tlal ks¾Ok mx;sfha ienE

úma,jldÍ igkaldóka noaO lsÍu" tlalyq lsÍu" f,kskajd§ oDIaÀ

fldaKfhka n,kj kï wmrdOhla' wehs wms tfyu wmrdOhlah

lshkafka@ fukak úma,jhg biafi,a, ,shmq fmd;la' fïl yeg

tlafjks ixj;airh ieuÍug ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ;djld,sl

uOHu lñgqj ksl=;a l<d zz j;auka úma,jfha§ ks¾Ok mx;sh i;=

l¾;jHhkaZZ - f,kska' tA lshkafka wfm%a,a ;siSih lshk iqm%isoaO

kñka" wjqreÿ 40 la b;sydifha fï w.%.kH idys;H lD;sh fï rfÜ

isxy, mdGlhskag ,enqfka keye' wfma mËh fïl m¾j¾;kh

lr, ksl=;a l<d' fïfla ;sfhk ft;sydisl jeo.;alu Wv' fïl

wms fmdâvla fmr,,d n,uq' fudllao 1917 f,kska lSfõ lsh,d'

f,kska uQ,sl m%Yak lSmhlgu Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha m%Odk m%Yak

lSmhlgu W;a;r §, ;sfhkj'

tAl ;uhs zzwd¾Ól úkdYh isÿjkak wdikakh' tu ksid

OfkaYajr mx;sh bj;a lsÍu jrolsæZZ fïl lshkafka fukafIúla

kdhlfhla' OfkaYajr mx;sfha ks.ukh thhs' fukafIúla

kdhlhskag W;a;r fokak ,shdmq ,smshl flgqï m;la fukak'

f,kska ,shkjd zz úkdYh jvd;a blauka jk ;rug jvd;a

w;HdjYH jkafka OfkaYajr mx;sh bj;alr ±óuhZZ lsh,d'

fojk m%Yakh" ks¾Ok mx;sh wixúOdkd;aulh" ÿn,h"

mx;s ú{dkfhka f;drh" f,kska lshkj zz we;a; ;uhs" tu ksid

l< hq;= tlu ld¾h jkafka" ck;dj k,jd ;nk OfkaYajr mx;sh

flf¾ úYajdi ;nkak fmd,Ujk tA iq¿ OfkaYajr kdhlhskag"

Bkshd iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§kag tkï Üfirf;a,s,dg" fjlsoafia,dg"

iaf;laf,d*a,dg tfrysj igka lsÍuhZZ lsh,' wo lshkj kï ful

lshkak ;sfhkafka fï úÈyg" f,kska ,xldfõ bkakj kï lshhs"

zz we;a; ;uhs l<hq;= tlu ld¾h jkafka" ck;dj k,jd ;nk

OfkaYajr mx;sh flf¾ úYajdih ;eîug Tjqka fmd<Ujk tA iq¿

frdayK úfÊùr

37

OfkaYajr kdhlhskag Bkshd iu iudc fldñhqksiaÜ kdhlhskag"

tkï weka'weï' fmf¾r,dg" mSg¾ flkuka,dg" fld,aúka wd¾'

o is,aj,dg tfrysj igka lsÍuhZZ ifydaorjreks" fjlsoafia

lshkafka weka'weï' fmf¾ru ;uhs' Üfirf;a,s lshkafka mSg¾

flkukau ;uhs' fjki fïf.d,af,d ,xldfõ bmÈ, fï jev ál

l<d' wrf.d,af,d reishdfõ bmÈ,d reishdfõ tA jev ál l<d

tÉprhs' Bg jvd fjk fudl=;a kE .kak'

zz fï iq¿ OfkaYajrhska fjlsoafia" Üfirf;a,"

iaf;laf,d*a iu. iu.sùu fkdj ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jh úkdY

lrk fï iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ka uq¿ukska mrdch lsÍuhsZZ lsh,

f,kska tÞ lsõj' f,kska ±ka lshkj kï fï ál;a lshkafka

fufyuhs' zz fï iq¿ OfkaYajr weka'weï' fmf¾rd" mSg¾ flkuka"

fld,aúka wd¾' o is,ajd iu. iu.s ùu fkdj ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jh

úkdY lrk fï iu iudc fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka uq¿ukskau mrdch

lsÍuZZ lsh,hs' ^iNdfjka WKqiqï w;afmd,ika& ifydaorjreks"

f,kska,d fï jefâ lf<a ke;akï" Üfirf;a," fjlsoafi,a"

fp¾fkd*a, mrdch lf<a ke;akï wo wmg l:d lrkak Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jhla keye' fidaúhÜ ix.uhla keye' fï jefâ l<d

f,kska,' tAl ;uhs §mq mdvu" ks¾Ok mx;s iudcjd§ iudchla

f.dvk.kak' OfkaYajr rdcH n,h fjkqjg ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH

n,hla f.dvk.kak kï" ks¾Ok mx;sh úiska wksjd¾Hfhkau l<

hq;= fohla ;uhs OfkaYajr mx;sfha tAcka; jreka" ks¾Ok mx;s

fY%akSka ;=,g weú,a," ks¾Ok mx;sh jerÈ OfkaYajr u;jdohg

ì,slr," wdl+, jHdl+, lr," wl¾ukH lr, Þ, ;sfhkj kï

tA ;;ajfhka uqÞ.ekSu' tA ;;ajfhka uqÞ.kak kï tA weú,a,

;sfhk wjia:djd§ tAcka;,dg úreoaOj wm%;sy; ffO¾hhlska

hq;=j w;ru. iudÞkfhka f;drj" wr.,hla" foaYmd,kuh"

u;jd§uh wr.,hla lsÍu ;uhs" Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvïj,

B,. lreK" wmg lsh, §, ;sfhk'

ifydaorjreks" fï úÈhg u;jd§ wr.,hla wjia:djd§

u;jdohg tfrysj" OfkaYajr mx;s ldkaÿùïj,g tfrysj lsÍu

;=,ska ;uhs f,kska ifydaorhd m%uqL fnd,afIúlajd§ka reishdfj

fnd,afIúla mËhla" ks¾u, fldñhqksiaÜ mËhla" f.dvke.=fj'


38

tA jf.a fldñhqksiaÜ mËhla f.dvke.=fj ke;akï reishdfõ

iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhla lrkak yïnfjkafka keye' wo

wmg Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha uQ,sl lreKla jYfhka bf.k .kak

;sfhkafka ,xldfõ OfkaYajr l%uh fmr,, Þ, ienE iudcjd§

iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiaula ia:dms; lrkak w;HjYH mQ¾j

fldkafoaish jk OfkaYajr rdcH n,h fjkqjg ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH

n,h wdfoaY lrkak ke;=ju neß uQ,sl idOlh jk" f,kskaf.a

mkakfha fnd,afIúla mËhla f.dvke.Su .ek'

f,kskaf.a mkakfha fnd,afIúla mËhla lshkafka"

iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh lrkafka úma,jjd§ka lSmfofkla

fkdfjhs' iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh lrkak uq¿ uy;a ks¾Ok

mx;sh;a tA ks¾Ok mx;sfha kdhl;ajfhka w¾O ks¾Ok mx;sfha;a

iq¿ OfkaYajr mx;sfha my, ;Ügqj, fldgiaj,;a iyfhda.h

wrf.k ;uhs OfkaYajr mx;shg úreoaOj ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH

n,h f.dv k.kafka' fukak fï lghq;a; lrkak ks¾Ok mx;shg

wjYHhs ;ukaf.au jQ ixúOdkhla" ;ukaf.au jQ w¿;a mËhla"

f,kskajd§'

fukak fï lghq;a; lrkak kï ks¾Ok mx;sfha u;jdoh

fjÉp udlaia tx.,aia f,kska O¾uh iïmQ¾Kfhkau .%yKh

lr.;a; ks¾Ok mx;sfha bÈßfhkau isák fmruqKq fiakdxl"

