rock cycle and soil. minerals elements or inorganic compounds that occur naturally and are solid...
TRANSCRIPT
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Rock Cycle and Soil
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Minerals
Elements or inorganic compounds that occur naturally and are solid
Usually have crystalline structure
Almost all of Earth’s crust made of minerals
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Rock Cycle
Interaction of processes that change rocks from one type to another
Recycles material over millions of years
Slowest of the earth’s cyclic processes
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The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle
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Three Classifications of Rock
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
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Igneous Rocks
Form from molten rock material (magma) near the surface
Underground igneous rocks are called igneous intrusions, granite
Magma that reaches the surface & cools is called extrusive igneous rock, basalt or pumice
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Sedimentary Rocks
Weathered materials that has been deposited in layers and has undergone compaction
Make up 75% of earth’s surface, such as limestone, sandstone, bituminous coal
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Metamorphic Rocks
Preexisting rock that have been altered by high temperature, high pressure, or chemically active fluids
For example: graphite, slate, or marble
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Soil Terms to Know:
Soil
Soil Horizons
Soil Profile
Humus
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Soil Structure
Four distinct physical parts:Mineral particles
Organic matter
Water
Air
Inhabitants include:Plants, animals, fungi, & microorganisms
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Soil Horizons
Obtained by taking a core sample (soil profile)
O horizonSurface-litter layer
Rich in organic matter(dead plant material, animal waste, fungi, etc.)
A horizonTop-soil layer
Porous mixture of humus
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Soil Horizons---cont.B horizon
SubsoilZone of illuviation or accumulation (area where minerals leached out of topsoil & surface litter)Typically rich in Fe and Al
C horizonContains weathered pieces of rockBelow the extent of most roots & is often saturated with groundwaterLies on top of unweathered bedrock
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Soil Texture
Determined by the amounts of different sizes and types of mineral particles (clay, silt, & sand)
Loams have roughly equal portions of clay, silt, sand, & humus and is best for growing crops.
Texture, porosity, permeability determine water-holding capacity, aeration, and workability
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Soil Texture—cont.
Soil porosity: measure of the spaces per volume of soil & average distances between those spaces.
As particle size increases porosity decreases, holds less water and nutrients
Soil permeability: rate at which water & air move from upper to lower soil layers
As particle size increases permeability increases, infiltration increases
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Properties of Soils with Different Textures
Soil Texture
Nutrient-Holding Capacity
Water Infiltra-tion Capacity
Water-Holding Capacity
Aeration Worka-bility
Clay Good Poor Good Poor Poor
Silt Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
Sand Poor Good Poor Good Good
Loam Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
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Soil Acidity and Plant Growth
pH of soil influences ability of plants to take in soil nutrients
H+ bind to negative sites in the soil which allows cation plant nutrients to move through the soil
Acid deposition can result in loss of soil fertility
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Soil Tests
Chemical tests: pH, Salinity, Ion exchange capacity
Physical tests: water-holding capacity, percolation rate/permeability, soil texture to determine soil type
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SOIL TEXTURAL TRIANGLE
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PERCENTAGE OF CLAY
Read Numbers on This Side
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Read Numbers on This Side
PERCENTAGE OF SILT
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Read Numbers on This Side
PERCENTAGE OF SAND
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How much clay, silt and sand are in the soils indicated by stars below?
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Erosion
Movement of soil from one place to another
Most is caused by moving water
Types of water erosion:Sheet—wide sheet of water moves
Rill—water forms small channels
Gully—small channels join together & get wider
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Water Erosion
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Desertification
Conversion & loss of marginal semi-arid or arid land to desertCauses:
OvergrazingDeforestation with no reforestationSurface mining with no reclamation\Eroding/salt-concentrating (salinization) irrigation techniquesBad farming practicesSoil compaction Poisoning of soils by pesticides/chemicals
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Soil Conservation & Regeneration
Conservation tillageResidues from previous crops are left in soilResidues cover & help hold soil in place
No tillageLeaves the soil undisturbed prior to planting, special machines cut a narrow furrow in the soil for seeds Increases organic material in soils & improve water-holding capacity
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Preserving Soil Fertility
Two main types of fertilizer:Organic—from natural materials, complex, slow-acting, long-lasting
Inorganic—from manufactured chemical compounds• Adv: easy to get, soluble, immediately available to plants,
increases soil fertility and speeds up growing process
• Disadv: short-lived, doesn’t provide micronutrients, lacks organic material which decreases water-holding capacity, over-application impacts plants, water, and human health
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Organic Fertilizers
Animal manure
Green manure: fresh or growing vegetation plowed into the soil
Compost
Spores of mushrooms, puffballs, and truffles: attach to plant roots and help absorb moisture & nutrients
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Other Options for improving Soil
Adding different soils to adjust water-holding capacity
Apply lime for acidic soil
Apply sulfur for alkaline soil
Burn crop residue to add potassium
Plant legumes or apply manure to increase nitrogen
Humus: nutrients, water-holding capacity, aeration, helps root growth
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