robotics 2011 01 a brief history - polito

ROBOTICSROBOTICS

A brief historyA brief history

Basilio Bona ROBOTICA 03CFIOR 1

Outline

A brief history of robotics

A Timeline

What is a robot and what is robotics

Classification of robotic applicationsd l bIndustrial robotics

Service roboticsExploration roboticsSafety robotics

Basilio Bona 2ROBOTICA 03CFIOR

Robot

The term robotrobot, derived from the Slav term robota = executive labor, was introduced in 1920 by the Czech playwright Karel

Čapek in the play “Rossum’s Universal Robots”

But the concept behind a robotrobot appeared many years before any


But the concept behind a robotrobot appeared many years before any real robot was built

What is a Robot?


What is a Robot?

Frankenstein (1818 and 1931)


M t li (1927)Metropolis (1927)

The film ‘Metropolis’ directed by Fritz Lang was released in 1927. It was one of the favorite movies of George Lucas. Inspired by it, he created the most l b t d d id C 3P0 ft “M i ” th b tcelebrated droid C‐3P0 after “Maria” the robot


The Forbidden Planet (1956)

Forbidden Planet is a pretty old science fiction film released in 1956. The characters and setting were inspired by Shakespeare’s The Tempest, and the plot doesn’t have much differences.

Robby’s character was inspired by the Sprite in the play. Robby is one of the first movie robots who demonstrates his own personality.

Before his appearance, they tended to lack personality characteristics, being simple artificial machines.


Star Wars (1977)Star Wars (1977)


Robocop (1987) Terminator (1984)


ED-209 in ‘RoboCop,’ 1987

Here is another robot from the thrilling action movie ‘RoboCop’ (1987)


R b t A d i ‘Bi t i l M ’ (1999)Robot Andrew in ‘Bicentennial Man’ (1999).

It is based on the well-known short story by Isaac Asimov. Robot Andrew from the first sight seems to be the ordinary robot but the only thing that


distinguishes him is that he can feel and share his emotions.

Robot from ‘Artificial Intelligence’

‘Artificial Intelligence’ is one of the science fiction movies where the main character is a robotic boy who really longs to become human. The robot

depicted on the image above is also from this movie


depicted on the image above is also from this movie.

Cylon from “Battlestar Galactica”

Cylons were a race of war machines created by an ancient lizard-like race extinct centuries ago. When they discovered humans as the most practical living beings, they copied human bodies and became even more invulnerable Cylons could live forever


copied human bodies and became even more invulnerable. Cylons could live forever because every part of their body could be changed or repaired.

Robot B9 is a fictional character of several science fiction films. This one was taken from “Lost in Space” released in 1998 and directed by Stephen Hopkins.


Robot B9 from “Lost In Space”

Sonny in “I, Robot’”

That is how the robots may look like in the year 2035. Sonny is a fictional character from the movie “I, Robot” directed by Alex Proyas.


, y yThe events take place exactly in 2035 year, when the robots have become an integral part

of people life. But Sonny has appeared the smartest one.

Marvin in “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” 2005

Marvin is the ship’s robot aboard the starship Heart of Gold. Marvin’s personality can be characterized in the following way: he is apparently afflicted with severe

depression and boredom, he is very intelligent, but rarely is able to use his brain.


p , y g , y

WALL-E is a 2008 computer-animated science fiction film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and directed by Andrew Stanton. The story follows a robot named WALL E who is designed to clean up a waste covered Earth far in the named WALL-E, who is designed to clean up a waste-covered Earth far in the future. He eventually falls in love with another robot named EVE, and follows her into outer space on an adventure that changes the destiny of both his kind and humanitykind and humanity.


Timeline

1818‐1942: robots are described either in novels and plays or in science fiction stories (Frankenstein, RUR, p y ( , ,Asimov, …)


Timeline

1945: tele‐manipulators used for nuclear products processingp g


Timeline

1948: Grey Walter (UK) builds “turtle robots” Elmer and Elsie


Timeline

1956: Unimation is the first industrial robot firm1961: first robot on GM car lines1961: first robot on GM car lines


Timeline

1970: SRI ShakeyShakey was the first mobile robot to reason about its actions.

l d b ' ( f d h ) f l ll f h hDeveloped by SRI's (Stanford Research Institute) Artificial Intelligence Center from 1966 through 1972. Shakey has had a substantial legacy and influence on present-day artificial intelligence and robotics.

Shakey had a TV camera a triangulating Shakey had a TV camera, a triangulating range finder, and bump sensors, and was connected to DEC PDP-10 and PDP-15 computers via radio and video links. pShakey used programs for perception, world-modeling, and acting. Low-level action routines took care of simple moving turning and route planning moving, turning, and route planning. Intermediate level actions strung the low level ones together in ways that robustly accomplished more complex tasks. p pThe highest level programs could make and execute plans to achieve goals given it by a user. The system also generalized and saved


The system also generalized and saved these plans for possible future use.

Timeline

1975: PUMA manipulator


Timeline

1979: Stanford cart


Timeline

1999: Sony AIBO


Timeline

2000: Honda Asimo


Timeline

2004: Mars rovers Spirit & Opportunity


Timeline

2006‐7: DARPA Challenge


The future

2011 …


Some links

IEEE‐Robotics Society (RAS)I i l F d i f R b i (IFR)International Federation of Robotics (IFR)Associazione Italiana di Robotica e Automazione (SIRI)

b h l l fEuropean Robotics Technology PlatformEURON (European Robotics Research Network)Robotic Industries Association (RIA)NASA Space Telerobotics ProgramWillow GarageRoboticstrends.com


robotics 2011 01 a brief history - polito

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