fmruqfKkau bkak fldgia" ks¾Ok mx;sfha foaYmd,kuh jYfhka

jvd;a ÈhqKq jQ fldgia tla frdla lr, tlu ñgla ;=, ixúOdkh

lr, wfhdauh úkhlska hq;=j m%cd;ka;%jd§ uOH.;jdoh mokï

lr.;a ±ä fnd,afIúla mËhla f.dvk.kafka ke;sj ks¾Ok

mx;shg OfkaYajrhg tfrysj iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhla ch.%yKh

lrkak kdhl;ajh fokakneyehs lshk tl ;uhs Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jfha B,Õ mdvu' wehs@ Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh f,kskajd§

kHdhfha Ndú;djhs' f,kskajdoh lsh, lshkafka Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jfha kHdhhs' f,kskajdohla ke;akï T;af;dan¾ úma,jhla

keye' f,kskajdoh Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh iu. oaú>Gkd;aulj

tlg neÈ, ;sfhkafk" f,kskajdohg wms idudkHfhka lshkj

úma,jfha úoHdj lsh,' wehs@ wms úma,jfha úoHdj lshkafka'

udlaia yd tx.,aia cd;Hka;r ks¾Ok mx;shg bÈßm;a l<d ks¾Ok

frdayK úfÊùr

39

mx;sfha u;jdoh fukak" fï u;jdoh l%shdjg k.kak' l%shdjg

ke.Sfï uQ,sl ixúOdk .eg¿ m<uqjrg b;sydifha id¾:l

f,i úiÞÆfha reishdfõ Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh' tA i|yd iQÞkï

jQ jljdkqfõ f,kska ifydaorhd ;uhs kj mkakhl fnd,afIúla

mËhl ks¾ud;Djrhd' tjeks fn,afIúla mËhla f.dvke.=fõ

ke;akï" kj mkakhl" wo reishdfõ Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhla keye'

wo wmg wjYHfj,d ;sfhkafk uu uq,ska lsõj jf.a wfma rfÜ

iudcjd§ úma,jh ch.%yKh lrd bÈßhg fufyhjkak' fï

iudc úma,jh ch.%yKh lrd hkak' wfma rfÜ ks¾Ok mx;shg

kdhl;ajh fokak" ks¾Ok mx;sh bÈßhg fufyhjkak" ks¾Ok

mx;shg ;sfhkak ´k" udlaia tx.,aia f,kskaf.a o¾Ykfhka u.

fmkajkq ,nk wfhdauh mx;s úkhlska hq;a ;ukaf.au jQ kj

mkakhl mËhla' tjeks mËhlska f;drj fï rfÜ iudcjd§

iudc úma,jh ch.%yKh lrkjhs lshkafka fndrejla' wms ck;d

úuqla;s fmruqK f.dvk., ;sfhkafka wkak tjeks mËhl fmr

.ukalre yeáhg' wms yeuÞu;a lsõj ;uqkakdkafia,g ck;d

úuqla;s fmruqK hk ku mjd Ndú;d lrkafk ;djld,slj

lsh,' tA ku fldÉpr blaukska w;yer Þ, wmg whs;s kshu ku

.kakjo keoao lshk tl rÞ mj;skafka fï rfÜ lïlre mx;sh

u;' fï rfÜ lïlre mx;shg wms lsõj meyeÈ<sj ck;d úuqla;s

fmruqK" ks¾Ok mx;sfha kshdul mËfha fmr .ukalre ú;rhs

lsh,' kshdul mËhla f.dvk.kafka ke;sj ks¾Ok mx;sfha

kshdul mËhla" kj mkakhl f,kska jd§ mËhla f.dvk.

kafka ke;sj" iudcjd§ iudchla f.dv k.kak' iudcjd§ iudc

úma,jhla ch.%yKh lrkak nE' tA ksid ojfia ËKsl lghq;a;

;uhs ks¾Ok mx;sfha kshdul mËhla f.dvke.Su' tAl f.dvk.

kak mq¿jka ks¾Ok mx;sfha ienE u;jdoh fjÉp udlaia tx.,aia

f,kskaf.a o¾Ykh .%yKh lr.;a;" tA o¾Ykfhka u. fmkaùu

,nk ienE ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jjd§kag muKhs'

tjeks mËhla f.dvke.Su f,fyis myiq lghq;a;la

fkdfjhs' fnd,afIúla mËh .fyka f.ä tkak jf.a tlmdrg

f.dv k.mq tlla fkdfjhs' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg kdhl;ajh

ÿkak tA fnd,afIúla mËh f,kskau lshmq úÈhg cqmsg¾f.a ysiska


40

ñk¾jd my, l<d jf.a msßisÿj i¾jf;daNøj my, lrkak mq¨jka

jQ tlla fkdfjhs' tA lshkafka tÈfkÞ mj;sk ;;ajhka hgf;a b;d

ÿIalr;djhka hgf;a f.dvk.kak ´k tlla' wms tAl f;areï

wrka bkafka' wms ;uqkakdkafia,g lshkafka tA jf.a f,kskajd§

mkakfha úma,jldÍ kj mËhla f.dv k.kafka ke;sj ks¾Ok

mx;shg kï OfkaYajr l%uh fmr,, Þ," ks¾Ok mx;sfha ;ukaf.

au fjÉp rdcH n,hla f.dvk., iudcjdohla f.dvk.kak kï

nE' merKs jfï jHdmdrfha iq¿OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ kdhlhkaf.a

Bkshd jfï jHdmdrh ;=,ska ljrÞlj;a tjeks mËhla ìysfjkak

nE' ìysfjk ;;ajhla keye' wkak tAl f;areï wrf.k ;uhs

1964 tA ft;sydisl uyd mdjd§fuka miafi merKs jfï kdhlfhd

Okm;s isßuf.a Okm;s foajd,fha w,a;drh yuqfõ okska jeá,

kj;skafka ke;sj uqksk=;a jegqkg miafia ;uhs wms t;kska

leä, fjkafj,d .sys,a, ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK f.dvke.=fõ"

f,kskajd§ Wmfoia wkqj" Tlaf;danrfha w;a±lSïj,g wkqj"

ks¾Ok mx;sfha úma,jldÍ mËhla f.dvke.Sug w;HjYH uQ,sl

lghq;= iïmdokh lf<a' wms fï rfÜ lïlre mx;shg" wjfYaI

mSä; mx;Skag meyeÈ,s f,i lshkafka ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK"

wms idudkH w¾:fhka lshkj" tAl ks¾Ok mx;sfha úma,jldÍ

foaYmd,k mËhla lsh,' wms tA jf.au lshkj" ks¾Ok mx;sfha

iudcjd§ foaYmd,k mËhla lsh,' iure wykj¨ fudlo úma,jh

fyaÈ, .sys,a,o úma,jldÍ ke;sj iudcjd§ fj,d ;sfhkafk lsh,"

wr tx.,kaf; tla foaYmd,k{fhl=g lSj¨ whsfi ;uqfig" ug

fldÉprj;a lreKq meyeÈ,s lr, fokak mq¿jka tA jqkdg ;uqfig

fud<hla fokak nE lsh,' tA jf.a" fï jf.a m%YaK wyk iq¿

OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ ;l;Srejkag;a' wmg kï lshkak mq¿jka

fldf;l=;a lg ßfokl,a' tA Wka Wkakefya,g fud<hla fokakkï

ug;a neye" .ukdhlg;a nE" fndamf.ag;a nE" jdiag;a nE" wms

ldgj;a nE' ifydaorjre fmdâvla l,amkd lr, n,kak" ks¾Ok

mx;sfha úma,jldÍ mËh lshkafka ks¾Ok mx;sfha iudcjd§

mËh lshkafka fudllao@ ´l f;areï follao@ l,amkd lr,

n,kak' ks¾Ok mx;sfha úma,jldÍ mËh ;uhs ks¾Ok mx;sfha

iudcjd§ mËh lshkafka' ks¾Ok mx;sfha iudcjd§ mËh ;uhs

ks¾Ok mx;sfha úma,jldÍ mËh lshkafka' f,kska Th jpk

frdayK úfÊùr

41

folu mdúÉÑ lr, ;sfhkj' iuyr ;ekaj, ks¾Ok mx;sh yd

iudcjd§ mËh ̂ Proletariat and socialist party & lsh, ;sfhkj'

