rodent biology & control. prevent disease, disability and premature death examples of rodents...
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RodentBiology & Control
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Examples of RodentsGerbils
Mice
Rats
Squirrels
Woodchucks
Porcupines
Beaver
and….
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Relate the biology of rodents to appropriate control measures.
Objectiveهدف
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Chacteristics and Habits
Purpose
Surveillance and Control Techniques
Overviewمرور
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Norway RatRattus norvegicus
Characteristics:Large, thick body
Largest, most aggressive
Blunt muzzle; small ears and eyes
Tail is nearly naked; shorter than combined length of head and body
Fur color brown to dark gray with scattered black hairs
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Roof RatRattus rattus
Characteristics:Relatively slender body
Muzzle pointed; ears and eyes large
Tail longer than combined length of head and body; fairly hairy
Fur color black to brownish-gray
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
House MouseMus musculus
Characteristics:Body small
Ears and eyes large
Fur color grayish-brown with light below
Can be distinguished from immature rats by head and feet proportion in relation to body (young rats have large heads and feet)
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
ReproductionRats
Sexually mature at 3 months
Gestation period 21 days; new estrus cycle begins 4-5 days following litter birth
Produce 3-7 litters per year with 5-7 pups per litter
Mice
Sexually mature at 5 weeks
Produce up to 8 litters per year at 5-6 pups each
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Rodent Behaviors
They are nocturnal -- active almost exclusively at night.
They stay close to food and water.
If abundant water is not available (or in poor supply), they will not continuously inhabit an area.
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Rodent Behaviors
They travel in defined runways.
They are “neophobic” -- don’t like new objects.
They tend to eat in their harborages.
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Rodent Behaviors
Climbing – Rodents are among the most agile of all mammals and are capable climbers
Burrowing – this activity is demonstrated by all commensal rodents with the Norway rat being most adept.
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Rodent Senses & Abilities
Sensory acuity - hearing, taste and smell, are much more acute than humans.
Rodents have excellent memories and seldom repeat mistakes.
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Senses and Abilities
Swimming – all commensal rodents are good swimmers with the Norway rat being the most adept at this activity.
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Medical Importance
Native rodents may contribute to disease (ex. plague and Hantavirus) or economic loss (ex. crop damage).
Imported species are far more destructive.
We are most concerned with commensal rodents: those rodents that are closely associated with man and his environment (derived from the Latin word for "companion at meals.”)
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Medical Importance
Rodents can attack people, especially when their populations are large or they are hungry
Rodents historically have been a problem on battlefields and will attack wounded and disabled soldiers
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Diseases Associated with Rodents
Plague
Tularemia
Leptospirosis
Salmonellosis
Relapsing fever
Leishmaniasis
Korean hemorrhagic fever
Ratbite fever
Hantavirus
Mosquito- and tick-borne encephalitides
Chikungunya, Onyongyong fever, Lassa fever
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Murine and scrub typhus
Tickborne typhus, Q fever
Toxoplasmosis
Helminthic disease (trichinosis)
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Rodent Attacks
Rats can injure, maim, and kill people!
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Economic Significance
Destroy stored grains, and other foods
They will eat almost anything
Destroy other structures by gnawingIncludes electrical wires, hydraulic hoses, wood, and wallboard
Gnawing - rodents gnaw constantly to wear down teeth
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Surveillance
Presence of urine and feces...Rat urine glows under black light
Smudge marks or rubs
Runs or tracks
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
SurveillanceGnawing or other physical damage
Burrows, nests, or food caches
Presence of dead rodents in the open.
Presence of live rodents in the day.
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Surveillance
Odors and sounds
Visual observation
Pet excitement
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Prevention and Control
SanitationIPM
Exclusion and rodent proofing
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Rodenticides
Acute (Single-Dose) Rodenticides : Capable of killing in a single dose, although more effective over multiple feedings
Chronic (Multiple-Dose) Rodenticides: Requires multiple feeding over several days to cause mortality
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Other Control Methods
Trapping
Snap traps
Live traps
Sticky traps
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Summary
Chacteristics and Habits
Purpose
Surveillance and Control Techniques
Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death
Questions?
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