iuyr ;ekaj, ks¾Ok mx;sh yd úma,jldÍ mËh ^proletariat and Revolutionary party & lsh,' Th folu tlhs' wmsg kï

folu tlhs' udlaiajd§kag kï folu tlhs' tA;a fï wjia:djd§

;l;Srejkag kï tAlj;a f;afrkafk keye'

ifydaorjreks" wms ks¾Ok mx;sfha iudcjd§ mËh

f.dvk.kak l%shdlrkj ±kqj;aj" wms idudkHfhka ks¾Ok

mx;sfha mËh lsh, ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg ±ka lshkj' kuq;a

tAl yßhg kHdhd;aulj meyeÈ,s lr, fokj kï ks¾Ok mx;sfha

úma,jldÍ mËfha" ks¾Ok mx;sfha iudcjd§ mËfha" fmr.uka

lre yeáhg ;uhs wms ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK mj;ajdf.k hkafka"

j¾Okh lrf.k hkafka' fï ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg ks¾Ok

mx;sfha ienE mx;s ye.Sfuka hqla; fldgia" mx;s wjfndaOfhka

hq;a fldgia" mx;s Wjukdfjka hq;a fldgia m%nqoaO;u fldgia

ÈhqKq fldgia wrf.k tA f.d,af,d ks¾Ok mx;sfha úma,jldÍ

mËh f.dvke.Su i|yd mqreÿ mqyqKq lr," iQÞkï lr," mË

mdi,la yeáhg wms fï ixúOdkh f.dvk., ;sfhkafk' fïl

;=, wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkj ks¾Ok mx;sfha mx;s wruqKq"

iudcjd§ iudchla f.dvke.Sfï wruqK i|yd u;jd§uh

jYfhka iy foaYmd,kuh jYfhka ks¾Ok mx;sfha bÈßfhkau

bkak fldgia mqreÿ mqyqKq lrkak' tA whg wjfndaOh ,nd .kak'

wms wo ta lghq;a; lrf.k hkj" tA jf.au wms n,dfmdfrd;a;=

fjkjd Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï W.kakmq úÈhg" f,kskajd§

kHdh W.kakmq úÈhg kqÿre wkd.;fha blaukska ck;d úuqla;s

fmruqK fï rfÜ ks¾Ok mx;sfha kshdul" fmrgq fiakdxlh-fï

rfÜ ks¾Ok mx;sfha ienE iudcjd§ foaYmd,k mËh- fï rfÜ

ks¾OkSkaf.a fnd,afIúla mËh fï rfÜ ks¾Ok mx;sfha ienE

fldñhqksiaÜ mËh njg mßj¾:kh lrkak' wms n,dfmdfrd;a;=

fjkj' ^iNdj ;=, m%S;s f>daId yd w;afmdika y~& we;a;

jYfhka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jhg biafi,a, f,kska ;¾l lrkj"

mËfha jevms<sfj, fjkia lrkak lsh, lshk .uka lshkj"

wfma mËfha fuÉpr l, ;sìÉp reishdkq iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§

lïlre mËh" tAl fï wmg Tìk ku fkdfõ' wms th fjkia


42

lr, wmg whs;s ku fjÉp reishdkq fldñhqksiaÜ mËh lshk

ku .kak ´kehs lsh,' úma,jhg wdikak jljdkqfõ' f,kska

ifydaorh fhdackd lrkj' wo kï fndaâ ,E,a, fydrlï lrf.k

bkafka iq¿ OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ka' fndaâ ,E,a, ú;rhs'±ka tA

ksidu wj,do wmydi kskaÞ wjudk lrkj' ifydaorjre okakjd

we;s tAj .ek" uu l;d lrkakj;a hkafk keye tAjg tA ;rï

;ekla fokak hkak;a jákafk kE'

uu myq.sh ojiaj, lsõj jf.a ±ka fukafIúla jHdmdrh

øjHuh n,fõ.hla jYfhka .;a;u fyd,aukla' fyd,aukla Wkdg

tA fyd,aukska krl foaj,a flfrkj" wmsg fyd,auka lsh, fohla

keyefk' wms ljqre;a tl. fjkj tAlg' tAl ys;ska yod.kak

fohla lsh,fka' kuq;a tfyu fohla ;sfhkj lsh, ñksiaiq ys;ska

úYajdi lr, ñksiaiq nfhka hu hï foaj,a fkdlr bkakj lrkak

;sfhk fj,dj, idudkH Ôú;fha' fïl foaYmd,k fyd,aukla fï

fyd,auk óg ál l,lg biafi,a, u,l|la fj,d ysáh Ôú;fha'

tA u<l|la fjkak biafi,a, foaYmd,k jYfhka bnd.df;a

weúoao' Okm;s mx;sfha foaj,a lïlre mx;shg f.k,a,d y,,

.shd yeu;eku" wkak tA fyd,auk bnd.df;a tfya fufya lïlre

mx;sfha" ilalr jÜgï .y," weúomq ldf, y,mq foaj,a

wo ;sfhkj fï rfÜ iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh ch.%yKh

lr, bÈßhg hkak uyd ndOdjla jYfhka' wo Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jfha mdvï jYfhka .kak ;sfhk uQ,sl fohla ;uhs

fukak fï l=Kq lkao,a j,ska fjkafj,d msßisÿ ùu' iudcjd§

iudc úma,jh ch.%yKh lrkak kï fï fiaru lïlre mx;sh

fuÉpr l,a iq¿ OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ fukafIúla jHdmdrh úiska

lïlre mx;s jHdmdrh ;=, y,, .sys,a, ;sfhk fï OfkaYajr úI

j,ska ksoyia fjkak ´k' tAl ;uhs B,. mdvu' lïlre mx;sh

mx;shla jYfhka msßisÿ lr.kafka ke;akï fï OfkaYajr mx;s

u;jdofhka ljrÞlj;a" ifydaorjreks" fldÉpr ´klï ;snqk;a

fï jefâ lrkak yïnfjkafka kE' iudcjd§ iudchla f.dvk.

kak nE' tAl f,ais myiq lghq;a;la fkdfjhs' b;du ÿIalr" b;du

ne?reï lghq;a;la'

B,. m%YaKh ;uhs Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka W.kajk" wms

frdayK úfÊùr

43

meyeÈ,sju lshkj lïlre mx;sh mx;shla jYfhka tAlrdYS lrkak

´k' lrkak mq¿jkao@ mq¨jka' tAl lrkak fldfyduo mq¿jka@

weka'weï'fmf¾rhs" .ukdhlhs" mSg¾ flkukqhs" iqnisxyhs" ;j

ljqreyß Th bkak ñksiaiq álla tlalyq l<du tlafjkjo@ kE'

tAl lïlre mx;sh tlalyq lsÍula fkdfjhs' t;fldg fjkafka

úma,jjd§ igkaldó .ukdhl wr wjia:djd§ka yd tlalyq

l,d fjkj' tAl kï wms ljÞj;a lrkafk kE' fudk wj,do

.eiqj;a fudkjd lSj;a" f,kska,g fukafIúla kdhlfhda lsõj

úma,jhg biafi,a,- ±ka f,kska fidaúhÜ foaYfha uejqïldrhd-

r;= Tlaf;danrfha ksujqïlre- wms olskafka fnd,afIúla mËfha

ks¾ud;Djrhd yeáhg- wms ±ka y÷kajkafka' kuq;a Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jhg biafi,a, uq¿ f,dalhu ±k f.k ysáfha f,kska c¾uka

T;a;=lrefjl= yeáhg' lõo lsõfj f,kska c¾uka T;a;=lrefjla

lsh,@ reishdfj weka'weï' fmf¾rhs" reishdfj mSg¾ flkukqhs"

reishdfõ fld,aúka wd¾' o is,ajhs" Üfirf;a,s" fp¾fkd*a" vEka

jeks Tkak Thf.d,af,d ;uhs lSfj" rg mqrdu m%pdrh lf<a" c¾uka

T;a;=ldrfhla lsh, wj,do .eyqfj' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg;a

lsõj iS'whs'tA' ldrfhd lsh," wj,do .eyqj' ±ka lïlre mx;sh

w;rg fyda.d, wj,do hjkj' lïlre mx;sh f;areï .kak

Tk fïj' ;uqkakdkafia,dg uu miq.sh j;djlÈ lSj wr wms

fkdlrmq mqj;am;a idlÉcdjla uj,Þ, tAlg mqj;am;a fldñIfï

kvq ±ïuu" uu fïl lshkak ´k fkao@ fï f.d,af,d f;areï

.kak' ,iaik idËs ,ehsia;=jla f.kdj uu fkdlrmq mqj;am;a

idlÉcdjla l,ehs lsh,d fndre álla ,sh," tAlg kvq ±ïuu

tAlg idËshg f.akj¨æ ljqo okakjo@ reishdfõ" fidaúhÜ

foaYfha Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka ìysfjÉp fidaúhÜ foaYh iudc

wêrdcHhlah- wxl tfla y;=frlah- ke;slrkak Tkehs úkdY

lrkak ́ kehs lsh, lE.yk ñksiaiq álla bkafka" udfjdajd§ lsh,"

wr 1971 ud¾;= 6 fjksÞ wefußlka ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hg fmg%,a

fnda;,a álla úislr, isßughs" weka'weïghs" mSg¾ghs yÈis kS;sh

Þ, u,l|ka whska lsÍfï ksfhda. ksl=;a lrkak pdkaia tlla ,nd

ÿkak' jekav¨fí- we;a; m;%h fjkqfjka idËs fokak tkj¨'

fudkj lshkako@ uu mqj;am;a idlÉcd ;sõjhs lshkako@ th;a

t;k ysáhhs lshkako@ uyskao úfÊfialr;a tkj¨æ fm%aumd,


44

fyajdngf.a;a tkj¨æ fmdä w;=,;a tkj¨æ- úlag¾ whsjka- wvq

lõo okakjo@ tA ,ehsia;=fõ' wmrdO hqla;s úksIaph fldñIka

iNdfjka f,dl= w;=, ú;rhs' we;a; m;a;f¾ nxfldf,d;a Ndjh

n,kak' fkd;shmq mqj;am;a idlÉcdjla ;sínhs lsh," tAl Tmamq

lrkak f.ak ñksiaiq tA ú;rla fkdfjhs' ;j ,iaik fohla

;sfhkj' biair we;a; m;a;f¾g úreoaOj Th jf.a ;sìÉp

wmydi kvqjlÈ tA f.d,af,d Tmamq l<d we;a; m;%fha l;D

msiafila lsh,' ^iNdfjka yskd& isßj¾Ok msiafila lsh, ;uhs

Tmamq lf<a' tfyu Widúhg Tmamq lr, ;uhs fír.;af;' fuÞ

idËshla f.akjhs lsh, ;sfhkj uu msiafila lsh, Tmamq lrkak'

uu okafka kE ug kï Th f,fâ yeÈ, kE ;du' yenehs yeÈÉp

ñksiaiq bkak nj kï fmakj fldñhqksiaÜ mËfh'mSg¾ flkuka

;rï msiafila kï ;j;a kE' ^iNdfjka w;afmd,ika&

ifydaorjre l,amkd lr, n,kak" f,kska, r;=

Tlaf;danrfha .sh udj; fmakj meyeÈ,sju' Okm;s l%uhg

úreoaOj" Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj" Okm;s mx;shg ks¾Ok mx;sh

mdj, fokafka ke;sj .sh udj;' fï ñksy wdj .uka fldñhqksiaÜ

mËfha kdhlfhla jYfhka" 1943 cQ,s 3 Þ fldñhqksiaÜ mËh

yeÿj .uka .sys,a, hQ'weka'mS' tfla ysgmq kdhlhd ã'î' ch;s,lf.a

kdhl;ajfhka ;sìÉp ,xld cd;sl ix.uhg ßx.=j" úma,jh

lrkak' msiafila fkdfjhs kï fudfllao@ B,Õg t;kska weú,a,

hQ'weka'mS' tl 1947 m%.;sYS,S lghq;= lrkjhs lsh, ckaoh ÿkakd'

iyfhda.h ÿkakd' thdu iajhx úfõpkh lrmq úÈhg - iajhx

úfõpkh fkdfjhs- ,sh, ;sfhk úÈhg' tA f.d,a,kag iajhx

úfõpk yqre keye' B,Õg nKavdrkdhl msg Wkd ú;rhs Tkak

m%.;sYS,shs lsh, iyfhda.h ÿkak' fokafkhs lsõj' yefudau miafi

.shd' yenehs f.kajkjkï f.kajkak mq¨jka jkafka " uu okafka

keye fïl we;a;o lsh,¦ kslï ,ehsia;=j .y, tújo lsh,"

wmg lsh, fjk jevla fldrjkak' wms tA Wkdg tA f.d,af,da

fok ,kq lkafka keye' mSg¾ flkuka," fÞia;r úl%uisxy,"

fla'mS'o is,aj, Tlafldu jkaokdfj hkj jf.a reishdfj hkj'

.shdu yuqfjkjo okafka kE" Th fudf,a frda. ms<sno ffjoHjre'

iurúg tAlg hkjo okafka kE' fldfydug;a wms yq.la i;=áka

bkakj Th idËs ldrfhdhs idËs f.ak we;a; m;a;f¾ Th f,dl=

frdayK úfÊùr

45

Wkakefya, álhs Tlafldu WidúfhÈ yuqfjkak'

fïj fï fõ,dikska ck;djg fy,sorõ lsÍula lrkafka"

uu fï ál lSfõ fïlghs' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha B,.g wmg

W.kak, ;sfhkj fukak fï foa' yeuÞu lïlre mx;shg ;ukaf.a

mx;s wjYH;djhka bIaG lr.kak bÈßhg hkfldg uqyqK mdkak

fjkj tl foalg' Okm;s mx;sfha me;af;ka tk ;¾ck .¾ck

wj,do wmydi kskaÞ Tlafldgu' tAjdg uqyqK fokafka ke;sj r;=

Tlaf;danrhla lrkak nE' r;= Tlaf;dan¾ udjf;a bÈßhg hkak

nE' iudcjd§ iudchla f.dvk.kak hkfldg f,kska,g tÞ

c¾uka T;a;=ldrfhda lsh, lsõj' fjõ¨jo@ f,kska lSj tlla

mËfha kdhlhkag u~.ikjd kï tAjg W;a;r È§ hkak ld,h

lkak ´k kE kdhlhskaf.a' ´k fohla lshkak wer, fukak wfma

jefâ lrf.k huq lsh,¦ udlaia ´lg fyd| ,iaik lshukla

lsh, ;sfhkj' fï jf.a ñksiaiq .ek lsh, fï /iaùfuka miafi

wjidk lrkakhs yokafka' ;j;a jevla keye lsh,' ldgo ;j

lshkak bkafka' ljqo bkafka ;j w¨;ska Èkd.kak@ ^w;aafmd,ika&

wehs mä ,nd.kak nvf.daia;rh /l.kak tA f.da,af,d ,.g

fj,d bkak ñksiaiq' ±ka n,kak ,xldfj bkak Okm;ska úiska

iQrdf.k lkafka ,xldfj lïlrefjd' wfkla Okm;s hQ'weka'mS'

tfla yd Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËfha Okm;sfhd iQrd lkafka ,xldfõ

lïlre mx;sh' yenehs Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka miafia ±ka w¨;a

;;ajhla we;sfj,d ;sfhkj fï rgj,' fï rgj, ìysfj,d bkak

mrfmdaIs;fhd álla' Wka cd;Hka;r lïlre mx;s úma,jldÍ

jHdmdrhu iQrdf.k lkj' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha ch.%yKfhka

,nd.;a M, m%fhdack iQrdf.k lkj' wms ±ka ,ehsia;=jla yÞf.k

hkj fydog' blaukskau ksl=;a lrkj fmd;a msxpla jYfhka'

kdhlhskaf. <uhska lS fofkla reishdfj bkakjo ±kg@

biamsß;d, lïlrefjla mËfha mQ¾Kld,slfhla Wkd' *q,aghsu¾

flfkla' ÿjg remsh,a ,Ëhl oEjeoaola §, ,.È wmg ,ehsia;=jla

wdj' yeu lïlrefjl=gu mq¿jkao ´j lrkak' tl kdhlfhla

mq;d frdah,a m%hsußhg Þ.kak mSg¾ flkukaf.a bk¾ *a,j¾ frdaâ

tfla ;Ügq ;=fka ksjdifha .DyuQ,slhd fj,d' fukak úma,jh'

tAf.d,a,kag lrkak ;sfhk' f;areï .shdo@ fïj fï lshkafka

l,amkd lr, n,kak' f,kska .ek tÞ y;=frda lsõfj fldfyduo@


46

tA ñksyd mroaokak neye' tA wehs@ tA ñksyd ySfkka ys;kafk;a

fï reishdj iudcjd§ lrkafk fldfyduo lsh,' tfyu ñksfyla

mroaokafk fldfyduo lsh, Okm;s mx;sh wykj' tA f,kska'

wfma ñksiaiq ál" mq;d frdah,a m%hsußhg hjkak ´ke' wehs wfkla

wfkla lïlrejkaf. mq;a;= ál .sh biafldaf,g hjk tl yß

kE' wehs fuhd ±ka lïlre mx;sfha b|, mQ¾Kld,slfhla fj,d'

mËfha kdhlfhla fj,d' foaYmd,k uKav,fha idudðlfhla'

ksfhdacH f,alï' b;ska ksfhdacH f,alïf.a mq;d tfia fufia

biafldaf,lg hjkak mq¨jkehs' frdah,a m%hsußhg yer'uu fïj

lshkafka fjk fudlgj;a fkdfjhs' fm!oa.,sl foaj,a wjqiaikak

fkdfjhs' fïj jeo.;a fjkj wj,do .ykafka wehs lsh,' wehs@

tA f.d,a,kag yeu fj,dfju wj,do álla .y, lïlre mx;sh

fkdu. hj, bkak Tk wrj t<sorõ fjkjg' lïlre mx;sfhka

wjqreÿ úis .kkla uqÜá ldis tlalyq l<d' tA jf.a lïlre mx;sh

wdmyq yeß, tAj wykak ́ ke' flda uqÜá ldis@ tAjhska fj,d ;sfhk

iq.;sh fudllao@ reishdfj f,kska, ;Ügq f.j,a yÞ.;af;

keye' Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha ;j;a mdvula Tkak u;l ;shd.kak

fydog' ^iNdfjka w;afmd,ika & tAjd jeo.;a ifydaorjreks"

reishdfõ kdhlfhda mx;sh fjkqfjka lem Wkd' Ôú;h

ke;s lr.;a;d' ysrf.j,a j,g .shd' udlaia m%d.aOkh fmd;

,sõfõ m%d.aOkfha úh.iska il, foaYjdiS lïlrejka .,j

.kak' fukafIúla kdhlfhda reishdfj;a fufy;a fudlo lf<a@

yeu ;eku fukafIúla kdhlfhd m%d.aOkhg hgjqkd' ñksiaiq wo

m%d.aOkfha iqjp lSlre f.da,fhda' biairyg wÈkj wms fiaru"

wehs@ wjYHhs wmg wj,do k.k ksid weo, Þkak' ±ka lsõj wms

hQ'weka'mS' tl;a tlal tlalyq fj,d ;sfhkafk ljqo lsh,' fï

ojia lSmhlg biafi,a, újD; l<d m<fjkso fï l,d.drfha

fidaúhÜ fmd;a m%o¾Ykhla' fidaúhÜ m%o¾Ykh újD; lsÍfï

whs;sldrfhda ;uhs iSudiys; uyck m%ldYlfhda iud.u' z

uyck m%ldYlfhda iud.u Z tAl iud.ula ;uhs' fldïmeKshla'

fldïmeKshla ;uhs' tA ,sñgâ ^Limited& tfla whs;sldrfhd ;uhs

Y%s ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha foaYmd,k uKav,fha idudðlfhd'

tAfl fmd;a m%o¾Ykh ;shk fldg tAl újD; lrkak wdfõ lõo@

fidaúhÜ fmd;a" Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha fmd;a" ks¾Ok mx;sfha

frdayK úfÊùr

47

lïlrefjlao@ kE tlai;a cd;sl mËfha m;dl fhdaOfhla' rdcH

mßmd,k weu;s fudkafÜ.= chúl%u Wkakefya ;uhs újD; lf<a"

Wkakefyag fmd,af;,a myk o,ajkak mkaou we,a¨fõ Y%S ,xldfõ

fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha foaYmd,k uKav, iNslhka fokafkla jk

tÉ'Ô'tia' r;akùr iy äõ .=Kfialr ^iNdfõ Wmydid;aul

iskdy~& fndre fkdfjhs we;a;' we;a; m;a;f¾ ;sfhkj

msx;+rhla Þ, ;=kafokdu tlg boka mykla o,ajkj' lïlre

mx;sh fmdâvla fïj .ek l,amkd lr, n,kak ́ ke'fïj f;areï

.;afka ke;akï lïlre mx;shg bÈß .ukla kE" wfma rfÜ'

wo lïlre mx;sh fï ;;ajhg weo, ±ïfu lõo@

wo tlai;a cd;sl mËh lïlre mx;sfha oE;aj, ú,x.= oukak

yokj' wfkla ck fldgiaj," YsIHhkaf.a oE;aj, ú,x.= oukak

yokj' Tjqkag ú,x.= Þkak mq¿jka jk úÈfya jdia:úl" jdisÞhl

jd;djrkhla Okm;s mx;shg ,nd ÿkafka lõo@ fï Üfirf;a,s,

fï fj¾fkd*a, ;uhs ,xldfj' wkak tA ksid wms Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jfhka mdvï bf.k .kakj kï bf.k .kak ´k fiargu

biafi,a," Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhÈ f,kska meyeÈ,s f,iu lf<a"

y;=frla tlal .y.kak ;sfhkj" .y.kak kï w;afol neo,

;sfhoaÈ .y.kak mq¿jkao@ nEfk" biafi,a, lrkak ´k w;a

fol ,syd .kak tl fkao@ wkak tfykï fukafIúla kdhlfhda

ál w;a folu neo, ;sfhkafk lïlre mx;sfha' tAksid ;uhs

lïlre mx;shg neß ;ukaf.a whs;sjdislï i|yd Okm;s

mx;shg úreoaOj bÈßhg hkakg' wkak tA ksid wo m%Odk foa

fukafIúla kdhlhkaf.ka" iq¿ OfkaYajr wjia:djd§ kdhlhkaf.

ka iïmQ¾Kfhkau fjkafj,d iïmQ¾Kfhkau úks¾uqla; fj,d

iïmQ¾Kfhkau bÈßhg hkak wo wêIaGdk lr.kak ´ke'

ifydaorjre' tAl ;uhs wo wmsg bf.k .kak fj,d ;sfhk mdvu'

wehs wms tfyu lshkafka" ifydaorjre l,amkd lr, n,kak

Okm;s mx;s u;jdofhka T¨j mqrjmq iq¿ OfkaYajr mx;sh wmg

f.k,a, ;sfhk fï OfkaYajr u;jdohkaf.ka T¨j mqrjf.k

hkak mq¿jkao bÈßhg' meyeÈ,s bÈß o¾Ykhla ke;sj" meyeÈ,s

bÈß jev ms<sfj,la ke;sj" meyeÈ,s bÈß l%Shdud¾.hla ke;sj'

meyeÈ,s kdhl;ajhla ke;sj nE' lïlre mx;shg lsis fohla

lrkak nE'


48

wo lïlre mx;shg wysñ lr, ;sfhkafka wkak tA foa'

Wka lshkj¨ fufyu fohla w¨;ska' yq.la lïlrefjd weú,a,

;sfhkj fï jevfmd,j,g" fld,af,d' Wka fï lsisu bjlanjla

ke;sj jev lrk" tAksid Tjqka fÊ'ù'mS' tlg .sys,a, fuÉpr

l,a lsõfõ lïlrefjd keye lsh,' ±ka yenehs tAfl m%.;shla

;sfhkj' fï bjla njla ke;s fld,af,da- lïlrefjda bkakj¨'

tAl ksid f,dl= wr.,hla lrkak ´ke¨ fír.kak' yenehs

jdikdjlg fï rfÜ lïlre mx;sfha fukak fufyu fohla

fj,d ;sfhkj' weka'weï' fmf¾r," mSg¾ flkuka, jhig .shdg

mekaIka .sfha keye fkao@ Okm;s ydïmq;d,f.a fldïmeKsj,

rcfha fomd¾;=fïka;= ixia:dj, jhi 55 jkúg mekaIka hkj

fkao@ wrf.d,af,d mrïmrdjla l=rej,a l,d' tA l=rej,a lrmq

mrïmrdj fkdfjhs wo jevfmd,j,aj, bkafka' tA f.d,af,d

mekaIka hkfldg" weka'weï, mekaIka fkd.shg lïlre mx;sfha

merKs l=rej,a lrmq wh mekaIka hkfldg ±ka w¿;a fldgia

kj iudchl kejqï n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;sj we;=,a fjkj' wkak

tA Woúhg ;uhs Th wj,do kkafka' ljÞj;a kj;ajkak neyeæ

kj;ajkak fudk fudk fyhshïudre wgjhso okafka keye'

lula keye" Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka wmg bf.k.kak ;sfhk

wfkla uQ,sl jeo.;a mdvu tAlhs ifydaorh' tlla" b;sydifha

ljruÞlj;a tla mx;shlg ;j;a mx;shla fmr,, Þ, n,hg

tkak neye' tkak mq¿jka fj,d keye' tA mx;s u;jdoSuh jYfhka

msßisÿ fjkj jf.au" foaYmd,k jYfhka meyeÈ,s bÈß o¾Ykhlska

hqla; fjkj jf.au" wjfYaI mx;Skaf.ka iajdëk jQ wêIaGdkhla

we;slr .;af;a ke;akï' bÈßfha tk ish¨ ndOlhkag tä;rj

uqyqK §, ks¾Ok mx;sh ;ukaf.a mx;sfha wruqk bIaG lr.kak

bÈßhg hkakg Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh ch.%yKh lrd fufyh

jkakg yelsjQfha tA ksihs' wfkla yeu ;eklu iudc úma,jh

ch.%yKh lrd bÈßhg .sfha Tkak Th fldkafoais we;=jhs' tfyu

wêIaGdkYS,SNdjhla ke;akï lïlre mx;shg lïlre mx;s

wjYH;djhka fjkqfjka bÈßhg hkakg mq¨jka jkafka keye'

ifydaorh ifydaoßh" B,.g m%Yakhla ;sfhkj' fydohs

fï ish¨ ;;ajhka chf.k bÈßhg hkj" bÈßhg hkfldg ndOl

we;s fjkjuhs' ±ka Tkak uu fï ;j kso¾Ykhla lshkafka'

frdayK úfÊùr

49

tA me;af;ka .ykj wj,do udi wfgka wms .sh mdr .eyeõj¨

wdKavqjg" iudcjd§ wdKavqjg' fï mdr udi myf<djla .shd¨

;ju .eyqfj ke;s¨" lshkfldg yskyhs fkao@ fldrkak yokafka

fudllao lsh, okakjfka'±ka we;a; m;a;f¾ wmg lshkj

.ym,a," .ym,a," fm,md<shla ;rï fohlaj;a .sfha ke;s¨' wehs

mSg¾ .sfha fm<md,s" udi myf,djgæ fm<md,s weka'weï' .sfha'

fudkjo lf<a@ fï udi myf,djg tA f.d,af,d fudlo lf<a' wms

udi wfgka .eyqj fkdfjhs wmj ke;s lrkak .sfha tAf.d,af,d" wms

yeu ;eku lsh, ;sfhkj ke;s lrkak .shdu tÞ c¾uksfh 1919

§ we;sjqkd jf.a ;;ajhla we;sjqkd' c¾uka fldñhqksiaÜ mËh

ke;s lrkak fihsâudka, wjia:djd§j l%shdl<d' wkak tA ksid

úma,jjd§kag isoaOjqkd ;ukaf.a ixúOdk wdrËd lr.kak' tAlhs

isoaOjqfka' ±ka udi myf,djla .shdu .ym,a,¨' fudlo okakjo@

fïkafIúlajd§kag wjYHfj,d ;sfhkj ±ka fï rfÜ w¿;ska

yev.efiñka bÈßhg hk ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jldÍ jHdmdrh'

ks¾Ok mx;sfha ienE iudcjd§ jHdmdrh úkdY lrkak' tAlg há

W.=,a udkkj' Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh;a tAl lrkj' iu iudc

mËh;a tAl lrkj' fldñhqksiaÜ mËh;a tAl lrkj' hQ'weka'mS'

tl ,õj wmsj ke;s lrkak' tA f.d,af,d ldf.;a jevms<sfj,

tAlhs' hQ'weka'mS' tl Okm;s mx;sfha mËh jYfhka ´kEu

fj,djl lïlre mx;sh u¾Okh lrkak iQÞkï" ifydaorjre

l,amkd lr, n,kak' miq.sh udi myf<dj we;=,; foj;djla

udj w;a wvx.=jg .;af;a ke;=j ú;rhs' uu idlÉcd lrñka isá

;ekg w;a wvx.=jg .kak fmd,Sisfhka mekak' hQ'weka'mS' fmd,Sish

kS;s úfrdaë f,i mek, lror l<d' w;a wvx.=jg .;af;a keye'

fudlo@ yeuÞu b;sydifhys w;a wvx.=jg wrka wrka wmsg fj,d

;sfhkafka ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg fïlhs' wr lka*shqIshiaf.a

lshukla ug u;la fjkj' oË;djh kï fkdjeà isàu fkdj

jefgk jefgk mdrla mdid jv jvd;a ffO¾Hh iïmkakj ke.S

isàuhs lsh," ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfka b;sydih .;a;u jeá,

;sfhkj' jefgk jefgk mdrg wms biairyg jvd ke.sg,

;sfhkj ^iNdfjka w;afmd,ika kdoh& ifydaorjreks" fuÞmdr

uu fmdf,dkakrefõ idlÉcdjla l<d' t;kg fmd,Sisfhka mekak'

wd uuhs lSj .uka .shd' wïmdfrÈ ueIska ;=jlal= Wiaidf.k


50

weú,a, mekak lïlrefjd tlal idlÉcdjla lrkfldg iSks

lïyf,a mrk wÿrk ifydaorfhla iu. ysrf.or' thd .djg

.shdu lïlrefjda lSmfofkla jgjqkd' jgjqkdu idlÉcd l<d'

uu tAl nia tfla hkfldg lrkj' iuyr ojiaj, jgfjkj'

iuyr úg iS'whs'ã' tfla uy;a;=re fjkag;a we;s" uu ys;kafka"

uu tA f.d,af,d tlal lshkj fï l%uhg m%Yak úi|kak neye"

fï l%uh fjkia lrkak ´kehs lsh,' b;ska tAl yx., lshk

fohlahe@ Tkak Th fjkfldg wrjf.a lvdlmam,aldÍ jev wmg

l<d' iuiudc mËhg" fldñhqksiaÜ mCIhg ´j lrkjo@ wfka

wms;a ±k.kak i;=gqhs' fï .ukdhl ifydaorh wms l=,shdmsáfh

/iaùula ;shmq ojfi fmd,Sisfhka mek,' ;j;a ifydaorjre

.kkdjla tlal meh lSmhla tA ysgmq f.or w;a wvx.=fõ ;shdf.k

ysáh' ifydaorjreks" .sh udfia 27 jeksÞ uu /iaùu lrmq ojfi

l=,shdmsáfh" úisyh fjksÞ ?' ifydaorjreks fï úÈhg tA

me;af;ka u¾okh lrkj' iq¿ iq¿ jYfhka' tA me;af;ka u¾okh

lrkfldg" fï me;af;ka lshkj Tkak úma,jh w;yer, lsh,d'

y¾ ÿlla we;sfj,d mSg¾g úma,jh .ek' weka'weï' fmf¾r,g'

^iNdfõ iskd& kE ifydaorjreks" ´klu ;sfhkafka fïlhs'

fïl f;areï lrf.k hkak' f,kska,g úreoaOj tÞ ì;a;shg

;sh, fjä ;shkak ksfhda. lf<a fukafIúla kdhlfhd' f,kska,

yex.s, ysáfh fukafIúlhkaf. md,k ld,fha' tÞ fukafIúla

ldrhkaf.a fï rfÜ

weka'weï',f.a mSg¾ flkuka,f.a md,kh hgf;a wfma

ifydaorjre w,a,, mKmsáka msÉpqj' tl ;ek Þy;afofkl=f.a

ll=,a ìkao' wkak wr tyd me;af;a f.dvke.s,a,g ifydaorjre

.sys,a, fkao wdfõ' wkak mSg¾, weka'weï, lshmqj ;sfhkj"

m;a;r lE,sj, t,a,, wms' n,kak tAj' Okm;s fmd,Sish rlskak

yxi yuqÞ yeÿj weka'weï, mSg¾,' f,kska, frâ ì%f.a%â yeÿfj

Okm;s l%uh ke;s lrkak' fï ñksiaiq frâ ì%f.aâ yeÿfj Okm;s

l%uh rlskak' tAj lr, tÞ neßj wo fldfydu yß Okm;s

mx;sh ,õju uqkaj ;,jkak ´kE lsh, ma,Eka yokj" isßud

nKavdrkdhl;a ±ka yokj¨ fufyu wdhqO folla' .e,ùfï

frdayK úfÊùr

51

ud¾. folhs ;sfhkafka thdg' tlla cd;sjdoh iqmqreÿ mßÈ'

uu fïl;a fï wjia:dfjÈ lshkafka" ±ka yokj isxy, uyck

fmruqK lsh, tlla' foaYmd,k fíofhka f;drj isxy,fhda

tlalyq fjkak lsh,' 1947 g biafi,a, isxy, uy iNdj lsh,

mËh yo, cd;sjdoh wjqiai, n,hg tkak yeÿj' 1956 cd;sjdoh

wjqiai, n,hg wdfj' b;sydih uq¿,af,au cd;sjdoh weúiaiqj'

±ka wjqiaikak fohla keye' ±ka fudkj lshkako@ hQ'weka'mS'

wdKavqj m%Yak úiokafka kE' nE Okm;s l%uh ;=,' tjqka Bg

fjkia l%uhla f.kshkjhs lshkafkhs' kE" ksoyia fj<o l<dmh

thd wfydais lrkjhs lshkafkhs' rdcika;l lrkj lshkafkhs"

wm jf.a' kE tfyu lshkafk kE' tA ksid weú,a, ;sfhkj ´kak

cd;sjdoh wjqiaif.k' tA tlla' thd ys;kj cd;sjdoh weúiaiqju

cd;sjdofha ry jeá, biai jf.a fld,af,d ál biaflda,j,hs"

.ïj,hs"fiaru tlal cd;sjdohg isßuf. miafika ÿjhs lsh,'

tAlg uu tÞ lsõj l;djuhs lshkak ;sfhkafka' l;dj lshkak

hkafk keye uu' ±ka bkak mrïmrdj tA ;rï fudav keye tA

miafika ÿjkak' B,.g wfkla tl ;sfhkafka fldfydu yß

idlÉcd ;shkj¨ hQ'weka'mS' tl ,õj ;,jkak ´kehs lsh,'

fÊ'wd¾' uerej lsh, lshdf.k hkak ,nk mdrg' wehs isßu

uerej lshdf.k fÊ'wd¾' fï mdr .shd u;lo@ fÊ'wd¾g lsUq,a

lÿ¨ bkqj' uu .ek' uu ^Wmjdi lr,& yx.¾ iag%hsla lr,

bkakfldg ue.iska nkaOkd.drfha" m;a;f¾ ±ïu¨ ckaoál

.kak ;reKhskaf.a" ;reK mrïmrdfõ' wr fld,a, wysxilh

wkak ysf¾ bkakj" tia'ã' nKavdrkdhl .shd ^iNdfõ yskd& ro,

j,õjlska thd wdj ksid .shd" fuhd kE' ckaoh ÿkak 51] la' ±ka

fuhd yokj tAlu wfkla me;a;g .ykak'

´lg wdfh;a lshkak ;sfhkafka wms m%Yakh f;areï

wrf.k bkakj' fï ;uqkakdkafia,dg lshkafka m%Yakh f;areï

.kak" wms ;,, ±ïuu wms kE" bjrhs' .shmdr jf.a' b;ska ,nk

mdr ckaohg hkfldg ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK fudl=;a kE bjrhs

lsh, ;uhs thd .kka .kafka' tfyufka" thd .kka yokafka' tu

ksid wfkla mdr hQ'weka'mS' tlg úreoaOj lshkak;a mq¿jka lsh,'


52

tA ksid ±ka thdf.a ys;j;a;= bkak fmd,Sisj,ska wms fydh, ne¨j

y;r mia fmd,lska" Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËhg iïmQ¾K iyfhda.h

fok ;ekaj,' úfYaI Wjukdfjka wfkla ;ekaj,g;a jvd lsisu

fohla ke;sj lror lrkj" lr, ;sfhkj' wfkla ;eka j,;a

lrkj" Okm;s mx;sh ks¾Ok mx;shg mdvqfõ hkak ÿkako@

kE' lula keye f,dalfha flfyaj;a tfyu hkak ÿkafka keye'

Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha§æ tA;a tfyuhs" wms tA ksid thd fldks;a;k

foaj,g lE.ykak hkafka keye'wms wfma m%cd;ka;%jd§ whs;sjdislï

b,a,, lE.ykj ú;rhs' kuq;a ifydaorjreks" ±ka jevms<sfj,la

yß.iaika ;sfhkj" fldfydu yß wms ;,kak ´kehs lsh,' kuq;a

wms lshkafka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha mdvï bf.k .kakd ojfia

ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa idudðlfhdhs" ys;j;a;=hs fï rfÜ

m%.;sYS,S ixj¾Okhla wjxlj n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk ljqre yß yeu

flkdu wêIaGdk lr.kak ´kE fï mdr Okm;s mx;shg ks¾Ok

mx;sfha lïlre mx;sfha" ienE iudcjd§ jHdmdrh ;,kak wms

lShgj;a ;,kak bv fokafka kE lsh,' ^iNdj mqrdu WKqiqï

w;afmd,ika kdoh;a iu. ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg chfõjdhs

igkamdG& tA wêIaGdkh we;slr.kak .kak ´k' we;slr.

kafka ke;akï wehs@ ±ka ks¾Ok mx;sfha úma,jldÍ mËhla"

fldñhqksiaÜ mËhla f.dvke.Sfï wruqfKka" wms hïlsis jev

fldgila lr, ;sfhkj' tA fldgi wld,fha úkdY lr, ±ïu'

úkdY lr, ±ïug miafi wms wdfh;a ierhla jev álla lrf.k

hkj' mËhla f.dvk.kak iQÞkñka' mËhla f.dvk.kakg;a

biafi,a, ;uhs Okm;s mx;shghs" wjia:djd§kag Wjukdj

;sfnkafka' kuq;a wjia:djd§kag .sh mdr jf.a fï mdr fïj lrkak

nE' .sh mdr n,fha ysáh" fmd,Sish mdúÉÑ l<d" T¨ mef,õj"

tA f.d,a,kag;a t;fldg ysáh lgqál lkak mqreÿ fjÉp ñksiaiq

jeäfhka' tA f.d,a,ka fkdfhla foa lrd' wo tAj lr.kak nE'

wo tAj lrkak ñksiaiq kE' iuyr Èia;%slal ;sfhkj

jlalv levqj jf.a lv, .sys,a, ljqre;a kE' lr.kak fohla

keye' y;rmia fokhs bkafka' fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha Nd.hla

ysáfha ud;r Èia;%slalfha wo ud;r Èia;%slalfha fldñhqksiaÜ

frdayK úfÊùr

53

mËhla we;af;u keye' uqka tA ksid mqmqr mqmqrd bkakj fudk

úÈfyka yß fudk f,vla yß Þkak' iuyrúg mqÿu fjkak tmd"

wr wefußlka ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hg fndaïn úisl<d jf.a' meÜr,a

fnda;,hla úisl<d jf.a fi,a,kq;a lrkj' wm tA .ek ±ä

fiú,af,ka bkafka'

wms lïlre mx;shg lshkafka fï rfÜ ienE ks¾Ok

mx;s úma,jldÍ jHdmdrh úkdY lrkak" Okm;s mx;sh ,õj

tA jefâ lrjkak tA f.d,af,d iQÞkï" lrkak mq¿jka' wr ud´

jd§ka lSmfofklau fï ia:dkfha§u lsh, .sys,a, ;sfhkj" /

iafj,d wjidkfha lsh, ;sfhkj' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK" tAl

fla'cS'î' ixúOdkhla lsh,' biafi,a, iS'whs'tA' ±ka fla'cS'î' tAl

úkdY lrkak ´kE' iS'whs'tA' tl fkdfjhs" ±ka Nhdkl fla'cS'î'

tl" iïmQ¾Kfhka ke;s lrkak ´kehs lsh, ckdêm;s W;=udkka

jykafiag wdhdpkhla lr, ;sfhkj fï wk;=r jgyd .kak

lsh,' wr weußlka ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hg meÜr,a fnda;,a úis

lrmq ydoh;a uQ,difka b|, ;sfhkj" fï wdhdpkh ckdêm;s

W;=udKkag lrk fldg' tA jf.a ie,iqï ;sfhkak mq¨jks' fï

me;af;ka fïj lshk .uka wfma mrK hd¨fjla wmg fydog

.=ia;s §mq hdmfka ysrf.or ±ka tia'mS' uy;a;fhla" fírej,§

lsh, ;sfhkj¨ ,.È iqudk follg ú;r biafi,a, z Th ñksy

fndre lshkafka" iqÿÆkq fmdä lrkafka" úma,jh lrkafka keye

lsh,' wms wdKavqjg okaj, ;sfhkafka fldhs fj,dfõ .yhso

lsh, okafka keye" lsh,' ifydaorjreks" uu fï lïlre mx;shg

lshkafka" lïlre mx;sh okakj iudc úma,jhla lshk fohla

ñksfyl=gj;a" lSmfofkl=gj;a ´kE yeáhg lrkak neyefka'

iudc úma,jhla' tAl ft;sydisl wjYH;djhla' tAl úIhuQ,

wjYH;djhka ;=,ska mekk.sk tlla' úma,jh ldgj;a lrkak

neye jf.au ldgj;a kj;ajkak;a neye' lïlre mx;shg tAl

lrkak ´k fjkfldg" iudc l%uh fjkia lrkak ´k fjkfldg

lïlre mx;sh tAl lrhs' tAl ug lrkak neye' .ukdhlg

tAl lrkak neye' fldÉpr ´kE Wk;a" tA jf.au mSg¾gj;a"

weka'weïgj;a" isßugj;a" fÊ'wd¾gj;a tAl kj;ajkak;a neye'


54

uf.a fï flá l:dj wjika lrkak biafi,a, ,nk udfia 16 fjkso

fï ia:dkfha W;aijdldrfhka újD; flfrkj zz úhÜkduh iq/

lSfï ,xld lñgqj ZZ wms tÞ foaYkhla ;sh, fhdackdjla wkqu;

lr, úhÜkduh iq/lSfï ,xld lñgqj yeÿj' tA ,xld lñgqj

W;aijdldrfhka újD; lrkj fï ia:dkfha§ ,nk ufi 16 Þ'

whlsÍula kE tA lshkafka ia:dkh i|yd hk úhou ck;d úuqla;s

fmruqK úiska mshjkj' wdrdOkd lrkj ish¿ fokdgu" tA

W;aijhg yjq,afjkak lsh, ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ;djld,sl

uOH lñgqj fjkqfjka'

ifydaorjreks" wms wo l;dlrkak wdfõ Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jfha mdvï' uu uQ,sl lreKq lSmhla ;uqkakdkafia,dg

bÈßm;a l<d' tlla ;uhs Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha bÈßm;a lrk

uQ,sl mdvï ;uhs" miq.dó OfkaYajr ixj¾Okhla ;sfhk rgj,

wo ojfia lghq;a; yeáhg bÈßhg weú,a, ;sfhkafka ks¾Ok

mx;s iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh' Okm;s mx;sh fï rgj, m%.;sYS,S

l¾;jHhka bgqlrkafka keye' ;jÿrg;a tfyu m%.;sYS,S lshk

Okm;s mx;shla keye' keye lshk tl Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhka

Tmamq l<d' wo ;sfhk l¾;jHh ;uhs lïlre mx;shhs È<sÿ

f.dùkqhs we;=¨" mSä; mx;Skqhs ish¨ fokdu lïlre mx;s

kdhl;ajfhka ixúOdkh fj,d" OfkaYajr mx;s u;jdofhka

úks¾uqla; fj,d OfkaYajr mx;shg hg fkdù" OfkaYajr mx;sh

iu. lsisu wjia:djd§ ixOdkhlg tkafka ke;sj tA jf.au

OfkaYajr mx;sfha jdykh fjÉp OfkaYajr mx;sfha msgqmi ÿjk

wjia:djd§ka ksid fkdu. hkafka ke;sj" /jfgkafka ke;sj tA

wjia:djd§kag;a úreoaOj tA wjia:djd§kaf.a n,mEfukq;a ksoyia

fj,d ienE kj mkakhl ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jldÍ mËhla

f.dvk., OfkaYajr l%uh mrdch lr, iudcjd§ iudc l%uh

f.dvke.Su i|yd bÈßhg hEu' wkak tal ;uhs Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jfhka .kak ;sfhk w;a±lSu" wdo¾Yh' wkak tA wdo¾Yh

.ksñka Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfha§ ñh .sh" tA ft;sydisl lïlre mx;s

úuqla;s wr.,fha§" iudcjd§ iudc úma,jfha§ ñh.sh tA ùfrdaodr

úma,jjd§kag wfma m%kduh mqolrñka wkd.;fha ,xldfõ;a uq¨

frdayK úfÊùr

55

uy;a f,dalfha;a ienE iudcjd§ úma,jh ch.%ykh lr .ekSug

ffO¾Hh" Yla;sh" tla/ia lrñka bÈßhg hdug wdhdpkh

lrñka tA hdmkfha ysrf.or wÿre ysr ueÈßhl wfma i.fhla

tÞ w.=re lE,a,lska ,sh, ;sìÉp fï úma,ùh .S;fha wjidk

mo y;ßka Tng wdhdpkhla lrñka uu uf.a l:dj kj;ajkak

n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkj'

wmf.ka .s,sfyk hq;=lï /l=ug oi oyiska tAkï

oE;ska .s,sfyk r;= fldä ke.=ug ck w;a tifõ kï

wm u< .u fjkqfjka .ufka fida.S .ehqug wh tAkï

ure yuqjk fld;ekl§ jqj Tyq ms<s.ekqug wm iQÞkï

rohana wijeweera - lessons from red october

Documents